The effects of mechanical treatment on the soils and vegetation of a Natrargid-Paleargid complex in
Northern Montana
by Marie Margaret Boehm
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE
in Soil Science
Montana State University
© Copyright by Marie Margaret Boehm (1981)
Abstract:
Three Natrargid soils (Tealette, Elloam and Thoeny) and one Pale-argid soil (Phillips) in northern
Blaine County, Montana were characterized and their vegetative productivity was measured with and
without mechanical treatment (plowing or chiseling). Four treatments were studied: native vegetation,
unplowed (control); native vegetation, plowed (cl930); crested wheatgrass vegetation, plowed (c!940);
and native vegetation, chiseled (1972).
Plowing was found to be the most effective mechanical treatment. Grass, forb and total productivity
increased significantly (p = .01), especially on Elloam and Thoeny, the most extensive soils in the
landscape. Favorable response was attributed to increased infiltration of precipitation and spring snow
melt due to clubmoss removal and fracturing of the impermeable B horizon, particularly on Elloam and
shallow Thoeny soils.
The chiseled site showed an increase in total productivity, but the vegetative community was still in a
serai stage of secondary succession as indicated by a large proportion of forbs, notably fringed
sagewort. Measurements were made only 8 years after treatment with continuous grazing in the
interim, so that little successionary progress would be expected.
The beneficial effects of plowing were still evident at least 50 years a ter treatment. A long residual
effect is expected for these soils in which natric horizon development has ceased due to the dominance
of a semiarid climate. The elimination of the prerequisite perched water table prevents the net upward
movement of water and the reformation of columnar structure in the B horizon. STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO COPY
In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the require
ments for an advanced degree at Montana State University, I agree
that the Library shall make it freely available for inspection.
I
further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis
for scholarly purposes may be granted by my major professor, or, in
his' absence, by the Director of Libraries.
It Is understood that
any copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall
not be allowed without my written permission.
Signature
Date
THE EFFECTS OF MECHANICAL TREATMENT ON THE SOILS AND
VEGETATION OF A NATRARGID-PAlEARGID COMPLEX IN
NORTHERN MONTANA
by
MARIE MARGARET BOEHM
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree
of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
in
Soil Science
Approved:
Chairperson ^Graduate Committee
Uh>vv!L.
MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bozeman, Montana,..
June, 1981
O
ill
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I
wish to express my sincere appreciation to the following persons,
without whom the study would not have been possible:
My major professor. Dr. Larry C. Murin, for his professional
perspective, uncanny patience and invaluable guidance in the field.
Dr. Theodore Weaver, III and Dr. William Schafer for advice and
support as members of my graduate committee.
The members of the field crew, especially Glenn Hockett for heading
the range crew so capably and Tim Byron for enthusiastic help with
pedon sampling.
The Bureau of Land Management for generous financial support of
the study and BLM soil scientist, Dan Tippy, for field time and useful
suggestions.
Russell Unruh for access to treatment sites on the Unruh Ranch,
historical data and a campsite.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
VITA . . . ...............................................
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................
LIST OF TABLES . . .
................... ............ .. . . .
LIST OF FIGURES........................................ .. . . .
A B S T R A C T ..............................................
Ii
iii
vi
vLii
ix
INTRODUCTION..............
I
LITERATURE REVIEW. .......................
2
Mechanical Treatment on
of Mechanical Treatment
of Grazing on. Treatment
of Mechanical Treatment
Soil Hydraulic Properties.
on Herbage Production. . .
Success. . . . . . . . > .
on Clubmoss...............
LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY. .................................
Glacial History and Paleoecology..................
S o i l s . .....................
Vegetation and Land Use......................................
co vo I'-oo
Effect of
Influence
Influence
Influence
10
10
11
15
MATERIALS AND METHODS..............
18
RESULTS...................................... .. . .............
28
Soil Characteristics........................................
28
Effects of Mechanical Treatment on S o i l s ...................
Composition of the Plant Community
......................
Effects of Mechanical Treatment onVegetative Productivity .
37
41
43
D I S C U S S I O N ............
Effect of Mechanical Treatment on Herbage Production . . . .
Effect of Mechanical Treatment on Plant Composition. . . . .
Effect of Mechanical Treatment on. Soils.....................
Clay Mineralogy. .......................................... . .
Genesis of Natrargids........................................
56
56
62
63
63
64
CONCLUSIONS. .....................
71
LITERATURE C I T E D ...............................
72
I
'A:
■
:■
'
V
TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont'd.)
Page
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i. . . . . . . . . . .
79
Appendix I: Soil Profile Descriptions. . . . . . ...........
80
Appendix 2: Physical Data for Each Soil by H o r i z o n ........ 104
Appendix 3: Chemical Data for Each Soil by H o r i z o n ........ 109
Appendix 4: Composition Data from SVIM Transects by Soil
and Treatment. ............... .............. ............ ..
115
Appendix 5: Productivity Data from SVIM Estimate and Clip
Plots and from Random Clip Plots . . . . . ............. .. 116
Appendix 6: Stepwise Regression Equations for Soil Chemical
Data on Productivity......................
125
Appendix 7: Stepwise Regression Equations for Soil Physical
Data on Productivity .............
127
Appendix 8: Independent Variables Tried in Stepwise
Regression Analysis...............
128
Appendix 9: Linriean and Common Plant Names . . . . . . . . .
129
I
I
I
II
■I
I
I
• 'A
f
f
-I)
. 'l
7JI
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table
1
Page
General soil physical characteristics associated with
treatment at 1979 and 1980 l o c a t i o n s ...................
31
Summary of analysis of variance showing significantly
different variables between 1979 and 1980 locations. . .
34
Summary of analysis of variance showing significantly
different variables between soils.......................
35
4
Relative frequency of each soil by t r e a t m e n t ..........
36
5
Summary of analysis of variance showing significantly
different variables between treatments ..................
38
Summary of analysis of variance showing significantly
different variables between treatments and locations . .
39
Beginning of growing season soil moisture (April 20, 1980)
for treatments at the 1979location......................
40
Frequency of major species, bare ground, gravel, and
litter as measured by the SVIM transect and recorded
by soil and treatment................
42
Average coefficients of variability by vegetation type
and sampling method.................................
45
Summary of analysis of variance showing significant
difference in productivity of major vegetative species
by soil and treatment....................................
46
Summary of analysis of variance for grass, forb, shrub
and total production and level of significance for soil
and treatment. . . . . ............... ...................
48
Proportion of grass production relative to total produc­
tion for all treatments and soils. ........... .. . . . .
50
2
3
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
vii
LIST OF TABLES (cont’d.)
Table
13
14
Page
Regression analysis summary for productivity on site
data, comparing significant relationships ’and r values
for analysis based on all sites, treated sites and with
Tealette e x c l u d e d ............................... ..
51 .
Regression analysis for laboratory data by all sites
and by treated sites, comparing significant relation­
ships and r values. . . . . . . . ............
. . . . .
53
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Page
1
State map showing study site locations.............. . .
19
2
Typical sampling pit showing Thoeny series (left of
meter tape) and Phillips series (right of meter tape) .
20
Schematic illustration of experimental design.
Sections 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, T35N, R19E, MPM in
Blaine County, Montana................. ................
22
Photograph showing vegetation contrast between native
vegetation, implowed (left side) and native vegetation,
plowed (right side) at the 1979 sampling location . . .
23
Schematic showing occurrence of Phillips, Thoeny,
Elloam.and Tealette soils on the landscape.............
29
X-ray diffraction patterns for Elloam and Phillips,
native vegetation, unplowed, 1980 location. Clay frac­
tion (<2 ym) samples were Mg saturated, ethylene glycol
solvated. . ................... .........................
33
Cluster analysis distance matrix based, on total vegeta­
tive productivity, random clipped plot data by soil and
treatment
55
3
4
5
6
7
ix
ABSTRACT
Three Natrargid soils (Tealette, Elloam and Thoeny) and one Paleargid soil (Phillips) in northern Blaine County, Montana were charac­
terized and their vegetative productivity was measured with and without
mechanical treatment (plowing or chiseling). Four treatments were
studied: native vegetation, unplowed (control); native vegetation,
plowed (cl930); crested wheatgrass vegetation, plowed (c!940); and
native vegetation, chiseled (1972).
Plowing was found to be the most effective mechanical treatment.
Grass, forb and total productivity increased significantly (p = .01),
especially.on Elloam and Thoeny, the most extensive soils in the land­
scape. Favorable response was attributed to increased infiltration of
precipitation and spring snow melt due'to clubmoss removal and frac­
turing of the impermeable B horizon, particularly on Elloam and shallow
Thoeny soils.
The chiseled site showed an increase in total productivity, but
the vegetative community was still in a serai stage of secondary
succession.as indicated by a large proportion of fdrbs, notably fringed
sagewort. Measurements were made only 8 years after treatment with
continuous grazing in the interim, so that little successionary progress
would be expected..
The beneficial effects of plowing were still evident at least 50
years a ter treatment. A long residual effect is expected for these .
soils in which natric horizon development has ceased due to the dominance
of a semiarid climate. The elimination of the prerequisite perched
water table prevents the net upward movement of water and the reforma­
tion of columnar structure in the B horizon.
INTRODUCTION
Natrargid soils with slow permeability induced by soil texture and
columnar structure occur intermittently in dryland areas of the conti­
nental till plain in northern Montana.
Dense clubmoss (Selaginella
densa) cover is frequently associated with these soils on heavily
grazed rangelands.
It reduces effective infiltration of precipitation
and competes with preferred species for the limited moisture supply.
Historically, management intensity on these soils has been low.
Economic factors on private land and public interest in better manage­
ment of publicly owned rangeland has promoted an assessment of their
potential productivity and the feasibility of renovation practices to
increase their production.
A study of these soils in northern Blaine County was undertaken
in 1979 as part of Interagency Agreement No. MT950-IA9-1442 between
the Bureau of Land Management and Montana Agricultural Experiment
Station.
1.
The objectives of the study were to:
Characterize four major range soils - Phillips (Paleargld);
and Thoeny, Elloam and Tealette (Natrargids).
2.
Evaluate their potential for forage productivity.
3.
Evaluate the effects of two mechanical treatments, plowing
and chiseling, on vegetative composition and productivity.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Mechanical land renovation has been practiced on western rangelands for more than 40 years in efforts to increase soil water storage,
reduce runoff, and increase production of desirable forage (Neff, 1973;
Branson et al., 1966).
Climate, soil, grazing management, vegetation
types, implements, and their use.interact to determine treatment success
(Branson et al., 1966) .
Reports indicate that the most favorable response to mechanical
treatments occur in arid and semiarid rangelands (Wight et al., 1978)
with medium- to fine-textured soils (Branson et al., 1966).
Sites in
which soils are saline or sodium dominated tend to respond especially
favorably to treatments which reduce run-off, providing a longer time
for infiltration (Neff and Wight, 1977).
Implements most commonly used to treat rangelands are the moIdboard plow, disc plow, ripper, pitter, chisel and contour furrower.
There is consensus in the literature that contour furrowing is the
most effective general method of treatment and that plowing tends to
have the least long-term effect (Branson et al., 1966; Allmaras et al.,
1977; Neff, 1973).
Chiseling was only beneficial for treatments which
required the fracturing of a "hardpan" layer in the soil to increase
water infiltration and storage (Branson et al., 1966).
3
Effect of Mechanical Treatment on Soil Hydraulic Properties
Studies on the influences of chiseling and moldboard plowing on
hydraulic properties of soils with an impermeable subsurface layer have
shown that shallow chiseling improves water intake, soil water storage,
and reduces soil water erosion more effectively than moldboard plowing
(Lindstrom et al., 1974; Burwell and Larson, 1969; Allmaras et al.,
1977; Sommerfeldt and Chang, 1980; Johnson and Moldenhauer, 1979).
Burwell and Larson (1969) found that before runoff occurred, up to
50 percent more water infiltrated on chiseled plots than on counter­
parts moldboard plowed to the same depth.
During the runoff phase,
intake was not affected by tillage treatment when there were no residues
on the surface.
Water storage increases associated with chiseling have
been attributed to improved intake from snowmelt and prevention of run­
off due to the rough, trashy surface and fractured impermeable layer
(Alimaras et al.* 1977; Burwell et al., 1968).
Improved infiltration due to chiseling reported by Burwell et al.
(1968) was inferred either from an increased proportion of large pores
and increased permeability of saturated soil cores taken from problem
subsurface layers, or when rupture of the problem subsurface layer was
verified, even if changes in surface roughness were not great enough to
affect surface detention and water intake.
According to Allmaras et al.
(1977) and Lindstrom et al. (1974) those observations would be insuffi­
4
cient to indicate any improvement due to chiseling.
They propose that
increased water holding capacity and greater downward distribution of
water due to chiseling cannot be expected if the surface layer remains
unchanged or if changes in profile water relations are unaffected by
changes in water relations of the treated layer.
Allmaras et al. (1977) suggested that the beneficial effects of
chiseling are related to increased water intake and redistribution
down through the profile due to changed soil hydraulic properties.
Reduction in water content of the upper layer of chiseled treatments
due to more rapid drainage and redistribution would decrease surface
evaporation, which decreases with soil water content (water diffusity),
thus enhancing effective soil water storage.
Increased hydraulic con­
ductivity at constant water content due to chiseling and increased
turbulent drying as the soil porosity is increased are both nullifying
influences that must be considered in any net soil water storage projec­
tions.
Few researchers have studied the effects of chiseling or plowing
on the water relations of sodium dominated soils.
Branson et al. (1962)
compared contour furrowing, trenching, pitting, plowing and ripping
(chiseling) on 20 sites, one of which was a clayey saline-upland range
site.
They found that storage capacities of mechanically treated soils
decreased rapidly during the first 5 years after treatment.
Contour
furrowing was the only treatment that caused a decrease in salts in
the upper portion of the treated soil within that time.
They postulated
that although chiseling fractured the subsoil, it did not modify the
soil surface sufficiently to allow maximum detention and storage of
precipitation and snowmelt.
Despite its relative inefficiency, chisel­
ing produced to some degree all of the benefits of contour furrowing.
For soils with a "hardpan" layer, they concluded that it may be the
most mechanically efficient method of improving infiltration and sub­
surface drainage.
Plowing did not significantly affect soil hydraulic
properties at any of the sites for more than 3 years.
Several studies have examined the influence of contour furrowing
on water relations of Natrargid soils of mixed prairie rangelands.
Increased soil water was the major beneficial effect of all contour
furrowing treatments (Branson et al., 1966; Soiseth et al., 1974;
Wight et al., 1978; Neff and Wight, 1977).
Overwinter recharge
increased 157 and 162 percent, respectively (Neff and Wight, 1977), and
available soil water, measured as cm-days, increased 36 and 107 percent,
respectively (Wight et al., 1978) on treated saline-upland and panspot
sites.
Enhanced overwinter recharge increased spring available mois­
ture which accounted (r = 0.89) for about 65 percent of increased
herbage production in both studies.
Branson et al. (1966) reported
that even after treatment, panspot soils had lower infiltration rates
and soil moisture percentages than saline-upland soils, although some
soils that would have been classed as panspot soils before treatment
6
were improved to saline-upland by contour furrowing.
However, the fact
that many furrowed panspots remained almost barren indicates that they
cannot be completely reclaimed by mechanical treatment alone (Branson
et al., 1966).
Influence of Mechanical Treatment on Herbage Production
Branson et al. (1966), in review of the influence of mechanical
treatments on herbage production, reported that for panspot and salineupland sites, beneficial biological effects persist for many years after
enhanced moisture storage capacities of the soil have decreased.
Wight
et al. (1978) interpreted Soiseth1s et al. (1974) data to indicate that
any beneficial effects of contour furrowing should be autocyclic.
As
more water enters the soil, salinity decreases and herbage production
increases, resulting in increased infiltration and nutrient avail­
ability, which, in turn, favors increased herbage production.
In
reference to panspot (Solonetzic) range sites. White (1969) observed
increased herbage production 11 years after treatment and Soiseth et al.
(1974) showed that improved infiltration, reduced sodium hazard and
increased herbage production lasted for at least 10 years.
Yield responses of panspot range sites to mechanical treatment
have varied from O to 100 percent or more (Wight, 1976),
Wight et al.
(1978) reported increased average herbage production of 165 percent
(527 kg/ha) with thickspike-western wheatgrass (Agropyron smith!!)
7
accounting for .64 percent of the increase.
species was decreased.
Basal cover of all other
Rasmussen et al. (1972) and Branson et al.
(1966) suggest that yield increases were generally 2.5 times greater on
treated than check sites.
Significant increases in litter, associated
with increased forage production, were reported for all mechanical
treatments (Branson et al., 1966).
It is generally agreed that re-establishment of major forage
species requires about 4 years.
Thickspike-western wheatgrass, Nuttall
alkaligrass (Distichlis stricta) and, initially, foxtail barley
(Hordeum jubatum) responded favorably to treatment.
(Agropyron cristatum) was generally not affected.
Crested wheatgrass
Blue grama grass
(Bouteloua gracilis), needle-and-thread grass (Stipa comata) , and
buffalo grass (Buchloe dactyloides) decreased on all treatment sites.
Clubmoss response varied, tending to decrease with increased intensity
of mechanical treatment.
Fringed sagewort (Artemesia frigida) and
other annual and biennial forbs increased with treatment intensity, but
did not exceed 2.5 percent of total vegetation on any of the ungrazed
study sites (Dolan and Taylor, 1972; Wight et al., 1978).
Influence of Grazing on Treatment Success
Restocking mechanically treated areas before forage species have
become re-established has been shown to significantly reduce the bene­
ficial effects of treatment.
Branson et al. (1966) reported that
J
8
infiltration rates on contour furrowed "slick and semi-slick soils"
decreased with an increase in grazing intensity.
They speculated that
this was due to decreased mulch and increase in soil compaction due to
trampling.
Branson et al. (1966) and Dormaar et al. (1977) found that blue
grama grass dominated heavily grazed treatment sites whereas needle-andthread grass eventually dominated ungfazed sites.
with grazing intensity.
Clubmoss increased
Vegetation changes were accompanied by a change
in dry matter of the root mass in the top 15 cm of the soil in each
study site, which averaged 15 and 24 tons of dry matter on the ungrazed
and heavily grazed sites, respectively (Dormaar et al., 1977).
These
findings concur with those of Smoliak et al. (1976) who also noted an
increase in moss phlox (Phlox hoodii) , prickly pear cactus (Opuntia spp.)
and fringed sagewort on heavily grazed Stipa-Bouteloua mixed prairie
rangelands.
Influence of. Mechanical Treatment on Clubmoss
Dolan (1966) compiled a comprehensive literature review on the
ecological role of clubmoss and its control by mechanical treatment.
He concluded that despite its role as a stabilizer against water and
wind erosion, "high clubmoss density is inimical to maximum range pro­
duction."
Because of its ability to intercept moisture which is then
9
subject to rapid evaporation, it competes with desirable forage species
for moisture.
Removal of clubmoss competition for water and an
increase in available nitrogen resulting from the decomposition of
uprooted and buried clubmoss are partially responsible for increased
productivity of preferred forage species on mechanically renovated
range sites.
Dolan and Taylor (1972) observed that although clubmoss was still
evident 40 years after mechanical treatment, its basal cover was reduced
in proportion to intensity of treatment.
Yield and ground cover contrib­
uted by forage species increased, as clubmoss decreased.
Since no detri­
mental effects to the sites were observed, in 40 years, renovation would
appear to be effective in controlling clubmoss in areas where it is a
problem.
LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY
Glacial History and Paleoecolbgy
During the Wisconsin age, several major.climatic changes associated
with six distinct glacial advances and recessions occurred over the
Northern Great Plains,
In Montana, only the first two advances extended
as far south as the Missouri River, each retreat marked by a deposition
of glacial till material (Alden, 1932; Lemke et al., 1965).
Meltwaters
associated with the recession of the final four glaciations, flowed
south to the Milk arid Missouri Rivers, presumably carrying away much of
the till.
In some areas only a veneer of drift remains to cover the
underlying, poorly consolidated Cretaceous shales, siltstories, and
sandstones (Alden, 1932; Lemke et al., 1965).
Ice-age climate ended around 10,800 years BP (Bryson, 1975).
The
subsequent temperature trend was one of extensive warming in the mid­
latitudes which culminated in a plateau of maximum warmth around the
seventh millenium BP.
The thermal maximum was maintained until the
fourth millenium BP, after which cooling trends dominated with minor
glacial advances around 3000 and 200 years BP (Bray, 1971).
Morrison and Frye (1965) have correlated climatic fluctuations
during the Quaternary with soil-forming intervals in mid-latitude
regions.
They indicate that the rate of soil development varied
exponentially, probably through several orders of magnitude, attaining
greatest intensity during stronger soil-forming intervals of relative
11
erosional stability and accelerated chemical weathering.
Their research
showed that intense soil-formation occurred during warm interglacial
periods, with little pedogenesis during wetter and colder glacial
intervals.
On the basis of climatic and soil data collected around 50°N lati­
tudes, Bray (1971) concurs.with their findings, but he contends that
interglacial periods tended to be wetter, though drier in the.summer,
than during the glacial intervals.
The researchers do agree that in the
Northern Great Plains, a period favoring soil development was initiated
by the humid environment associated with glacial melt and was intensi­
fied during the thermal maximum.
It has been hypothesized (Morrison and
Frye, 1965) that the rate of pedogenic development has been negligible
over most of the Northern Great Plains during the past 4,000 years.
This would infer that well-developed Natrargid/Paleargid soils in
Wisconsin-age glacial till parent material can only be explained with
reference to former paleoclimatic conditions.
Soils
Northern Blaine County is in a soil transition zone of Aridisols
and Mollisols developed in glacial till under mixed prairie vegetation.
The surface mantle is thin and the underlying Cretaceous Bearpaw Shale
is often near the surface (Alden, 1932) .
Bearpaw Shale, of the Montana
Group of soft grey-black shales, was deposited by marine regression
over the Judith River Formation sandstones of the Claggett Sea regres­
12
sion.
It is characteristically a steel or lead grey to black, fissile,
clayey shale with numerous limestone and ferruginous concretions and
bentonite seams.
upper part.
A few thin fine-grained sandstones may be found in the
Bearpaw Shale is nonresistant forming a subdued topography
on the landscape (Veseth and Montagne, 1980).
Both the glacial till
parent material and the shale are somewhat saline (Lemke et al., 1965).
Localized areas of naturally occurring salt-affected soils are
common throughout the region.
They have distinctive argillic or natric
horizons which.are low in soluble salts but contain significant
exchangeable sodium.
The lower horizons usually contain both appreci­
able soluble salts and exchangeable sodium and magnesium.
Within a typical salt-affected landscape, the degree of saliniza­
tion and/or alkalinization of individual pedons varies significantly.
The most severely affected soils are panspots, or soils from which the
A horizon has been eroded, exposing the columns of the B horizon.
They
are very sparsely vegetated by halophytes due to unfavorable physical
conditions and extremely low water infiltration rates caused by the
high exchangeable sodium levels.
Panspot soils occur in complex patterns on the landscape with less
severely sodium affected and partially leached soils.
The presence of
an A horizon on these associated soils sufficiently ameliorates unfavor­
able conditions so that mesophytic species can survive.
The proportion
of mesophytic plants and total vegetative productivity tend to increase
13
as
depth to the Impermeable B horizon increases.
The partially leached
soils, in which the columnar structure has to some extent degraded, do
not as severely restrict infiltration or root and water penetration.
They are the most productive soils on the landscape.
Present views on the genesis of salt-affected or "solonetzic"
soils (natric great groups of Alflsols, Mollisols or Aridisols in Soil
Taxonomy, 1975) are mainly based on the concepts of "colloidal-chemical
exchange" originally outlined by two early Russian workers, Gedroits
and Vi l fyams (Tyurin, 1960).
Briefly, they postulated that, the evolu­
tion of a solonetzic soil involves cation exchange in which sodium
eventually dominates the colloidal system.
The soil colloids become
highly dispersed and mobile under such conditions, and are carried
downward with percolating water or upward from moist subsoil during
a dry season.
Upon drying, they form a dense, compact and intractable
illuvial horizon, in which, after many wetting and drying cycles,
columnar structures develop (Tyurin, 1960; Arshad and Pawluk, 1966;
Birkeland, 1974).
______
Conditions necessary for the development of solonetzic soil
include:
I) periods of temporary excessive moisture (Westin, 1953), or
2) "an arid or semiarid climate, 3) an impervious subsoil or hardpan
layer, and 4) a temporary abundance of humidity interspersed with dry
periods" (de Sigmond, 1938).
In the Northern Great Plains, solonetzic
14
complexes are associated with thin glacial till parent material which is
somewhat less calcareous than parent material of associated "unaffected"
soils, and which is underlain by Cretaceous marine shales which are
devoid of lime and which frequently contain appreciable amounts of salts
(Kellogg, 1934; MacGregor and Wyatt, 1945; Bentley, and Rost, 1947;
Westin, 1953; Bowser et al., 1962; Arshad and Pawluk, 1966).
The
presence of relatively impermeable strata fairly close to the surface
would likely have caused the formation of a perched water table, partic­
ularly in immediate post-glacial times, which provided appropriate con­
ditions for the temporary infusion of salts by capillary moisture
towards the surface during periods of low precipitation.
The process
would have been intensified by the significantly warmer climate that
characterized the period of thermal maximum (Arshad and Pawluk, 1966).
