Alfalfa levels in gestation rations for swine
by Stuart W Tilton
A THESIS Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of Master of Science in Animal Industry at Montana State College
Montana State University
© Copyright by Stuart W Tilton (1957)
Abstract:
The results of feeding forty-five sows three levels of alfalfa in a gestation ration are described. The
alfalfa levels used were 20, 50, and 100 percent. The 20 percent alfalfa level was ground and hand-fed
in a grain mixture5 the 5>0 percent alfalfa-level was ground and self-fed in a grain mixture; and the
100 percent alfalfa level was self-fed in racks. Sun-cured alfalfa hay was used in the experiment. The
20 and 50 percent alfalfa lots had the mineral and salt mixed with the ration at the level of 1.5 percent.
Mineral and salt were self-fed in the 100 percent alfalfa lot. The 50 and 100 percent alfalfa lots had
two. replicates’ of nine sows per lot. The sows and pigs from the three lots were handled and fed in the'
same manner from the time that the sows were put in the farrowing houses, approximately 10 to 12
days before farrowing, until the pigs were weaned. Replicates contained equal number of gilts
whenever it was possible to allot them in this manner.
When all of the sows in a treatment were considered together, 89 percent of the sows started on the 20
percent alfalfa ration farrowed and weaned litters. They consumed 8.41 pounds of feed per sow per day
during gestation. On the $0 percent alfalfa level, 77.7 percent of the sows farrowed, and the same
number weaned litters. They consumed 9.92 pounds of feed per sow per day during gestation. On the
100 percent alfalfa level, 6l.l percent of the sows farrowed, but only 55.5 percent of the sows weaned
litters. The sows receiving 100 percent alfalfa consumed only 3.76 pounds of feed per sow per day
during gestation. Quality of alfalfa may have been a determining factor in this low feed consumption.
"When the analyses of the lots was broken down into gilts and ma-ture sows, the 20 percent alfalfa
level produced the heaviest pigs at birth among the gilts; the 50 percent level produced the heaviest
pigs at birth among the mature sows. The 20 percent level produced the greatest number of live pigs at
birth among both the gilts and mature sows. There was no difference demonstrated statistically among
the mature sows on the 50 and 100 percent alfalfa levels in number of live pigs at birth. The gilts on the
50 percent alfalfa level weaned the largest numbers and heaviest litters among the gilts. The 20 percent
level weaned the largest numbers and the heaviest litters among the mature sows.
Both gilts and mature sows lost weight on the average during gestation on the 100 percent alfalfa
ration. Gilts on all levels and mature sows on the 100 percent alfalfa ration gained on the average
during lactation when all lots were" on the same ration. ALFALFA LEVELS IN GESTATION RATIONS
FOR. SWINE
by
STRART W. TILTON
I
V,
A THESIS
S u b m itte d t o t h e G ra d u a te F a c u l t y
-
in
p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e r e q u i r e m e n ts
f o r th e d e g re e o f
M a s te r o f S c ie n c e i n A nim al I n d u s t r y
at
M o n tan a S t a t e C o lle g e
A p p ro v ed s;
H ead, M a jo r D e p a rtm e n t,
C h a irm a n , E x a m in in g C om m ittee
B ozem an, M ontana
-
July* 1957
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flyU/,.,,
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ACKNOIVLEDGEMENTS
The a u t h o r w is h e s t o t a k e t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y t o e x p r e s s a p p r e c i a t i o n
t o h i s m a jo r p r o f e s s o r , M r. A. E . F lo w e r , A s s o c ia t e P r o f e s s o r i n A nim al
I n d u s t r y an d R ange M anagem ent, t o D r. 0 . 0 . Thom as, A s s o c ia t e P r o f e s s o r
i n A nim al I n d u s t r y a n d R ange M anagem ent an d P r o f e s s o r J . L . Van H orn,
i n A n im al I n d u s t r y an d R ange M anagem ent f o r t h e i r s u g g e s t i o n s an d t h e i r
i n t e r e s t i n g r a d u a t e w o rk .
The a u t h o r w is h e s t o th a n k P r o f e s s o r H a ro ld
W a tl in g , a n d P r o f e s s o r E lm er B . H a rv e y f o r t h e i r a s s i s t a n c e a n d s u g g e s ­
tio n s •
A cknow ledgem ent a r e due t o D r. B e r n a rd O s t l e , P r o f e s s o r o f M athe­
m a tic s , f o r h is a id in th e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a ly s is o f th e t h e s i s .
A ppre­
c i a t i o n i s a l s o e x p r e s s e d t o Don R . McC a r l , sw in e h e rd s m a n , who a s s i s t ­
e d i n t h e w ork a n d k e p t t h e f i e l d r e c o r d s .
A cknow ledgem ent i s a l s o made t o t h e C h a s. P f i z e r an d C o ., I n c . ,
T e r r e H a u te , I n d i a n a , who s u p p l i e s t h e a n t i b i o t i c a n d V ita m in S u p p le ­
m e n ts u s e d i n t h e t r i a l .
123697
—3 —
TABLE OF CONTENT'S
A c k n o w le d g e m e n ts .................................................................................................................... . -2
I n d e x t o T a b l e s ................................................................................................................................... Il.A b s tra c t
............................................ ..................................................................
I n t r o d u c t i o n ..................................................................................................... - .........................6
R ev iew o f l i t e r a t u r e
..................................................... ......................................................... 7 •
M ethods a n d P r o c e d u r e . . . . . . . .
,
T a b le s I ,
II,
III,
..........................................................
. . .1 7
I F ............................................................................................... I ?
R e s u l t s and, D i s c u s s i o n « . . . ................................................... .... .................................23
T a b le V . . . .
..............................................
T a b le s VI an d V I I
-................................................ * .2 3
; ....................................................................30
L i t e r a t u r e C i t e d , .............................................................................
32
INDEX TO TABLES
T a b le N o. I .
T a b le N o, I I .
G e s t a t i o n R a t i o n s .....................................................
S ow s1 L a c t a t i o n R a t io n
. . . . . .
...........................................
19
20
T a b le N o. I l l ,
S p e c i f i c a t i o n s o f C re e p -F e e d P e l l e t s . . . . . . . .
21
T a b le N o. I F .
C o m p a riso n o f E x p e r im e n ta l R a t i o n s w i t h D a i l y
N u t r i e n t A llo w a n c e s Recommended f o r S w in e . . . . .
22
T a b le N o. V.
T a b le N o. V I .
T a b le No. V I I .
P r o d u c t i o n a n d F e e d R e c o r d s , A l l Sows . . . . . . . .
P r o d u c t i o n , G i l t s ........................
P r o d u c t i o n , M a tu re Sows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2f? •
30
31
- 5> ABSTRACT
The r e s u l t s o f f e e d i n g f o r t y - f i v e sows t h r e e l e v e l s o f a l f a l f a i n
a g e s t a t i o n r a t i o n a r e d e s c r i b e d . The a l f a l f a l e v e l s u s e d w e re 20«, 5>0,
a n d 100 p e r c e n t . The 20 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a l e v e l w as g ro u n d a n d h a n d - f e d
i n a g r a i n m i x t u r e 5 t h e 5>0 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a - l e v e l was g ro u n d a n d s e l f f e d i n a g r a i n m ix t u r e j an d t h e 100 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a l e v e l w as s e l f - f e d
i n r a c k s . S u n - c u r e d a l f a l f a h a y w as u s e d i n t h e e x p e r i m e n t . The 20
a n d 50 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a l o t s h a d t h e m i n e r a l a n d s a l t m ix e d w i t h t h e
r a t i o n a t t h e l e v e l o f 1 ,5 p e r c e n t . M in e r a l a n d s a l t w e re s e l f - f e d i n
th e 100 p e rc e n t a l f a l f a l o t .
The $0 a n d 100 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a l o t s h a d
t w o . r e p l i c a t e s ’ o f n i n e sows p e r l o t .
The sow s and p i g s fro m t h e t h r e e
l o t s w e re h a n d le d a n d f e d i n t h e ' sam e m an n er fro m t h e t im e t h a t t h e
sows w e re p u t i n t h e f a r r o w i n g h o u s e s , a p p r o x i m a t e ly I Q f to 1 2 d a y s
b e f o r e f a r r o w i n g , u n t i l t h e p i g s w e re w e a n e d . R e p l i c a t e s c o n t a i n e d
e q u a l num ber o f g i l t s w h e n e v e r i t w as p o s s i b l e t o a l l o t th e m i n t h i s
m a n n e r.
When a l l o f t h e sows i n a t r e a t m e n t w e re c o n s i d e r e d t o g e t h e r , 89
p e r c e n t o f t h e sows s t a r t e d on t h e 20 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a r a t i o n f a r r o w e d
a n d w eaned l i t t e r s .
T hey consum ed 8 . Zjl p o u n d s o f f e e d p e r sow p e r d ay
d u rin g g e s t a t i o n .
On t h e 50 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a l e v e l , 77»7 p e r c e n t o f t h e
sows f a r r o w e d , a n d t h e same num ber w ean ed l i t t e r s .
They consum ed 9 .9 2
p o u n d s o f f e e d p e r sow p e r d a y d u r in g g e s t a t i o n . On t h e 100 p e r c e n t
a l f a l f a l e v e l , 6l . l p e r c e n t o f t h e sows f a r r o w e d , b u t o n l y 55»5 p e r c e n t
o f t h e sows w ean ed l i t t e r s .
The sows r e c e i v i n g 100 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a ■
consum ed o n l y 3*76 p o u n d s o f f e e d p e r sow p e r d a y d u r in g g e s t a t i o n .
Q u a l i t y o f a l f a l f a m ay h a v e b e e n a d e te r m i n in g f a c t o r i n t h i s low f e e d
c o n s u m p tio n .
