4.461: Building
Technology 1
Professor John E. Fernandez
Part I: Sustainable Design
Part II: Case Study
Part III: Architecture
These notes are a test.
FALL TERM 2004
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING: MIT
Sustainable Design
4.461
Sustainable Design
CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS
Part I: Sustainable Design
•
Context: Space and
Time
Boundaries are drawn
such that one captures
adequate time and space
to allow for a net positive
effect from the process
and product of the built
project.
•
Priority: Dual
Beneficiaries
Design within these time
and space boundaries
fulfills the needs of both
the present and future
generations.
Project
Spatial Project Area
TIME
TIME
Past
Future
Period of Direct Influence
COPYRIGHT JOHN E. FERNANDEZ: BUILDING
TECHNOLOGY GROUP: MIT
4.461
Sustainable Design
CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS
Part I: Sustainable Design
Context
Space
Sustainable design requires a
reconsideration of the spatial
boundaries (and scales) that
one addresses in assessing
the impact of the work.
Consideration is given to the
ecology and environment of
each:
•
•
•
•
Global
Regional
Urban
Building
Image courtesy of NASA
Image courtesy of MassGIS.
COPYRIGHT JOHN E. FERNANDEZ: BUILDING
TECHNOLOGY GROUP: MIT
4.461
CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS
Sustainable Design
Part I: Sustainable Design
Context
Time
Sustainable design requires
the reconsideration of
the span of time in
which one is
assessing the impact
of the work.
Building Lifetime: 50 years
•
Life Cycle Assessment
(LCA)
Site Lifetime: eternal
COPYRIGHT JOHN E. FERNANDEZ: BUILDING
TECHNOLOGY GROUP: MIT
4.461
Sustainable Design
CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS
Part I: Sustainable Design
Project
Spatial Project Area
Past
Generation
Future Generation
TIME
TIME
Past
Future
Period of Direct Influence
Period of Indirect Influence
4.461
Sustainable Design
CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS
Part II: Case Study
Construction Energy (MJ/m2)
On-site equipment use
20
Equip. & materials trans.
Worker transportation
15
10
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Ave.
14
15
Ave.
Structural Assembly
Construction Energy: Wood Structural Assemblies
Image by MIT OCW.
3.0
Construction Emissions (Kg/m2)
Using LCA, the following is
a comparison of
structural materials for
on-site construction of
an assembly.
Construction energy and
grreenhouse gas
emissions were
examined in five
general categories:
1. Transportation of the
construction crew to
and from the site.
2. Transportation of
materials to the site
3. Transportation of
equipment to and from
the site.
4. Use of on-site
equipment.
5. Supporting processes,
such as from-work and
temporary heating.
On-site equipment use
3.5
Equip. & materials trans.
Worker transportation
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Structural Assembly
Construction Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Wood Structural Assemblies
Image by MIT OCW.
4.461
Sustainable Design
CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS
On-site equipment use
Equip. & materials trans.
15
Worker transportation
10
5
0
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Ave.
27
Ave.
Structural Assembly
Construction Energy: Steel Structural Assemblies
Image by MIT OCW.
3.0
Construction Emissions (Kg/m2)
Case Study
Construction Energy (MJ/m2)
20
On-site equipment use
2.5
Equip. & materials trans.
Worker transportation
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Structural Assembly
Construction Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Steel Structural Assemblies
Image by MIT OCW.
4.461
Sustainable Design
CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS
On-site equipment use
Equip. & materials trans.
Worker transportation
100
80
60
40
20
0
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Ave.
Structural Assembly
Construction Energy: Concrete Structural Assemblies
Image by MIT OCW.
On-site equipment use
Construction Emissions (Kg/m2)
Case Study
Construction Energy (MJ/m2)
120
25
Equip. & materials trans.
Worker transportation
20
15
10
5
0
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Ave.
Structural Assembly
Construction Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Concrete Structural Assemblies
Image by MIT OCW.
4.461
Sustainable Design
CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS
Worker Transportation Energy (%)
90
Case Study
Steel
6
80
Concrete
7
10
11
70
1
2
3
5
4
60
28
29
26
27
50
12
40
19
8
9
Wood
18
36 30
31
37
34
6
13
7
24
25
21
30
35
22
20
23
20
32
14
10
33
38
15
39
0
0
20
40
60
80
Construction Energy
Image by MIT OCW.
100
120
140
(MJ/m2)
Worker Transportation/Construction Energy
Steel
Worker Transportation Greenhouse
Gases (%)
90
17
80
1
2
70
60
26
27
50
13
12
40
24
25
21
30
20
Concrete
54
Wood
28
29
18
36
34
30
31
37
35
20
15
14
10
32
33
38
39
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
Construction Energy (Kg/m2)
Image by MIT OCW.
Worker Transportation/Construction Greenhouse Gas Emissions
4.461
Sustainable Design
CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS
30
Construction Energy (%)
Case Study
25
20
Concrete
15
31
33
Wood
10
35
36
32
34
6
37
28
1
5
11
2
17
0
3
0
19
10
16
200
8
400
600
Steel
18
800
1000
Initial Embodied Energy (MJ/m2)
Image by MIT OCW.
Construction/Embodied Energy (excluding Worker Transportation)
Construction Emissions (%)
30
25
Concrete
20
31
33
15
32
36
35
Wood
10
6
34
1
5
37
28
Steel
2 11
3
19
10
18
17 16
0
0
8
50
100
150
200
250
Initial Embodied Greenhouse Gases (Kg/m2)
Image by MIT OCW.
Construction/Embodied Greenhouse Gas Emissions
(excluding Worker Transportation)
4.461
Sustainable Design
CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS
30
Construction Energy (%)
Case Study
25
Concrete
31
20
32
Wood
36
35
1
15
33
6 11
28
37
32
10
2
3
5
10
17
16
19
Steel
8
18
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Initial Embodied Energy (MJ/m2)
Image by MIT OCW.
Construction/Embodied Energy (including Worker Transportation)
Construction Emissions (%)
30
25
31
Concrete
33
20
1
36
32
34
6
15
28
35
37
11
10
Wood
2
3
10
17
5
16
19
18
Steel
8
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
Initial Embodied Greenhouse Gases (Kg/m2)
Image by MIT OCW.
Construction/Embodied Greenhouse Gas Emissions
(including Worker Transportation)
4.461
Sustainable Design
CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS
80
70
Construction Energy (MJ/m2)
Case Study
On-site equipment use
60
Equip. & materials trans.
Worker transportation
50
40
30
20
Wood
Steel
10
0
Average Construction Energy for Wood, Steel,
and Concrete Assemblies
Image by MIT OCW.
14
Construction Greenhouse Gases (Kg/m2)
Transportation - of
workers and
equipment - to and
from the site
represents the largest
proportion of
construction energy
use for every material.
Concrete
Concrete
12
On-site equipment use
Equip. & materials trans.
10
Worker transportation
8
6
4
2
Wood
Steel
0
Image by MIT OCW.
Average Construction Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Wood,
Steel, and Concrete Assemblies