There is general agreement in the literature that solonetz will
only develop in situations where sodium ions moved upward in greater
concentration than either magnesium or calcium ions.
The sodium ions
then competed favorably for positions on the exchange sites.
Since
salts of calcium and magnesium are generally of lower solubility, they
tended to precipitate in the lower solum when the soil dries.
Thus,
the selective removal of salts resulting from water table influence
maintained the exchangeable sodium status in the upper solum.
Varia­
tion in the occurrence and fluctuation of temporary and permanent water
tables, and variability in the differential removal of sodium ions.
15
produced soils with B horizons varying both chemically and morphologi­
cally (Kellogg, 1934; MacGregor and Wyatt, 1945; Bentley and Rost, 1947;
Westin, 1953; Bowser et al., 1962; Arshad and Pawluk, 1966; Rasmussen
et al., 1972).
Canadian researchers have reported studies on morpho­
logical solonetz in which magnesium is the dominant cation on the B
horizon exchange complex (Ellis and Caldwell, 1935; Bentley and Rost,
1947; Bowser et al., 1962).
Vegetation and Land Use
Vegetation in northern Blaine County is typical of the StipaBouteloua faciation of the mixed prairie association (Coupland, 1961).
Dominant species of potential climax communities would include needleand-thread grass, blue grama grass, green needlegrass (Stlpa viridula),
western wheatgrass, blackroot sedge (Carex eleocharis), sandberg
v.
'
bluegrass (Poa secunda), clubmoss, and prickly pear cactus.
Introduced
species, notably crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum), have become
common members of the association.
Needle-and-thread grass and western wheatgrass tend to dominate
ungrazed sites.
As grazing intensity increases, blue grama grass,
fringed sagewort, and clubmoss increase considerably (Dormaar et al.,
1977).
Land use is primarily livestock grazing.
Some of the rangeland has
been improved by reseeding, fertilizer or mechanical treatments.
Where
16
soil conditions are compatible, cereal grains are produced in a dryland
crop-fallow rotation.
Attempts to homestead in northern Montana were often unsuccessful
as many of the early settlers failed in their attempt to dryland farm .
wheat.
Frequently their farmland was abandoned and allowed to revege­
tate naturally.
The restoration of many such disturbed sites was
monitored by ecologists who observed that secondary succession proceeded
in distinct stages, reculminating in native grassland (Costello, 1944;
Hironaka and Tisdale, 1963; Looman, 1963).
Their studies indicated that
three successions! plant communities preceded the re-establishment of
a climax community.
The initial stage was characterized by annual forbs, most notably
Russian thistle (Salsola kali).
Within 3 to 5 years, perennial forbs
began to replace Russian thistle and western wheatgrass and blue grama
grass were occasionally observed.
Gradually, perennial "weeds" were
replaced by a short-lived community of perennial grass, as foxtail
barley, western wheatgrass and. blue grama grass became dominant.
Prickly
pear cactus and clubmoss were usually established by the end of this
stage.
The subsequent transition to native mixed prairie was usually
complete within 25 years, characterized by an increasing dominance of
blue grama, buffalo,
needle-and-thread, and western wheatgrass.
population was extremely variable by this stage (Costello, 1944;
Hifopaka and Tisdale, 1963; Ldoman, 1963).
Forb
17
Transition between stages was generally progressive, unless
retarded by severe climatic stress or overgrazing.
The frequency of
mid-grasses varied with precipitation, being inconspicuous in dry years
(Hironaka and Tisdale, 1963).
Costello (1944) noted that excessive
grazing may maintain the forb stage indefinitely and, further, that
overgrazing of the climax community may re-establish the forb community.
Overgrazing has been a serious problem on rangelands throughout the
Northern Great Plains.
Excessive grazing pressure upon natural plant
communities is marked by a significant loss of forage species, however,
it is the degree of overall environmental deterioration which must be
used to measure grazing impact (Daubenmire and Colwell, 1942).
In
northern Montana, many plant communities are associated with morpho­
logically and/or chemically unpropitious soils and are frequently sub­
jected to climatic stress.
Their survival is ensured only by the
maintenance of a fragile balance.
Edaphic changes and reduced vegeta­
tive cover due to overgrazing at such sites may result in serious ero­
sion and compaction problems that complicate maintenance or restoration
of mixed prairie vegetation, thus perpetuating the retrogradational
trend (Daubenmire and Colwell, 1942; Smoliak et al., 1972; USDA, 1975;
Dormaar et al., 1980).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sites were located 57 km north of Chinook in Blaine County, Montana
on land administered by the Bureau of Land Management and on the Russell
TJnruh .ranch (Figure I) .
The area is located on gently undulating'
glacial topography with typical northern mixed prairie vegetation
(Coupland, 1961).
Parent material is glacial till which varies in
thickness from a veneer to greater than I m over a Cretaceous saline,
piarine shale.
Elevation ranges from 807 to 825 m.
Mean annual precipi­
tation is about 30 cm with half falling during May, June, and July.
Four majop soils, representing extensive acreages of rangelands in
the statq were selected for study.
They were identified with the help
of Dan Tippy, BLM soil scientist in the Havre Resource Area.
the soils were Borollic Natrargids:
Tealette, Elloam and Thoeny.
fourth soil was Phillips, a Borollic Paleargid.
fine-textured families.
of depth
to the tops
Three of
The
All four soils are in
They were identified in the field on the basis
of the columnar structure
Natrargids with caps of Tealette being 0-3 cm,
and Thoeny being 13-23 cm below the surface.
columnar
structure. The photograph (Figure 2)
Phillips
soils shows
characteristic of
Elloam being 3-13 cm,
Phillips does not exhibit
of the Thoeny and
the variation in depth to
caps and the abrupt
breakdown of columnar structure between Thoeny and Phillips.
Field work was undertaken in July 1979 and June 1980.
During
July 10-13, 1979, three pedons were sampled for each soil representing
MECHANICAL TREATMENT SITES
KaIispelI
Chinook
Great Falls
Billings
Bozeman
MONTANA
Figure I.
State map showing study site locations.
20
Figure 2.
Typical sampling pit showing Thoeny series (left of meter
tape) and Phillips series (right of meter tape).
21
three treatments:
unplowed, native vegetation (NU79); plowed, native
vegetation (NP79), and plowed, crested wheatgrass vegetation (CP79).
From June 25-29, 1980, three pedons for each soil were sampled on
three new treatment sites:
unplowed, native vegetation (NU80), plowed,
native vegetation (NP80), and chiseled, native vegetation (CH80).
This
resulted in 24 sites total, including 8 native, unplowed (control) and
8 native, plowed sites if the 1979 and 1980 sites are combined.
Figure 3
schematically illustrates the locations of the study sites.
Although exact site, history is not documented, Russel Unruh
(personal communication, 1979 and 1980), a local rancher who grazes
cattle on the study area on BLM land in addition to his own ranch,
provided some historical data.
The plowed sites were farmed until the
1930's at which time the land reverted to federal ownership under the
Bankstead-Jones Act.
Some of the abandoned farmland was seeded to
crested wheatgrass while the balance gradually revegetated to native
species.
Boundaries between the plowed and unplowed areas are visually
apparent (Figure 4)j grass species being both more abundant and vigorous
on the plowed sites, probably due to a reduction in ground cover of
clubmoss mats.
Unruh noted that the plowed sites were weedy for about
10 to 15 years following abandonment.
The chiseled treatments were
located on the Unruh Ranch, immediately adjacent to the plowed native
and unplowed native sites sampled in 1980.
The chiseled sites were
1980 SITES
1
NJ
NJ
1979
SITES
CHINOOK
57 KM
Figure 3.
,_______________,
I KM
Schematic illustration of experimental design. Sections 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, T35N,
Rl9E, MPM in Blaine County, Montana, USA. Treatments: NU = native vegetation,
unplowed; NP = native vegetation, plowed; C = crested wheatgrass, plowed; CH =
native vegetation, chiseled. Land ownership: LU = public land, administered by
Bureau of Land Management; P = private land.
23
Figure 4.
Photograph showing vegetation contrast between native
vegetation, unplowed (left side) and native vegetation,
plowed (right side) at the 1979 sampling location.
24
mechanically treated in 1972 by Unruh using a sheepsfoot chisel.
These
sites were not seeded after chiseling.
Soil sampling pits were selected to represent a pedon typical of
each soil by digging exploratory pits in areas representative of the
major topographical features.
Grave-sized pits were dug to at least
100 cm or-to relatively unaltered parent material.
Because of the
contiguous association of the four soils, some pits exposed pedons of
two soils.
In that case each pedon was sampled, one pit representing
both soils.
Site and soil profile descriptions were recorded using standard
field forms developed following Soil Survey Manual (Soil Survey Staff,
1951) guidelines, and processed using the Montana Automated Data
Processing System (Decker et al., 1975).
pore volumes were estimated visually.
Coarse fragments, root and
Bulk density was measured for
each horizon using the saran-coated clod method (Soil Conservation
Service, USDA, 1972).
Before sampling, each soil profile, soil pit and
associated vegetation, and landscape was photographed.
Four-liter soil samples were collected from all sides of the pit
for each horizon.
In the laboratory, samples were air dried, crushed
in a flail-type mill and sieved to remove the greater than 2 mm fraction
The fine earth fractions were submitted to the Soil Testing Laboratory
at Montana State University where they were subsampled and analyzed for
soluble cation content, EC and pH of saturated paste (U. S. Salinity
P
25
Laboratory Staff,, 1954), texture (Bouyoucos, 1939), extractable Ca, Mg,
Na and K (Chapman, 1965a, 1965b), modified Bray P (Smith et al., 1957),
organic matter (Sims and Haby, 1971), and Zn, Mn, Cu and Fe content
of Al horizons (Chapman, 1965a, 1965b).
.
Water retention characteristics
were established from 1/3 bar and 15 bar extractions (Soil Conservation
Service, USDAv 1972).
Soil water content at the beginning of the growing season was
determined on 1979 location treatments by sampling each soil with a
Giddings probe, incrementally to parent material.
Samples were taken
to the laboratory, weighed, oven dried and reweighed.
Results are
presented as percent moisture of a dry weight basis.
Vegetation was sampled using the BLM’s point transect SVIM method
(BLM Staff, 1978).
treatment site.
Two 100-hit transects were randomly located on each
Plant species at each point was identified concurrently
with soil series so that plant data for each soil were recorded separately.
At every tenth hit along a transect, species within a 0.18 m
2
(1.92 ft ) hoop were separated into the following categories:
2
western
wheatgrass, blackroot sedge, blue grama grass, fringed sagewort,
crested wheatgrass, clubmoss, prickly pear cactus, lichen and miscellan, eous grasses, forbs and shrubs =
category was recorded.
An estimated wet weight for each
At 10 of the plots on each transect, vegetation
was clipped at ground level, separated by category and weighed.
samples were later air dried and reweighed in the laboratory.
These
26
In addition to the SVIM transect, ten 0.18 m
2
2
(1.92 ft ) hoops
were randomly sampled around the pit by tossing the hoop and clipping
where it landed until 10 hoops had been clipped on each soil.
For
these hoops, vegetation was separated into grasses, forbs arid shrubs.
Samples were air dried and weighed in the laboratory.
Data related to the effects of mechanical treatment and soil type
on herbage production, vegetative composition, the effect of mechanical
treatment on soil properties, and to differences between sites were
analyzed statistically.
The F-test was used to indicate significance
of main effects, treatment and soil, at the p = .01 and p = .05
levels.
Data were analyzed using the statistical package "Analysis of
Variance and Covariance including Repeated Measures" (Jennrich and
Sampson, 1979).
Vegetation measurements from both the SVIM transect and random clip
plot samples were grouped by treatment and by soil.
Two-way analysis
of variance (ANOV) was used to determine the effect of both groups on
productivity.
This test was also used to show significance for pro­
ductivity from data for which control site measurements were excluded.
Stepwise regression (Jennrich and Sampson, 1979) was used to model
productivity.
in Appendix 8.
Independent variables tried in the regression are listed
Results of the regression analysis are presented in
v
Appendices 6 and 7 and Tables 13 and 14.
'
Three regression analyses
O
27
were run.
Initially, data from all sites were included.
For the final
two analyses, data from the control sites and from Tealette soils were
excluded.
Cluster analysis (Jennrich and Sampson, 1979) was run to show
groupings based on vegetative total productivity by soil and treatment.
The distance matrix is given in Figure 7.
RESULTS
Soil Characteristics
Soil profile descriptions are given in Appendix I, physical and
chemical data for each soil by horizon are presented in Appendix 2 and
3, respectively.
Figure 5 illustrates the relative horizonation and
contiguous occurrence of the four soils in the landscape.
Several of the soils at the 1980 location could only be classified
as Natrargids because of the Na + Mg > Ca rule.
wise have met the required criteria.
They would not other­
At site 53, Phillips, chiseled,
the clay increase between the A2 horizon and the B21t horizon was
insufficient to meet the criteria for Paleargids.
as a Haplargid.
It was classified
As well, chiseled sites 53 (Phillips) and 54 (Thoeny)
are in the fine-loamy rather than fine family.
Predictable soil patterns were observed within the landscape, with
Phillips found on small micro-knolls and Tealette in micro-depressions
or panspots.
Elloam and Thoeny occupied successively higher positions
between Tealette and Phillips.
Soils within the complex were distin­
guished on the basis of morphological features.
Tealette, Elloam and
Thoeny soils are differentiated on A2 horizon thickness over the
columnar structured natric horizon.
Phillips soils are identified by
the presence of a prismatic structured argillic horizon overlain by a
thick A horizon (15 to 30 cm).
Transition between the soils occurs
within a few centimeters (3-5) of horizontal distance.
29
PHILLIPS - THOENY - ELLOAM - TEALETTE COMPLEX
UNALTERED SALINE TILL
EEARPAW SHALE
Figure 5.
Schematic showing occurrence of Phillips, Thoeny, Elloam
and Tealette soils on the landscape.
Subtle surface topography was paralleled by subdued undulation of
the upper surface of the B horizon which rose abstrusely from Tealette
through Thoeny.
Between Thoeny and Phillips the columnar structure of
the natric horizon changed very abruptly to the prismatic structure and
argillic horizon of Phillips.
This degradation lowered the B horizon
surface to approximately the level of Elloam.
Surface micro-relief is exaggerated by variation in A horizon thick­
ness.
Tealette soils characteristically had either very thin (less than
3 cm) or no A horizon.
A2 horizons of Elloam and Thoeny ranged in thick­
ness from 3-13 and 13-23 cm, respectively.
Phillips had both a darkened,
organic enriched Al horizon and an underlying eluviated A2 horizon,
which were greater than 23 cm in thickness.
Solum thickness, depth to salts, and depth to calcium carbonates
are given in Table I.
Depth to salts and carbonates tended to parallel
solum thickness which generally increased from Tealette to Thoeny and
Phillips.
Depth to unaltered saline till and the Bearpaw Shale from which it
was derived did not vary as sharply as solum thickness.
Contact depth
changed considerably, however, over the 1.5 km separating 1979 and 1980
locations.
Bearpaw Shale was generally observed at greater than 1.5 m
and between 0.5 to I.O m for 1979 and 1980 locations, respectively.
Shallowest solum development was observed for soils associated with the
thinnest till deposits.
Table I.
Treatment
General soil physical characteristics associated with treatment at 1979 and
1980 locations.
Soil
Solum
thickness
1979 1980
Textural class
at 80 cm
1979
1980
Depth
. to salts
1979 1980
Depth
to CaCO^
1979 . 1980
Available
water
1979 1980
-cm/80 cm-
Native,
unplowed
Tealette
Elloam
Thoeny
Phillips
55
.53
62
62
49
32
44
53
CL
CL
SCL
SCL
C
C
C
C
13
42
26
55
24
32
41
45
13
27
26
28
Native,
plowed
Tealette
Elloam
Thoeny
Phillips
35
60
92
74
12
25
60
54
CL
CL
L
SCL
C
C
. CL
CL
35
60
90
74
44
40
44
44
19
• 19
33
27
Crested,
plowed
Tealette
Elloam
Thoeny
Phillips
62
62
67
72
Chiseled
Tealette
Elloam
Thoeny
Phillips
62
62
67
72
L
CL
CL
CL
20
27
63
64
.
C
C
CL
CL
24
27
32
21 .
47
49
32
38
41
39
35
29
12
16
53
44
54
59
39
37
39
32
40
35
24
23
18
28
30
41
60
64
62
60
56
48
10
15
44
30
51
59
38
44
32
Figure 6 shows the x-ray diffraction pattern for the clay size
fraction of each horizon of site 46-Elloam and site 47-Phillips, both
native, unplowed, 1980 treatments.
The dominant mineral is smectite,
with much smaller peaks for illite, kaolinite and quartz.
The 18& smec­
tite peak increases markedly at the IIC contact for Elloam, but is
almost nonexistent in the A horizons, especially in Phillips.
The
uniformity of diffraction patterns throughout the profile indicates
that the till is largely shale derived.
Table 2 summarizes the results of ANOV of soil physical and chemi­
cal variables grouped according to 1979 and 1980 locations.
Soils of.
the two sites varied significantly for both textural parameters and
cation (soluble and extractable) content, despite the fact that they
were mapped as the same soils.
Sites sampled in 1979 contained more
sand and less clay in C horizons than did 1980 location soils; sodium
contents were significantly higher throughout the solum, generally by
an order of magnitude; and magnesium content was significantly greater.
ANOV, with variables grouped by soil (Table 3) showed that sodium,
magnesium, EC, and clay content in both B and C horizons tended to
decrease from Tealette to Phillips.
Bulk density of the B horizon was
also significantly different (p = .05).
Extent of each soil by treatment site is given in Table 4.
Elloam,
and to a lesser degree Thoeny, were dominant soils on both landscapes.
Tealette and Phillips comprised approximately one-third of the soil
ELLOAM
PHILLIPS
mite
Owrti
3.3 *
Figure 6.
mitt
7.2 *
10 A
"18 A
7.2 A
X-ray diffraction patterns for Elloam and Phillips, native vegetation, unplowed,
1980 location.
Clay fraction (<2 pm) samples were Mg saturated, ethylene glycol
solvated.
34
Table 2.
Summary of analysis of variance showing significantly differ-:
ent variables between 1979 and 1980 locations.
Mean
Variable
1979
1980
A horizon:
,
Bulk density (g/cm )
Soluble K (me/100 g)
1.68
1.80
P ~ .01--0.92
0.70
B horizon:
Organic matter (%)
Extractable Mg (me/100 g)
Soluble K (me/100 g)
Soluble Mg (me/100 g)
Soluble Ca (me/100 g)
Silt (%)
Soluble Na (me/100 g)
15 bar water (%)
C horizon:
Cation Exchange Capacity (me/100 g)
Soluble K (me/100 g)
Soluble Ca (me/100 g)
Sand (%)
Clay (%)
Soluble Na (me/100 g)
Sodium Adsorption Ratio
A horizon:
Organic matter (%)
Sodium Adsorption Ratio
B horizon:
Electrical Conductivity (mmhos)
Cation Exchange Capacity (me/100 g)
Sodium Adsorption Ratio
C horizon:
Organic matter (%)
Extractable P (me/100 g)
Soluble Mg (me/100 g)
1.2
11.6
0.7
3.0
5.2
23.0
28.2
18.7
43.7
2.5
34.6
44.0
30.0
116.3
21.5
.
.
1.6
7.7
0.2
1.1
1.3
28.0
6.6
13.2
25.1
0.2
6.6
32.0
42.0
22.2
8.2
™"™p — .05--1.8
2.9
.2.7
8.7
1.5
31.7
14.9
0.8
23.9
6.9
. 0.6
3.5
26.7
1.0
2.4
10.2
.
.
35
Table 3.
Summary of analysis of variance showing significantly differ­
ent variables between soils.
Variable
Mean by soil type
Tt
. Et
Tht
.'
pt •
A horizon:
Extractable Na (me/100 g)
11.Ga?
B horizon:
^
Bulk density (g/cm )
Extractable Mg (me/100 g)
Extractable Na (me/100 g)
Clay (%)
1.62a 1.70b 1.72b 1.50c
10.1a 12.5b
9.1a
6.9c
. 3.3a
3.4a
2.5b
0.7c
42.0a 43.0a 36.0b 34.0c
C horizon:
Electrical conductivity (mmhos)
'Extractable Mg (me/100 g)
5.5a
12.3a
P=
.'
A
0.2b
5.5a
12.2a
0.2b
3.6b
8.2b
0.1b
1.4c
8.6b
. .01
.01
.05
.01
.01
.01
: .05
4»
T = Tealette, E = Elloam, Th = Thdeny, P = Phillips.
^Numbers across rows not followed by the same letter are significantly
different by the probability level given in the last column.
36
Table 4.
Relative frequency of each soil by treatment.
Treatment
NUT
1980
NPT
CH+
13
15
12
23.
58
41
43
39
27
14
18
25
26
33
41
35
9
22
17
16 .
10
NU t
1979
NP?
T^*
23
15
E*
28
Th^
Pt
Soil
C+
4*
NU = Native vegetation, unplowed; NP. = Native vegetation. plowed;
C = Crested wheatgrass , plowed, ClI = Native vegetation, chiseled
= Tealette, E = Elloam, Th = Thoeny, P = Phillips.
37
composition.
The 1979 native, unplowed site contained significantly
more Phillips than the plowed site, suggesting that it is a better
drained landscape.
It is located near an old drainage channel where
more leaching could carry soluble salts through the profile, resulting
in amelioration of the natric horizon.
There was a reduction in the
number of hits on Tealette on the plowed sites.
On the chiseled site,
the frequency of Phillips decreased, while Thoeny increased.
Effects of Mechanical Treatment on Soils
Results for ANOV of chemical properties, showing variables which
differed significantly (p = .05) by treatment, are presented in Tables
5 and 6»
Statistics presented in Table 5 represent analysis in which
control and native, plowed treatments from 1979 and 1980 locations
were combined; sites were considered individually for the analysis
summarized in Table 6.
Analysis combining duplicate treatments were
run to show the effect of treatment on soil chemistry.
Table 6 shows
that most variables which differed significantly by treatment also
varied by site location (1979, 1980) (Table 2).
It appears that the
differences are not entirely due to treatment, but are also a function
of differences between locations.
The only variable shown in Table 6
which is not attributable to differences between locations is A hori­
zon total N.
Beginning of growing season moisture for sites at the 1979 loca­
tion is given in Table 7.
Tealette, Elloam and Thoeny all show greater
38.
Table 5.
Summary of analysis of variance showing significantly differ­
ent variables between treatments.
Variable
NU t
Mean by treatment
NP t
C+
CHt
.05----- —
A horizon:
Total N (%)
Sodium Adsorption Ratio
0.6a”
4.3a
0.9b
. 3.2b
0.3ab
14.9c
1.6c
4.0a
B horizon:
Cation Exchange Capacity
(me/100 g)
15 bar water (%)
26.0a
27.2b
39.7b
20.8c
17.7a
17.1b
17.0b
9.0b
C horizon:
Sodium Adsorption Ratio
16.3a
12.4b
24.6c
6. Od
NU = Native vegetation, unplowed; NP = Native vegetation, plowed;
C = Crested wheatgrass, plowed; CH = Native vegetation, chiseled.
^Numbers across rows not followed by the same letter are significantly
different at the p = .05 level.
39
Table.
6.
Summary of analysis of variance showing significantly
different variables between treatments and locations.
Variable
A horizon:
Cation Exchange Capacity (me/100 g)
Organic matter (%)
Extractable Ca (me/100 g)
Total N (X)
B horizon:
Organic matter (X)
Extractable Ca (me/100 g)
Soluble K (me/100 g)
Soluble Mg (me/100 g)
Soluble Ca (me/100 g)
15 bar water (X)
C horizon:
Organic matter (X)
Extractable P (me/100 g)
Soluble K (me/100 g)
Sand (X)
Clay (X)
Soluble Na (me/100 g)
Sodium Adsorption Ratio
U
utst
Mean by site and location
NU80t
NP79t
NPSOt
C79t
CH80T
---- p - .05---13.4b
7.3a
1.7c
2.0a
7.8c
2.9d
1.0a
0.9ab
13.2b
3.8d
4.9a
1.6c
6.8a*
2.2a
4.0a
1.2a
18.1b
2.9b
10.6b
0.6b
1.3ac
13.4a
1.1a
3.9a
6.5a
21.5a
2.0b
20.5b
0.1b
1.2b
2.1b
14.0b
0.9a
22.5b
0.5b
2.6c
4.2c
17.6c
1.6c
8.5c
0.2b
1.0b
I.Od
16.6c
1.3ac
24.Bd
0.6ab
2.5c
4.9c
17.0c
1.4ac
6.8c
0.2a
1.0b
0.9d
9.Od
1.0b
2.4b
0.8b
24.0b
50.0b
29.3b
8.7b
0.8b
4.1a
2.1c
46.0a
27.0a
97.4c
15.8ab
1.4c
3.0c
0.3d
35.0c
42.0c
17.Id
9.0b
0.7ab
2.4b
2.7a
38.0c
33.Od
133.8c
24.7a
0.7ab
2.0b
0.3d
37.0c
34.Od
20.4d
7.0b
0.5a
3.9a
2.8a
46.0a
29.0a
117.8a
24.0a
9.5ab
1.7c
7.0c
0.8ab
+NU79 - Native vegetation, unplowed, 1979 location; NP79 * Native vegetation, plowed, 1979
location; C79 - Created wheatgrasa, plowed, 1979 location; NU80 - Native vegetation,
unplowed, 1980 location; NP80 - Native vegetation, plowed, 1980 location; CH80 - Native
vegetation, chiseled, 1980 location.