"When t h e a n a l y s e s o f t h e l o t s w as b r o k e n down i n t o g i l t s a n d ma— ■
t u r e so w s, t h e 20 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a l e v e l p r o d u c e d t h e h e a v i e s t p ig s ' a t
b i r t h among t h e g i l t s 5 t h e 5 © p e r c e n t l e v e l p r o d u c e d t h e h e a v i e s t p i g s
a t b i r t h among t h e m a tu r e s o w s . The 20 p e r c e n t l e v e l p r o d u c e d t h e
g r e a t e s t num ber o f l i v e p i g s a t b i r t h among b o t h t h e g i l t s a n d m a tu re
s o w s . T h e re w as no d i f f e r e n c e d e m o n s tr a te d s t a t i s t i c a l l y among t h e
m a tu r e sows on t h e 50 a n d 100 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a l e v e l s i n num ber o f l i v e
p ig s a t b irth *
The g i l t s o n t h e 50 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a l e v e l w ean ed t h e
l a r g e s t n u m b ers a n d h e a v i e s t l i t t e r s among t h e g i l t s .
The 20 p e r c e n t
l e v e l w ean ed t h e l a r g e s t num bers a n d t h e h e a v i e s t l i t t e r s among t h e
m a tu r e so w s.
B o th g i l t s a n d m a tu r e sow s l o s t w e i g h t on th e a v e r a g e d u r in g g e s t ­
a t i o n on t h e 100 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a r a t i o n .
G i l t s on a l l l e v e l s a n d
m a tu r e sows o n t h e 100 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a r a t i o n g a in e d on t h e a v e r a g e
d u r in g l a c t a t i o n when a l l l o t s were" o n t h e same r a t i o n .
INTRODUCTION
The T a l u e 5 a s w e l l a s t h e l i m i t a t i o n s ,
o f a l f a l f a 'a n d o th e r le g ­
um es i n sw in e r a t i o n s h a s b e e n s t u d i e d o v e r a p e r i o d o f y e a r s .
S t u d ie s
o f c a r o t e n e a n d v i t a m i n A5 t h e w a t e r s o l u b l e v i t a m i n s , a n d t h e am ino
a c i d s h a v e a i d e d i n d e te r m i n in g t h e v a l u e o f a l f a l f a i n sw in e r a t i o n s .
Much o f t h e w ork w i t h a l f a l f a h a s b e e n done i n g r o w i n g - f a t t e n i n g r a ­
t i o n s , a n d , due t o t h e h ig h c r u d e f i b e r c o n t e n t , minimum l e v e l s " o f t h e
a l f a l f a h a v e b e e n s o u g h t i n t h e s e r a t i o n s a s a m eans o f im p r o v in g r a t e
o f g a in and f e e d e f f i c i e n c y .
G e s t a t i o n r a t i o n s o f sw in e h a v e h a d a te n d e n c y t o f o l l o w t h i s same
p a t t e r n , e s p e c i a l l y i n th e c o rn b e l t , a lth o u g h e x tr a a l f a l f a h a s been
a d d e d t o t h e s e r a t i o n s i n m any c a s e s i n t h e f i e l d t o p r e v e n t o v e r - f a t ­
n e s s o f t h e s o w s.
T h i s e x p e r im e n t w as s e t up t o f i n d a p r a c t i c a l maximum l e v e l o f
a l f a l f a to be used in a g e s ta tio n r a tio n .
w as n o t t h e p r im e o b j e c t i v e .
Top p e rfo rm a n c e o f t h e sow
The o b j e c t i v e w as t o f i n d a r a t i o n i n ­
c l u d i n g t h e optim um am o u n ts o f a l f a l f a on w h ic h sows c o u ld b e c a r r i e d
th r o u g h g e s t a t i o n s u c c e s s f u l l y a t t h e l o w e s t c o s t s .
- 7 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
I E t c h e l l e t a l (1 9 3 3 ) fo u n d t h e d i g e s t i b i l i t y o f c ru d e f i b e r i n
a l f a l f a i n sw in e t o b e lo w — a b o u t two p e r c e n t ,
E l l i s e t a l (19U3)
u s i n g a b a s a l r a t i o n o f g ro u n d y e llo w C o rn j t a n k a g e , an d l i n s e e d m ea l
i n a g r o w i n g - f a t t e n i n g r a t i o n a n d s u b s t i t u t i n g g ro u n d h a y s (s o y b e a n ,
a l f a l f a , and le s p e d e z a ) a t th e g , 10, ! £ ,
and 20 p e r c e n t l e v e l fo u n d
t h a t one p o u n d o f g ro u n d h a y r e p l a c e d 0 ,3 8 p o u n d s o f t h e g r a i n m ix tu r e
a t t h e 3 p e r c e n t l e v e l , 0 .7 3 p o u n d s o f t h e g r a i n a t t h e 10 p e r c e n t
l e v e l , a n d O.li.6 p o u n d s o f g r a i n a t t h e 13 p e r c e n t l e v e l , a n d 0 ,U 0 p o u n d s
o f t h e g r a i n a t t h e 20 p e r c e n t l e v e l .
I n th e s e t e s t s , soybean, a l f a l f a ,
a n d l e s p e d e z a h a y r a n k e d i n t h e o r d e r g i v e n a c c o r d in g t o t h e i r r e p l a c e ­
m ent v a lu e s ,
K r i d e r e t a l (19U 8) u s e d a b a s a l r a t i o n com posed c h i e f l y o f c o r n
a n d s o y b e a n o i lm e a l w i t h e s s e n t i a l f a t - s o l u b l e v i t a m i n s a n d m i n e r a l s i n
a g ro w in g -fa tte n in g r a t i o n ,
He a d d e d t h e s i x B - v ita m in s ( % , B2 , B5 , .
p a n t o t h e n i c a c i d , n i a c i n , and. c h o l i n e ) t o fo rm a n o th e r r a t i o n .
He a d d ed
1 . 3 p e r c e n t AB l i v e r e x t r a c t o r 10 p e r c e n t d e h y d r a te d a l f a l f a m ea l t o
e a c h o f t h e s e tw o r a t i o n s .
"When 1 . 3 p e r c e n t AB l i v e r e x t r a c t was ad d ed
t o t h e b a s a l p l u s s i x B - v i ta m i n s , t h e r e w as a s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e i n
a v e ra g e d a il y g a in .
A d d i t io n o f 10 p e r c e n t d e h y d r a te d a l f a l f a m e a l t o
t h e b a s a l r a t i o n p l u s s i x B - v ita m in s g a v e no s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e i n
a v e r a g e d a i l y g a i n , b u t p i g s so f e d show ed s l e e k e r c o a t s a n d fe w e r a b ­
n o r m a litie s o f f e e t , l e g s , and g a i t .
Synge (1 9 3 1 ) f o u n d / t h a t t h e p r o t e i n i n t h e l e a v e s o f g r e e n p l a n t s
w o u ld s a t i s f y t h e am ino a c i d r e q u i r e m e n ts o f t h e r a t , c h i c k e n , p i g , and
—8 —
man*
M ethionine i s low in th e I e a f 5 and th e amino a c id c o n te n t of th e
l e a f v a r ie d v e ry l i t t l e w ith season and s p e c ie s .
Given s u ita b le macer­
a tio n to re n d e r i t a c c e ssib le -, l e a f p r o te in was w e ll h y d ro ly z e d by th e
i n t e s t i n a l p r o te a s e s .
I t s drawback a s a m ain source o f p r o te in f o r
th e s e s p e c ie s was th e la r g e q u a n tity o f i n d i g e s t i b l e m a te r ia l5 m ainly
C arb o h y d ra tes5 accompanying i t .
He found th e t i s s u e s o f g re e n p la n ts
(o th e r th a n le a v e s ) te n d to pred o m in ate i n g lu ta m ic and a s p a r t i c a cid s
and t h e i r am ides, g lu tam in e and a s p a ra g in e , w ith a la n in e , s e r i n e , y -a m ino b u ty r i c acid*
<
W itz e t a l
f a t t e n i n g s w in e ..
d i d w ork on f a t l e v e l s i n r a t i o n s o f g ro w in g He co m p ared p i g s on a .0 6 p e r c e n t f a t l e v e l w i t h t h o s e
on a 5 p e r c e n t f a t l e v e l d i e t .
He fo u n d t h a t i n p i g s f e d t h e lo w e r f a t
l e v e l , v i t a m i n A s t o r a g e w as l o w e r , s e x u a l m a t u r i t y came l a t e r , t h y r o i d
g l a n d s w e re e n l a r g e d , a n d d i g e s t i v e s y s te m s w e re u n d e r d e v e lo p e d w i t h
pma l l
g a ll b la d d e rs .
O utw ard, s i g n s o f t h e l o w - f a t d i e t w e re m a n i f e s t e d
i n s c a ly d e r m a titis on t a i l ,
b a c k , and s h o u ld e r s , i n l o s s o f h a i r w ith
r e m a in in g h a i r b e in g d u l l a n d d r y , i n d r y , gummy e x u d a te on b e l l y a n d
s i d e s , i n n e c r o t i c a r e a s on t h e s k i n a ro u n d n e c k and s h o u l d e r s , a n d i n
an u n t h r i f t y a p p e ara n ce .
F e e d c o n s u m p tio n a n d f e e d e f f i c i e n c y w e re t h e
same i n b o t h l o t s .
C ram p to n e t a l
fo u n d t h a t th e q u a li ty o f th e b aco n c a rc a s s
c a n be im p ro v e d b y " d i l u t i n g " h i g h l y d i g e s t i b l e r a t i o n s w i t h f i b r o u s
f e e d s d u r in g t h e f i n i s h i n g p e r i o d *
The im p ro v e m e n t i n c a r c a s s q u a l i t y
w as a c c o m p a n ie d b y a d e c r e a s e i n r a t e o f g a i n and a n i n c r e a s e i n l e n g t h
o f t h e f i n i s h i n g p e r i o d w hen o n e - h a l f .o f a h ig h e n e rg y b a s a l r a t i o n w as
44
—9 —
r e p l a c e d b y e i t h e r a l f a l f a o r w h e a t b ran ,, o r w hen t h e b a s a l p o r t i o n o f
th e r a tio n c o n s is te d e n t i r e l y o f o a ts .