^Numbers across rows not followed by the same letter are significantly different at the
p - . 0 5 level.
40
Table 7.
Soil
Beginning of growing season soil moisture (April 20, 1980)
for treatmentsi at the 1979 location,
Native, unplowed
Depth
Water
cm
Tealette
I
2-13
13-26
22
12
36-55
7
Elloam
0-11
.11-27
27-42
42-53
53-79
79-88
Thoeny
Phillips
Native, plowed
Depth
Water
cm
I
Crested, plowed
Depth
.Water
cm
I
0-10
10-19
19-35 .
35-68
22
22
12
10
0-10
11-24
24-43
43-62
20
19
10
8
18
17
8
10
11
11
0-10
10-19
19-36
36-68
68-99
15
15
12
9
10
0-10
10-23
23-43
43-62
18
20
14
9
0-11
11-26
26-36
36-62
16
i3
9
5
0-13
13-33
33-61
61-72
16
13
9
10
0-10
10-23
23-43
43-62
18
20
14
9
0-11
11-28
. 28-55
55-78
22
15
10
12
0-11
11-27
27-53
53-74
74-115
18
17
10
8
10
0-10
10-28
28-53
53-74
74-92
17
17
11
8
9
41
moisture contents beneath the first measured increment on treated sites
than on nontreated sites.
Moisture contents for Phillips remained con­
stant.
Composition of the Plant Community
Hits on each SVIM transect were recorded by soil type, providing
composition data for each treatment by soil.
Raw data from each tran­
sect is given in Appendix 4.
Frequency of major species is summarized in Table 8.
Western wheat-
grass was the dominant species on Tealette soils (except on the chiseled
site where fringe sagewort was dominant) and tended to decrease in
frequency on other soils.
Treatment reduced western wheatgrass on
Tealette, but had little effect on its frequency for other soils.
Blue grama grass tended to decrease with mechanical treatment.
It
was hit more often than any other species for all soils and treatments,
except crested wheatgrass, plowed, 1979 location.
Although frequency
decreased at 1980 locations, it was still a dominant species
on Elloam,
Thoeny and Phillips. .
Clubmoss was a major plant component on the control sites.
It
represented only 1% of hits on Tealette, but averaged 28% of hits on
other soils.
Frequency of hits on clubmoss was reduced to 5% on plowed
sites, and 0% on crested wheatgrass and chiseled sites.
42
Table. 8.
Frequency of major species,^ bare ground, gravel, and
litter as measured by the SVIM transect and recorded by
soil and treatment.
Treat. Bare
mentT Soil ground Litter Gravel AGSM BOGR GAEL ARFR SEDE Lichen STCO AGCR OPPO KOCR
Other
- I
NU79
T
E
Th
P
35
I
0
0
19
18
2
21
I
I
0
0
16
5
0
5
6
33
51
30
5
9
6
5
2
3
0
I
3
26
36
24
6
3
4
3
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
4
I
0
I
0
0
0
0
I
I
0
3
NP79
T
E
Th
P
49
9
4
2
26
33
28
33
I
I
0
0
9
5
5
0
2
34
41
40
0
0
0
0
4
5
5
2
0
I
I
2
0
2
0
0
I
4
4
4
I
I
0
0
2
2
5
17
0
I
0
0
2
0
6
0
C79
T
E
Th
P
23
9
9
12
48
41
38
30
0
2
0
I
11
I
4
0
0
19
18
20
5
I
0
0
I
4
I
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
8
11
8
22
22
2
0
0
0
0
2
I
3
0
3
5
2
NU80
T
E
Th
P
38
9
0
2
24
23
14
13
5
I
0
I
12
10
12
6
I
13
26
25
6
6
4
6
4
11
7
6
0
18
29
37
I
3
I
3
0
I
3
3
0
0
0
0
3
I
0
0
0
I
I
I
5
2
3
2
NP80
T
E
Th
P
58
16
5
I
29
31
36
41
0
I
0
I
8
5
11
10
0
10
4
8
0
16
0
0
6
11
8
7
0
5
9
9
0
2
2
3
0
4
9
10
0
0
0
0
0
I
2
2
0
3
7
3
0
4
2
4
CH80
T
E
Th
P
10
20
9
37
38
34
44
37
0
0
0
2
12
14
9
9
13
6
10
0
3
6
4
3
16
14
16
5
0
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
I
I
0
0
9
0
0
0
I
0
0
3
2
I
0
3
0
3
4
fVegetation codes given are after USDA and Soil Conservation Service (1976).
^NU79 ■ Native vegetation, unplowed, 1979 location; NP79 ■ Native vegetation, plowed, 1979
location; C79 - Crested wheatgrass, plowed, 1979 location; NU80 - Native vegetation,
unplowed, 1980 location; NP80 - Native vegetation, plowed, 1980 location; CH80 - Native
vegetation, chiseled, 1980 location.
5T - Tealette, E - Elloam, Th - Thoeny, P - Phillips.
43
For all treatments except chiseled, fringe sagewort averaged 4, 6,
2 and 3% of hits on vegetation for Tealette, Elloam, Thoeny, and
Phillips, respectively.
It averaged 16, 14, 16, and 5% for the respec­
tive soils on the chiseled site.
Excluding the chiseled site, it
represented 3% of the hits at the 1979 location compared to 8% for
the 1980 location.
Blackroot sedge tended to decrease, while needle-and-thread grass
tended to increase with mechanical treatment.
Blackroot sedge distri­
bution was hot affected by soil type; needle-and-thread grass was
associated with only Elloam, Thoeny and Phillips.
Bare ground accounted for 35% of hits on Tealette, compared to
only 6% on other soils.
(Tealette averaged 40% vegetative cover
relative to 80% of the other soils.)
Frequency of bare ground
increased with all treatments, especially chiseling.
This was due to
reduction, in clubmoss, and to a lesser extent, blue grama grass cover.
Nonpersistent litter increased with treatment.
This undoubtedly
reflects the increase in total productivity of the treated sites and
the corresponding reduction in blue grama grass and clubmoss cover.
Effects of Mechanical Treatment on Vegetative Productivity
Raw productivity data from the SVIM moist estimate and clip plots
and the 10 random clip plots are given in Appendix 5.
Since SVIM moist
and dry weight data represented only two clip plots per treatment site.
44
moist estimate and random clip plot data (6 and 10 samples, respec­
tively) were used in statistical analysis to attain the latgest degrees
of freedom.
There was some concern that the moist estimate data would
contain greater variability than dry weight data.
However, M O V
showed that coefficients of variability for both productivity measure­
ments were similar (Table 9),
Productivity analysis by species was
based on estimated data; analysis of total, grass, forb and shrub pro­
ductivity was based on random clip plot data.
Table 10 presents the mean values for productivity of seven major
plant species by. soil and treatment.
Only needle-and-thread grass,
blue grama grass and clubmoss production were significantly different
by soil.
Western wheatgrass and blue grama grass were the most pro­
ductive grasses in the plant community.
Western wheatgrass production
was greatest on the Tealette native, unplowed treatment.
On Tealette
and Elloam, its production decreased with treatment, whereas on Thoeny
and Phillips, its productivity increased on the native, plowed and
chiseled treatments.
..
Relative to Tealette, blue grama grass production was greater
on the other three soils.
Blue grama grass production generally
increased on native, plowed sites, but tended to decrease on other
treatments (except for the Phillips, chiseled site).
Needle-and-thread grass was most productive on Phillips and
decreased with treatment.
On other soils,, it tended to increase with
45
Table 9.
Average coefficients of variability by vegetation type
.and sampling method.
Vegetation
. class .
n
Random
Weight
Dry
2
10 .
Moist
2
,'
Grass
Forb
Shrub
29
83
143.
Total
34
Estimate
moist
. Average .
6
V ....- . ...
. 52
107
413
54
102
453
35
88
185
43
95
299
59
66
42
50
Table 10.
Speciest
Summary of analysis of variance showing significant difference in productivity
of major vegetative species by soil and treatment.
NUT
Tealette
NP'
Cf
CH +
NUf
Elloam
NPt
Cr
or
NUr
Thoeny
NP t
Cf
OP
NUr
Phillips
NPT
Cf
CHt
kfc/h
STCO
Oa^
12 a
Oa
0a
0a
105b
41c
20d
0a
135b
Oa
79b
56b
Oc
151a
112a
22b
157c
90a
157b
28
73
151
269
90
73
168
AGSM
196a
BOGR
28
GAEL
57a
6b
0b
17c
73a
17b
ARFR
78a
92a
157a
95a
140a
230b
0
0
0
6
OPPO
2766
95
790
118
21c
110a
82b
93b
51c
22c
73ac
112a
246b
lie
414d
67
84
241
174
151
67
39d
76a
17b
Oc
28b
50a
lib
lib
lib
213ab
347c
34a
392b
34a
728c
179a
157a
39b
571c
0
0
0
22
0
0
358
157
0
0
286b
Oc
Oc
620a
206b
Oc
Oc
Oc
^2
SKDK
0a
0a
0a
0a
955a
20b
Oc
5c
1297a
^NU “ Native vegetation, unplowed; NP ■ Native vegetation, plowed; C “ Created wheatgrass, plowed; CH ■ Native vegetation,
chiseled.
fVegetation codes given are after USDA and Soil Conservation Service (1976).
^Numbers across rows not followed by the same letter are significantly different at the p - .01 level.
47
with treatment.
Blackroot sedge production was similar on control
sites for all soils, but decreased on all treatment sites.
Fringed
sagewort production increased with treatment, especially on chiseled
sites.
Its productivity was somewhat greater on Thoeny and Phillips
than on the other soils.
No clubmoss was measured on Tealette.
It was ubiquitous on the
native, unplowed treatment of the other soils, but was reduced signi­
ficantly by all treatments.
ANOV by treatment and soil was run with clubmoss .as a covariate to
determine the extent to which treatment effect was related to clubmoss
removal.
The p values for variables significantly different by treat­
ment tended to increase in this analysis.
Table 11 presents an ANOV summary based on random clip plot data
for grass, forb, shrub and total production by soil treatment.
Grass
production increased on plowed sites for all soils except Tealette.
Chiseling increased grass production on Elloam, but decreased produc­
tion or had little effect on other soils.
Tealette to Phillips for all treatments.
Production increased from
Its production was lowest on
crested wheatgrass treatments and control sites.
Compared to control
sites, it increased, usually by an order of magnitude on the chiseled
treatment site.
Shrub production was not significantly different by
either soil or treatment.
48
Table 11.
Variable
Summary of analysis of variance for grass, forb, shrub and
total production and level of significance for soil and
treatment.
. Soil
Treatment mean
NU+
C+
NP+
CH+
:
--- kg/ha---
Soil
—
Treatment
--£ ----
Tealette
Elloam
Thoeny
Phillips
207a
226a
307a
376a
169b
338b
370b
394a
381c
276c
220c
441b
207a
419d
250c
276c
.01
.05
Forbs
Tealette
Elloam
Thoeny
Phillips
22a
67a
90a
78a
84b
90b
95a
IOlb
lie
17c
28b
Oc
9 Od
291d
241d
15 7d
.05
.01
Shrubs
Tealette
Elloam
Thoeny
Phillips
2
.7
0
0
22
7
11
50
7.
17
22
7
11
34
0
0
ns
ns
Total
Tealette
Elloam
Thoeny
Phillips
231a
300a
397a
454a
275a
435b
467b.
545b
399b
310a
270c
448c
308c
744c
491d
433a
.01
sH
O
Grass
1"NU = Native vegetation, unplowed; NP = Native vegetation, plowed;
C = Crested wheatgrass, plowed; CH = Native vegetation, chiseled.
49
Total production generally increased with treatment.
Tealette,
Elloam and Thoeny total production was greatest on chiseled treatment;
for Phillips it was greatest on the native, plowed treatment.
A
significant proportion of the increase on chiseled sites was due to
forb and shrub production.
Sixty-seven percent of production on
chiseled soils was due to grass compared to 74% on native, plowed;
81% on native, implowed; and 92% on crested wheatgrass sites (Table
12).
However, 33% of the grass production on crested wheatgrass sites
was crested wheatgrass, which has limited forage value except during
early spring.
Elloam and Thoeny responded most favorably to treatment.
Seventy-nine percent of production on native, plowed sites on those
soils was due to grass production.
Appendices 6 and 7 contain correlation matrices and stepwise
regression equations for chemical and physical data, respectively,
from stepwise regression analysis.
Table 13 presents a summary of
site characteristics correlated with grass, forb, shrub and total pro­
duction .
Removal of the control sites, to eliminate the effects of
clubmoss on productivity, increased simple correlation values, but
did not change the variables which were well correlated with produc­
tivity.
Solum thickness, A and B horizon thickenss, organic matter
content of the solum and organic matter content of the A horizon were
significantly related to productivity.
Excluding Tealette soils from
50
Table 12.
Proportion of grass production relative to total production
for all treatments and soils.
Soil
Ntrf
Treatment________
NP?
'
CH+
•
•%
Tealette
90
61
95
67
Elloaih
74
79
89
56
Thoeny
76
79
81
51
Phillips
83
72
98
64
+NU = Native vegetation, unplowed; NP = Native vegetation, plowed;
C = Crested wheatgrass, plowed; CH = Native vegetation, chiseled.
51
Table. 13.
Regression analysis summary for productivity on site data,
comparing significant relationships and r values for
analysis based on. all sites, treated sites and with
Tealette excluded..
Dependent '
variable _________ Independent variable
All
sites
Random Clip Plot Data
Treated
sites
Tealette
excluded
— -— .Xm--.60
.59
.00
.05
.52
— .63
— .60
-.57
.55
-.73
-.73
-.69
.70
-.82
-.80
— .69
-.67
Extractable phosphorus (ppm) Solum
.61
. .28
.21
Organic matter (%) - A Horizon
A horizon thickness (cm)
Aspect (P)
Clubmoss cover, (cm^)
.57
.57
-.15
-.29
.60
•59
' -.21
.31
.42
.40
.53
-.70
.66
.61
.55
.44
.69
.58
.57
.39
.62
.60
-.35
.65
.60
-.05
.61
.55
-.54
.55
.44
■ .48
.43
-.28
.76
.68
.62
.53
.13
: .36
.30
.31
.17
•-.65
Grass
Organic matter.(%) - A Horizon
A horizon thickness (cm)
Soil type
Forbs
Aspect (°)
Elevation (m)
Coarse fragments (%) - C Horizon
Total N (X)
Shrubs
Total
.57
.57 .
SVIM Moist Estimate Data
Grass
Forbs
.Total .
Organic matter (%) - Solum
Available water (cm) - Solum
Solum thickness (cm)
■
Total N (%) - Solum
Organic matter (%) - A Horizon
Clubmoss cover (cm^)
Solum thickness (cm)
B horizon thickness (cm)
Soluble K (me/100 g) - Solum
A horizon thickness (cm)
Clubmoss cover (cm^)
.
.49
.54
.26
.52
52
regression analysis tended to change the variables which were well
correlated and increased clubmoss, Mg and Ca correlations with produc
tion.
Significant correlation of soil chemical properties to produc­
tivity are summarized in Table 14.
Regressions were run with all
sites and with control sites excluded, again to remove the effect of
clubmoss on production. . Simple correlations based on treated site
data increased in value.
Results of a cluster analysis are shown in Figure 7.
Tealette
soils showed a strong tendency to group, as did native, unplowed and
crested wheatgrass treatments.
.
53
Table 14.
Dependent
variable
Regression analysis for laboratory data by all sites and
by treated sites, comparing significant relationships
and r values.
All
sites
Independent variable
Random Clip Plot Data
.
Treated
sites
----- r
Grass
% Sand - C horizon
% Clay - C horizon
Extractable Ca (me/100 g) - B horizon
Extractable Mg (me/100 g) - C horizon
Electrical Conductivity (mmhos) C horizon
.49
-. 48
.39
-.60
-.51
.81
-.75
.64
-.55
-.37
Forbs
pH - A horizon
Soluble Ca (me/100 g) - B horizon
Extractable Ca (me/100 g) - B horizon
% Water at saturation - B horizon
Cation Exchange Capacity (me/100 g) B horizon
Organic matter (%) - A horizon
Total N (%) - B horizon
Soluble K (me/100 g) - B horizon
Soluble Mg (me/100 g) - B horizon
Total N (%) - A horizon
Sodium Adsorption Ratio - C horizon
-.43
-.51
-.34 .
— .48.
-.48
-.73
-.72
— .68
-.67
-.65
.53
.56
-.43
-.45
.23
-.58
.65
.64
64
-. 60
-.57
/ -.59
Soluble Mg (me/100 g) - C horizon
Cation Exchange Capacity (me/100 g) C horizon
Soluble Ca (me/100 g) - C horizon
% Silt - A horizon
Extractable Na (me/100 g) - C horizon
Soluble Na (me/100 g) - C horizon
.59
.55
.72
.68
.60
-.01
.48 .
.46
.53
-.59
.57
.54
% Clay - B horizon
% Sand - A horizon
% Water, at saturation
-.25.
.13
-.39
-.62
.54
-\54
Shrubs
Total
(table continued)
54
Table 14.
Dependent
variable
continued .
Independent variable
SVIM Moist. Estimate Data
All
sites
Treated
sites
-----r
Grass
Extractable P (ppm) - C horizon
% Silt - A horizon
Bulk density (g/cm^) - A horizon
— .48
-.48
.46
— .66
-.53
.53
Forbs
% Water at saturation - C horizon
Extractable Na (me/100 g) - G horizon
Extractable Mg (me/100 g) - C horizon
Sodium Adsorption Ratio - C horizon
B horizon thickness (cm)
Extractable Mg (me/100 g) - B horizon
Cation Exchange Capacity (me/100 g) ■ C horizon
% Clay - B horizon
Soluble Na (me/100 g) - C horizon
Extractable K (me/100 g) - C horizon
Soluble Mg (me/100 g) - C horizon
Extractable Mg (me/100 g) - A horizon
Cation Exchange Capacity (me/100 g) B horizon
-.71
-.57
-.57
-.64
.43
-. 46
-.57
-.73
-.69
, -.68
-.67
-. 66
-.66
-.64
-.42
-.53
.52
-. 44
-.34
-.42
-.62
-.60
.60
-.59
-.58
-.56
Shrubs
% Sand T C horizon
% Sand - B horizon
% Silt - A horizon
A horizon thickness (cm)
pH - C horizon
Organic matter (%) - B horizon
.39
.35
-.47
.32
-.41
-.38
.76
.63
-.61
.53
-.52
-.52
Total
% Clay - B horizon
% Sand - B horizon
% Sand - C horizon
B horizon thickness (cm)
Organic matter (%) - B horizon
% Silt - A horizon
Extractable Na (me/100 g) - A horizon .
% Clay - C horizon
A horizon thickness (cm)
T-.54
.43
.40
.49
-.44
-.49
-.50
-.41
.47
— .76
.75
.71
.66
-.63
-.62
-.60
-.56
.56
/
55
Site
Treatment
Soil
2 4 3 5 2 5 5 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 3 3 5 5 4 4 5 2
3 5 I 2 6 3 4 I 4 8 I 7 2 7 8 9 O 2 O 5 6 9 6 5
7
9
N
U
8 7 8 7 8
O 9 O 9 O
N C N N C
U
P P H
8
O
C
H
8
O
N
P
7
9
N
U
8
O
N
U
7
9
N
U
8
O
N
U
7
9
N
U
7
9
N
P
7 7 7 7 8
9 9 9 9 O
N C C C N
P
P
8
O
N
U
8
O
N
P
8
O
C
H
7
9
N
P
T T T T T P T E E T P P T P T T P E P E E T T E
h
h
h
h h
h
I I -4 I
I I
-+-—
I I
I
I I
I
I I
I
I I
I
I I
I
I I
I
I I
I
I I
I
-t
I
-- 4— —
--
I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I
I I I —4— I I I I I
I
i I I I I I
i I I I I I
I I
I
I I
i -4— I I I
-+I
i
I I I I
I
I -H— I
I
i
--+■“—
I
I
i I
— HI
I
i I
i
i I
I
I
I
I
i I
i
—
-i I
I
I
—
I
I
I
— --- 4 — — — —
i
I
—4
i
—
——
H--- —
-f—
i
— 4-4
-f--
Figure 7.
8
O
C
H
I
I
I
I
I
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I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
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I
I
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I
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I
I
I
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I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
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I I
I I
I I
I I
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-4
I
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Cluster analysis distance matrix based on total vegetative
productivity, random clipped plot data by soil and treat­
ment. Soil: T = Tealette, E = Elloam, Th = Thoeny, P =
Phillips.
Treatment: NU = Native vegetation, unplowed;
NP = Native vegetation, plowed; C = Crested wheatgrass,
plowed; CH = Native vegetation, chiseled.
DISCUSSION
Effect of Mechanical Treatment on Herbage Production
Herbage production generally increased on mechanically treated
sites.
This is attributed to the removal of clubmoss cover and ensuing
increase in infiltration into the mineral soil (A2 horizon) and to
the disruption of the columnar structure on Elloam and on Thoeny soils
with thin A horizons.
The influence of mechanical treatment was
quantifiable 50 years lajter, indicating that it is a pragmatic means
of increasing forage productivity on these semiarid rangelands.
These
findings concur with those of White (1969), Dolan and Taylor (1972),
Soiseth et al. (1974) and Wight et al. (1978).
Plowing was the most beneficial,treatment, improving both quantity
and quality of forage production.
Fifty years of secondary succession
on plowed sites has resulted in a more stable, mature plant community
relative to the chiseled sites which were sampled only 8 years after
treatment.
Chiseling may have produced better results if grazing had been
deferred until a sustainable, diverse plant community had developed.
Costello (1944) reported that overgrazing disturbed ranges maintains
the forb stage of secondary succession indefinitely.
Results in
Table 11 show a 30% increase in forb production on the chiseled site,
which accounts for a considerable portion of the increase in total
production over control sites.
decreased on chiseled sites.
Except on Elloam, grass production
57
Reseeding to crested wheatgrass after plowing increased both
total and grass production more than, any other treatment, but the
palatability of the forage (33% of the grass was crested wheatgrass)
detracts from overall success.
Plowing increased grass production on all soils except Tealette.
Similar findings were reported by Branson et al. (1966), Rasmussen et
al. (1972) and Wight et al. (1978).
It is suspected that reduction on
Tealette is a measurement rather than a treatment effect.
Horse-drawn
plows would likely have pulled out of the ground and over panspots
rather than through them, dragging surface material collected from the
other three soils over the panspots, and depositing an "A horizon”
near their periphery.
These peripheral areas, which were the most
productive portions of Tealette (relative to the center of the pan­
spot) , would, with the benefit of added A horizon material, increase
in productivity.
Vegetative measurements on these areas would likely
have been recorded as Elloam, reducing the proportion of productive
Tealette relative to the unpropitious center so that the data would
indicate a decrease in grass production on Tealette after treatment.
Response of grass productivity to plowing on the other three soils
was variable.
Relative to control sites, Elloam showed that greatest
increase (50%) compared to Thoeny (21%) or Phillips (5%).
decreased 18%.)
(Tealette
That the dominant soils in the landscape— Elloam and
Thoeny— showed the most favorable response lends further justification
58
to the use of mechanical treatment for improvement of range pro­
ductivity.
Plowing also reduced the disparity in productivity between t h e .
Natrargids and the Paleargid soil.
On the control sites, grass pro­
duction increased 9% from Tealette to Elloam, 36% from Elloam to
Thoeny and 22% from Thoeny to Phillips.
On plowed sites, grass pro­
duction increased 100% from Tealette to Elloam, 9% from Elloam to
Thoeny, and 6% from Thoeny to Phillips.
This suggests that Elloam and Thoeny have nearly the same pro­
ductive potential after treatment as Phillips.
Plant production on
Phillips is probably optimum for current climatic conditions given
the limitations imposed by inherent chemical and physical properties
of the soil.
Clubmoss removal was beneficial on the Paleargid, but
c
the effect of disturbance had a larger impact than on the Natrargid
soils where the beneficial effect of increased infiltration outweighed
the detrimental effects of disturbance.
Response to plowing varied between the three Natrargids.
Frac­
turing and mixing of the columnar structure occurred only on Elloam,
and Thoeny soils with thin Al horizons.
However, fracturing is not as
necessary on Thoeny, given the thicker A horizon already present.
removal of clubmoss and increased infiltration into the A horizon
"
alone caused a considerable increase in productivity.
The
59
Data from both SVIM and random clip plot measurements were used
to model productivity.
SVIM moist estimate data represents 20 samples
for each treatment in which no attempt was made to equitably sample
each soil.
Since Elloam and Thoeny are the most extensive soils on
the landscape, they were sampled more often than Tealette or Phillips.
Results from SVIM data best represent productivity characteristic of
.
each landscape.
■
'
Random clip plot data are based on 10 samples for each
soil on each treatment, so it shows productivity relative to soil type.
Since the measured extent of Tealette decreased from control to
plowed sites, exclusion of control sites from analysis reduced the
relative representation of Tealette soils for the SVIM data.
If it
can be assumed that the decrease is due to an actual reduction in the
extent of Tealette as indicated by transect measurement, results will
reflect actual post-treatment conditions.
It is possible, however,
that the proportion of Tealette varied between sites independent of
treatment, in which case results of analysis would underestimate the
negative relationship between soil chemistry and productivity.
Forb, and especially shrub, data are based on a smaller sample
size than grass production, since they were not represented in each
clip plot due to their clustered distribution and relative scarcity.
Results of regression analysis for these groups may therefore be some.what biased.
60
Results of regression analysis with site data (Table 13) show
that if all sites are included, production is related to variables
which change significantly (p = .05) between locations or soils rather
than between treatments.
For example, grass and total production were
related to thickness and organic matter content of the A horizon
(random clip plot.data) and of the solum (SVIM data)— variables which
vary as a function of soil and location.
Excluding the control sites from analysis to eliminate the effect
of clubmoss
increased partial correlation values, especially for
variables significantly (p = .05) different by soil.
It appears that
after treatment has removed clubmoss cover and improved infiltration,
production is a function of soil type.
Tealette data were excluded from analysis because its productivity
is not limited by clubmoss cover but by chemical and physical soil
properties.
This resulted in a highly negative correlation of club­
moss to production, indicating that clubmoss is a major limiting factor
to production on Elloam, Thoeny and Phillips.
Again, this suggests
that any treatment which removes clubmoss cover will enhance produc­
tivity despite only slight changes in soil chemical or physical prop­
erties, and that changes in soil properties are confounded with club­
moss removal.
Regression analysis of laboratory data (Table 14) reinforces
findings of regression on site data (Table 13).
As above, correlations
61
■
/ '
O
are strongest for variables which were significantly different between
soils or locations.
Exclusion of control site data increased correla­
tion values of productivity to most significant (p = .05) variables.
Random clip plot grass production was highly correlated to sand and
clay content of the C horizon for treated sites from which clubmoss
had been removed.
Since both sand content and productivity were
greatest at the 1979 location, results show that productivity is
correlating to variables associated with the 1979 site.
Since corre^
lation values for Mg and electrical conductivity in the C horizon were
highest when control sites were included in analysis there may be a
relationship between clubmoss removal and leaching of soluble salts.
Possibly, removal of clubmoss and fracturing of the columns.in the B
horizon increased infiltration sufficiently to leach soluble salts
through the solum.
Table I shows that depth to soluble salts is
deeper on treated sites which is supported by chemical data.in
Appendix I.
To summarize, herbage production is adversely affected by chemical
and physical properties inherent in sodium and magnesium dominated
systems from which natric horizon development (as exemplified by
Tealette) ensues.
Secondly, production is limited by clubmoss cover
which reduces infiltration and competes successfully for the limited
moisture supply in the semiarid environment., Treatment did not
I
62
completely ameliorate inherent limitations of the soil system to plant
growth.
However effects of treatment (e.g., clubmoss removal) which
secondarily improve infiltration at least into the A horizon, will
increase productivity, and hence stabilize the landscape.
(1978) indicated that these effects tend to be autocyclic.
Wight et al.
Note that
grass and total productivity are correlated to organic matter content
of the A horizon.
Effects of Mechanical Treatment on Plant Composition
Removal of clubmoss is the most pronounced change in species
composition on treated sites.
Blue grama grass and blackroot sedge
were also reduced; western wheatgrass was reduced on Tealette, but
relatively unaffected on other soils.
Fringed sagewort frequency
increased significantly (p = .01) after treatment on most sites,
especially on the chiseled site.
On the chiseled site, it never
exceeded 2% of total SVIM transect hits, but represented 40% of hits
on vegetation.
Dolan and Taylor (1972) and Wight et al. (1978)
reported similar increases in fringed sagewort on ungrazed treatment
sites.
Since the chiseled site was grazed after treatment, some
increase in forbs would be expected.
With careful grazing management,
it could probably be replaced by more favorable forage species.
all, treatment had beneficial effects on species composition.
Over­
63
Effect of Mechanical Treatment on Soils
Changes in soil chemistry due to treatment were difficult to
assess.
Chemistry at the two locations was different, masking changes
due to treatment.
The Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) in the A and C horizon decreased
significantly (p = .05) on treated sites (Table 5) as did soluble
calcium in the B horizon and soluble sodium in the C horizon (Table 6).
This indicates that salts are being leached out of the solum.
Whether
this is related to clubmoss removal or a fracturing of the impermeable
B horizon is somewhat unclear, but it is probably a combination of both
factors and depends largely on soil type.
Percent organic matter
increased in the A horizons of treated sites.
It appears that treat­
ment did not dramatically affect soil chemical properties, but
increased organic matter indicates that treatment effect was sub­
stantial enough to influence herbage production.
Clay Mineralogy
X-ray diffraction patterns (Figure 6) show smectite as the
dominant mineral in all horizons of the Elloam and Phillips pedons
studied.
It appears to become less prevalent with soil formation,
as evidenced by the smaller, diffuse peaks for the A and B horizons.
This concurs with findings of Klages and Southard (1968) for Thoeny
and Phillips soils developed in Bearpaw Shale-derived till.
They
f.
64
proposed that changes occur in clay mineralogy during the formation of
a natric horizon.
Whittig (1959) and St. A m a u d and Mortland (1963)
suggest that highly alkaline conditions during solonization would be
conducive to solubilization of silica and alumina.
These soluble con­
stituents leaching down into zones of higher electrolyte content may
have combined with soluble bases to form mixed layer minerals containing
smectite and illite.
Whittig (1959) and Klages and Southard (1968) found that the 18&
peak was virtually absent in the A horizon.
Klages and Southard (1968)
suggest that it was replaced by a mineral so disordered in the C-axis
that no basal reflections resulted.
As Figure 6 illustrates, there is
a subdued 18& peak for the A horizon of the Elloam selected for study.
The 18& peak for the Phillips Al was obscure.
The nature of the 18&
peaks in the A horizons corresponds to the relative degree of weathering
associated with each soil.
In Phillips, the diffuse A horizon 18& peak
is in agreement with the presence of skeletans coating B horizon prisms,
and the total lack of columnar structure
Genesis of Natrargids
Intense pedogenesis was probably initiated 8,000 to 9,000 years
ago following the end of Ice Age climate during a subsequent period of
higher temperature and humidity than dominate today (Morrison and
65
Frye, 1965).
Because several minor eroslonal phases have since
occurred, it is only possible to speculate about surface conditions
during immediate post-glacial times.
Meltwaters from the final four
glacial advances, flowing south to the Missouri River likely carried
away much of earlier till deposits so depth to Bearpaw Shale was
probably not markedly different than at present.
The author hypothesizes that the shallow impermeable shale and
humid environment resulted in a perched water table.
Because of high
salt content in the shale and shale-derived till, the ground water
contained appreciable soluble salts.
Following the influx of melt­
water, the environment became increasingly arid, and capillary rise of
water toward the soil surface resulted in the precipitation of soluble
salts at the upper boundary of the capillary fringe.
This accumula­
tion of salts initiated the development of a natric horizon as the
cation exchange complex was dominated by sodium and magnesium.
Natrargid development followed a pathway similar to that described
by Gedroits and Vil1yams in Tyurin et al. (1960) under similar envi­
ronmental conditions.
Morrison arid Frye (1965) postulate that post-glacial climate
ended 4,000 years ago as semiarid conditions became prevalent.
As
precipitation decreased and evapotranspiration increased, the perched
water table was no longer present, preventing further "solonizstion."
Net downward movement of water would affect the equilibrium between
66
solution and adsorbed cations.
Ca and Mg (divalent cations) would
gradually replace Na on the B horizon exchange complex and the natric
horizon would begin to degrade.
It is suspected that the effects of
mechanical treatment on such relict Natrargids are essentially irreversi­
ble and accelerate degradational processes which would otherwise require
considerable time.
Why predictable patterns of four contiguous, but distinct, soils
have developed on a relatively homogeneous landscape (in terms of
parent material) is difficult to understand.
Although the number of
profiles examined was too small to make a definitive statement about
this phenomenon, it was observed that solum thickness (which is
generally proportional to depth to Bearpaw Shale) is deepest under
Phillips and shallowest1under Tealette (Table I).
Further, texture at
an arbitrarily selected depth of 80 cm tends to be heavier under
Tealette and Elloam than Thoeny or Phillips (Table I).
I speculate
that Phillips .and Thoeny are developed on slightly higher and better
drained micro-positions than Elloam and Tealette.
Again, although too few soils were examined.to map the topography
of the shale contact depth, the boundary is not level, but is irregular
(undulating) and I suspect that Tealette and Elloam developed on slight
rises and Thoeny and Phillips developed over slight troughs.
Thus,
shale surface topography would be the opposite of surface topography.
67
If Tealette and Elloam developed in shallower till deposits,
i
development of the natric horizon may have been more intense since
the water table would have been nearer to the surface.
Development
of the natric horizon of Thoeny and the argillic horizon of Phillips
provided a slowly permeable subsurface layer so that infiltrating water
would flow laterally onto the B horizon surface of Elloam and Tealette
where it would accumulate and evaporate, leaving precipitated soluble
salts behind.
Net salt transport would be out of Thoeny-Phillips
and into the Elloam-Tealette system.
Removal of salts would improve
conditions for plant growth on Phillips and Thoeny.
As a thicker
plant community became established, a stable, organically enriched
A horizon would develop.
Conversely, continual infusion of salts into
Elloam, and particularly Tealette, would perpetuate poor conditions for
plant growth.
These soils would be subject to erosion (wind and water)
which further exaggerates the surface topography, culminating in pan­
spot soils (Teaiette).
Addition of wind-blown material to the entire
landscape should also be considered.
Vegetation established on Phillips
and Thoeny would tend to hold these soils in place whereas Elloam and
Tealette would not receive major additions of surface material.
Mechanical treatments which improve drainage on the other soils
and reduce the amount of lateral flow onto the panspots may accelerate
the degradation of the Tealette natric horizon, but under present
climatic conditions, I postulate that Tealette will require extensive
I
68
periods of time or mechanical treatment which causes the addition of
A horizon material from the surrounding landscape and fractures the
impermeable B horizon to significantly alter existing propitious con­
ditions .
.
Although soils of the 1979 study location are deeper to shale
contact they contain significantly more sodium and magnesium than soils
at the 1980 location.
This is likely due to an inherent difference
in the initial content of the shale at respective sites.
However, high
soluble salt content of the solum could also be related to the thick­
ness of respective till deposits.
Till, being unconsolidated, would
expose more surface area to soil water than shale and hence release
more soluble salts.
Given the same moisture regime (i.e., water table
perched at the shale contact) and rate of upward capillary flow at the
two locations, fewer soluble salts in shallow till deposits would be
concentrated at the capillary fringe than in deeper till deposits,
simply due to absolute differences in salt content.
Capillary infusion
of salts on shallow till deposits would eventually.decrease while
remaining at the initial rate on the deeper till soils.
In the amount
of time expired since the development of the Natrargids has ceased and
their degradation begun, assuming that the volume of percolating water
has been similar on both sites, more salts would remain in soils on the
1979 than 1980 sites.
Further, the.1980 sites occupy a slightly lower
69
landscape position (807 m compared to 825 m) so that the volume of
spring meltwater may be greater resulting in a greater leaching
potential.
Discussion of the genesis of these soils so far has been in line
with the classical theory of Gedroits and Vilfyams as described by
Tyurin et al. (1960) for the formation of solonetz and solodized
solonetz.
The data suggest an alternative hypothesis— that soil forma­
tion is ongoing under present climatic conditions in the absence of a
water table or capillary fringe.
The apparently random occurrence of the "panspots" (Tealette) on
the landscape and the difference in clay and sodium contents of the
Tealette and Elloam soils as compared to Thoeny and Phillips soils
(Table 3) suggest that these soils are not in fact "relict" soilsi but
are actively differentiating under the present climate.
I hypothesize
that the B horizon clay and sodium contents of the Tealette and Elloam
soils are increasing as a result of lateral movement of water into the
panspot soils from the surrounding soils.
This water movement occurs
due to a matric potential gradient resulting from reduced infiltration
into the pans and the fact that the more clay rich and silty parispot
soils are "drier" at the same water percentage.
The hypothetical genesis process is outlined as follows:
Initial condition: An undulating till plain; the till is
saline and of relatively uniform texture.
.
70
Stage I: Under evapotranspirative demand the soils dry, and
salty spots appear because of topography or slight differ­
ences in clay or salt contents. In the salty spots, vege­
tative productivity is limited and clay formation is
accelerated in the higher pH, sodium-rich environment.
Stage II: The salty spots.suffer wind erosion as a result of
their lesser vegetative cover, some of this windblown
material is caught by the thicker vegetation on the less
salty soils. This, plus leaching, initiates the forma­
tion of. A horizons on the less salty spots.
Stage III: The processes begun in earlier stages become autocyclic . Increased organic matter and A horizon thick­
ness increases infiltration on the less salty spots.
The B horizons of these soils are wetter than those of
the salty soils and water, carrying silica and sodium,
moves from these soils into the developing panspot soils.
In the B horizons of the panspots, clay formation in
place is enhanced due to the relatively high pH and
sodium contents. With reduced infiltration due to
puddling of the surface of the panspots, the panspots
receive more water from lateral movement as a result
of metric and osmotic potential gradients than from
downward infiltration.
Stage IV: As we view the landscape today, the Phillips soils
are developing in the direction of thicker A horizons,
increased organic matter and lower salt contents. The
panspot (Tealette) soils are developing in the direction
of increased sodium, increased clay content (interstratified smectites), high bulk density, and higher
electrical conductivity.
The x-ray diffraction patterns (Figure 6) support the concept of
increased clay formation in place in the Tealette B2t horizons (Klages
and Southard, 1968).
The Phillips soils were at one point saline but
were probably never solonetz.
The Thoeny may ultimately become
solodized-splonetz while the Elloam and Tealette soils are developing
greater solonetz properties under present conditions.
CONCLUSIONS
A Natrargid-Palea^gid soil complex was characterized in northern
Blaine County, Montana.
Three Natrargid (Tealette, Elloam and Thoeny)
soils and one Paleargid (Phillips) soil were examined.
Herbage pro­
duction was measured for each soil with and. without mechanical treat­
ment:
plowing or chiseling.
1.
Mechanical treatment
Findings of the study showed that:
increased grass, forb and total
productivity, particularly on Elloam and Thoeny
soils.
2.
Mechanical treatment had a long residual effect.
. Increases in productivity were still significant
(p = .01) at least 50 years after treatment.
3.
The significant reduction (p = .01) in clubmoss
cover by mechanical treatment was highly correlated
to herbage production on treated sites.
4.
The productivity of undesirable forbs, particularly
fringed sagewort, increased on treated sites,
especially the chiseled site.
This is an effect
associated with disturbance due to mechanical treat­
ment which can become a problem unless careful
grazing management is practiced.
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Studies on soionetz soils
Morrison, R. B„, and J. C. Frye. 1965.
Correlation of the middle
and late Quaternary succession of the Lake Lahontan, Lake Bonne­
ville, Rocky Mountain (Wasatch Range), Southern Great Plains,
and Eastern Midwest areas. Nevada Bureau of Mines Rep. 9.
Neff, E. L. 1973. Water storage capacity of contour furrows in
Montana.
J. Range Mgmt. 26:298-301.
_______, and J. R. Wight.
1977. Overwinter soil water recharge and
herbage production as influenced by contour farming on eastern
Montana rangelands. J. Range Mgmt. 30:193-194.
Rasmussen, W. W., D. P. Moore, and L. A. Alban.
1972. Improvement
of solonetzic (slick spot) soil by deep plowing, subsoiling and
amendments.
Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 36:137-142.
Sigmond, A. A, de. 1938. The principles of soil science.
Murby and Co., London.
Thomas
Sims, J. R., and V. A. Haby. 1971. Simplified colorimetric determina­
tion of soil organic matter. Soil Sci. 112:137-141.
Smith, F. W., B . G. Ellis, and J. Grava.
1957. Use of acidflouride
solutions for the extraction of available phosphorus in calcareous
soils and in soils to which rock phosphate has been added. Soil
Sci. S co. Am. Proc. 21:400-404.
Smoliak, S., J. F. Dormaar, and A. Johnston.
1972. Long-term grazing
effects oh Stipa-Bouteloua prairie soils. J. Range Mgmt. 25:
246-250.
___ _______ , A. Johnston, M. R. Kilcher, and R. W. Lodge.
1976.
Management of prairie rangeland. Ag. Canada Pub. 1589. Res. Stn.
Lethbridge, Alta.
77
Soil Survey Staff. ■ 1951. Soil survey manual. Agric. Handb. no; 18,
USDA. U. S . Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
__________________ . 1975. Soil taxonomy. Agric. Handb. no. 436, USDA.
U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Soiseth, R. J., J . R. Wight, and J. K. Aase. 1974. Improvement of
panspot (solonetzic) range sites by contour furrowing.
J. Range
Mgmt. 27:107-110.
Sommerfeldt, T. G., and C. Chang.
1980. Water and salt movement in
a saline-sodic soil in southern Alberta.
Canadian J. Soil Sci.
60:53-60.
St. A m a u d , R. J., and M. M. Mortland. 1963.
Characteristics of the
clay fractions in a chemozemic to podzolic sequence of soil
profiles in Saskatchewan.
Canadian J. Soil Sci. 43:336-349.
Tyurin, I. V., I. N. An tip ov-Karat aev, and M. G. Chizherskii (ed.).
1960. Reclamation of solonetz soils in the USSR. Akadomiya Nauk
SSSR Moskva.
(English translation pub. by U. S. Dept, of Agric.
and National Sci. Foundation, Washington, DC, 1967.)
United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service.
1975. Ecological responses of native plants and guidelines for
management of shortgrass range. USDA Tech. Bull no. 1503. U. S .
Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
_________________________________________. Soil Conservation Service.
1972. Fabric-related analysis, bulk density, saran-coated clods,
soil survey laboratory methods and procedures for collecting soil
samples. Soil Survey Investigation Rep. no. I. U. S . Government
Printing Office, Washington, DC.
United States Salinity Laboratory Staff.
1954. Diagnosis and improve­
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U. S . Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Veseth, R., and C. Montague.
1980. Geologic parent materials of
Montana soils. Montana Agric. Exp. Stn.-USDA, SCS Bull. 721.
Bozeman.
Westin, F. C. 1953. Solonetz soils in eastern South Dakota: Their
properties and genesis. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 17:287-293.
78
White, E. M.
1969. Nature of panspots arid their improvement in range.
Ext. Serv., South Dakota State Univ. Fact Sheet 456, Brookings.
Whittig, L. D. 1959. Characteristics and genesis of a solodizedsolonetz of California. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. P roc. 23:469-473.
Wight, J . R. 1976. Land surface modifications of their effects on
range and forest watersheds.
In Proc. of 5th Workshop of the
U. S./Australia Rangelands Panel: Watershed management on range
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____________ , E. L. Neff, and R. J. Soiseth;. 1978. Vegetation
response to contour furrowing. J. Range Mgmt. 31:97-101.
APPENDICES
80
APPENDIX I:
SOIL PROFILE DESCRIPTIONS
SURVEY SAMPLE N O . S
LEGATION:
S34-T3SN-R19E
: BOROLLIC PALEARCIDf FINE MONTMCNTLLONITin
classification
S I TE N O . : 79 21
sl o p e :
on
AIR T E M P E R A T U R E
SOIL TEMPERATURE
hATfcP. T A B L E :
P R t C I P I T A T I IN!
PERMcARILTTfI
PHYSIOGRAPHf:
vegetation:
PARENT MATERIAL:
PARENT MAT,RIAL!
COUNTY! BLAINE
CLASS:
NEARLY LEVEL
annual:
DEGREES F
ANNUAL:
DEGREES F
DEPTH!
CM .
0 33 CM.
LEVEL OR UNDULATING UPLANDS
G R A S S E S ANC F O R B S AN D SH R U B S
HIGHLY WEATHERED
UNCONSGtlOATEO MINERAL SEDIMENTS
C A L C A R E O U S S H AL c
HIGHLY WEATHERED
NIXED LITHOLOGY
M O N T H SA MP L E D : JULY
ASPECT!
SOUTH
winter:
DEGREES F
winter:
DEGREES F
k i n o :
n c WA TER TABLE
U P P E R : o o o CM L O W E R : 0 0 «
STONINESS I CLASS
G L A C I A L TILL
HCRlZCN
I I
E L E V A T I O N ! 08 07 METE RS
RING:
PLANE
SUMMER!
DEGREES F
SUMMER!
DEGREES F
month:
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS
DRAINAGE CLASS!
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
D6 CM.
( O 2 I N .)
BROWN
ClOYR
5/3) E X T E R I O R
$ SANDY CLAY LOAM
I DARK BROWN
Cl OYR
3 / 3)
EXTERIOR
MOIST
I WEAK
VERY FINE
GRANULAR
STRUCTURE
I LOOSE
LO OSE
, NONSTICKY
, NONFLASTIC
I MANY
FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I MANY
FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
I NONCALCAREOUS
CHCD
I ABRUPT
SM OOTH
BOUNDARY
6 - 11 C M .
C 2 4 I N .)
3 4 0 WN
LlCVR
5/3) E X T E R I O R
I SANDY CLAY LOAM
I DARK BROWN
ClOYR
3 / 3)
EXTERIOR
MOIST
I MODERATE
FINE
PLATV
STRUCTURE
I SOFT
,
VERY FRIABLt
, SLIGHTLY STICKY
, SLIGHTLY PLASTIC
I PANT
FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
; COMMON TO MANY FINE C MEDIUM
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
PORES
, MANY
FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
I COMMON
DISTINCT
OARK B R O W N Cl O Y R
3/3) M O I S T
CLAY SKINS CN PEO FACES
I
NONCA LCAREOUS
CHCD
I ABRUPT
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
11 - 28 C M .
C 4 - 11 I N .)
HRUWN
C l 1 VP
4/3) EXTERIOR
I CLAY LOAM
; DARK BROWN
ClOYR
3/i)
EXTERIOR
MUIST
J M O C E R ATE TC S T R O N G ME C l U P P R I S M A T I C
STRUCTURE
I
VtRY HARD
, FRIABLE
, STICKY
, PLASTIC
i MANY
FINE
ROOTS
"ETWEEN FEOS
i COMMON M N E C MEDIUM VCIO INTERSTITIAL
PORES
, MANY
r IN E
IRREGULAR ANO TUBULAR
PORES
I MANY
PROMINENT
D A R K B R O W N Cl OTR
MOIST
C L A Y SK I N S ON PfO F A C E S
i N O N C A L C AR E O U S
CHCD
I ABRUPT SMOCTH
I*O U N U AR Y
•
ZS - 55 C M .
C 11 22 I N .)
LIGHT BROW NIS H GRAY C2.5Y
6/2) EXTERIOR
L2 .5Y
4/2) EXTtRICR
MO IST
i MODERATE
SOFT
, VERY FRIABLE
, VERY STICKY
KOOTS
BETWEEN PEOS
• MANY
FINE
C O M M O N TO MA NY
FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
C2.5 Y
4/2) MOIST
CLAY SKINS
CN FED FACES
FRAGMENTS
>2 M M
j FEW TO C O M M O N
SOFT
MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT C H C D
CONTINUOUS
3 / 3)
;
CLAY LOAM
% D A R K G R A Y I S H BRCWN
MEDIUM
PRISMATIC
STRUCTURE
J
, VERY PLASTIC
I MANY
FINE
IR RE GUL AR AN D T U B U L A R
PCRES
,
I COMMON FAINT
D A R K G R A Y I S H BRCWN
I CCPPON MIXED SECIMfNTARY
FI NE
SALT CRYS TAL S
I
I CLEAR
SMOOTH
BOUNCARY
55 - 91 C * .
C 2 2 - 36 I N . )
GRAYISH BROWN
C2 .5Y
5/2) E X T E R I O R
i C L AY LOA"
| D A R K G R A Y I S H BRQWN
C2.5V
4/2) EXTERIOR
MO IST
I FEW FINE
PROMINENT
Y E L L O W I S H B R O W N Cl OVR 5/6)
EXTERIOR
MOTTLES
I MODERATE
MEDIUM
S U B A N G U L AR B L O C K V
STRUCTURE
I
V E RY HA RO
, FRIABLE
, STICKY
PLASTIC
S COMMON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
i C O M M O N FjNE
I R R E G U L A R AN O T U B U L A R
PORES
, MANY
FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
I FE W FAIN T
DARK GRAYISH BROWN
C2.5V
4 / 2) MOIST
CLAY SKINS
ON PEO FA C E S
I COMMON
MIXED SEDIMENTARY
FRAGMENTS
>2 MM
I
C O M M O N TO MANY
SOFT
FINE I MEDIUM
SALT CR YS T A L S
I MODERAT EL Y EFFERVESCENT
CHCD
CONTINUOUS
I CL EAR
SMCCTH
BOUNDARY
91 - 1 3 4 C M .
C 36 - 5 3 I N . )
LI GHT B R O W N I S H G R AY C2 .5 V
6/2) EXlERICR
I SANDY LCAM
I DARK G R A Y I S H BRCWN
C2.5Y
4/2) EXT=RlCR
MOIST
; F t w TO C O M M O N
FI NE
DISTINCT
Y E L L O W I S H t* H O W N C l C f R
5/ 6) E X T E R I O R
MOTTLES
i WEAK
MEDIUM
SUttANGUDR JLUCKY
STRUCTURE
I SOFT
> FRIABLE
, STICKY
PLASTIC
FEW FI NE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
J MANY
FINE
IRREGULAR
PO RES
FEW FA I N T
DARK GRAYISH BROWN
(2.5V 4/2) MOIST
CLAY SKINS
T H R O U G H O U T T H E S OIL
FEW M I X E D S t O I M E N T A R Y
FRAGMENTS
>2 M"
; FE W SOFT
FINE
G Y P S U M CR YSTALS
MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I AB RUPT
SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
91 - 1 3 4 C M .