L lo y d a n d C ram pton (19S>5>) fo u n d
t h a t i n c r e a s i n g t h e p r o t e i n p e r c e n t a g e o r d e c r e a s i n g t h e c ru d e f i b e r
p e rc e n ta g e o f th e p ig r a t i o n s te n d s t o in c r e a s e th e a p p a re n t d i g e s t i ­
b i l i t y o f p ro te in ,
and t h e p a r t i a l r e g r e s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s o f p r o t e i n
p e r c e n t a g e a n d o f c ru d e f i b e r p e r c e n t a g e on a p p a r e n t p r o t e i n d i g e s t i ­
b i l i t y a r e a p p r o x i m a t e ly e q u a l .
M cCormick e t a l (1 9 5 3 ) u s e d f i r s t a n d t h i r d c u t t i n g s o f w e l l - c u r e d ,
l e a f y a l f a l f a h a y s , i n a g ro w in g -fa tte n in g r a t i o n .
T hey show ed I pound
o f t h e h a y s u b s t i t u t e d f o r I p o u n d o f c o n c e n t r a t e , a t t h e 30 p e r c e n t a l ­
f a l f a l e v e l , a n d I p o u n d o f h a y s u b s t i t u t e d f o r a p p r o x i m a t e ly o n e - h a l f
p o u n d o f g a i n a t t h e $Q p e r c e n t l e v e l an d r e q u i r e d m ore t o t a l f e e d f o r
100 p o u n d s o f g a i n a n d s lo w e d t h e g a i n .
By p e l l e t i n g t h e r a t i o n a t t h e
50 p e r c e n t l e v e l , t h e e n t i r e g ro u p r e a c h e d 200 p o u n d s a t l e s s t h a n s i x
m o n th s o f ag e an d consum ed U5 2 ,p o u n d s o f f e e d p e r 100 p o u n d s o f g a i n .
E ach p o u n d o f a l f a l f a i n t h e $0 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a p e l l e t e d r a t i o n s u b s t i ­
tu te d f o r n e a r ly I pound o f g r a in .
T hey f u r t h e r p o s t u l a t e d t h a t s e l e c ­
t i o n f o r a b i l i t y to u t i l i z e la r g e q u a n ti ti e s o f a l f a l f a can be e f f e c tiv e ,
a n d t h a t p o r k p r o d u c e d fro m s u c h f e e d i n g a n d " b r e e d in g f u l f i l l s
e v e ry
r e q u i r e m e n t o f t h e p r e s e n t demand f o r l e a n c a r c a s s e s o f to p q u a l i t y .
G ard e t a l (1 9 5 5 ) o b s e r v e d a g ro w th d e p r e s s i n g e f f e c t when 10 p e r ­
c e n t d e h y d r a t e d a l f a l f a w a s .a d d e d t o a b a s a l g r o w i n g - f a t t e n i n g r a t i o n .
He c o u ld n o t a t t r i b u t e t h e e f f e c t t o t h e a d d e d c ru d e f i b e r ,
as' th e b a s a l
r a t i o n p l u s a d d e d c ru d e f i b e r a t t h e sam e l e v e l a s t h e b a s a l p l u s a l f a l ­
f a d i d n o t g iv e t h e g r o w t h - d e p r e s s i n g e f f e c t e x p e r i e n c e d w ith , t h e a l f a l f a .
' - I O H anson e t a l ( 1 9 ^ 6 ) f o u n d t h a t a d d in g d e h y d r a te d a l f a l f a m e a l t o a
c o r n - s o y b e a n o i l m e a l d i e t f o r g r o w i n g - f a t t e n i n g p i g s a t t h e 15> a n d 30
p e r c e n t I e v e l 3 e i t h e r a d l i b i t u m o r on a n e q u a l f e e d i n g r e g im e , r e s u l t e d
i n a s i g n i f i c a n t d e c l i n e i n p e r f o r m a n c e , , He f o u n d t h a t t h e m a j o r i t y o f
t h e g ro w th d e p r e s s i n g p r o p e r t y o f t h e d e h y d r a t e d a l f a l f a m e a l w as due t o
a lo w e r e d t o t a l d i g e s t i b l e n u t r i e n t , c o n t e n t o f t h e d i e t a n d t h e r e b y t o a
* ■
lo w e r e d f e e d i n t a k e b y t h e p i g .
The a d d i t i o n o f 10 o r 20 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a m e a l t o a l o w - p r o t e i n ( 8 ,8
p e r c e n t ) c o r n d i e t h a d a v e r y l i m i t e d a b i l i t y t o p r o v id e s u p p le m e n ta r y
p r o te i n and in c r e a s e g a in s i n a g ro w in g -fa tte n in g r a t i o n ,
(1 9 5 6 ).
B ecker e t a l
L e v e ls o f 30 a n d lj.0 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a m e a l ad d ed t o t h i s d i e t
m a r k e d ly d e p r e s s e d t h e r a t e
and e f f i c i e n c y o f g a i n .
In th e p re se n c e o f
a d e q u a te p r o t e i n d i e t a r y l e v e l s 3 a l f a l f a m e a l a d d e d a t , a l e v e l o f 20
p e r c e n t o r m ore d e p r e s s e d t h e r a t e
and e f f i c i e n c y o f g a in *
T h is i n h i b i ­
t i o n w as s i m i l a r when e i t h e r s o y b e a n o i l m e a l o r m enhaden f i s h m e a l was
t h e s o u r c e o f s u p p le m e n ta r y p r o t e i n t o
t h e y e ll o w c o r n .
When l e v e l s o f
20 d r 30 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a m e a l r e p l a c e d t h e y e ll o w c o r n i n t h e r a t i o n ,
t h e d e c r e a s e i n e f f i c i e n c y o f g a i n , b u t n o t i n t h e r a t e o f g a i n , was
c o m p l e te l y e l i m i n a t e d b y t h e a d d i t i o n o f c o r n o i l t o e q u a l i z e t h e c a l ­
c u la te d t o t a l d i g e s t ib l e n u t r i e n t c o n te n t o f th e d i e t s .
L iv e - w e ig h t
s h r i n k a g e p r i o r t o s l a u g h t e r w as lo w e r on t h e l o w - p r o t e i n d i e t t h a n on a
s ta n d a rd d i e t .
S p e c if ic g r a v i t y o f c a r c a s s e s o f p ig s f e d th e s ta n d a rd
d i e t w as h i g h e r t h a n f o r t h o s e f e d t h e l o w - p r o t e i n d i e t .
T h is w as t r u e
e i t h e r w ith o r w ith o u t a l f a l f a m eal i n th e lo w - p ro te in d i e t .
F u rth e r,
l e v e l s o f 1 0 t o UO p e r c e n t a l f a l f a m e a l a d d e d t o t h e l o w - p r o t e i n d i e t
- 11 d e c re a s e d th e d r e s s in g p e rc e n ta g e »
S n y d e r (1 9 1 5 ) f o u n d i n w i n t e r i n g o l d sows on h i g h - a l f a l f a g e s t a t i o n
r a t i o n s t h a t f e e d i n g a l i g h t g r a i n r a t i o n a n d a llo w in g t h e sows f r e e
c h o ic e t o a l f a l f a h a y i n r a c k s p r o v id e d a . b e t t e r p r a c t i c e t h a n m ix in g
e q u a l p o r ti o n s o f th e g r a in a n d chopped a l f a l f a .
G rim es (1 9 2 1 ) f o u n d t h a t a l f a l f a h a y a lo n e d i d n o t m a i n t a i n sows
i n p r o p e r c o n d i t i o n d u r in g p r e g n a n c y , b u t i t
seem ed t o s u p p ly s u f f i c i ­
e n t n u t r i e n t s f o r d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e u n b o rn l i t t e r a c c o r d in g t o t h e
s ta n d a rd s o f t h a t tim e .
Sows on s t r a i g h t a l f a l f a r a t i o n s d u r in g g e s t a ­
t i o n a t e l a r g e r am o u n ts o f f e e d d u r i n g l a c t a t i o n .
f e d w e re a s f o l l o w s :
The g e s t a t i o n r a t i o n s
s t r a i g h t a l f a l f a a c c o rd in g to a p p e ti te j a l f a l f a
h a y a d l i b i t u m p l u s s h e l l e d c o r n a t t h e r a t e o f I p o u n d p e r 100 p o unds
l i v e w e ig h t d a i l y j a m ix t u r e o f 10 p a r t s o f s h e l l e d c o m a n d one p a r t
o f t a n k a g e I an d a m ix t u r e o f e q u a l p a r t s o f c o rn m e a l, g ro u n d o a ts ], an d
w h eat m id d lin g s .
The f e e d c o s t o f r a i s i n g a p i g to tim e o f w e a n in g ( a l l
l o t s on t h e same l a c t a t i o n r a t i o n ) w as l o w e s t f o r t h o s e sows on an a l f a l ­
f a h a y r a t i o n f e d a c c o r d in g t o a p p e t i t e .
M a r tin (1 9 3 6 ) f o u n d t h a t sows o r w e l l- d e v e l o p e d s p r i n g g i l t s may b e
f e d t h r o u g h t h e g e s t a t i o n p e r i o d TdLthout p a s t u r e T fith f a i r l y
s a tis fa c ­
t o r y r e s u l t s when good q u a l i t y leg u m e h a y , e i t h e r g ro u n d a n d i n c l u d e d i n
a m ix t u r e o r f e d l o o s e i n a r a c k , fo rm s ,as much a s 1 0 p e r c e n t o f th e
ra tio n .
H ow ever, w hen t h e sow s w e re f e d on t h i s r a t i o n d u r i n g t h e
s u c k lin g p e r io d , th e y l o s t h e a v ily i n f l e s h ,
q u a te ly n o u ris h e d .
a n d t h e p i g s w e re i n a d e ­
I t s h o u ld b e n o t e d t h a t t h i s t r i a l w as c o n d u c te d
p r i o r to w id e -s p re a d u se o f c re e p r a t i o n s .
- 12 F reem an (1 9 3 8 ) f e d ' o n e - t h i r d g ro u n d a l f a l f a h a y and t w o - t h i r d s
g ra in in a g e s ta tio n r a tio n o
T h is h i g h l e v e l o f a l f a l f a co m p ared f a v o r ­
a b l y t o a r a t i o n o f c o m w i t h 6 p e r c e n t ta n k a g e d u r in g g e s t a t i o n *
He
fo u n d t h a t 21|.3 p o u n d s o f g ro u n d a l f a l f a h a y r e p l a c e d 119 p o u n d s o f g r a i n
p l u s 39 p o u n d s o f ta n k a g e p l u s 6 p o u n d s o f b r a n , a n d 7 p o u n d s o f l o o s e
hay*
R o ss e t a l (I9 l|.2 ) f e d a b a s a l g e s t a t i o n r a t i o n com posed o f 82*0
p e r c e n t g ro u n d y e ll o w c o r n , 11*3 p e r c e n t s o y b e a n o i l m e a l, 3«0 p e r c e n t
g ro u n d a l f a l f a h a y , 0*3 p e r c e n t s a l t ,
and 1 * 0 p e r c e n t lim e s to n e *
•
L itte rs
w ean ed fro m sow s on t h e s e g e s t a t i o n r a t i o n s w e re s m a l l i n b o t h num ber o f
p ig s and i n s iz e o f p ig s*
When a l f a l f a w as i n c r e a s e d t o 13 p e r c e n t a t
t h e e x p e n s e o f c o r n , r e p r o d u c t i o n w as n o rm a l*
B rood sows o n th e l a t t e r
r a t i o n w ean ed t w i c e a s m any p i g s a s t h e sows o n t h e 3 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a
r a t i o n , a n d t h e p i g s w e re 23 p e r c e n t h e a v i e r a t w e a n in g tim e *
G ilts
fro m t h e sow s on t h e b a s a l r a t i o n w e re c o n t i n u e d on t h a t r a t i o n and
a llo w e d t o fa rro w *
The d e f i c i e n c y o r d e f i c i e n c i e s w e re m ore a c u t e i n
th e seco n d g e n e ra tio n g i lt s *
K r i d e r e t a l (I9 li6 ) f e d a b a s a l g e s t a t i o n r a t i o n i n d r y l o t com posed
o f 6? p e r c e n t g ro u n d y e ll o w c o r n , 23 p e r c e n t e x p e l l e r s o y b e a n o i l m e a l,
3 p e r c e n t d e h y d r a te d a l f a l f a m e a l, a n d 2 , 3 p e r c e n t co m p lex m i n e r a l m ix .
The d e f i c i e n c y o r d e f i c i e n c i e s o f t h i s r a t i o n w e re c o r r e c t e d b y s u p p le ­
m e n tin g i t w i t h o n e o f t h e f o l l o w i n g :
r y e p a s t u r e ) 10 p e r c e n t deh y ­
d r a t e d a l f a l f a m e a l; o r e i t h e r 2 o r U p e r c e n t o f c o n d e n se d f i s h s o l u b l e s
( f r e s h b a s i s e i t h e r s a r d i n e o r m enhaden)*
F a i r b a n k s e t a l (I9 lt3 ) f o u n d t h a t a b a s a l r a t i o n com posed o f y e llo w
— 13 —
C o rn 3 s o y b e a n o i l m e a l 3 t a n k a g e 3 f i s h m eal., f o r t i f i e d co d l i v e r o i l 3 and
m i n e r a l s w as n u t r i t i o n a l l y i n a d e q u a t e f o r g e s t a t i o n a n d l a c t a t i o n u n d e r
The a d d i t i o n o f e i t h e r 6 o r 12 p e r c e n t o f d r i e d c o rn
d ry l o t c o n d itio n s o
d i s t i l l e r ’s s o lu b le s ,
a l f a l f a m e a l, o r s i x c r y s t a l l i n e B - v ita m in s im p ro v ­
ed b re e d in g e f f i c i e n c y , f e r t i l i t y ,
and s tr e n g th o f p ig s f a rro w e d .
The
v a l u e o f a l f a l f a m e a l and s o l u b l e s w as a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e w a t e r - s o l u b l e
'
/
v i t a m i n s , known or unknow n, f o u n d i n t h e s e p r o d u c t s . A c c o rd in g t o t h e
.
.
,
,
a u t h o r , f e e d i n g d u r in g g e s t a t i o n i s a n i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r f o r s a t i s f a c t o r y
r e s u l t s d u r i n g l a c t a t i o n a n d m u st n o t b e i g n o r e d when c o n s i d e r i n g t h e
q u e s t i o n o f h i g h m o r t a l i t y among b a b y p i g s .
C a tro n e t a l (19U 8) fo u n d t h a t t h e r i b o f l a v i n c o n t e n t o f so w ’s m ilk
w as i n c r e a s e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y b y s u p p le m e n tin g t h e r a t i o n w i t h a l f a l f a m e a l
a s a ,g o u rc e o f t h i s v i t a m i n .
D ePape e t a l (1 9 5 3 ) f o u n d t h a t t h e a d d i t i o n o f 0 .5 p e r c e n t A .P .F .
( a n t i b i o t i c - B 12 s u p p le m e n t) t o a b a s a l r a t i o n o f b a r l e y , w h e a t so y b e an
o i l m e a l, 1 5 p e r c e n t s u n - c u r e d a l f a l f a ,
an d m e a t m e a l f o r b ro o d sows
d u r in g p r e - b r e e d i n g , g e s t a t i o n , a n d l a c t a t i o n r e s u l t e d i n no s i g n i f i c a n t
im p ro v e m e n t i n t h e f o l l o w i n g f a c t o r s :
num ber o f p i g s f a r r o w e d , num ber o f
p i g s f a r r o w e d a l i v e 3 a v e r a g e b i r t h w e ig h ty a n d num ber o f p i g s w eaned p e r
sow .
A h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t a d v e r s e r e s u l t w as o b t a i n e d b y s u b s t i t u t i n g
d e h y d r a t e d a l f a l f a p e l l e t s f o r s u n - c u r e d a l f a l f a m eal i n t h e g e s t a t i o n la c ta tio n ra tio n .
T h is e f f e c t w as shown i n t h e num ber o f p i g s Weaned
p e r sow and t h e t o t a l w e ig h t o f p i g s w eaned p e r sow .
The p e r c e n t o f
m o r t a l i t y t o w e a n in g w a s ' 16 t o 20 p e r c e n t h i g h e r when d e h y d r a t e d a l f a l f a
p e l l e t s w e re s u b s t i t u t e d f o r s u n - c u r e d a l f a l f a .
T eag u e e t a l (195U ) f e d a d i e t c o n t a i n i n g 18 p e r c e n t g ro u n d s u n c u r e d a l f a l f a a n d a n o t h e r b a s a l d i e t c o n ta in in g , no legum e t o b o t h g i l t s
a n d m a tu r e sows d u r in g g e s t a t i o n i n d r y l o t .
D i e t a r y c ru d e f i b e r was
e q u a l i z e d b y g ro u n d e a r c o r n i n t h e n o n -le g u m e b a s a l r a t i o n .
V ita m in s
A, Dj E j a n d e i g h t B - v ita m in s w e re a d d e d t o t h e n o n -le g u m e b a s a l d i e t
t o m ore t h a n o f f s e t t h o s e c o n t a i n e d i n t h e a l f a l f a r a t i o n .
w e re f e d 19 d a y s p r i o r t o b r e e d i n g a n d d u r in g g e s t a t i o n .
The d i e t s
The a l f a l f a -
f e d g i l t s f a r r o w e d on t h e a v e r a g e o f 9*83 l i v e a n d 0*8? s t i l l b o r n p i g s .
The g i l t s on t h e n o n -le g u m e r a t i o n f a r r o w e d 8.61; l i v e a n d 0 .9 6 s t i l l b o r n
p ig s .
Mo d i f f e r e n c e o f v i g o r a t b i r t h o r b i r t h w e ig h t was a p p a r e n t ,
b e tw e e n t h e tw o d i e t s .
On t h e a l f a l f a r a t i o n , sows p r o d u c e d 1 3 .0 c o r p o r a
l u t e a on t h e a v e r a g e , a n d g i l t s p r o d u c e d 1 3 «5> c o r p o r a l u t e a on t h e a v e r ­
age*
On t h e n o n -le g u m e b a s a l r a t i o n , sow s p r o d u c e d 1 2 .0 c o r p o r a l u t e a
on t h e a v e r a g e , . a n d g i l t s p r o d u c e d 1 1 .9 c o r p o r a l u t e a on t h e a v e r a g e .
The r e s u l t s s u g g e s t e d t h a t a f a c t o r o r f a c t o r s i n a l f a l f a a f f e c t e d o v u la ­
t i o n r a t e p r i m a r i l y a n d n o t p r e n a t a l g ro w th o r s u r v i v a l .
G ard (1 9 5 5 ) co m p ared a 10 p e r c e n t d e h y d r a t e d a l f a l f a r a t i o n t o a
p u r i f i e d b a s a l c o n t r o l ' r a t i o n d u r in g g e s t a t i o n 'a n d l a c t a t i o n .
.
D e h y d ra te d
a l f a l f a m e a l d i d n o t h a v e -a n y c o n s i s t e n t e f f e c t on l i t t e r w e a n in g w e i g h t .
W h ile 88 p e r c e n t o f t h e a l f a l f a - f e d sows' w eaned l i t t e r s ,
o f t h e c o n t r o l - f e d sows w e a n e d l i t t e r s .
o n l y 55 p e r c e n t
A f t e r t h e -sows h a d b e e n on t h e
d i e t s f o r 233 d a y s , 29 p e r c e n t fe w e r s e r v i c e s p e r c o n c e p t io n w e re r e q u i r ­
ed by th e a l f a l f a - f e d sow s.
H ow ever, a f t e r 14+8 d a y s t h e r e was no d i f f e r ­
e n c e i n t h e o v u l a t i o n r a t e s o r num ber o f a b n o r m a l i t i e s o f t h e r e p r o d u c ­
tiv e t r a c t .
D e h y d r a te d a l f a l f a m e a l d e c r e a s e d t h e c r e e p c o n s u m p tio n o f
- l i ­
ttle s u c k lin g p i g s .
T eague e t a l (1 9 ^ 6 ) f e d d e h y d r a t e d a l f a l f a m eal a t t h e 18 p e r c e n t
l e v e l , an a c e to n e - h e x a n e e x t r a c t o f d e h y d r a t e d a l f a l f a m e a l i n a le g u m e f r e e r a t i o n , an d a l e g u m e - f r e e b a s a l g e s t a t i o n r a t i o n i n d r y l o t t h e
f i r s t y e a r.