( 3 6 Si I N . )
GRAVISH BROWN
C2 .5V 5/ 2) E X T E R I O R
I C L A Y L O AM
D A R K G R A Y I S H BR OWN
C2 .5Y 4 / 2) E X T E R I O R
MCIST
I MASSIVE
I hH Ar Rk Du
, VERY FRIABLE
,
STICKY
, PLASTIC
i COMMON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I MANY
FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
I FEW SOFT
VE RY FINE
GYPSUM CRYSTALS
I
M1NCALCARE0US
i NOT R E A C H E D BO UN D A R Y
U NP LOWED,NATIVE VEGETATION
81
!SOIL Si9 I c H
IHOEKf
SVRVl V SA-HLE NO.!
LOCATION!
S3--TJ5N-R19E
CLASSIFICATION! bobollic natrargid.
S I TE N U . ! 79 22
SLCPC:
;u
AI R T l N P t k A T U R c
SCIL T E N P C R A T U R E
UA Tt R TA ll:!
PPECIPITATIJN!
FtRPEAdIUTfl
FHYSIOGRAPHf:
V t G E T A T IC M
PARENT MATERIAL!
PARENT -ATEAIALt
S7 9NT
22
fine, nontmokillomtiC
COUNTY! DLAINE
CL AS S!
ANNUAL!
DEGREES
ANNUAL!
DEGREES
DEPTH!
C«.
V3 C C F .
ELEVATION! OBOT METERS
KIND!
SUPPER!
DEGREES F
S U P P E R ! 65 D E G R E E S F
PONTHl
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS
DRAINAGE CLASS!
F
F
LEVEL OR UNDULATING UPLANDS
G R A S S E S ANO F O R B S AND SH RUPS
HIbHLY
PtATHEREO
G L A C I A L TILL
FIXED LITHOLOGY
HIGHLY WEATHEREU
C A L C A R E O U S SHALE
M O N T H S A P P L E D ! J U LY
ASPECT!
NORTHkEST
W I N T E R ! TO D E GR EES F
WINTER!
DEGREES F
KZNOI
N O W A T E R TAftLE
UPPER:
CF LOWER!
STONINESS:
CF
class
UNCONSOLIDATED MINERAL SEDIMENTS
M J R T / IN
FRCFILE DESCRIPTION
A
O il C M . ( O 4 IN.)
Y E L L O k I S H BR O W N Cl CYR
5/4) E XTERICR
I LOAF
I O K . Y E L L C W I SF B R O W N C l O Y R
3/4)
EXTERIOR
FO IST
I
FEk TO C O M M O N
FINE
PROMINENT
BROWNISH YEllOk ClOYR
6/ 1)
EXTERIOR
MOTTLES
i
M O C E R AT E TC S T R O N G F I N E
PLATT
STRUCTURE
I SOFT
VFRY FRIABLE
, SLIGHTLY STICKY
SLIGHTLY PLASTIC
I CONMCN FINE
ROOTS
THROUCHOUT HORIZON
I MANY
FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
I COPPON
FIXED LITHOLOGY FRAGMENTS
>2 MP
I NONCALCAREOUS
(FCl)
I ABRUPT SNOCTH
ROUNOARt
I 21T
Il - 2 6 C M . C 4 - I ? I N . )
BROWN
CIOYR 4/3) EXTERICR
I SANDY CLAY LOAM
I O A R K BR O W N Cl OVR
3/3)
EXTERIOR
MO IST
I MODERATE TC STRONG MEDIUM COLU MNA R
STRUCTURE
I
VERY HARO
, VERY FIRM
, VERY STICKY
, VERY PLASTIC
I COMMON FINE
RJDTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I MANY
FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
I RANV
PROMINENT
DARK BROWN
ClOTR
3/3) M O I S T
CLAY SKINS ON PEO FACES
I
NONCALCAREOUS
CHCD
i ABRUPT
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
•
B
26 36 C M .
C 10 - 1 4 I N . )
BROWN
ClOYR
4/3) EXTERIOR
I SANDY CLAY IOAN
I DARK BROWN U O V R
3/3)
EXTERIOR
"O IST
J MOCERATE
MECIUM
S U B & N G U L AR B L O C K Y
STRUCTURE
I
VERY HARU
, FIRM
, VERY STICKY
, VE RY P L A S T I C
I
EW FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
{ COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
PORES
, MANY
FINE
VESICULAR
PQRES
I MANY
PROMINENT
DARK BROWN
ClOYR
3/3) MO I S T
C U T SK I N S ON PEO FACE S
I FEW SOFT
FINE
SALT C R Y S T A L S
I
M O D E R A T E L Y EFFfcRVE S C E N T C H C l )
CONTINUOUS
I CLEAR
SMOCTH
BOUNDARY
•
2 ? T CA
k
YCACS
36 - 6 2 C M .
v 14 — 2 4 I N . )
G R A V I S M -XRO w N
C2 .5V
5/ 2) E X T E R I C R
I SA NOT Cl AY L O A M
| DARK G R A Y I S H BR CW N
< 2 . ?Y
4/2) CXTEPICK
MO IST
I WfcAK
CCARSE
SUBAkGULAR PlOCKY
STRUCTURE
SLIGHTLY HARO
, LO OSE
, NONSTiCKY
, N Q N P L A S T IC
I C O M M C N FINE
ROJTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
J MANY
FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
PORES
,
■ANv
MINE
VtSICUlAR
PORES
I FEW TO C O M M O N
SOFT
FINE
SALT CRYSTALS
% MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT C H C D
CONTINUOUS
I CLEAR
WAVY
BOUNDARY
C
ICACS
62 92 C M .
C 24 - 36 I N . )
GRAYISH BROWN
C 2 . 5 Y 5/ 2) E X T E R I O R
| SA NDY Cl AV LO AN
I DARK GRAYISH BRCWN
C2 .5Y
4/2) EXTtRICR
MO IST
I WEAK
MEDIUM
SUB A N G U L A R B l O C K Y
STRUCTURE
VERY HARO
, VERY FRIABLE
, SLIGHTLY STICKY
, SLIGHTLY PLASTIC
<
CONMON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I MANY
FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
PORES
, MANY
FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
I COMPON
FINE I MEUIUM SALT CRYSTALS
I MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT C H C D
CONTINUOUS
I
CLEAR
SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
2CS
92 - 1 5 5 C M .
C 36 - 6 1 I N . )
GRAYISH BROWN
C2 .5V 5 / 2 ) E X T E R I O R
I CLAY
I V OK GRAY ISH BROWN <2.«V
EXTERIOR
MQiS T
I COMMON
FINE
PROMINENT
YELLOWISH BROWN U O Y R
5 / 1)
EXTERIOR
MOTTLES
I MODERATE
FINE
SU B A N G U L A R B L O C K V
STRUCTURE
I
VERY HARD
• VERY FRIABLE
# STICKY
, PLASTIC
I FEW ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I C O M M O N TC M A N Y
FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
I FEW
MIXED LITHOLOGY FRAGMENTS
> 2 CR
I F E W TC C O M M C N
SOFT
FINE
SALT CRYS TAL S
, F E W TO C O M M O N
SOFT
FINE
M A S S E S OF L I M E
I
MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT C H C D
CONTINUOUS
I NOT R E A C H E D B O U N D A R Y
12 C
Rf-PRKS I
NATIVE VEGETATION
3/2)
82
tsriL .SL-iitsi
ie n m t
SUkVtT Sl-VLi SO.:
LL1C A T I O eIt
S 3 * - T 3 5 N - R I 9t
ClASSlFICHUNt
S I TE N C . : 79 23
SL OPE:
Vlt
COUNTTt ILAINE
class:
annual:
annual:
PARrNT "/THTALt
11
BOROLLIC NATRARCID. FINE MONTHORILUWITIC
AIR ThwPt^ATUSE
S C I L T : "P R A T U R E
N A I H TA?L tt
PRlL I P I T A T U n :
PEkMEAZILITVt
PHVSICCPAPMV:
V t L 1- T a T I C N J
S,,M
depth
:
jJJ CM.
OfGRtts r
OEGRtt S t
cm .
ELEVATION! 0807 PETERS
:
SUPPER:
DE GREE S F
S U M M E R : 73 D E G R E E S F
PUMPS
CONTROL SE CTION LIMITS
DRAINAGE CLASS:
kino
M O N T H S A M P L E D : JULV
aspect:
NORTHWEST
WINTER:
DEGREES F
WINTER:
DEGREES F
KINO:
NC W A T E R TABLE
UPPERS
CM LOWER:
stoniness
G R A S S E S AND F U R R S A N D SHRU PS
HIGHLV WEATHERED
G L A C I A L T I LL
m i x e d L It h o l o g v a n d c a l c a r e o u s s h a l e
HOPIZCN
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
A 2
I 2 CM.
L CI IN.)
LI GHT G R A V
CSV7/2) EXTERIOR
I LOAM
EXTERIOR
MOIST
I MASSIVE
t SOFT
SLIGHTLV PLASTIC
i FEW FINE
ROOTS
FI.«E
I R R E G U L A R ANC T U BU LAR
PQRLS
$
FiJ NIXcU L ITHOLOGV FRAGMENTS
>2 C M
I
b ZlT
2 - 13 C M .
( I 5 IN.)
LIGHT P R O W N I S H G R A Y C 2 . 5 Y 6/2) E X T E R I O R
i ClAY
I OARK GRAYISH BROWN
(2.5V
4/2) E X T E R I O R
MOIST
J M O D E R A T E TO S T R O N G F I N E
subangular blockv
STRUCTURE
I HARO
. VE»V FRIABLE
, VERY STICKY
, VERY PLASTIC
I
COMMON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
{ MANY
FINE
IRREGULAR ANO TUBULAR
PORES
, KANT
FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
I COMMON
FA INT
DARK GRAY ISH BROWN
< 2 . SV
A/2) MOIST
C l A V SK INS O N PE D F A C E S
I
NJNCALCARfOUS
(HCL)
I .ABRUPT
SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
it
i> - 36 C M .
C b - IA I N . )
L I G H T 0 R U W N l SM G R A f ( 2 . 5 V 6 / 2 ) E X T E R I O R
t CLAV
I D A R K G R A Y I S H BROWN
1 2 . SV H f I) f X T . R I O R
"OIST
I CUMkON
FI NE
DISTINCT
BROWNISH YELLOW
(I J VR 6 / 6 ) F X T c R I C P.
MOTTLES
i MODERATE
FI NE
PRISMATIC
STRUCTURE
AN C
MOVXATt
FINE
SUBANGULAk BLOCKV
{ HARO
» FRIABLE
, STICKY
,
PLASTIC
i CUMPON
FJNE
ROCTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I COMMON FINE
I R R E G U L A R A N O TIiyULAP
PQRFS
, MANY
FI NE
VESICULAR
PORES
I FEW
FA INT
U A R X G R A Y I S H PR JWN
(2.5V
4/2) MOIST
Cl AV SKINS ON PEO F A C E S
I
COMMON SUFT
FIKF
GYPSUM CRYSTALS
I MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
; CLfAk
SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
I GRAYISH BROWN
(2.5V
5/2)
• VERY FRIABLE
, STICKY
,
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I C O M M O N TO M A N Y
MA NY
FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
I
N C N C A LC AR E O U S
(HCL)
CONTINUOUS .
36 - 55 C M .
( 1 4 2 2 I N.)
GRAYISH BROWN
(2.5V 5/2) t XTtRICR
I C L AY LOAM
I D A R K G R A Y I S H BR OWN
(2.5V
4/2) c X T ‘ RICR
MOIST
I FEW TO COMMON
FINE
DISTINCT
iT . Y E L L O W I S H P R C W N O O V R
6/4) EXTERIOR
MOTTLES
I WEAK
MEDIUM
S U 3 A ,G ULAR B L O C K V
STRUCTURE
I VERY HARO
, FIRM
, STICKY
, PLASTIC
FE W T O C O M M J N
FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I C C M M O N TO M A N Y
FINE
IRRFGULAP ANC TUBULAR
PORES
, MANY
FI NE
VESICULAR
POKES
I COMMON
FAINT
DARK G R A Y ISH BROWN (2.5V 4/2) MOIST
CLAt SKINS ON PEO FACE S
I
COMMON SOFT
FI NE
GTPSUM CRYSTALS
I POOERATElt EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I CLEAR
SMOOTH
POUNOARt
C
55 84 C M .
C 22 - 33 IN.)
GRAYISH BPJWN
(2 .5V
5/2) EXTERIOR
J CLAY LOAM
$ DARK GRAY ISH BROWN
(2 .5Y
4/2) EXTERIOR
MO IST
I FEW TO C O M M O N
FINE
DISTINCT
BROWNISH VELLUW U O t R
6/6) EXTERIOR
MEDIUM
MOTTLES
5 WE AK
S U3 A N G U l AR B L O C K V
STRUCTURE
i VERY HARO
, FRIABLE
, STICKY
, PLASTIC
FEw FI NE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I C O M M O N TO M A N Y F I N E
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
PO RES
I PMNT
FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
M O O E K A T t L V E F F E R V E S C E N T (H CL)
CONTINUOUS
i CLEAR
SMOOTH
B O U N C AR Y
C
04 - 1 1 5 C M .
( 2 5 4 5 I N .)
LIGHT BROW NIS H GRAY (2.5V 6/ 2) EXTERIOR
$ CLAY LOAM
I V OK G R A Y I S H BR C W N
( 2 . SV
3/2) EXTE RIO R
MO IST
I F E W TO C O M M O N
FINE
DISTINCT
BROWNISH YELlUW (IUYR 6/8) EXTERIOR
MOTTLES
i MODERATE
FINE
S t I h A NG U LA R B L O C K Y
STRUCTURE
I VERY HARJ
, VERY FIRN
, VE RY ST ICKY
,
VERY PLASTIC
I C O M M O N TO M A N Y F I N E
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
C O M M O N TO M A N Y FI NE
VOlO INTERSTITIAL
PORES
, MANY
FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
I COMMON
SOFT
FINE L MEDIUM GYPSUM CRYSTALS
I
M O O E K A T L L Y E F F E R V E S C E N T (H CL)
CONTINUOUS
I NOT REACHED BOUNDARY
remarks:
CM
: CLASS
U N P L H p t O , NATIVE V EG ETATION
I
83
IS O l L SCRIES*
SUF V i V S A M P L E NO .
LOCATION:
classification :
S I Tt N O . : 19 >4
slope:
ui»
IIP T E N P t T A T U R F
SCIL T C P f R A T U R E
W A T E R TA9LE:
precipitation:
permeability:
PPYSICGR A0H T :
VE Ot t a t i c n :
P A R E ni m a t e r i a l :
S34-T 35 N-R14E
BOROLLIC NATRARCIDt FINE, HONTMORILLOhITIC
C O U N T V* P L A I N E
CLASS*
ANNUAL*
DEGREES F
ANNUAL*
OEGRttS F
DE PTH I
C R.
53 u C P .
ELEVATION: 08U7 RETERS
KI ND*
SUPRER *
DEGREES F
S U M M E R * 68 D E G R E E S F
HOATH *
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS
DRAINAGE CLASS*
LE VfL OR U N D U L A T I N G U P L A N D S
G R A S S E S A N D F O R B S AN D SHRU BS
HIGHLY WEATHERED
GLACIAL TILL
MI A E U L I T H O L O G Y AN O C A L C A R E O U S SHALE
M O N T H S A M P L E D * JULY
ASPECT*
NORTHWEST
WINTERS
DEGREES F
WINTER*
DEGREES F
KINDS
NO W A T E R TABLE
UPPERS
CR
LO WERS
S TONINESS S CLASS
PRCFILE DESCRIPTION
J Al C M .
< O 4 IN.)
L I G H T B R O W N I S H G R A Y < 2 . SY 6 / 2 ) I X T E R I O R
| LOAP
I d a r k GRAYISH BROWN
1 2 . SY 4 / 2 ) E X T E R I O R
MOIST
I MODERATE
FINE
PLATT
STRUCTURE
I
LOOS t
, LOOSE
, SLIGHTLY STICKY
, SLIGHTLY PLASTIC
I PANT
FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HUPIZON
i MANY
FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
J
NTNCALCARtOUS
(HCl)
% ABRUPT
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
if
CU
11 - 27 C l .
C 4 - 11 I N . )
CARX GRAYISH BROWN
< 2 . SV 4 / 2 ) E X T E R I O R
I CLAY
I V QK G R A Y I S H BR OWN
< 2 . SY
3/2) E X T E R I C R
-O IST
I M O D E R A T E TO ST R O N G M E O I U N C O L U M N A R
STR U C T UPf
I VERY PARC
, VE Y F I R M
, VERY STICKY
, VERY PLASTIC
C O M B T N c INfc
ROOTS
BETWEEN PtDS
I MANY
FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
MANY
VfcRY P R O M I N E N T
V Cf G R A Y I S H B R O W N ( 2 . 5 V
3/2) MO IS T
CL AY SK INS
O N PfcO F A C E S
I NONCALCAREOUS
(MCL)
i ABRUPT
SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
i
t
“
2 ? T CA
27 - 4 2 C M .
( 1 1 17 I N .)
LIGH T B R O W N I S H GR AY (2 .5 V
6/ 2) E X T E R I O R
5 CLAT LOAM
| DARK GRAYISH BRCWN
( 2 . SY
4/2) E XTERICR
MO IST
I M O D E R A T E TO ST R O N G M E D I U M P R I S M A T I C
S T R U C TURfc
A N D PUDfcRATE T O S T R O N G
MEDIUM
SUPANGULAR BLOCKY
I VERY HARD
,
ViRY FIRM
» VERY STICKY
, VERY PLASTIC
; CORPCN FINE
ROOTS
BETWEEN PtOS
I MANY
FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
I MANY
PROMINENT
OARX GRAYISH UROWN
( 2 . SY
4/2) MOIST
C L A Y S K I N S ON P E O F A C E S
I
MO J i k ATELY EF FERVESCENT VH C l )
CONTINUOUS
i CLEAR
SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
B
3C 'CS
4 2 - S3 C M .
( 1 7 21 I N .)
GRAYISH CROAN
( 2 . SY
S/2) EXTERIOR
I CLAY LOAM
; V OK G R A Y I S H BR OW N
1 2 . ST
J/2) E X T E R I O R
MOIST
I MODERATE
-fcOIUM P R I S M A T I C
STRUCTURE
AN D
P-JOERATE
-EDIUH
SUBANGUlAR PLOCKY
| VERY HARD
, VERY FIRM
,
VERY STICKY
, VtRY PLASTIC
I COMMON FINE
RO OTS
BETWEEN PEOS
S
MANY
FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
* MANY
PROMINENT
V DK G R A Y I S H BROWN
L2.S Y
3 / 2 J MO IST
CLAY SKINS
CN PED FACES
i MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT (HCl)
CONTINUOUS
i CLEAR
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
Si - 79 C M .
( 2 1 il I N . )
G U V I Stl B R O W N
( 2 . SY
S/2) EXTERIOR
i ClAV ICAM
{ DARK GRAY ISH BROWN
( 2 . SV
4 / 2 ) E XTf cRI Ok
-OIST
; MODERATE
FJNE t MEDIUM
SUfiANCULAR BL OCKV
STRUCTURE
S PARC
• VERY FRIABLE
, VfcRY S T I C K Y
, VERY PLASTIC
5
COM-ON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
i -AM
FINE
VESICULAR
FORES
MANY
SOFT
FINE C
MECIUM CVPSUM C R Y S T U S
J MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
BOUNDARY
CONTINUOUS
i G R A D U A L WAVY
Z C 'CS
79 - IJS CM.
( 3 1 S3 IN.)
GR A YY SM B R O W N
( 2 . SY S / 2 ) E X T E R I O R
i C L AY LOAM
; DARK GR AYISH BROWN
( 2 . SY
4/ 2) E X T E R I O R
MO IST
; WEAK
FINE C MEDIUM SU BANGULAR BLOCKY
STRUCTURE
* VE RV H A R D
, VERY FRIABLE
VE RY ST ICKY
, VERY PLASTIC
F E W r INfc
KUOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
5 MANY
FI NE
VESICULAR
PORES
I
FEW TO CDMPDN
SOFT
FIN?
GYPSUM CRYSTALS
MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT (HCl)
CONTINUOUS
j N U l R E A C H E D B U U N C AR Y
.
U N P L J k E U fNATIVE VEGETATION
I
84
•I S C I l
S t R I c SX
Sl R V J V SAFP LE NO.!
LOCATION:
S34-T JS N- F19 E
CLiSSlFZClTMNI
BOROLLIC HA TR ARCID, PI HB1 M O M M O R I L L G M I T I C
S I T t N U . ! 79 25
SLOPLI
Vll
AIR TE PP fA A T U R C
SCIl TcPP E R A TUd E
W A T E T TAl L U
PRECIPITATION!
PERPEAuUTTV:
PHVSICOAPHV I
VEGETATION!
PA RENT " A T E XTA L!
COUNTVI BLAINE
CLASS!
ANNUAL!
DEGREES
ANNUAL!
DEGREES
DE PTH!
CP.
CiO CP.
GRASSES AND FQRBS AND SHRUBS
HIGHLY WEATHERED
GLACIAL TILL
MI X E D L J T H O L O G V AN D C A L C A R E O U S SHALE
HORIZON
A
IP
ELEVATION! 08C7 METERS
KIND:
SUMMER!
DEGREES F
SUMMER!
DEGREES F
MONTH!
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS
DRAINAGE CLASS!
M O N T H S A M P L E D ! JULV
ASPECT!
NORTHWEST
WINTER!
DEGREES F
WINTER!
DEGREES F
KIND!
NC W A T E R T A E L f
UPPER!
CM LOWE R!
STONINESS! CLASS
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
JI? C M .
C O A IN.)
BROWN
(IOVR
A/J) EXTcRICR
I CLAY LOAM
; DARK BROWN
ClOVR
3/3)
EXTERIOR
MO IST
J M O C E R AT I
FINE
PLATV
STRUCTURE
I SOFT
LOOS *
, STICKY
, PLASTIC
I C O M M O N TO M A N Y f I N E
RO OTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
{ COPMON FINE
IR REGtlAR AND T U E t L A R
PO RES
COMMON
FiNE
VESICULAR
PORES
I NONCALCAREOUS
(H Cl)
ABRUPT
SMOOTH
POUNUAP Y
iU - 1 9 C M . C A 7 I N .)
BROWN
(I)YR
A/3) EXTERIOR
J CLAY
I DARK GRAYISH BROWN
ClOYR
4/2)
EXTERIOR
MOIST
I MODERATE
FINE
SUBANGUlAR BLOCKY
STRUCTURE
I
VERY HARU
, VERY FRIABLE
, VERY STICKY
, VERY PLASTIC
I COMMON
FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I C O M M O N TO M A N Y F I N E
IRREGULAR ANO TUBULAk
PORES
, C O M M O N FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
I MANY
LIiTINCT
DARK GRAYISH BROWN
LlOYR
A / 2) HOIST
CLAY SKINS
T H R O U G H O U T THE SOIL
NONCALCARtOUS
(HCL)
I AB RUPT
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
.
13 - 36 C M .
( 7 - IA IN.)
SHOWN
UOYR
A/3) E XTERICR
I CLAY
i DARK GRAYISH BROWN
EXTERIOR
MOIST
J MdCtRATE
FINE
PRISMATIC
STRUCTURE
FINE
SUB A N G U L A R B L O C K V
; HaRO
, VERY FRIABLE
, VE RY
VERY PLASTIC
i COPMON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHCUT HORIZON
I
FINE
IRREGULAR /NO TUBULAR
FO RES
, C C M M O K TO M A N Y F I N E
PORES
e FEW FAINT
nap* GRAYISH PROWN
UOYR
4/2) MO IST
CL AY
T H R O U G H O U T T HE S C lL
I MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT (HCl)
CONTINUOUS
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
Cl OYR
4/2)
AND MO DE RAT E
STICKY
,
FE W T O COMM ON
VESICULAR
SK INS
J CL EAR
) CM.
( c I N .)
DARK
G R A Y I S H B R O W N ( 2 . SV
4/2) EXTERIOR
I CLAY LOAM
I V OK G R A Y I S H B R O W N
(2 .5V 3/2) E X T t R I C R
MOIST
I MODERATE
FINE G MEDIUM
S U B A N G U L AR B L O C K Y
STRUCTURE
: HARO
, FRIAPLE
. VERY STICKY
, VERY PLASTIC
I COMMON
F I NE
RCCTS THROUGHOUT HORIZCN
J C O M M O N TC M A N Y
FINE
I R R E G U L A R AN D T U B U L A R
PORES
, C O M M O N TO M A N Y F I N E
VESICULAR
PORES
I
C Q M M 1J I. S O F T
VERY FINE
M A S S E S OF L I P E
I M O D E R A T E L Y E F F E R V E S C E N T (HCL)
COVTlNUOUS
I CLEAR
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
CM.