The s e c o n d y e a r h e f e d 18 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a p l u s 0 .2 9 m ic r o ­
gram s t i l b e s t r o l p e r p o u n d o f r a t i o n , l e g u m e - f r e e , le g u m e - f r e e p l u s 0 .2 9
m ic ro g ra m s t i l b e s t r o l p e r p o u n d o f r a t i o n ,
m ic ro g ra m s t i l b e s t r o l p e r p o u n d o f r a t i o n .
a n d l e g u m e - f r e e p l u s 0 .£ 8
The f i r s t y e h r t h e 18 p e r c e n t
a l f a l f a a n d le g u m e - f r e e r a t i o n p l u s e x t r a c t show ed a n a d v a n ta g e o v e r t h e
l e g u m e - f r e e r a t i o n i n b o t h num ber o f c o r p o r a l u t e a a n d l i v e em bryos a t
25 a n d 27 d a y s .
I n th e seco n d y e a r , n e i t h e r th e a d d itio n o f e x tr a c t o r
th e n o n - s a p o n ifia b le f r a c t i o n o f e x t r a c t ap p e are d to in f lu e n c e o v u la tio n
r a t e o r num ber o f e m b ry o s.
The a d d i t i o n o f 0 .2 9 o r 0 .5 8 m ic ro g ra m o f
s t i l b e s t r o l p e r p o u n d o f l e g u m e - f r e e r a t i o n a p p e a r e d t o lo w e r o v u l a t i o n
r a t e a n d d e c r e a s e e m b ry o n ic s u r v i v a l .
B o th y e a r s an a d v a n ta g e w as ob­
t a i n e d i n b o t h num ber o f c o r p o r a l u t e a an d l i v e em bryos b y t h e 18 p e r c e n t
a l f a l f a r a t i o n o v e r t h e le g u m e - f r e e r a t i o n .
The a d d i t i o n o f 0*29 or 0 .5 8
m ic ro g ra m o f s t i l b e s t r o l p e r p o u n d o f l e g u m e - f r e e r a t i o n a p p e a r e d t o
lo w e r o v u l a t i o n r a t e a n d d e c r e a s e e m b ry o n ic s u r v i v a l .
F lo w e r e t • a l ( 1 9 5 6 ) , u s e d g e s t a t i o n - l a c t a t i o n r a t i o n s w i t h a l f a l f a
l e v e l s o f 5ji 2 0 , 3 5 , and 50 p e r c e n t w i t h t e r r a m y c i n a d d e d to a l l l e v e l s .
I n a d d i t i o n t h e y u s e d a 20 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a l e v e l w i t h o u t t h e a n t i b i o t i c .
T hey fo u n d no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n t r e a t m e n t s f o r a n y p r o d u c ­
t i o n c r i t e r i o n u s in g a n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e .
A n a l y s is o f c o v a r i a n c e a l s o
f a i l e d t o show d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n t r e a t m e n t s f o r w e a n in g w e i g h t o f p i g s
" 16 —
o r num ber o f p i g s w e a n e d p e r l i t t e r w hen a d ju s t m e n t s w e re made f o r b i r t h
w e ig h t o f p i g s a n d num ber o f l i v e p i g s b o r n p e r I i t t e r 5 r e s p e c t i v e l y .
A n o n s i g n i f i c a n t t r e n d d e v e lo p e d i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e 5>0 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a
l e v e l d u r in g l a c t a t i o n m ay c o n t r i b u t e t o h e a v i e r l o s s e s i n w e ig h t o f
d a i l y a llo w a n c e a c c o r d i n g t o a p p e t i t e a n d c o n d i t i o n .
i n d i c a t i o n t h a t a n t i b i o t i c s may h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o
d u c tio n - la c ta tio n in th e s e t r i a l s .
6»
T h e re w as some
su c c e ssfu l rep ro ­
- 17 ■ METHODS AND PROCEDURE
The sows u s e d in - t h i s e x p e r im e n t w e re p u r e b r e d D uroc5 M ontana No, I
(H am prace) a n d a l s o - c r o s s e s o f t h e s e two b r e e d s .
F iv e b o a r s c o n s i s t i n g -
o f t h r e e p u r e b r e d D uroe a n d tw o p u r e b r e d M o n tan a N o, I w e re m a te d t o t h e
f o r t y - f i v e sow s.
D e c e m b e r.
The sows w e re p e n m a te d t o t h e b o a r s s t a r t i n g i n l a t e
I f t h e sow s w e re n o t s e t t l e d b y a b o u t t h e m id d le o f F e b r u a r y 5
t h e y w e re rem o v ed fro m t h e e x p e r i m e n t . . Sows a n d g i l t s i n t h e t h r e e
t r e a t m e n t s w e re n o t S e p a r a t e d 5 b u t w e re l o t t e d t o g e t h e r i n f i v e l a r g e
I o t s 5 w i t h n e a r l y e q u a l nu m b ers o f g i l t s i n e a c h l o t .
h o u s e s w e r e s u p p l i e d a s s h e l t e 'r .
end o f th e l o t s .
P o r t a b l e c o lo n y
W a te r was- s u p p l i e d by a c r e e k a t one
Sows w e re l o t t e d and p u t on t h e 2 0 5 ^O5 and 100 p e r c e n t
a l f a l f a r a t i o n s a t th e s t a r t o f th e b re e d in g s e a s o n .
T ro u g h s 5 s e l f -
f e e d e r s , a n d h a y r a c k s w e re s u p p l i e d t o t h e v a r i o u s I o t s 5 r e s p e c t i v e l y .
O n e -h u n d re d p e r c e n t a l f a l f a l o t s w e re p r o v id e d w i t h m i n e r a l b o x e s .
The sow s w e re w e ig h e d when t h e y 'w ere p u t on e x p e r im e n t, a i d w e ig h ts
w e re r e t a k e n i f sow s w e re re m o v e d .
W e ig h ts .,w ere t a k e n a g a i n a t 102 d ay s
o f g e s t a t i o n , w hen t h e sow s w e n t i n t o f a r r o w i n g q u a r t e r s .
The f a r r o w i n g p e n s w e re d i s i n f e c t e d w i t h a s te a m c l e a n e r b e f o r e t h e .
sows w e re p l a c e d i n th e m .
P e n s w e re p r o v i d e d w i t h g u a rd r a i l s a n d h e a t
la m p s j w h e a t s t r a w w as u s e d f o r b e d d in g .
A l l sow s w e re f e d t h e sam e l a c t a t i o n r a t i o n a f t e r t h e y w e re moved
to th e fa rro w in g b a rn .
The m a j o r i t y o f sows w e re f e d l a c t a t i o n r a t i o n s
a b o u t tw e lv e d a y s b e f o r e f a r r o w i n g .
R e c o rd s ’ o f f e e d consum ed on t h e
g e s t a t i o n r a t i o n s w e re k e p t b y t h e sw in e h e rd s m a n .
S e p a ra te fe e d re c o rd s
w e re n o t k e p t a f t e r t h e sows w e re p l a c e d i n t h e f a r r o w i n g q u a r t e r s .
- 18 S h o r t l y a f t e r t h e p i g s w e re b o r n , w e i g h ts w e re t a k e n o f t h e p i g s ,
a n d n u m b ers o f l i v e a n d d e a d p i g s w e re r e c o r d e d *
The v a r i o u s l i t t e r s
w e re e a r - n o t c h e d , a n d a n y a b n o r m a l i t i e s were- r e c o r d e d .
n e c essa ry in
some c a s e s t o com bine two sow s and t h e i r l i t t e r s
d a y s a f t e r f a r r o w in g *
w o u ld e a t ,
Num bers made i t
se v era l
The p i g s w e re f e d a c r e e p r a t i o n a s so o n a s t h e y
an d sow s a n d p i g s w e re t r a n s f e r r e d t o a l f a l f a " p a s t u r e s a s
s o o n as th e p i g s c o u ld s u r v i v e w i t h o u t h e a t lam ps*
On t h e a l f a l f a p a s t u r e s ,
sow s w e re c o n f i n e d t o i n d i v i d u a l h o u s e s
a n d p e n s , b u t t h e p i g s w e re a llo w e d t o r u n t o t h e p a s t u r e a n d c re e p
ra tio n .
T he p i g s w e re w eaned on o r n e a r £6 d a y s o f age*.
o f i n d i v i d u a l p i g s a n d l i t t e r s w e re r e c o r d e d .
W eaning w e ig h ts
C o r r e c t io n s t o £6 d a y
w e ig h t w e re made when n e c e s s a r y by m eans o f W h a tle y ’ s f o r m u la .
(1 9 3 7 )o
The s o w s ’ i n d i v i d u a l w e i g h ts w e re r e c o r d e d a t t h i s tim e .
A lf a lf a h ay used in
th e 20 a n d £0 p e r c e n t g e s t a t i o n r a t i o n s was p u t
t h r o u g h a hammer m i l l b e f o r e b e in g m ix ed w i t h th e r a t i o n *
IA in e ra l u s e d
i n t h e g e s t a t i o n r a t i o n s c o n t a i n e d 35 p e r c e n t s te a m e d b o n e m e a l.
- 19 7
TABLE NQ. I
GESTATION RATIONS
% OF RATION
INGREDIENTS
20% ALFALFA
B a r le y
A lfa lfa
S o y b ean o i l m e a l
M eat m e a l
M in e r a l m ix tu r e
TM-5> y
,
V ita m in s u p p le m e n t N o. I —/
V ita m in B^2 s u p p le m e n t N o . 9 M
7 0 .7 5
20.00
U .50
3.00
.
.
1 .5 0
0 .1 0
0 .0 5
0 ,1 0
50% ALFALFA
B a r le y
A lfa lfa
M eat m e a l
TM-5 V
'
0/
V ita m in s u p p le m e n t N o. I J
M in e r a l m ix tu r e
.