C C IN .J
DARK
GRAYISH BROWN (2.5V
4/2) EXTE®ICR
i CLAY LOAM
I V DK G R A Y I S H B R C W N
( ? . 5 V ) / ?) E X T E R I O R
MOIST
I MODERATE
MEClUM
SUBANGULAR BLOCKV
STRUCTURE
i HARO
, VERY FRIABLE
, SLIGHTLY STICKY
,
SLIGHTLY PLASTIC
; CUMPCN FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I COPMON
MNE
I R R E G U L A R ANL T U B U L A R
PORES
. C C M M O N TO M A N Y F I N E
VESICULAR
PORES
i COMkCN
MIXED L ITHCLCGV FRAGMENTS
>2 CM
5 COMMON
SCFT
FINE
GYPSUM CRYSTALS
. COMMON
SOFT
FINE
M A S S E S OF L I Mf
;
M(Jl)F R A T E L Y E F F C R V t S C F N T ( H C L )
CONTINUOUS
i CLEAR
SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
ZCftCi
RCw ARKj !
) CM.
C O I N .)
V OK
GRAYISH QROwN (2.5V
3/2) EXTERIOR
I CLAY LOAM
AN D SA NDY LO AM
g
V UK GRAYISH HROWN
( 2 . SV 3 / 2) E X T E R I O R
MOIST
J COMMON FINE
PROMINENT
YELLOWISH IROWN LifYR
5/6) E X T E R I O R
POTTLES
i COMPCN FINE
DISTINCT
YELLOWISH BROWN U J V R
5/0) EXTERIOR
MOTTLES
J MODERATE
MEDIUM
ANGULAR BLOCKY
STRUCTURE
I VERY HARO
, VERY FRIABLE
, STICKY
,
PLASTIC
i FEW FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
5 FEW TO COPPQN
FINE
IR RE GUL AR AN D T U B U L A R
PORES
, C O M M O N TO MA NY FI NE
VESICULAR
PORES
I
C O M M O N TO MANY
SOFT
FINE
GYPSUM CRYSTALS
, COMMON SOFT
FINE
M I S S E S OF LI ME
j M O D E R A T E L Y E F F E R V E S C E N T (H CL)
CONTINUCUS
I NCT R E AC HED
BOUNDARY
PLOWED. NATIVE V EG ETATION
85
TEALETTfc
ISOlL S c M t S I
SL'RVCY S A * » L E NO,
LOCATION*
CLASSlfICATI I M
SITfc N O . I Tl ? 6
SlOPlI
11
A I R TfcMPfcQAlViE
S O I L T f P t QATUTfc
WA T E R TA 'i; I
PRECIPITATilN:
PEkPfcAeiLITT I
PPYSIGOPAPHT:
vegetation:
PARENT "ATERTfl:
S79PT
BOROLLIC RATRARGiD, FINE, MONTHORILLORITIC
COUNTY* 3LAINE
class:
ANNUAL!
DEGREES
ANNUAL!
OEGRPfcS
LfcPTH I
CP.
I 3j C P .
ELEVATION!
B
0 8 0 7 MfcTfcBS
KIkOl
P
p
SUMMER!
DEGREES P
S U M M E R ! Tl D E G R E E S F
month:
COkTROL SECTION LIMITS —
DRAINAGE CLASS!
M O N T H S A M P L E D ! J U LY
ASPECT!
NORTHWEST
WINTER!
DECREES P
WINTER:
DEGREES F
KIND:
NC WA TE R TABLE
UPPER:
cm
lower:
G R A S S c S A N D F U R B S A N D SrtRUBS
HIGHLY
WEATHERED
GL A C I A L TILL
MI XE D L I T H O L O G Y AK O C A L C A R E O U S SHAL E
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
IP
O 11 C M .
C O Y I N .)
En OWN
CnVR
4/3) EXTERIOR
I CLAY LOAM
i DARK BROWN U O Y R
3/3)
EXTERIOR
MOIST
I MODERATE
M E D I U M S U B A N G U L AR B L O C R Y
STRUCTURE
WEAK
FINE
PLATV
| VERY HARO
, FIRM
, VERY STICKY
,
Vfc*Y P L A S T I C
I C O M M O N FI NE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I PINY
IkREDULAR ANO TUBULAR
PORES
, C O M M O N FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
I
NONCALCARtOUS
(HCL)
I AB RUPT
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
Zll
IJ - 1 9 C M .
< 4 7 IN.)
BROWN
( I •YR 4 / 3 ) E X T E k l C R
I CLAY
I DARK GRAYISH BROWN
UOVR
4 / 2)
EXTERIOR
MO IST
I M O D E R A T E TC ST R O N G F I N E L M E D I U M SUB A N G U L A R BLOCKV
STRUCTURE
I VtRY HARD
, FRIABLE
, VERY STICKY
, VEKV PLASTIC
I
C J M M „iN F I N E
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I C G P P O N TO M A N Y
FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
PORES
, C O M M O N TC
MANY PINE
VESICULAR
PORES
MANY
DISTINCT
DARK GRAYISH BROWN
Ll CYR
4/2) NOIST
C L A Y SKINS
I H R O U G M O U T TH E S O I L
I NONCALCAREOUS
(M CL)
I ABRUPT SMOOTH BOUNDARY
P
ZJ T CA
C
1C'
CP
STONINESS I CLASS
HORIZON
A
26
SAY- T3SN-R19E
I
IV JS C b . ( 7 - 14 I N .)
GROWN
ClOYk
4/3) EXTERIOR
I CLAY
i DARK GRAYISH BROWN U O V R
4/2)
EXTERIOR
MO IST
I MODERATE
MEDIUM
S l iB A NG U LAR B l O C K V
STRUCTURE
I
V=RY HARO
, FIRM
, VERY STICK!
, VERY PLASTIC
I C O M M O N FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I C O M M O N T O MAI.Y F I N E
IRREGULAR ANC TUBULAR
PORES
, C O M M O N TO MA NY FI NE
VESICULAR
PORES
I C O M M O N DISTINCT
MOIST
CLAY SKINS
T H R O U G H O U T THE SOIL
I NGNCALCAREOtS
(HCL)
I CLEIR
S M O O T H b OU N P A RY
.
35 - 6 8 C M .
C 1 4 - 27 I N . )
UARK GRAYISH BROWN
UOYR
4/2) EXTERIOR
U j VQ
1 / 2 ) L XT E R I C R
MOIST
I MODERATE
HARP
, FPIABLE
, VERY STICKY
• VERY
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
S C Q P M O N TC M A NY
FINE
C O M M O N TO R A N Y
FI NE
VESICULAR
PORES
GYPSU*, C R Y S T A L S
I NONCALCARfcCUS
(HCL)
I CLAY
I V OK G R A Y I S H BROWN
MEDIUM ANGULAR BLOCKY STRUCTURE
PLASTIC
I F E W FINE
ROCTS
I R R E G U L A R AN D T U B U L A R
PORES
•
i FE W TO C O M M O N
SOFT
VEPV FINE
I AB RUPT
SPOCTH
BOUNDARY
I
C
ZC'CS
68 - 1 0 9 C R .
C 27 - 4 j I N . )
C A t K G R A Y I S H R R J W N ( 2 . SY 4 / 2 ) E X T E R I O R
i C L AY LO AM
I V OK G R A Y I S H B R C W N
(2.5V
J / Z ) EX Tf cR IC R
MOIST
I FE W TO C O M M O N
DISTINCT
Y E L L C W I S H BROWN
UJYR
5 / 8 ) EX Tf cR lC R
MOTTLES
T MODERATE
VtRY FINE I FI NE
ANGULAR BLOCKV
STRUCTURE
I SLIGHTLY HARD
, VERY FRIABLE
, STICKY
, PLASTIC
I FEW
FINE
RLCTS
THROUGHOUT HQRIZCN
I C O M M O N TO M I N T F I N E
IR P tG U L AR A N O T U B U L i R
PORES
, C O M M O N TO MANY F I NE
VESICULAR
PORES
I
COMMON MIXED LITMCLUGY FRAGMENTS
>2 C M
I COMMON TC MANY SOFT
FINE
GYPSUM CRYSTALS
{ NGNCALCAREOUS
CHCD
I CLEAR
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
•
C
3CACS
IO V - 1 4 0 C M .
( 4 2 55 IN.)
V OK GRAYISH BROWN
(2.5V 3/2) EXTERIOR
J CLAY LOAM
J V OK G R A Y I S H B R O W N
1 2 . SY
3/2) E X T E R I O R
MO IST
I FEW FINE
DISTINCT
YELLOWISH BROWN ClOVR
5/6)
EXTERIOR
MOTTLES
I MODERATE
FINE I MEDIUM
ANGULAR BLOCKY
STRUCTURE
I
SLIGHTLY HAPO
. F P I A BL E , S T I C K Y
, PLASTIC
J FEW FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I CO M M O N TO MANY
FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
PO RES
,
C O M M O N TO MiNY
FI NE
VESICULAR
PORES
I C C M P O N TO MA NY
SO FT
VE RT FINE
GYPSUM CRYSTALS
I NONCALCARfcCUS
(HCL)
I NOT REACHED BOUNDARY
.
RtNARKS:
PLOWED. NATIVE VEG ET AT IO N
86
PHILLIPS
SClL SC BIESJ
SLRVtT S R -PLP NO* t
S79RT
LOCATION:
S14-TJ5N-H19E
CUSSIFICeriUN!
BOtOLLIC PALEARC1D, FINE, HCUTMORILiXJN ITI C
S I T E N O . I 7) H
SLCPi:
on
AIR T E M P E R A T U R E
S m
TEMPERATURE
W A T E R TAfcLEI
PRECIPITATION!
PERMLAJJILITf I
PEYSIOORAPHft
VEGtTATICtI
P A R E N T •«A T t R I A L I
COUNTY! M A I N E
CLASS!
ANNUAL!
DEGREES
ANNUAL:
DEGREES
depth:
C M.
0 30 C M.
F
F
IP
ELEVATION! 0807 METERS
R IA OI
SUMMER:
DEGREES F
SUMMER:
DEGREES F
NCNTHI
COATROL SECTION LIMITS
DRAINAGE CLASS!
M O N T H S A M P L E D ! JULY
ASPECT!
NORTHWEST
WINTER!
DEGREES F
WINTER!
DEGREES F
KINDI
NC W A T E R TA BL E
UPPER!
CM LOWER!
G R A S S E S AtO F O R K S ANO SHRU BS
HIGHLY
WEATHERED
G L A C I A L TILL
MIXED LITHOLOGY
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
: Il C M . ( O A IN.)
BROWN
Il-JVR S / 3 ) E A T E R I O R
I SA N D Y L O A M j V OR G R A Y I S H
BROWNO O Y R
3/2)
EXTERIOR
MOIST
J WEAK
FINE
GRANULAR
STRUCTURE
AND WEAK
FI NE
PLATT
$ SLIGHTLY HARD
, LO OSE
, NONSTICKY
, NQNP L AST IC
I MANY
FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
| C O M M O N TO M A N Y F I N E
IR RE GUL AR AN D T U B U L A R
PORES
, C O M M O N TO M A NY FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
I
N Q N C a LCARE O U S
(HCL)
{ ABRUPT
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
H 21T
11 27 C M . C 4
11 I N . )
BROWN
U O Y R 4/3) EATtRICR
I SANDY CLAYLOAM
, DARK BROWN U O Y R
3/3)
EXTERIOR
POIST
* STRONG U N t
PRISMATIC
STRUCTURE
I VERY HARD
,
V E RY FIRM
, VERY STICKY
, VERY PLASTIC
J COMMON FINE
ROOTS
BETWEEN PEOS
I C O M M O N TO MA NY FINE
I R R E G U L A R ANO T U B U L A R
PCRES
,
C O M M O N TO M A N Y
FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
I MANY
PROMINENT
Ci RK BR OW N
UJYR
3/3) MOIST
C L A Y SK I N S . ON ME D F A C E S
i FEW MIXED LITHOLCGY FRAGMENTS
>2 C M
I NUNCALCAREOUS
(HCL)
I ABRUMT
SMCCTH
BOUNDARY
b
27 - 53 C M .
C 11 - 2 1 I N . )
CLAY LOAI MODERATE
MEDIUM PRISMATIC
STRUCTURE
t HARD
, FIRM
VERY ST ICKY
, VERY PLASTIC
I COMMON FINE
ROOTS
BETWEEN PEOS
I
MANY
UNE
I R R E G U L A R ANC T U BU LAR
PORES
, C O M M C N TO M A N Y F I N E
VESICULAR
PORtS
! CO-MON PROMINENT
V OK G R A Y I S H BR O W N
(1 0VR
3/2) MOIST
C L AY SKIN S ON PEO F A C E S
J MA NY
SOFT
FINE t PEOlUM
M I SS ES OF LI ME
i
MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I CLEAR
WAVY
BOUNDARY
b
22C1
BH
53 - 74 C M .
( U - 29 IN.)
C R A Y I SM d R O U t
UtiYR
5/2) EXTERIOR
I CLAV LOAM
UOfR
3/2) E X T c R i C R
MOIST
; MODERATE
MEDIUM
ST RUCTURE
J VERY HARD
, FRIABLE
, STICKY
,
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I COMMON TO MANY
FINE
PORES
, MANY
FINE
VESICULAR
MORES
I FEW
MO IST
CLAY SKINS
ON PtD FA C E S
I COMMON
SOFT
MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
! CLEAR
IC ACS
74 - 1 1 5 C M .
( 2S - 45 It.)
DARK G R A Y I S H B R O W N
(2.5V
4/2) EXTERIOR
I SANDY CLAY LOAN
I
V OK GRAY ISH HROWN
(2.5V
3/2) E X T E R I O R
MOIST
I STRONG MEOlLM
ANGULAR BLOCKV
STRUCTURE
I HARO
» VERY FRIABLE
, VERY STICKY
,
VERY PLASTIC
! F E W F I NE
ROClS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I C O M M C N TO MANY
FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUdULAR
PORES
, C O M M O N TO M A N Y F I N E
VESICULAR
PORES
I C O M M O N TD MANY
SOFT
VERY FINE
GYPSUM CRYSTALS
, COMMON
SOFT
FINE
-ASSES OF LIME
I VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT
(HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I CLEAR
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
C
ZCtCS
H S - 150 CM . ( 45 - 59 IN.)
V OK G R A Y I S H B R O W N
(2.5V
3/2) EX TE R I O R
J SANDY LCAM
I V DK G R A Y I S H B R C W N
(2 .5Y
3/2) E X T k R J C R
MOIST
I COMMON MEDIUM
PROMINENT
YELLOWISH BROWN
UOYR
5/0) E X T C R I C R
eO l S T
POTTLES
I MODERATE
FI NE I P E DI UP
ANGULAR BLOCKV
STRUCTURE
I HARD
, LOOSE
, STICKY
, PLASTIC
I
COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
PORES
, COMPCN FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
i COMMON
SOFT
FINE
GYPSUN CRYSTALS
, FEW SOFT
VERY FINE
OXIDES
i -OOERATtLV EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
CONTINUCUS
I NOT R E A C H E D B O U N D A R Y
PLOWED
NATIVE VEG ET AT IO N
,
J V OK G R A Y I S H B R O W N
SUB A N G U L A R BL C C K V
MLASTIC
I COMMON FINE
I R R E G U L A R AND TUBU LAR
FAINT
DA RK B R O W N U O Y R
3/3)
FINE
M A S S E S OF L I M E
I
SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
C
REMARKS:
CF
STOtINESSI CLASS
HORTZOt
A
27
SOIL Sc Ufc s*
S U R V L T S A M P L E NO
IOCAIIUNt
C L A S S 1» I C A H O N t
S I Tt N O * S 7 1 1 4
SL OPE:
u
A I R T f c M P iR A TU nf
SClL T L T e RA TU Rf
N AT L U T A C H t
PR EC IPIT ATI ON i
Pt R * C
IL IT Tt
PhTSIOUVAPHT :
V t Gt T A T l L M
PA R t N T OTcRIrftt
IHOfNT
28
S3*-iJ5N-R19E
BOROLLIC MATRARCi d ,
PINE, MONTMORILLONITI c
C O U N T Tl B l A I NC
CL ASSt
ANNUAL*
OfCRBES
ANNUAL!
OtGRtES
IlF-PTHt
CM.
C T O CM .
F
F
G R A S S E S AND F Q R b S AND SH RUBS
HIGHLT WEATHERED
G L A C I A L TILL
Ml X F O L I T H O L O G T ANC C A L C A R E O U S SH AL E
HCRIfTN
«
IP
L L eVA T I O N t 0 8 07 M E T E R S
KI ND*
SUMMER*
DEGREES F
S U M M E R * 61 D E G R E E S F
MONTH*
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS
DRAINAGE CLASS:
M O N T H S A M P L E D : JULY
ASPECT*
NORTHWEST
WINTER:
DEGREES F
WINTER*
DEGREES F
KINO*
NO W A T E R TABLE
UPPER*
CM LOWERS
STONINESS * CLASS
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
•’ 13 Cl.
C S S I N .)
BROWN
CICTR
5/J) E XTERICP
i SANOT LOAM
; DARK BROWN
ClOTR
3/3)
LXTtkJOR
MO IST
J WEAK
FINE
GRANULAR
STRUCTURE
AND WE AK
FI NE
PL ATT
i LOOSE
, LOOSE
, NONSTICKT
, NONPLASTIC
I FEW TO C O M M O N
BINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HCR U C N
I PANT
FINE
I R R E G U L A R ANC T U BU LAR
PJRES
, MANT
FINE
VESICULAR
POREt
$ NONCAICAREOUS
(MCL)
I
*» ®UPT
SNOOTH
BOUNDARY
L-
U l
H - 33 C M .
< S1 3 I N .)
BROWN
CIOYR
4/A) EX Tt R I C R
J CLAT LOAM
i DARK BRQWN
Cl OYR
3/3)
iXTtRIOR
MUIST
J STRONG
MlCjUM
COLUMNAR
STRUCTURE
I V F R T HA RO
,
V eR T F l R , VERY STICKY
, VERY PLASTIC
i COMMON FINE
FOOTS
THROUGH UT HORIZON
I C O M M O N TO M A N Y
FjNE
I R R E G U L A R AND T U B U L A R
PORES
•
C O M M J N TM M A N Y
FINE
VESICULAR
PORtS
i MANY
VERY PROMINENT
DARK BRCWN
<1'Y.
j / j ) MOIST
CLAY SKINS
T H R O U G H O U T TH E S O j l
J NONCAICAREOUS
(HCL)
I
' O R U P T SMGUTit B O U N D A R Y
B
2 : 1 CA
33 - o l C M .
C 12 - 24 I N .)
.-jR J W N
UOTR
4 / j ) E XTERICR
: CLAY LOAM
; DARK BRCWN
(10YR
3/3)
c XTB RI' JR
MiJIST
J STRONG
MEClUM
PRISMATIC
STRUCTURE
i VERY HARO
,
FIR"
1
VfRf STICKY
, VERY PLASTIC
t COMMON FINE
RO OTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
{ MANY
FINE C MEDIUM
I R R E G U L A R ANO T U B U L A R
PORES
,
C O M M O N TQ M A N Y
FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
I COMMON DISTINCT
DA RK BR OWN
UOYR
3/3) MJIST
CLAY SKJNS
CN P E O F A C E S
; MANY
SOFT
MEDIUM
M A S S E S OF L I M l
i VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT
IHCU
CONTINUOUS
J CLEAR
SMOOTH
I1JtINO AR Y
a
sc *
61 - 92 C M .
4 24 36 I N .)
GRAYISH BROWN
C2.5Y
S/2) E X T E R I O R
I C L A Y LOAM
J DARK GRAYISH BROWN
(2.5V
4/ 2) E X T E R I O R
MO IST
I MODERATE
MEDIUM PRISMATIC
STRUCTURE
t
V E R Y MA RO
. FRIABLE
, STICKY
, PLASTIC
I F E W TO C O M M O N
FINE
ROOTS
; COMMON
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
FINE
I R R E G U L A R AKO T U B U L A R
PO RES
• MANY
FIMF
VESICULAR
SOFT
PORcS
S COMMON
M A S S E S OF L I R E
c INE
I
V U L rNTLt EFFERVESCENT
(HCL)
SMOOTH
B O U N C AR Y
CONTINUOUS
: CLEAR
•
L
icics
92 - 1 2 5 C M .
( 36 - 4 9 I N . )
V DK G R A Y I S H B R O W N
(2 .5V J/2) E X T E R I O R
* LOAM
I V OK G R A Y I S H BR OW N
a n g u l a r HLOCKY
"EfIUM
MOIST
I MODERATE
STRUCTURE
(2 .5 V
3/2) LXTtRICR
SLIGHTLY HARD
, VE RY F R IA BLE
, VERY STICKY
, VERY PLASTIC
I
TL* TO COMMON
FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I MANY
FINE
IRREGULAR ANO TUBULAR
PORES
, C O M M O N TO MA NY FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
S
FEW MI X E D L I T H O L O G Y F R A G M E N T S
>2 C M
; C O M M O N S O FT
FINE
GYPSUM CRYSTALS
COMMON SOFT
I IN E
M A S S E S Of L l M f
% M O D E R A T E L Y E F F E R V E S C E N T (H Cl)
CONTINUOUS
J GKiDUAL SMOOTH BOUNDARY
1 25 - 1 6 0 C M .
( 4 5 63 I N.)
G R A V I SM B R O W N
(2.5V
5/ 2) E X T t R I C R
I (L AY LOAM
% V OK G R A Y I S H BR OWN
ANGULAR BlOCKY
U'.5 V
3 / 2 ) fcXTE R I CR
MOIST
5 MOCERATt
FINE C ME D I U M
, VERY STICKY
, VERY PLASTIC
I COMMON
STRUCTURE
$ SOFT
, LOUSE
I C O M M O N TO M A N Y F I N E
FINE
RUCTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I R R E GUL AR AN D TU B U L A R
PQRtS
■ C O M M O N TO MA NY FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
I
>2 M M
I COMMON
S O FT
VE RY FINE
HMY
MIXED LIThCLOGY FRAGMENTS
i M OOi R A TE L Y E F F E R V E S C E N T ( M C L )
CONTINUOUS
I NCT R E AC HED
GYPSUM CRYSTALS
PUJNOARY
N 1- -A0KSt
PLJW=O
NATIVE VEG ET AT IO N
88
SCIL
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SURfcf S f P L F
LOCA TIO N !
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CLASSIFrC^TIQM
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A I R T E RPC R A T U R E
SCIL T t R P ^ R A T U R C
WATtt TA cLcS
precipitation:
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P t - T S I O G R f Hf I
V C O t TATJ'iNS
P SR t NT < AT L RT«»LS
S79MT
S J*-T J5N-R I 9E
BORnLLICNATRARCID, FINE, HU iTMORILLOUITIC
CTJNTfS
CLASS:
ANNUALS
ANNUAL!
DEPTHS
; 31 CR.
PLAIN:
OCGR CCS
OEGR CFS
Cl.
CLCVATinRt C 807 RETCRS
RIRDS
SUPRERZ
D E GR E E S F
SUPRERt 64 D E GRE ES F
WORTHS
CORTROL SECT IO N LIRITS
DRAINAGE CLASS:
F
F
IP
STORIRESSS
GRASSES ANU *-0R9S ANO SHRUdS
NlGHLf
W EA TH ER ED
GLACIAL TILL
R U E O LI THl LO Cf
HURIZON
A
PRCFILE
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C
9 GRAfl SH RROWN
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PLATf
J
PUT
FINE
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n )n c a l c a r :c u s
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RO NT H SARPLFOt
ASPECTS
RORTHWEST
WINTERS
DEGRE ES F
WINTERS
D E GRE ES F
RI NO S
AC WATER TAELE
UPPERS
CP
LOWERS
description
4 IN.)
5/2) EXTERIOR
;
CLAf
j OARR C R AfISM EROWN
C2.5T
4/2)
WcAR
PEOIUR
S U b A N G U U R BLOCRf
STRUCTURE
ANO WEAR
VERf HARO
,
FIRR
, VERf STICRf
, VERf PLASTIC
I
THROUGH Ol T HORI/ CN
I
CC PPOR TC RANT
FINE
POBCS
, C O RP O N TO PAN f
FINE
VE SI CUL AR
PORES
S
C O M INUOUS
S
ABRUPT
SROCTH
B O UN D AR Y
D H CP.
C
4 T IN.)
GBAflSH HRIWfI
U.Sf
5/2) EXTERIOR
J ClAf LOAP
I OLIVE GR AY
C5Y4/2)
CXTEUUR
HOIST
I
STRUNG
PECIUP
C O L U P N AR
STRUCTURE
J VERY HARD
MRP
,
VERY STICKY
VERY PLASTIC
S
PANf
FINE
ROOTS
PETWE CN PEOS
I
CO PRON TO PART
FINE
IRREGULAR ANC TUBULAR
PORES
,
CON "UN TU RA NT
FINE
VESICULAR
P OR ES
S
HANt
PROMINENT
OLIVE GRAY
C5T4/2) HUIST
CLAf SKINS
ON Pf O FACES
S NChC AL CAR EO US
CHCD
SMOOTH
COUN OAR f
i?T
b
Cl
1D
1« 45 CR.
C
7 lb IN.)
GRAYISH JROWN
1 2 . Sf
5/2) EX TERIOR
i
CLAf LOAN
; OLIVE GRAY
CSY4/2)
EX TERIOR
RUlST
;
STRONG
RECIUR
PRISMATIC
STRUCTURE
S PARO
,
FIkP
, VERY SI ICRf
I
VERY PLASTIC
I CO PPON
FINE
ROOTS
rfETWctN PEOS
i
CU RHON
FjNE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
PO RE S
,
COH**GN TU MANY
FINE
VE SICULAR
PORES
S C GP POK
DIST IN CT
CLIVE GRAY
LSfA/*) HOIST
CLAY SKINS
ON PEO FACES
S C O PP O N
SIlTSTOhE
FRAGMENTS
>2 PM
J M O U E R A U L t EFFER VES CEN T (HCL)
CO NT IN U CU S
S CLEAR
SMOOTH
I )U N )AR Y
43 67 CR.
C l t 26 IN.)
CLAY UlAH
I MO DERATE
PECIUP
PR IS MAT IC
STR IC TUR E
S
STICKY
• PLAS TIC
; CO MMON
FINE
ROOTS
B E TWE EN PEOS
IRREGULAR AND TUBU LAR
PORES
, C O MMO N
FINE
VESICULAR
VI OLENTLY EFFtfRVeSCtNT
LHCD
CO NT IN U O U S
, CLEAR
SMOOTH
HARO
• FIRM
S CG MRON
FINE
PORES
I
BO UNCARf
.
C
!DCS
67 - 195 CM.
C 26 41 IN.)
LLAf
S MODERATE
mECIUM
ANGULAR HLOCKt
ST RU CTURE
J HARO
, FR IA B L 1
STICKY
. PDSTIC
i
FEW FINE
ROOTS
THROUG HO UT HORIZON
} C OM MON TO MANY
t INC
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
PQRtS
, C O MM O N
FINE
VES IC ULA R
PORES
I
COMMON
SCFT
VERY FINE
CfPSLP CR YSTALS
S
V I OL EN TL Y EF FE RVESCENT
(HCL)
CONTIN UOU S
S C LE AR
SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
C
tests
:J5 - 1 30 CR. L 41 - 51 I N . )
LIGHT B RO WNI SH GRAY ( 2. Sf
6/2) EXTERIOR
I
CLAf LOAM
I GRAYI SH BROWN
(2.5'
5 / 2 ) EXTe RIC R
MOIST
} MO DERATE
FINE t
MEDIUM
ANGULAR BLCCKf
jTkUCTURt
{
HARD
,
FRIABLE
,
STICKY
. PLAST IC
t
COMMO N TO PANt
EU F
IRREGULAR ANO TUBUL Ak
PORES
,
C OM MON
FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
CJHPO N
M IXE D L IT HC lO Gf FR AGMEN TS
>2 PR
I C CP PON
SOFT
VERY FINE
C fPS UM CRYS TAL S
%
MO DER AT E LY EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
CO NT INU OU S
S NCT REACHED
:OUN JAHY
KlV-SYKi:
CF
CLASS
PL H E 0. CRF STCP WHE AT GR AS S
S
89
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SURVlY <(" PL:
LOCATION:
PhIllIFS
NO.I
CLASSIFICATION!
S M M
BORO LLIC PALEARG ID. FINE. MG NTMORILLONIT1C
S I T E A O . ! 79 3?
SLOPE!
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Il R T l - P i w a i U R l
SCIl T E w P - R A T U R 1
WATtR TAtlcl
COUNTY!
CLASS:
AN.UAL:
ANNUAL:
OiPTHl
FRECiPITAT IJNI
FtRhEAcJILITY!
PHYSIOGRAPHY I
VtGETATTON:
c.»: cm.
PAR[.,T MTcTItU
BlAILE
OlGRttS
OfcGRtcS
CP.
F
F
IP
ELEVATION! 0807 PETERS
KIAOl
SUPMEtt
DEGR EE S F
SUMMER! 55 OfGR Ef S F
POKTHt
CUATROL SECT IO N U M T S
DRAINAGE CL AS S :
MO NT H SAMPLED: JULY
ASPEC T!
NORTHWEST
WINTE R!
DEGREES F
WINTE R!
DEGREES F
KI ND !
AQ WATER TABLE
U PP ERS
CM
LOWER:
CM
S T Oh IN ES S I CLASS
H A S S E S AAO FURRS
H IGH LY
WEA THE Rt O
PIXfn LI THO LO GY
ANO SHRURS
S L AC IAL TILL
I i L R W 1A
A
30
Si*-! J M - RISE
PRCFILE
-j -
i'j CR.
C
CG AA Vlb M HRQWN
(V.5Y
(Z.5Y
4/j) EXTtRICk
P JUERATE
VERY FINE
SLI GHT LY PLASTIC
J
C OMM ON TO PANY
UNE
VESICULAR
PORES
I
D ES CRI PT ION
A IN.)
S/2) EXT ER IOR
!
SANDY LCAP
{ DAR K GRAYI SH BRCWh
•OIST
I M O DE RA TE
FjAE
G R AA U L A R
STRUCTURE
ANC
PLITY
I
SOFT
, VERY FRIABLE
,
SLIGHTLY STICKY
MAAY
FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT H O RI Z O N
I
IRREGULAR Ihp TUBUL AR
PORES
, MANY
FINE
NO NC AL C I R EC U S
(HCL)
i ABRUPT
SM OOTH
BOUNDARY
IJ 16 CM.
I
4 6 IN.)
LIGHT O RO WhI SH GRAY ( 2. SY
6/2) EX TERIOR
S SANCV CLAY LOA M
|
.JARX G RA YI S H BRlWN
(2.5V
4/2) E X TE RI OR
PCIST
; MODE RA TE
PEOIUP
PRI S-A Tj C
STAUCTUkF
AND MO DERATE
FjNE
PLATY
I L O OS E
,
LGCSE
STICKY
,
"LASTIC
I
PAAV
FIAE
RO OT S
ThRCUGHCLT HORI ZO N
J
O M M U N JO P a HV
FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBUL AR
PORES
, C O M M O N TC M A NY
FINE
VL SICULAR
PORES
I COMMON
PjXEO L j TH O L O CY FRAGMENTS
>2 PM
J
N G N C A L C ARCOUS
(HCL)
{ ABRUPT
SM OOTH
DCUNOARY
b
217
B
227
16 28 CM.
(
6 11 IN.)
UARK GRAY ISH FROWN
(Z.5V
4/2) EXTE RI OR
J CLAY LOAN
;
V OK G R A Y I S H BROWN
L ’.SY
3/2) CX TtRICR
MOIST
J S T RON G
FINE L
MEDIUM
P R IS MA TI C
ST RUCTURE
VERY HARD
, FRIABLE
, VERY STICKY
» VER Y PLASTIC
J
MANY
FINE
ROOTS
RETW FkN PfcCS
J CO MPCN TO MANY
FINE
IRREGULAR ANO T U BUL AR
PORES
COMWIIN TO MANY
FJhE
VESICULAR
P O RE S
J MANY
VERY PR OPINEhT
V OK G RA YIS H BROWN
C.bV
j/2) MOIST
CLAY SKINS
THROUGHOUT THE SCIL
I C OM MON
MIXED L IT HO L OG Y F RA GM EN TS
>2 MP
;
NUNC A LC AR EOUS
(HCL)
; C L EA R
SMOCTH
bOUNUARY
Cl
Zo 53 CP.
( Il 21 IN.)
C 0 AfISH MROWN
(2.5V
5/2) EXTERIOR
i CLAY LCAM
j DARK G R AY I S H BROWN
(2.5V
4/2) EXT ERI CP
J
STRCAG
FINfc I
ME DIUM
PRISMATIC
ST RU CT U R E
I
HAR D
, FRIABLE
VERY STICKY
,
VERY STICKY
J C OM MON TO PAAY
FIhfc
ROOTS
B ET WE EN PEOS
i
COMMON TO MANY
UhE
IRREGULAR AND T U BUL AR
PORES
C OMM JN TO MANY
FINE
VfcSjCULAP
PORES
i
C OM MON
DISTINCT
DARK G RA YIS H O ROW N
C 2.5V
4/2 ) MOIST
CLAY SKINS
ON PED FA CE S
I
C OM MO N TO MANY
SOfc I
FINE L
PlCIUM
P AS SES OF LIME
; V I OL E N T LY EF FE RV E SC E N T
(HCL)
C ON TI N UO US
J
CLEAR
SMOOTH
BO UNDARY
b
3C a
>3 72 CM.
( 2 1 2 B IN.)
LIGHT B RO WN I SH GRAY (2.5V
6/2) EXTERIOR
I
SAhCY CLAY LOAM
J
G R A Y I S H BROWN
C2.5Y
5/2) EXTfcRICR
MUIST
I MO DERATE
MfcOjUM
PRI SM ATI C
STR UC TUR E
I
HARO
,
FPIABLt
,
VfcRY STICKY
,
VfcRY PLASTIC
i COMMON
FINE
RO OT S
THRUUUh OUT H U R I/UN
i
CO MMON
FINE
IRREGULAR AhO TUBULAR
POKES
,
C i w -ON TO MA NY
FIAfc
VfcSlCULAR
PORES
;
FfcW MIXED L I TH O L O GY F R AG ME NT S
>2 PM
i
FEW TO COMM-JA
SOFT
FINE
MA SSES CF LIPE
I
VIO LEN TL Y EF FER VE S CE NT (HCL)
C O NT I N U OU S
S
CLEAR
SMOOTH
BQUNCARV
.
C
IOCS
72 - I 23 CM.
( 29 48 IN.)
GRAYibIl JKOWN
(2.5V
5/2) EXTERIOR
% CLAY LOAM
; OLIVE G R AY
(5V4/2)
EXTE RIO R
MOIST
; FEW FINE
D I ST I N C T
OLIVE YELLOW
(2.5V
6/8)
EXTERIOR
MOIST
MQTTLfcS
5
MODERATE
MEDIUM
S L BIAGULAR BL OCKY
ST RUCTURE
SOFT
, VERY FRIABLE
,
VfcRY ST ICKY
, VERY PLASTIC
I FEW FINE
ROUTS
T HRO UG HOU T HORIZON
; C OM MON
FINE
IRREGULAR AND T U BUL AR
PORES
,
C OM MJ N 73 "ANY
FINE
VESICULAR
P O RE S
I
FfcW MIXED L I TH OL OG Y F R AG ME NT S
I
90
SOIL
StRItSt
SURVtf S A R dLE NO.t
LOCATION!
CL A SS IFI CAT ION S
SITE N O . S 79 11
SLOPES
C U
AIP TENPfRATURE
SOIL TENPfRATURF
HATER TABLES
precipitation:
PERPta j i l i t t :
PHYSIOGRA PHY !
VEGETATION S
PARENT MATERIAL:
TEALE TIE
S79PT
S34-T35N -A1 9E
BOftOLLIC H A T l A i n i P ; PD TI
COUN TY: BLAINE
CLASS!
ANNUAL!
D EG RE ES F
annual:
D EG RE E S f
depth:
CM.
13) C .
IP
B
ZlT
e
ZZT CA
O 8" 7 Nt TERS
SUMMER!
DEGREES F
SUMMER! 64 DEGREES F
MONTH!
CONTROL SECTION LI MITS
DRAINAGE CLASS!
■ONTH SAMPLED! JULY
ASPECT!
ACRThHtST
WINTER!
DEGREES F
WINTER:
DEGREES F
v INO!
Hf WATER T A ’ IE
UPPER!
CM
LOWER!
STONINESSt
CLASS
GRASS ES AND FURtiS AND SHRUBS
HIGHLY
W EA TH ER ED
GLACIAL TILL
MIKEH LITHOLOGY
HORIZON
A
ELEVATION!
KlNCt
PROFILE D E SC R I P TI O N
10 CM.
C
O 4 IN.)
G RA YiS H B R OWN
( Z . SY
S/Z) EX TFRIC*
I
CLAY LOAw
J OARK GRAY IS H D»CWN
CZ.5Y
4/2) EXTERIOR
MOIST
J MODERATE
ME DIUM
S UB ASS UL AR BlCCKV
STRUCTURE
AMD WEAK
VERY FINE
PLATY
J
HAR O
, VERY FR IAPlE
,
STICKY
, dLASTIC
t
C OMM ON
FINE
ROOTS
THROUG HO UT HCRIZ OA
I
COMMO N TO "ANY
FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUPULAR
PORES
,
CO-MON TO MANY
FINE
VE SICULAR
PORES
I
FEW MIXED LI TH OLO GY F R AG ME NT S
>2 C; NCNCAlCA RE OUS
(HCL)
S
ABRUPT
SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
O
10 - 2 4 C M . I * - 9 I N . )
JRAY TSH B R O W N
( Z. SV 5 / 2 ) E X T E R I O R
J
t ATE R I OP.
MOIST
I -OOtRATE
FINE
FINE
SUBANGULAR BLOCKY
| VERY HARD
VERY P L A S T I C
i FINE
ROOTS
BETWEEN
IRREGULAR AND T U B U L A R
MORES
, COMMON
PROMINENT
DARK GR AY ISH BROWN (Z.5V 4/2)
NODE Ft TFLV E F F E R V E S C E N T (H C L )
CONTINUOUS
CLAY
J CARK G R A Y I S H GROWN
(2.5V
4/2)
PRIS-ATIC
STRUCTURE
A k C M Q O e PAT''
, =RlABlE
, VERY STICKY
,
PEOS
I COMMON TO MANY F I N e
FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
S MANY
-OIST
CLAY SKINS
T H R O U G H O U T THE S C l L
i
S CLEAR
SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
.
24 - 4 3 C M .
I
9 - 17 I N . )
OLIVE GRAY ( 5 Y 5 / 2 ) E X TE RIO R
| CLAY
; OARK GR AY ISH BROW N (2.5V
4/2)
EXTERIOR
MOIST
S FEW FINE
FAINT
YE LL OWI SH BROWN (I)YR
5/E) EXTERIOR
MOTTLES
I MODERATE
MEDIUM
PRISMATIC
STRUCTURE
J VERY HARD
, FR IAPLE
VERY STICKY
, VERY PLASTIC
I FEH FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
MORES
,
C O M M C k TC M A N Y = I N E
VESICULAR
dURES
i COMMON
DISTINCT
DARK GRAYISH BROWN
(2.5V 4 / 2) MOIST
CLAY SKINS
UN d EQ FA C E S
I MIXED LITHOLOGY FRAGMENTS
>2 MM
J
F E H TO C O M M O N
SOFT
FINE
M A S S E S OF LIME
;
V I O L E N T L Y E F F E R V E S C E N T (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
i CLEAR
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
,
43 - 62 CM.
( 1 7 24 IN.)
GRAYISH UROWM
( 2 . 5 Y 5/2) E X T E R I O R
j CtAV
; CARk (LAVISH GROWN
(2.5V
4/<)
EXTS Rl OR
MOIST
J MODERATE
MEDIUM PRISMATIC
STRUCTURE
I
EXTREMELY HARO
, VfRY FIRM
, VERY STICKY
, V£RT PlAiTIC
J COMMON
FINE
ROOTS
BETWEEN PtOS
I C O M M O N TP MANY
F I Nt
I R R E G U L A R A N O TUBULAR
PORES
« C O M M O N TO MANY FINE
VcSICULAC
PORES
; FE 4 D I S T I N C T
OARK G R AY ISH BROWN
(2.5V
4/2) MQIST
CLAY SKINS CN PED FA CE S
I F[«
MIKED LITH OLO GY FRAGMENTS
>2 -M
; COM-T,
SOFT
M M
MASS=* O= II*E
,
F E W S IFT
VfJY FIhE
OXIDES
I V I O L E N T L Y = F F F » Vf SC C k T ( h C L )
CCkTINUCVS
I
CLEA®
WAVY
BOUkOAPY
.
62 95 CM.
( 2 4 37 IN.)
LIGHT BRO WNI SH GRAY ( 2 . SY
6/2) EX TERIOR
;
C2.5V
3/2) EX TERIOR
MOIST
I
-DD=PATE
HARO
•
VERY FRIAfti
,
SLIGHTLY STICKY
p INc
R OOT S
THROUG HOU T HORIZ ON
i
COM-O N
I
CO
COMMON
MMON TO "ANY
FINE
VE SI CULAR
d OR c S
(HCL)
C JNT IN UOU S
CLEAR
SMOOTH
° OUNOARY
ZCACS
LI. AM
i V OK GRAYI SH BROWN
“f C tVM
ANGUl AV BLOCKY
STRUCTURE
t
SLIGHTLY P L AS TI C
I F=W
FJV
IRd EGULAR AND TUFUlAR
PCRrS
J VI OL ENTLY EF=ERVESCEkT
95 - 125 CM.
( 3 7 49 IN.)
LIGHT BRJWNT Sh GRAY ( 2. SY
6/2) EXTERIOR
i
SiNUY CLAY LOAM
;
OA?K GRAY ISH -N JWN
1 2. 5Y
4/2) EXTERIOR
-JIST
, MODERATE
MECIU ANGUlAV PLOCK Y
STRUCTURE
I
HARD
, =RIABLl
,
St ICKY
, PLAS TI C
I
Ffw
FINE
ROOTS
T h R O U M O U T h .IRIZON
I COMMON
FIki
IRREGULAR ANtf TUBULAR
MORES
I
CO MMON TU MANY
FINE
VES IC ULA R
POKES
I
MANY
SOFT
FINE
G Y dSUN C RY STA LS
, FLW SOFT
FINE
MiSSES OF I IME
i MODERA TE LY EFFEt-VE SCEN t
(HCL)
CO NTI N UO US
i NOT R E AC H E D POUNOiRY
PLOWED. C R E S T c P WHE iT uR AS S
91
sou
series:
ELlOAM
SURVEY SAMPLE MO.:
LOCATION:
SJ4-T3SN -K1 9E
CLA SS I FI CA T IO N:
BOeOLLIC I A T M C I D ; F I M
S79MT
SITE NO.I T9 32
SLOPE:
OlY
AIR TE MPERATURE
SOIL TE MPERATURE
MATER TABLFI
precipitation:
permeability:
physiography:
vegetation:
PARENT MATERIAL:
ELEVATION: 0807 METfPS
KINCt
summer:
degrees f
SUMMER* 63 DEG Rc FS F
MONTH:
CONTR OL SECTION LIMITS
drainage class:
county
: BLAINE
CLASS:
annual:
annual:
depth:
030
degrees
f
DEGRE ES
CM.
F
CM.
IP
B
2 1T
MO NT H SAMPLED! JULY
ASPECT:
AORTPWEST
WINTER!
DEGREES F
WINT ER :
OEGRfFS F
KINDI
NC WATER TABLE
upper:
C" l o w e r :
c*
STONINESS: CLASS
HIGHLY
WtA THE Rt O
CA LCA k lU US SHAIF
GLACIAL TILL
AND C A L C A R E O U S
HORIZ ON
A
32
SANctSTONE
PROFILE
DESCRI PT ION
J 10 CM.
C
O A IN.)
LIGHT BROW NIS H GRA T (f.SY
6/2) EXTERIOR
% LOA N
I OARK G»AVlSH BRCWN
C2.9Y
4/2) EXTE RIO R
MOIST
S
MODERATE
"t UIUM
SU BA AG U L A n BLCCKY
STRJCTUK*
; LOOSE
, VE RY FRIABLE
, SLIGHTLY STICK Y
,
SLIGHTLY *L AST IC
t
MANY
FINE
ROOTS
THROUGH OU T H O RI Z O N
; C O 1I T M
-•IN=
!!TEGULAR ANC TUBULAR
PORES
, C DP POM TC MANY
HNE
VESICULAR
PuRS
: M UN CAL CA RI OU S
(HCL)
S ABRUPT
SMCCTH
BCUN OA RY
.
U - 2 * CM.
( 4 9 IN.J
G R A T T S *• I1K JWM
(2 . SY 5 / 2 ) E X I t R I O M
J C L A Y I',**
i D A R K G R A Y I S H B e CNN
( 2 . >Y 4 / 2 ) ' XTE R I O R
MOIST
I WEAK
t INC
PRISMATIC
STRUCTURE
ANO
MOOc R A I C
ME DIUM
i U P A N G U l AR B L C C K Y
i Vt SY H A R C
. FRUPLF
, VE?Y STICKY
VERY P L A S T I C
S COMMON FINE
ROOTS
Be T w E E N e F P S
J C O M M O N FINt
I R P - G U L A P A M ) T U P U L AR
PORES
i C O M M O N TO "ANY FINE
V=SICULAR
PORES
I
MANY
PRO*INENT
D A R K G R A Y I S H P ‘ O W N U .GV 4 / 2 ) e OT ST
CLAY SKINS
TH RO U G H O U T THE S O K
I NONCALCAPEOUS
(HCL)
, ABRUPT
SMOOTH BCUNDAe Y
,
B
22T CA
B
SC A
A3 62 C«.
( 1 7 2A IN.)
LIGHT BRO WNI SH GRAY ( 2 . SV
S/2) EXTERIOR
I
CLAY LCAI
GRAYI SH BROWN
(2.SV
5/2) EXT ERI OR
"PIST
;
WltK
FINf
PRlS-AUC
STPUCURr
AND
MODS RATF
MEDIU M
SUPANGUlAn BLOCKY
J VlRT HARO
, FRIABtc
, STICKY
,
PLASTIC
J C OMM ON
FINE
ROOTS
- r TWfEN PfOS
i COMMON TO -ANY
FfNf
IRREGULAR ANO TUBUL AR
PORlS
.
C O MM O N TO -ANY
c INE
Vc SICUlte
PCerS
I
COMMO N
MI XED L IT HU LO G Y F R AG M E N T S
>2 MM
$ COMMON
SOFT
FINE
MASSES HF LIME
,
CO MMON
SOFT
VCRY FI n E
rXlOlS
I
V I DL EN TL Y EFc E R V F S C E M
ChCL )
ClMT JNUOUS
t
C U AR
S-OClH
BO UNDARY
C
ICACS
62 - 1 1 2 CM. C Z A 44 I N . )
L I G H T C 1UWNl S M G R A Y C 2 . S Y
6/2) c XItRIOR
I CLfT LOA% G R A Y I SE B R O W K
C2.SV S/2) EXTERIOR
MUIST
i COMMON FINt
FAJMl
CLIVE YFLlGw
( 2 . Si 6 / 0
UXTSRtOR
MOTTLES
t
MODERATE
FINE I MFCIUM
A N G U U R BLOCKV
STRUCTURE
i
VERY H A R P
, FRIABLF
, VERY STICKY
, VERY PLASTIC
I -EW TC C O M M C K
FINE
ROOTS THROUGHOUT HORIZON
i C O m h O N TO M A k Y
FJk£
T k R E G U l A P AMJ T U B U L A R
PORES
. C O M M O N TO MANY FINE
"f S I C U l A P
PORtS
i
:OMNON
S ‘»C I
VERY FINE
GYPSUM CRYSTALS
« CUP-CN
SOFT
c INc I MEDIUM
MASS ES UF LIMF
; V I O L c NT LY C F F F R V E S C l N l
CHCD
CONTINUOUS
I CLEAR
SMOOTH
B O U N D IRY
C
2CAC3
11 2 - I J S C M .
C A A - S 3 IN. )
L I G H T B R '.'WNISH G R A Y ( 3 . SY
6/2) .XT ERICR
I CLAY LGAM
i G R A Y I S H PRlWk
,/2) c XTc RI OR
MOIST
: C O M M O N TL MANY I!NE t M E D I U M P R t M T N E M
tRDANlSM V E L L O V CI UV R 6/6) t XllRIOR
MOTTlL S i POOERATl
FINE I -IDlUM
I N G U L AR - L O C K V
STRUCTURE
i
HARO
, FR I A eL t
,
ST J C K Y
, PLASTIC i
ccW
FlNf
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I CL MM ON FINE
Tc Pc GULAR AND TUPUlAP
PLRfS
. CU MN-JN TC -A*: v
r INE
VESICULAR
eOR:<
t
C3M-0K
MIXc O LITHOLCGY
FRAGMENTS
>2 MM
, CO N p n s MIXED LITHOLOGY FRAGPUkTS
>2 C M
; CUPPON
,JFT
FlNt L
M E D I U M M A S S E S OF LIMf
, F l W TC C O M M O k
SOFT
V E R f FJkF
'JX T J F S
I M O D = R A T E l Y UF F E R V E S C c NT U l C D
CONTINUOUS
i N O T RE A C H E C B O U N D A R Y
23 A3 C .
I
9 - .1? IN.)
LIGHT PRCWNl SM G PA Y (2. SY
6/2) EX TERIOR
i CL A Y LOAP
5
CR ATI SE PKQWN
( 2. ST
5/2) = XTERIOR
NUI ST
i
MOOERATc
MEDIUM
SU PA PG U LA R BLCCKY
STRUCTURE
J
(ARC
, FRlABLf
, VERY STICKY
, VERY P L AS T I C
I COPMCN
FINE
ROJTS
AETWE tN PEO S
I COM-O N IJ PAHY
FINE
IR REGULAR BND TUBULAR
PORES
,
C OMM ON TO MANY
FINE
VESICULAR
POkES
I
CO MMON
DISTINCT
G RA YIS H B ROW N
( 2 . SY
5/2 ) MOIST
CLA Y SKINS
ON PEO FA CE S
I C C PM O N
SOFT
r INE
MASSE S OF LIME
I MODERAT EL Y EFFE RV ESC EN T (HCL)
CO NT INU OU S
I
CLEAR
SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
C2.it
REMARK S:
P L U W E O . CRt ST EO MHF AT Gk AS S
92
SOIL SE RI ESt
S U R V E Y S A M L E NO.
LOCATION!
CLASSIFICATION!
T E A L E TTE
SOflMT
SM-S3J-T16N-RI9E
B O R O L L IC N A T R A R G I O S I
S I T E N O . ! 80 45
SLOPE!
Oil
AIP TE MP ERA TU RE
SOIL T E M P E R A T U R E
WATER TABLE!