V ita m in B12 s u p p le m e n t No. 9 J /
U5 .2 8
5 0 .0 0
3.00
0 .1 0
0.05
1.50
0 .1 0
100% ALFALFA
A lfa lfa
M in e r a l m ix tu r e
1 0 0 .0 0
f r e e c h o ic e
l / 'TM-j?— An a n t i b i o t i c f e e d s u p p le m e n t c o n t a i n i n g a g u a r a n t e e d e q u iv ­
a l e n t o f 5«0 gram s o f c r y s t a l l i n e O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e ( T e rr a m y c in )
Hydro c h l o r i d e p e r p o u n d .
2 / V ita m in S u p p le m e n t No* I — C o n ta in s a minimum o f 2 ,0 0 0 m g, r i b o ­
f l a v i n , U5OOO m g, p a n t o t h e n i c a c i d , 9 ,0 0 0 m g. n i a c i n , 1 0 ,0 0 0 mg.
c h o lin e c h lo r id e p e r pound,
5 / v i t a m i n B12 S u p p le m e n t N o. 9— C o n ta in s a g u a r a n t e e d 9 . 0 m g. o f
v i t a m i n B12 a c t i v i t y p e r p o u n d ( L .L . a s s a y ) .
N
- 20 -
TABLE NO. I I
SOWS' LACTATION RATION
INGREDIENTS
B a r le y
6 5 .0 0
W heat b r a n
2 0 .0 0
A lfa lfa
5 .o o
Soybean o i l m eal
5 .o o
Meat, m e a l
3 .0 0
TM-£ l /
0 .1 0
V ita m in s u p p le m e n t N o. I 2 /
0 .0 5
V ita m in Bp^ s u p p le m e n t N o. 9 3 /
0 .1 0
M in e r a l m ix t u r e
i.5 o
■S a l t , i o d i z e d
V
% OE RATION
0 .2 5
TM=-5™ An a n t i b i o t i c f e e d s u p p le m e n t c o n t a i n i n g a g u a r a n t e e d e q u iv ­
a l e n t o f ^oO gram s o f c r y s t a l l i n e O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e ( t e r r a m y c i n )
H y d r o c h lo r id e p e r p o u n d .
i / V ita m in S u p p le m e n t No* 1 — C o n ta in s a minimum o f 2 ,0 0 0 m g. r i b o ­
f l a v i n , Its OOO mg. p a n t o t h e n i c a c i d , '9 ,0 0 0 m g. n i a c i n , 1 0 ,0 0 0 mg.
c h o lin e c h lo r id e p e r p o u n d .
V ita m in Bpg S u p p le m e n t N o. 9— C o n ta in s a g u a r a n te e d 9 .0 m g. o f
v i t a m i n B]_2 a c t i v i t y p e r p o u n d ( L .L . a s s a y ) ..
- 21 TABLE NO. I l l
SPECIFICATIONS OF CREEP FEED PELLETS
INGREDIENTS_________________
POUNDS PER TON
"800
O at g r o a ts
200
C orn
F i s h m e a l {60% p r o t e i n )
.
SO
F la v o n e
Soybean o i l m eal '
boo
Sugar
300
M o la s s e s
108
S a lt, io d iz e d
-
10
S te am e d b o n e m e a l
30
G round l i m e s t o n e
20
T ra c e m i n e r a l m ix tu r e
k
V ita m in A a n d D ( 1 0 ,0 0 0 /g m .)
I
V ita m in s u p p le m e n t No. I J=/
3
• V ita m in
s u p p le m e n t No«
TM-S
U
20
2 / F la v o n e — C o n ta in s a minimum o f r i b o f l a v i n - 2 2 .7 m g ., p a n t o t h e n i c
a c i d 16.31). m g ., c h o l i n e c h l o r i d e - I 5SOO6O m g ., n i a c i n 2 8 . 6 . ,
v i t a m i n Bnn 0 .0 6 m g. p e r p o u n d o f f e e d . C rude p r o t e i n 3b<’0%, C rude
f a t 1 .0 % , C rude f i b e r maximum 6.0% , N .F .E . 30.0% .
2 / V ita m in S u p p le m e n t No. I-— C o n ta in s a minimum o f 2 ,0 0 0 mg. r i b o ­
f l a v i n , I),000 m g. p a n t o t h e n i c a c i d , 9,000 m g. n i a c i n , 1 0 ,0 0 0 mg.
c h o lin e c h lo r id e p e r pou n d .
3/
V ita m in Bpg S u p p le m e n t N o. 9— C o n ta in s a g u a r a n te e d 9 . 0 m g. o f
v i t a m i n Bpg a c t i v i t y p e r p o u n d ( L .L . a s s a y ) .
V TM-S-™ An a n t i b i o t i c
f e e d s u p p le m e n t c o n t a i n i n g a g u a r a n t e e d e q u iv a ­
l e n t o f S-O gram s o f c r y s t a l l i n e O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e ( T e rr a m y c in ) h y d ro ­
c h lo rid e p e r pound.
TABLE NO, IV
COMPARISON OF EKPERIffiENTAL RATIONS WITH DAILY NUTRIENT ALLOWANCES RECOMMENDED FOR SWINE
EXPERIMENTAL RATIONS
"pregnant STOCK .........
Young
~3W
M a tu re
500 #
2 O jT A lfk L fa
Young M a tu re
1 .0 1
1 .5 0
50% A l f a l f a
Young M atu re
;
100# A l f a l f a
Young M a tu re
—0*10
—0*002
E x p e c te d D a l l y G a in 3 L b s «
0 .7 5
0 .5 0
T o ta l Feed ( a i r d ry ) l b s .
6 .0 0
" 7 .5 0
8 .Ul
9 .9 2
T .D .N . l b .
T.DoNo on
.recom m ended .l e v e l )
IlO50
5 .6 0
5 .2 6
U.9U
1 .1 3
C ru d e P r o t e i n , L b,
0 .9 0
1 .0 5
1 .3 8
1 .6 3
0 .6 6
. 1 8 .7 0
3 3 .6 U
9 9 .2 0
7 5 .2 0
6 7 5 .0 0 -
———
——™
— ——
0 .7 8
1 .1 3
3 .7 6
°
VITAMINS
C a r o te n e 3 mg.
V ita m in D3 I , TJy
1 5 .0 0 '
5 l o .o p
T h ia m in e , Mg.
3 .0 0
3 .8 0
1U .31
1 3 .1 2
R ib o X la v in 3 Mg.
7 .2 0
9 .0 0
2 2 .8 3
3 7 . 5U
N i a c i n 3 Mg,
3 0 .0 0
3 7 .5 0
2 1 8 .5 0
232.98
P a n t o t h e n t i c A c id 3. Mg,
2 7 .0 0
3 3 .8 0
6 U .56
9 7 .1 0
'
U .13 _
1 8 .8 0
6 0 .5 0 '
U 7.80
— 23 —
RESULTS AMD DISCUSSION
The m a tu r e 'soyrs a n d g i l t s f e d . t h e 20 and £0 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a g e s ta - _
t i o n r a t i o n s consum ed m ore a i r d r y f e e d d u r in g g e s t a t i o n t h a n w as r e q u i r ­
ed a c c o r d in g t o t h e N.RoC. r e q u i r e m e n t s .
T h e se r e q u i r e m e n ts a r e q u o te d
a s 6 .0 p o u n d s a i r d r y f e e d f o r a 300 . p o u n d p r e g n a n t g i l t ,
a i r d r y f e e d f o r a ^OO p o u n d p r e g n a n t m a tu r e sow .
a n d 7«E> p o u n d s
The sows and g i l t s
f e d t h e 100 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a g e s t a t i o n r a t i o n consum ed much l e s s a i r d r y
fe e d .
The a v e ra g e ' i n t h e s e l o t s w as b e lo w U p o u n d s .
T h is lo w consum p­
t i o n o f f e e d i n t h e 100 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a l o t i s r e f l e c t e d i n a l o s s o f
w e ig h t d u r i n g g e s t a t i o n .
The h i g h c ru d e f i b e r c o n t e n t o f t h e f e e d a l s o
c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e l o s s o f - w e i g h t o f t h e sows a t f a r r o w i n g on t h e 100
p e rc e n t a lf a lf a le v e l.
The sows on t h e 20 a n d 5>0 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a g e s t a ­
t i o n r a t i o n s , on t h e o t h e r h a n d , a t e much m ore t h a n t h e a v e r a g e am ount
o f f e e d r e q u i r e d f o r e v e n g i l t s on t h e g e s t a t i o n r a t i o n s t o g a in t h e
s u g g e s te d " a v e r a g e o f 0 .7 3 p o u n d p e r d a y .
H ow ever, t h i s i n t a k e o f f e e d
w as c a l c u l a t e d on a 73 p e r c e n t t o t a l d i g e s t i b l e n u t r i e n t v a l u e .
E ven th o u g h t h e sows on t h e 20 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a r a t i o n w e re h a n d - f e d ,
•th e g i l t s
g a in e d 1 .0 1 p o u n d s p e r d a y on t h e a v e r a g e , a n d t h e m a tu re sows
g a in e d 1 .3 0 p o u n d s p e r d a y on t h e a v e ra g e d u r i n g g e s t a t i o n .
t h e 30 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a r a t i o n u s e d a s e l f - f e e d e r .
The sows on
The g i l t s on t h e 30
p e r c e n t r a t i o n g a in e d O.7 8 p o u n d p e r d a y on t h e a v e r a g e , a n d t h e m a tu re
sow s g a in e d 1 .1 3 p o u n d s p e r d a y on t h e a v e r a g e , t h i s i s d o u b le t h e recom ­
m ended g a i n f o r m a tu r e s o w s.
p e r day.
G i l t s g a in e d t h e recom m ended 0 .7 3 p o u n d
The sow s on t h e 30 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a r a t i o n consum ed m ore a l f a l ­
f a d a i l y on t h e a v e r a g e t h a n d i d t h e sows on t h e 100 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a
—2k —
r a t i o n , kok9 p o u n d s o f a l f a l f a a t t h e £0 p e r c e n t l e v e l a n d o n l y 3 .7 6
p o u n d s o f a l f a l f a a t t h e 100 p e r c e n t l e v e l .
The sows on t h e 20 an d 30
p e r c e n t a l f a l f a l e v e l s r e c e iv e d enough o f th ia m in e , r i b o f l a v i n , n ia c in ,
a n c p a n t o t h e n i c a c i d w i t h o u t t h e a d d e d v i t a m i n s u p p le m e n t num ber I .
is
T h is
a c c o r d in g t o t h e N .R .C . t a b l e s f o r p r e g n a n t m a tu re 300 p o u n d sows a n d
300 p o u n d p r e g n a n t g i l t s .
C rude p r o t e i n w as a l s o a d e q u a te f o r b o th g i l t s
a n d m a tu r e s o w s .
F e e d c o n v e r s i o n f o r t h e 20 a n d $ 0 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a l e v e l sows d u r in g
g e s t a t i o n w as s a t i s f a c t o r y .
re q u ire d ,
T h e ir T .D .N . i n t a k e w as s l i g h t l y ab o v e t h e
an d t h e b o d y g a i n w as ab o v e t h e e x p e c te d d a i l y g a i n .
I t m u st
b e rem e m b e red , h o w e v e r, t h a t t h e num ber o f m a tu re sows i n e a c h l o t was
l a r g e r t h a n t h e num ber o f g i l t s , a n d t h a t t h e v a lu e u s e d f o r t h e f e e d s
w e re t a k e n fro m t h e N .R .C . t a b l e s and w e re n o t t h e r e s u l t o f o u r own f e e d
a n a ly s is .
The sow s on 100 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a r a t i o n h a d a n a v e r a g e f e e d consum p­
t i o n w h ic h w as n o t a d e q u a te i n p r o v i d i n g c ru d e p r o t e i n b u t am ple i n
c a r o te n e , th ia m in e , r i b o f l a v i n , n i a c i n , and p a n to th e n ic a c id .
in a d e q u a te i n t o t a l d i g e s t i b l e ,n u t r i e n ts .
I t was
The sows on t h i s r a t i o n w ere
n o t i c e a b l y r e d u c e d i n p h y s i c a l v i g o r c o m p a r e d ,w ith t h e sows on t h e 20
a n d 30 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a r a t i o n s .
L a te i n g e s t a t i o n , t h e sows on th e 100
p e r c e n t a l f a l f a r a t i o n show ed a s c a l y d e r m a t i t i s w i t h l o s s o f h a i r .
T h e re w as a d e f i c i e n c y . o f f a t i n t h e r a t i o n .
.i n g a n d w e a n in g l i t t e r s
lo w .
The num ber o f sow s f a r r o w -
on t h e 100 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a g e s t a t i o n r a t i o n was
O f t h e sows s t a r t e d on t h e 100 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a g e s t a t i o n r a t i o n ,
o n ly 6 l p e r c e n t fa rro w e d l i t t e r s ,
a n d o n l y 33»3 p e r c e n t w ean ed l i t t e r s .
— 25 ~
The a l f a l f a h a y u s e d i n t h e r a t i o n s v a r i e d i n q u a l i t y 5 an d p a r t o f tjdie
\
p o o r e r q u a l i t y h a y was r o o t e d t o one s i d e a n d w a s te d b y t h e sow s on t h e
100 p e r c e n t r a t i o n .
P r o d u c t i o n d a t a f o r sows i s
shown i n T a b le V.
TABLE NO". V
PRODUCTION AMD FEED RECORDS, ALL SOWS
20#
ALFALFA LEVELS
Number o f sow s i n
tre a tm e n t
Number o f sow s i n
tre a tm e n t
(e x p o s e d )
( f a r r o w in g )
9
8
(e x p o s e d )
(fa rro w in g )
9
8
F e e d p e r sow p e r d a y
d u rin g g e s ta t io n , pounds
50 #
100#
18 ■
18
' 11
iu
18
iu
18
10
8.1+1
9 .9 2
3 .7 6
P e rc e n t fa rro w in g
8 8 .8 0
7 7 .7 0
6 1 .1 0
P e r c e n t w e a n in g
88.80
7 7 .7 0
5 5 .5 0
The sows on t h e 20 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a g e s t a t i o n r a t i o n w a s te d l i t t l e
o f th e ir fee d ,
and t h e r e w as o n l y a m o d e ra te am ount o f w a s ta g e fro m t h e
s e l f - f e e d e r s b y t h e sows on t h e $ 0 .p e r c e n t a l f a l f a g e s t a t i o n r a t i o n .
,Of t h e sows s t a r t e d o n t h e 20 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a r a t i o n , 8 8 .8 p e r c e n t f a r ­
ro w e d a n d w ean ed l i t t e r s ,
and 77*7 p e r c e n t o f t h e sows s t a r t e d f a r r o w e d
a n d w ean ed l i t t e r s o n t h e $0 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a g e s t a t i o n r a t i o n .
:
When r e s u l t s o f t h e t h r e e t r e a t m e n t s on m a tu re sows a r e com pared,
t h e 20 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a l o t ' e x c e l l e d i n a lm o s t e v e r y r e s p e c t .
The 20
p e r c e n t a l f a l f a l o t p r o d u c e d t h e l a r g e s t a v e r a g e num ber o f p i g s b o r n
a l i v e p e r sow f a r r o w i n g , 11.1+0 l i v e p i g s p e r sow .
T h e re w as no d i f f e r ­
e n c e b e tw e e n t h e 5 ° a n d 100 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a l o t s i n num ber o f l i v e p ig s *
9 .8 3 .
The 20 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a I d t o f m a tu r e sow s w eaned t h e h e a v i e s t
I
— 26 ~
l i t t e r s , — 2 7 1 o ll| p o u n d s a v e r a g e p e r sow .
The $0 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a l e v e l
m a tu r e sow s h a d a n a v e r a g e l i t t e r w e a n in g w e ig h t o f 2 5 0 .9 8 p o u n d s , and
t h e 100 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a l e v e l sows w ean ed l i t t e r s
p ounds.
t h a t a v e r a g e d 226 .1 0
The m a tu re sow s on t h e 20 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a r a t i o n w e a n e d an
a v e r a g e o f 7 .5 0 p i g s .
6 .5 6 p i g s ,
The 50 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a r a t i o n m a tu re sows w eaned
a n d t h e 100 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a r a t i o n m a tu re sows w ean ed a lm o s t
t h e same num ber— 6 .5 0 p i g s .
The p e r c e n t a g e s u r v i v a l o f b a b y p i g s fro m
m a tu r e sows w as h i g h e s t a t t h e 50 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a l e v e l , lo w e r among t h e
m a tu r e sows on t h e 20 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a g e s t a t i o n r a t i o n a n d l o w e s t on t h e
m a tu r e sows on t h e 100 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a r a t i o n .
A lth o u g h s e p a r a t e f e e d
r e c o r d s w e re n o t k e p t d u r in g l a c t a t i o n , a n d a l l l o t s w e re on t h e same
'■ la c t a t io n r a t i o n , m a tu r e sows on t h e 100 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a g e s t a t i o n
r a t i o n g a i n e d d u r in g l a c t a t i o n .
T h e r e f o r e , f e e d c o n s u m p tio n d u r in g t h e
l a c t a t i o n p e r i o d w as e x c e s s i v e on t h e s e so w s.
When a v e r a g e d a i l y f e e d c o n s u m p tio n p e r sow d u r in g g e s t a t i o n i s com­
p a r e d b e tw e e n t h e l o t on 50 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a a n d t h e l o t on 20 p e r c e n t
a lfa lfa ,
t h e 20 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a l o t consum ed on t h e a v e r a g e 1.1+6 p o u n d s
m ore o f b a r l e y , O.3 8 p o u n d m ore o f s o y b e a n o i l m e a l, 0 .0 5 p o u n d l e s s o f
m e a t m e a l, a n d .3 .2 8 p o u n d s l e s s o f a l f a l f a m e a l p e r d a y t h a n d i d t h e
sows o n t h e 50 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a g e s t a t i o n . r a t i o n .
c lu d e s b o t h t h e g i l t s
T h is c a l c u l a t i o n i n ­
and t h e m a tu re sows i n b o t h l o t s .
When p r o d u c t i o n among g i l t s w as s t a t i s t i c a l l y a n a ly z e d , t h e g i l t s
o n t h e 50 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a g e s t a t i o n r a t i o n w eaned t h e h e a v i e s t a v e ra g e
litte rs
(275*88 p o u n d s ) o f a n y g ro u p on t h e t h r e e g e s t a t i o n r a t i o n s ,
in c lu d in g b o th g i l t s
a n d m a tu re s o w s .
T h e re w e r e , h o w e v e r, o n l y t h r e e
-
27
-
g i l t s on t h e 20 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a g e s t a t i o n r a t i o n t h a t f a r r o w e d an d w eaned
litte rs o
F iire g i l t s on t h e £0 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a g e s t a t i o n r a t i o n fa r r o w e d
a n d w eaned l i t t e r s .
F iv e g i l t s on t h e 1 0 0 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a g e s t a t i o n
r a t i o n f a r r o w e d l i t t e r s , b u t o n l y f o u r w ean ed l i t t e r s .
P e r c e n t d e a t h l o s s among b a b y p i g s fro m b i r t h t o w e a n in g was. l e a s t
f o r t h e g i l t s on t h e $0 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a g e s t a t i o n r a t i o n , h i g h e r o n t h e
g i l t s fro m t h e 100 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a r a t i o n , a n d h i g h e s t o n t h e g i l t s fro m
t h e 20 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a g e s t a t i o n r a t i o n .
The g i l t s on t h e 100 p e r c e n t
a l f a l f a g e s t a t i o n r a t i o n p r o d u c e d t h e l a r g e s t num ber o f d e a d p i g s a t
b irth .
The g i l t s o n t h e 100 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a g e s t a t i o n r a t i o n l o s t on
t h e a v e r a g e o f 10 p o u n d s d u r in g g e s t a t i o n , b u t g a in e d t h e m o st d u r in g
l a c t a t i o n , i n d i c a t i n g a g a i n t h a t f e e d c o n s u m p tio n o f t h e l a c t a t i o n
r a t i o n w as h i g h w i t h i n t h i s l o t .
The v a r i a t i o n among g i l t s w i t h i n l o t s i n t h e m e a s u re d c h a r a c t e r i s ­
t i c s w as h i g h , . e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e JpO a n d 100 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a l o t s .
T h is
v a r i a t i o n c a n be n o t e d i n t h e s t a n d a r d e r r o r o f t h e m eans w h ic h i s t a b ­
u l a t e d d i r e c t l y b e lo w t h e m ean v a lu e s i n t h e T a b le s Number V I an d V I I .
I h e n a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e w as a p p l i e d t o t h e d i f f e r e n t r e s u l t s l i s t e d
i n t h e t a b l e s on t h e b a s i s o f a l l sow s, s i g n i f i c a n c e w as o b t a i n e d o n ly
in s '
l o s s o r g a i n i n t h e sow d u r in g g e s t a t i o n ; l o s s o r g a i n i n t h e sow
fro m p f e f a rr o w in g t o w e a n in g .
b o th c a s e s .
S i g n i f i c a n c e w as o b t a i n e d ( P 4 .0 .0 1 ) i n
When t h e r e p l i c a t e s on t h e JpO p e r c e n t a l f a l f a g e s t a t i o n
r a t i o n w e re t e s t e d a g a i n s t e a c h o t h e r b y a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e , s i g n i f i ­
c a n c e w as o b t a i n e d ( P < O .O l) on s o w 's g a i n o r l o s s d u r in g g e s t a t i o n and
o b t a i n e d ( P < O .O l) o n s o w 's g a in o r l o s s fro m p r e f a r r o w i n g t o w e a n in g .
— 28 —
S i g n i f i c a n c e c o u ld b e a t t r i b u t e d t o w id e v a r i a t i o n s b e tw e e n soWs5 a n d
a l s o t o t h e s m a l l num ber p e r r e p l i c a t e w hen th e t r e a t m e n t w as b ro k e n
down i n t o t h e s e p a r a t e r e p l i c a t e s .
I n d i v i d u a l w e a n in g w e i g h t s on t h e p i g s d i d n o t a v e ra g e ' h i g h i n ' a n y
o f th e l o t s .
The h i g h e s t a v e r a g e . i n d i v i d u a l w e a n in g w e ig h t was o b t a i n e d
i n t h e g i l t s on t h e 20 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a g e s t a t i o n r a t i o n .
p o unds.
T h is w as 3 8 .9 1
The m a tu re sows o n t h e 5>0 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a g e s t a t i o n r a t i o n
p r o d u c e d p i g s a t w e a n in g t h a t a v e r a g e d 3 8 .2 6 p o u n d s .
The sows on t h e
1.00 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a g e s t a t i o n r a t i o n p r o d u c e d p i g s t h a t a v e r a g e d 3^*78
p o u n d s a n d t h e g i l t s p r o d u c e d p i g s t h a t a v e r a g e d 31 »71; p o u n d s .
M o rr is o n (1 9 5 6 ) s t a t e s ,
" F o r w i n t e r i n g p r e g n a n t sows a y e a r o l d o r
m o re , a r a t i o n c o n s i s t i n g o f o n l y g r a i n , legum e h a y , and a m i n e r a l su p ­
p le m e n t i s
s a tis f a c to r y i i f th e hay i s o f e x c e lle n t q u a lity ."
s t a t e m e n t was s u b s t a n t i a t e d b y Freem an a t M ic h ig a n .
T h is
From t h e r e s u l t s o f
t h e t r i a l r e p o r t e d i n t h i s t h e s i s , t h e a u th o r b e l i e v e s t h a t w hen a l f a l f a
c o n s t i t u t e s 50 p e r c e n t o f t h e g e s t a t i o n r a t i o n a n d i s
s e l f - f e d th e
r e s u l t s w i l l n o t q u i t e come up t o t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d fro m a 20 p e r c e n t
a l f a l f a g e s ta tio n r a tio n h a n d -fe d .
W h e th e r th e 50 p e r c e n t l e v e l o f
a l f a l f a i s e c o n o m ic a l d e p e n d s on t h e r e l a t i v e p r i c e and a v a i l a b i l i t y o f
a l f a l f a an d b a r l e y .
The 50 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a g e s t a t i o n r a t i o n h a d an
a d v a n ta g e — i t c a n be s e l f - f e d s u c c e s s f u l l y t o g i l t s .
r e q u i r e d l e s s l a b o r t h a n h a n d - f e e d in g ,.
S e lf - ^ f e e d in g
The w a s ta g e o f f e e d b y t h e sows
o n t h e 50 p e r c e n t r a t i o n w as n o t e x c e s s i v e .
Much o f t h e w e ig h t l o s s o f sow s f e d 1 0 0 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a d u r in g g e s ­
t a t i o n h a d t o b e g a in e d b a c k o n t h e m ore e x p e n s iv e l a c t a t i o n
ra tio n .
-
29
-
T h is f a c t p l u s t h e p o o r p e rf o r m a n c e o f t h e s e m a tu r e sows a n d g i l t s s u b ­
s t a n t i a t e t h e f a c t t h a t 100 p e r c e n t a l f a l f a g e s t a t i o n r a t i o n d i d p ro v e
in a d e q u a te u n d e r th e c o n d itio n s o f t h i s t r i a l .
■
— 30 —
'
TABLE NO. VI
PRODUCTION, GILTS
20$
ALFALFA LEVELS
T o ta l p ig s b o rn a liv e
p e r g i l t fa rro w in g .
S ta n d a rd e r r o r .
T o ta l p ig s b o rn dead
p e r g i l t fa rro w in g .
S ta n d a rd e r r o r .
B i r t h w e ig h t o f l i t t e r s
( liv e p ig s ) pounds.
S ta n d a rd e r r o r .
100$
8.00
-5.80
2.10
2 .6 5
3 .7 0
0.00 0.00
0.60
2.00
1.22
8 .3 3
■- '
50 $
i.3 l*
‘
22.10
2.03
20,58
8.32
1 2 . 3k
W e ig h t o f l i v e p i g s
a t b i r t h , pounds.
S ta n d a rd e r r o r .
2 .7 0
0.71*
2 .5 7
2.13-
0.68
0.20
N o. o f p i g s w eaned
p e r l i t t e r farro w e d .
S ta n d a rd e r r o r .
5.00
1.22
7.1*0
2.1*1-
1*.1*0.
I*.72
1*0.00
7 .5 0 .
21*. 11*
P e rc e n t m o rta lity
b i r t h t o w e a n in g
L i t t e r w ean w e ig h t p e r
g i l t , w e a n in g l i t t e r s , p o u n d s .
S ta n d a rd e r r o r .
G i l t s 1 a v g , g a in o r l o s s
d u r in g g e s t a t i o n , p o u n d s .
S ta n d a rd e r r o r .
G i l t s 1 av g . g a in o r lo s s p r e ­
f a r r o w i n g t o w e a n in g , p o u n d s .
S ta n d a rd e r r o r .
191*. 53
1 0 9 . 6?
8.10
2 7 5 .8 8
1 1 3 .5 9
1 3 9 .6 5
1 2 1 .9 1
f
1 0 3 .3 0
3 3 .6 2
7 9 .8 0
5 2 .5 1
-10,00
36.28
L.3 3
3 0 .9 2
28.60
1*9 . 1*3
6 3 .3 0
6 1 .1 5
- 31 -
TABLE NO. V I I
PRODUCTION, MATURE SONS
ALFALFA LEVELS
T o ta l p ig s b o rn a liv e
p e r sow f a r r o w i n g .
S ta n d a rd e r r o r .
T o ta l p ig s b o rn dead
p e r sow f a r r o w i n g .
S ta n d a rd e r r o r .
B i r t h w e ig h t o f l i t t e r s
( liv e p ig s ) pounds.
S ta n d a rd e r r o r .
W e ig h t o f l i v e p i g s
a t b i r t h , p ounds.
S ta n d a rd e r r o r .
Number o f p i g s w eaned
p e r l i t t e r " fa r ro w e d .
S ta n d a rd e r r o r
20#
30#
100#
i i . Uo
2 .Ul
9.83
1 . 9U
9.83
1-.9U
3.20
3.60
1 .0 0
0.67
1 .1 7
2 . OU
32.26
28.17
10.37
6 .7 3
2 .8 3
2 .8 8
0 .3 6
2.63
0 .7 1
2 3 .8 3
3 .7 0
0 ,3 0
7 .3 0
6 .3 6
3 .1 2
2.07
6 .3 0
1 .2 2
2 3 .U0
9 .2 3
3 3 ,9 0
L i t t e r w ean w e ig h t p e r
sow w e a n in g l i t t e r s , p o u n d s .
S ta n d a rd e r r o r .
271.1U
9 1 .7U
2 3 0 .9 8
8 0 .0 0
226.10
UU.9 7
S ow s’ a v g . g a in o r l o s s
d u rin g g e s t a t i o n , p o u n d s.
S ta n d a rd e r r o r .
133.20
27.10
113.36
3 8 .7 7
-0 0 .1 7
2U.68
S ow s’ a v g . g a i n o r l o s s p r e ­
f a r r o w i n g t o w e a n in g , p o u n d s .
S ta n d a rd e r r o r
-8 9 .6 0
- 3 2 .3 6
38.83
uo.62
U8.UU
P e r c e n t m o rta lity b i r t h t o w e a n in g
.
20.62
‘
- 32
LITERATURE 'CITED
B e c k e r 5 D» E .', L . J . H an so n 5 A. Ho J e n s o n 5 So W. T e r r i l l 5 and H, W0
N o r to n , 1 9 ^ 6 , D e h y d r a te d A l f a l f a M eal a s a D i e t a r y I n g r e d i e n t .
J o u r , o f An. S c i . 1 J?j 8 2 0 .
C a t r o n 5 D. V .5 C. C. C u l b e r t s o n , a n d P . S . S h e a r e r . 19U 8.
o f Young P i g M o r t a l i t y .
J o u r , o f An. S c i . 7: 5 2 2 .
S tu d ie s
C ram p to n 5 E . W .5 G. C. A s h to n 5 a n d L . E . L lo y d , ip^lt® Im p ro v em en t o f
B acon C a r c a s s Q u a l i t y b y t h e I n t r o d u c t i o n o f F ib r o u s F e e d s i n t o t h e
Hog F i n i s h i n g R a t i o n . J o u r , o f A n. S c i . 1 3 i 3 2 6 .
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