PRECIPITATION!
permeability*
PHYSIOGRAPHY!
MICRORELIEF!
VEGETATION!
PARENT MATERIAL!
COUNTY! BLAINE
CLASS!
NEARLY LEVEL
ANNUAL!
DEGREES F
ANNUAL I
DEGREES F
DEPTH*
CM .
CM.
PARENT MATERIAL!
PARTLY
WEATHERED
C A L C A R E O U S SHALE
B
2
21T
ELEVATION!
807 KETERS
KINO!
PLANE
SUMMER!
DEGREES F
S U M M E R * 18 D E G R E E S c
MONTH!
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS
DRAINAGE CLASS*
L E V E L OR U N D U L A T I N G U P L A N D S
ON SLOPE
G R A S S E S AND FORBS ANO SHRUBS
PARTLY
WEATHERED
GLACIAL TILL
IGNEOUS, META MOR PH IC AND SEDIMENTARY
M O N T H SA MP L E D * JUNE
ASPECT*
SOUTH
WINTER*
DEGREES F
WINTER:
DEGREES F
KIND*
NO WA TE R TABLE
UPPER!
CM LOWER!
profile
description
O 4 CM.
C O 2 IN.)
PALE BROWN
UOVR
6/3) C R US HED
I CLAY LOAM
I LIGHT GRAY
<2.5v 7/2) CRUSHED
DRY
I WEAK
FINE
PLATl
MOIST
STRUCTURE
PA RT ING TO
STRONG VERY FINE
GRANULAR
MOIST
I SOFT
, VERY FRIABLE
• SLIGHTLY STICKY ,
SLIGHTLY PLASTIC
I CO M M O N TO MANY FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
C O M M O N TO MANY FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
I NONCALCAREOUS
(Md)
CONTINUOUS
NEUT RAL PM- 6.9 (P M METER)
| ABRUPT
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
4 - 2 4 CM.
( 2 - 9 IN.)
OK. Y E L L O W I S H B R O W N Uf l Y R
4/4) C R U S H E D
I CLAY LOAM
| DARK G R A Y I S H BROWN
(2 .5 V 4/2) C R U S H E D DRY
* MODERATE
MEDIUM PRISMATIC
MOIST
STRUCTURE
P A R T I N G TO M O D E R A T E TO S T R O N G M E D I U M
AN G U L A R B I UCKY
MOIST
I HARD
,
FIRM
, VERY STICKY
, VERY PLASTIC
I C O MM ON TO MANY
FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
J COMMON FINE
VOID INTERSTITIAL
PORES
, COMMON
FINE
TUBULAR PORES
I NONCALCAREOUS
(MCL)
CONTINUOUS
I N E U T R A L P M - 7.1
(PH METER)
I ABRUPT
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
B KA
24 - 4 9 CM.
( 9 - 19 IN.)
Y E L L O W I S H B R O W N ( IflVR 5 / 4 ) C R U S H E D I C L A Y
I DARK G R A Y I S H BR O W N (2 . 5 Y 4/2)
CRUSHED DRY
I MODERATE
MEDIUM ANGULAR BLOCK!
MOIST
STRUCTURE
P A R T I N G TO
MODERATE
FINE
ANGULAR BLOCK!
MOIST
I SLIGHTLY HARD
, FRIABLE »
STICKY
, PLASTIC
I MANY
FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I COMMON
FINE
VOID INTERSTITIAL
PORES
, COMMON FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
I
MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT (HCl)
CONTINUOUS
I M O DE RAT EL Y ALKA LIN E P M - 8.4
(PM METER)
I CLEAR
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
C
ICA
4 9 - 76 C M .
( 1 9 30 I N . )
BROWN
( IflYR 5 / 3 ) C R U S H E D
I CLAY
| DARK GRAYISH BROWN
(2.5V
4/2) CRUSHED
DRY I VERY WEAK
MEDIUM SUBANGULAR BLOCKV
MOIST
STRUCTURE
P A R T I N G TO
MASSIVE
I HARD
, VERY FRIABLE
, STICKY
, PLASTIC
I FEW FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
| COMMON FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
I
MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT ( M d )
CONTINUOUS
I M O D E R A T E L Y AL K A L I N E P M - 8.3
(PH METER)
I CLEAR
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
C
2CA
76 - 104 C M .
( 3 0 41 I N . )
Y E L L O W I S H B R O W N (IflVR 5 / 6 ) C R U S H E D
I CLAY
| LIGHT B R O W N I S H G R AY (2 . 5 V 6/2)
CRUSHED DRY
I MA SS IVE MOIST
I HARO
. VERY FRIABLE
, STICKY
,
PLASTIC
I FEW FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
; COMMON FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
I MI LD LY EFFE RVE SC ENT (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I STRONGLY ALKALINE
P M - 8.6
(PM ME TE R)
I NOT REAC HED BOUNDARY
REMARKS!
C"
STONINESS* CLASS
MARINE
HORIZON
A
45
FINE
N A T I V E U N P L OW E D 1 9 8 0
Columnar caps were evident near the surface beneath a very shallow Ag horizon.
Small pieces of
coal and Iron nodules and stains were observed In the C horizons. The C2 horizon was a mixture
of glacial till and the underlying shale.
I
93
SO IL SERIES!
ELLOAM
SURVEY SAMPLE NO.I
LOCATION!
SM-SJ3-T36N-R19E
CLASSIFICATION!
BOROLLIC NATRARtIOSl
S I T E N O . ! 60 46
SLOPE I
Oil
AIR TE MP ERA TU RE
SOIL T E M P E R A T U R E
A E R TABLE!
PRECIPITATION!
PERNE ABILITY!
PHYSIOGRAPHY!
MICRORELIEF!
VEGETATION!
PARENT MATERIAL!
N A R E N T NA T C R I A L I
SSOMT
46
FINE
COUNTY! BLAINE
CLASS!
NEARLY LEVEL
ANNUAL!
DEGREES F
ANNUAL!
DEGREES F
DEPTH!
CM.
CM.
ELEVATION!
807 NCTKRS
KINOI
PLANE
SUNNEKI
OESAEES F
S U N N E A I 1» D E G R E E S C
NONTHI
CONTROL SECTION U N I T S
DRAINAGE CLASSI
L E V E L OR U N D U L A T I N G U P L A N D S
O N SLOPE
GR AS SES AND FORBS AN O SHRUBS
PARTLY
WEATHERED
GLACIAL TILL
IGNEOUS, MET AM OR PHI C AND SEDIMENTARY
NARTLT WEATHERED
CALC ARE OU S SHALE
M O N T H SA NN L E O I JUNE
asnecti
east
WINTER!
WINTERI
KlNOl
NO
UNNERI
DEGREES F
DEGREES F
WATER TAOLE
CR LOWERl
NARINE
HORIZON
NROFILE OESCRINTION
A
I
R
2
T Il C M . ( 3 4 IN.)
LIGHT OROWNISH GRAT (IOTA A/2) CRUSHED
I
I DARK GRATISH GROWN
C l O T R */»)
CRUSHED ORT
I WEAK
• FINE
NlATT
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I SOFT
,
VERT N R I A O L E
, SLIGHTLT STICKT
, SLIGHTLT NLASTIC
I C O M M O N TO MANT
FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I CO M M O N TO NANT FINE
VESICULAR
FORES
COMMON TO MANT FINE
TUOUlAR FORES
I NONCAL CAREOUS
(HCL)
CONTINUOUS
RSRUNT
SMOOTH OOUNOART
S
ZT
Il - 2 7 C M .
C 4 - Il I N . )
OK. T E L L O W I S H G R O W N C l S T R 4 / 4 ) C R U S H E D
I ClAT
I GRATISH GROWN
C2.JT S/2)
CRUSHED ORT
I MODERATE
MEDIUR NRISMATIC
MOIST
STRUCTURE
F A R T I N G TO
MODERATE
MEDIUM
ANGULAR OLOCKT
MOIST
I HARO
. FIRM
, STICKT
,
NLASTIC
I MANT
FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I COMMON
FINE
VESICULAR
FORES
, C O M M O N TO N A N T FINE
VOIO IN TE RST IT IAL
FORES
I
NONCALCAREOUS
(HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I STRONGLT ALKALINE
NH- O S C N H M E TE R)
I
CLEAR
SMOOTH OOUNOART
O
3CA
2T - 32 C M .
C 11 - 1 3 I N . )
GROWN
ClOTR
4/3) CRUSHED
I CLAT
I GR AT ISH GROWN
( 2 . S T S / 2 ) C R U S H E D ORT
STRONG
MEDIUM AN G U L A R OlOCKT MOIST
STRUCTURE
P A R T I N G TO
STRONG FINE
ANGULAR OLOCKT MOIST
I HARO
, VERT FRIAOLE
. STICKT
, PLASTIC
I
EW F I *
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I F E W TO C O M M O N
FINE
VESICULAR
FORES
, C O M M O N TO MANT F I NE
T U O U l AR F O R E S
I N I LO LT E F F E R V E S C E N T (HCl)
CONTINUOUS
I STRONGLT ALKALINE
NH- 0.4 INH METER)
I CLEAR
SMOOTH
OOUMOART
C
IlC
ICA
2CA
REMARKS!
CN
STONINESS: CLASS
HLiSMBFii:
32 - A S C M .
C l ) 24 IN.)
T E l L O W I S H G R O W N (!!!IR S / 4 ) C R U S H E D
I ClAT
I GRATISH
CRUSHED ORT
I MASSIVE MOIST
I HARO
, FIRM
,
FEW F I W
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I C O M M O N TO MANV
FORES
I N O O E R A TE LT E F F E R V E S C E N T ( H C L )
CONTINUOUS
I
(NH METER)
I CLEAR
SMOOTH OOUNDARV
GROWN
( 2 . ST 5/2)
STICRT
, ELASTIC
I
FINE
VESICULAR
M O O E R R T E L T A L K A L I N E N H - 0.4
A S - 11 2 C M .
( 2 4 44 IN.)
OLIVE
(ST4/3) CRUSHED
I ClAT
I DARK GRATISH GROWN
( 2 . SE 4 / 2 ) C R U S H E D O R T
MASSIVE MOIST
I VERT HARO
. VERT FIRM
, STICKT
, NLASTIC
I FEW
FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I COMMON FINE
VESICULAR
FORES
I
MILOLT EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I STRONGLT ALKALINE
FM- 0.5 (FM METER)
NOT R E A C H E D O O U N O A R T
N A TI VE U N N L O W E O ISOO
Very strong profile deve lopeent with very abrupt boundary between the
I
and Bgt horizon.
Threadlike nodules of CaCOj and CaSO^ were observed In the P . M . , as well Iron staining,
especially In voids associated w l th small CF.
The 11 Cg horizon Is a mixture of glacial till
and shale material.
I
I
SOIL S t RI ESl
S U R V E Y S A M P L E NO.
LOCATION!
CLASSIFICATIONS
S I T E N O . I 80 AT
SLOPES
Oil
AIR TE M P E R A T U R E
SOIL TE M P E R A T U R E
WATER TABLES
PRECIPITATIONS
PERMEABILITY!
PHYSIOGRAPHY!
MICRORELIEFS
VEGETATIONS
PARENT MATERIALS
PARENT MATERIALS
PHILLIPS
SBOMT
SW-SEC33-T3AN-R19E
BOROLLIC HAPLARGIOSl
FINE
COUNTY! BLAINE
CLASS!
NEARLY LEVEL
ANNUALS
DEGREES F
ANNUALS
DEGREES F
DEPTHS
CM.
CM.
L E V E L OR U N D U L A T I N G U P L A N D S
ON SLOPE
GR A S S E S AND FORBS A N D SHRUBS
PARTLY
WEATHERED
GLACIAL I
I G N E O U S , M E T A M O R P H I C A N D SEOl M E N T A R Y
PARTLY
WEATHERED
CALCARE OU S SHALE
I
B
ZiT
B
ZZCA
B
3CA
C
I
R EM ARKS!
M O N T H SAMP LED ! JUNE
ASPECTS
EAST
WINTERS
O E G R r ES F
WINTERS
DEGREES F
KINDS
WATER TABLE
UPPERS
CM LOWERS
STONINESSS CLASS
MARINE
HORIZON
A
ELEVATIONS
807 METERS
KINDS
PLANE
SUMMERS
DEGREES F
S U M M E R S I* d e g r e e s c
MONTHS
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS
DR AINAGE CLASS!
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
O 11 CM .
( O ♦ IN.)
YELLOWISH BROWN ClOVR S/4) CRUSHED
I CLAY LOAN
S GRAYISH BROWN
C l O Y R 5/2)
C R U S H E D DRY
I WEAK
COARSE
PLATV
MOIST
STRUCTURE
P A R T I N G TO STRONG
FINE
GRANULAR
MOIST
J SOFT
, VERY FRIABLE
, SLIGHTLY STICKY ,
SLIGHTLY PLASTIC
I MANY
FINE L MEDIUM ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
|
COMMON TO MANY FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
, C O M M O N TO MANY FINE
TUBULAR
PORES
I NONCALCAREOUS
(HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I NEUTRAL PM- T.O C P H METER)
I
ABRUPT
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
Il Zl CM . C 4 8 IN.)
OK. YE LL OWI SH BR O W N ClOYR
4/4) C R U S H E D
I CLAY LOAM
ClOVR 4/2) CRUSHED ORY
I WEAK
MEDIUM PRISMATIC
PA RT ING TO STRONG
MEDIUM AN GU LAR BL OC KV MOIST
J
STICKY
, PLASTIC
I MANY
FINE L MEDIUM ROOTS
CO MM ON TO MANY FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
, COMMON
NONC ALCA RE OUS
(HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I N E U T R A L P H - 7. G
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
I DARK G R A Y I S H PROwN
MOIST
STRUCTURE
SLIGHTLY HARD
, FRIABLE
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
|
FINE
TUBULAR PORES
I
(PH METER)
I ABRUPT
Zl 45 CM. ( 8 - IB IN.)
BROWN
ClOYR 4/3) CRUSHED
I CLAY
| DARKG R AY ISH BROWN (2.SV
4/Z)CRUSHED
ORY I STRONG M E DI UM A N GU LAR BLOCKV MOIS T
STRUCTURE
I SLIGHTLY HARD
.
FRIABLE
,
STICKY
, PLASTIC
I FEW FINE
TO COARSE ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
CO MM ON TO MANY FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
I M O DE RAT EL Y E F F E R V E S C E N T (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I M O D E R A T E L Y AL KALINE PM- 7.9
(PH METER)
I ABRUPT
SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
45 - 5 3 C M .
( 1 8 Zl I N . )
OLIVEGR A Y (5V4/Z) CR USHED
J CLAY
S G R A Y I S H BROWN
(Z.SV5/2) CRUSHED
STRONG
MEDIUM ANGULAR BLOCKV
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I HARO
, FRIABLE
,
STICKY
,
PLASTIC
I FEW FINE TO COARSEROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
|
C O M M O N TO MANY FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
I VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT
(HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I MO DE R A T E L Y ALKALINE PM- 8.1
(PM METER)
I CLEAR
SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
DRY
53 - 9 7 C M .
( Zl - 38 I N . )
DARK OLIVE G R A Y ( 5 V 3 / Z ) C R U S H E D
I CLAY
I DARK GR AYISH B R O W N (Z.5Y
4/2)
CRUSHED DRY
I WEAK
MEDIUM
SUBANGULAR BLOCKY
MOIST
STRUCTURE
P A R T I N G TO
MASSIVE MOIST
I VERY HARD
• FRIABLE
, STICKY
, PLASTIC
I F E W FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
| C O M M O N TO MANY F I NE
VESICULAR
PORES
I
VIOLENTLY EF FE RVE SC ENT (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I M O D E R A T E L Y A L K A L I N E P H - 8.2
(PH METER)
I NOT RE AC HED BOUNDARY
NATIVE UN PL OWE O 1980
Best structural development and arglllans were observed between 21 and 45 cm In the B22tca.
It was difficult to discern the contact between the glacial till material and the underlying
shale, but it appeared that the Cl horizon, and possibly the B3ca horizon, contained some shale.
Remanents of columns were observed on the B2It horizon.
Salt nodules and iron mottles
were evident in the Cjca horizon.
Soft coal fragments were observed in the B3ca and Clea horizons.
95
SOIL SCRICSt
THOENY
SURVEY SRNRLI NO. S
LOCATION:
$V-SCC33-T36W-R1»E
CLASSIFICATIONS
BOROLLIC NATRARGIOSS
SBOMT
S I T E N O . I SO 48
SLOPES
Oil
AIR TE MP ERA TU RE
SOIL T E M P E R A T U R E
WATER TABLES
PRECIPITATIONS
PtRNEABILITVS
PHYSIOGRAPHY S
NICRORCLIEFt
VEGETATIONS
PARENT MATERIALS
CO UN TY! BLAINE
CLASS:
NEARLY LEVEL
ANNUALS
DEGREES F
ANNUALS
DEGREES F
DEPTHS
CM.
CM.
PARENT MATERIALS
PARTLY WEATHERED
C A L C A R E O U S SHALE
A
B
B
C
I
2
21T
3CAT
KA
REMARKS!
ELEVATIONS
807 METERS
KINDS
PLANE
SUMMERS
DEGREES F
S U M M E R S 19 D E G R E E S C
MONTHS
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS
DRAINAGE CLASS:
L E V E L OR U N D U L A T I N G U P L A N D S
O N SLOPE
G R A S S E S AND FORBS AND SHRUBS
PARTLY
WEATHERED
GLACIAL TILL
IGNEOUS, MET AM ORPHIC ANO SE DI MEN TA RY
MONT H SAMPLED! JUNE
ASPECTS
EAST
WINTERS
DEGREES F
WINTERS
DEGREES F
KINDS
NO WATE R TABLE
UPPERS
CM LOWERS
C"
STONINESSS CLASS
MARINE
HORIZON
A
48
FINE
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
O 6 CM. < O 2 IN.)
DARK B R O W N ClOYR
3/3) C R U S H E D
| CLAY
| DARK G R AY ISH BR O W N U O Y R
4/2)
C R U S H E D ORY I MO DERATE
MEDIUM PLATV
MOIST
STRUCTURE PA RT ING TO STRONG
FINE
GRANULAR
MOIST
I SOFT
, VERY FRIABLE
, SLIGHTLY STICKY ,
SLIGHTLY PLASTIC
I COMMON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
CO MM ON TO MANY FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
I N O NCALCAREOUS
CHCU
CONTINUOUS
N E U T R A L PH- 4.6 ( P H M E TE R)
I ABRUPT
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
6 18 CM. C 2 7 IN.)
BROWN
ClOYR
S/3) CR US HED I CL AY L O A M
I PALE e R O W N C l O V R
6 / 3) C R U S H E D DRY
MODERATE TO STRONG MEDIUM
PLATY
MOIST
STRUCTURE
P A R T I N G TO
WEAK T O MODERATE
FINE
GRANULAR
MOIST
I SOFT
, VERY F R I A B L E
,
SLIGHTLY STICKY
, SLIGHTLY PLASTIC
I F E W TO C O M M O N
FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I MANY
FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
, FEW TO C O M M O N
FINE
TUBULAR PORES
I NONCALCAREOUS
(HCl)
CONTINUOUS
I ABRUPT
SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
18 32 CM. C T 13 IN.)
BROWN
UOYR
4/3) CR USHED I CLAY
| DARK GR AY ISH BROWN
ClOYR
4/2) CRUSHED
DRY
I STRONG MEDIUM ANGULAR BlOCKY
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I HARD
, FIRM
STICKY
, P L AS TIC I CO MM ON TO MANY FI NE
VOID INTERSTITIAL
PORES
,
MANY
FINE
TUBULAR PORES
I NONCALCAREOUS
(HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I
MILDLY A L KA LIN E PM- 7.4 (PM ME T E R )
< ABRUPT
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
32 44 CM. ( 1 3 17 IN.)
BROWN
ClOYR 4/3) CRUSHED
I
STRONG
MEDIUM ANGULAR BLOCKY
VERY ST I C K Y
, VERY PLASTIC
MODE RAT EL Y E F F E R V E S C E N T (HCL)
(PM ME T E R )
I ABRUPT
SMOOTH
CLAY
I GRAYISH BROWN
(2.9V 5/ 2)
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I VERY H A R D
,
I C O M M O N TO MANY FTNE
VESICULAR
CONTINUOUS
T MODERATELY ALKALINE PMBOUNDARY
C R U S H E D DRY
FIRM
,
PORES
S
8.1
t
<
,
;
44 97 C M . ( 1 7 38 I N . )
V DK G R A Y I S H B R O W N
UOVR
3/2) CR US H E D
I CLAY
I DARK G R A Y I S H B R O W N ( 2 . SV 4/2)
CRUSHED DRY
I MASSIVE MOIST
I VERY HARD
, VERY FIRM
, STICKY
,
PLASTIC
I CO M M O N TO MANY FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
I MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT
(HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I M O D E R A T E L Y A L K A L I N E P M - 8. 0 (PH ME T E R )
I NOT REACHED
BOUNDARY
N A T I V E P L O W E D 1980
Columnar structure Is very strongly expressed.
Very thin (0.5cm) but distinct natric horizon
above caps.
Root penetration below 32 cm was prohibited by extremely hard consistence.
Salt
nodules, coal and shale fragments were observed in the Clca horizon.
96
SOIL SE RIES:
THOEWf
SURVEf SAMPLE NO.I
LOCATION!
SM-SEC 33-T36N-R19E
CLASSIFICATION:
BOROLLIC NATRARGIOSl
S I T E N O . : 80 49
slope:
on
AIR T E MP ERA TU RE
SOIL T E M P E R A T U R E
HATER TABLE:
PRECIPITATION:
PERMEABILIT?:
PHfSIOGRAPH?:
VEGETATION:
PARENT MATERIAL:
PARENT MATERIAL:
A
B
B
B
C
49
FINE
COUNT?: BLAINE
CLASS:
NEARLf LEVEL
annual:
degrees
F
annual:
degrees
f
depth:
CM.
CM.
elevation
kind:
:
bo
? meters
plane
SUMMER:
DEGREES F
SUMMER: 18 DE GR EES C
month:
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS
DRAINAGE CLASS:
L E V E L OR U N D U L A T I N G UPLA NDS
G R A S S E S AND FORMS AND SHRUBS
PARTLf
WEATHERED
GLACIAL TILL
IGNEOUS, NET AM ORPHIC AND SEOIMENTARf
PARTLf WEATHERED
C A LC ARE OU S SHALE
HORIZON
A
SBOMT
M O N T H SA MP LED : JUNE
ASPECT:
EAST
WINTER:
DEGREES F
winter:
degrees f
KINO:
NO WATE R TABLE
UPPER:
CM LOWER:
CM
STON INE SST CLASS
MARINE
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
I
2
ZlT
22T
3CA
ICA
REMARKS:
iSSgMiSPS
BlSKSPBiia
23 - 4 4 C M . ( 9
IT IN.)
OK. T E L L O W I S H BR O W N ClOfR 4/4) C R U S H E D
I CLAT LOAM
I BROWN
ClOfR
5/3)
CRUSHED DRT
I MODERATE
MEDIUM
COLUMNAR
MOIST
STRUCTURE
P A R T I N G TO
STRONG
MEDIUM ANGULAR BLOCK?
MOIST
I SLIGHTLf HARD
, FRIABLE
, STICK?
PLASTIC
I CO M M O N TO MAN? FI NE I ME D I U M ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HO RI ZON
I COMMON
FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
, CO M M O N TO MANf FINE
VOID INTERSTITIAL
PORES
NONCALCAREOUS
(HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I Ml LO LT ALKALINE PH- 7.6 (PH METER)
S
ABRUPT
SMOOTH BOUMDART
.
44 - 5 3 CM.
( I T - 21 I N . )
D K • T E L L O W I S H BR OW N ClOTR
3/4) C R U S H E D
I CLAT
I DARK BROWN ClOTR
3 / 3)
CR USHED DRf
I MODERATE
MEDIUM PRISMATIC
MOIST
STRUCTURE
P A R T I N G TO
STRONG
MEDIUM ANGULAR BLOCK?
I HARD
, FIRM
, VERf STICK?
,
VERf PL AS TIC
I FEW COARSE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I C O M M O N TO MAN?
FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
• CO MM ON TO MAN? FINE
VOID INTERSTITIAL
PORES
NONCALCAREOUS
(HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I MO D E RATELT ALKALINE PH- 8.3 (P H METER)
I
CLEAR
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
53 - 60 CM. ( 2 1 24 IN.)
V OK G R A f I S H B R O W N
OOTR
3/2) C R U S H E D I C L AY L O A M
I DARK GR Af ISH BROWN
(2 .5 ? 4 / 2) C R US HED DRT
I MODERATE
MEDIUM ANGULAR BLOCK?
MOIST
STRUCTURE
SLIGHTLf HARO
, FRIABLE
, STICK?
• PL ASTIC I FEW COARSE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I CO M M O N TO MAN? FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
, COMMON
FINE
VOID INTERSTITIAL
PORES
I MlLOLT EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I
STRONGLf ALKALINE
PM- 8.5 (PM M E TE R)
I CLEAR
SMOOTH
BOUNOARf
6 0 - 9 8 CM.
( 24 - 39 I N . )
DARK G R A T I SH B R O W N (10TR 4/2) C R U S H E D
I
CRUSHED DRf
I MASSIVE
I SLIGHTLY HARD
FEW FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT (MCL)
CONTINUOUS
(PM ME T E R )
I NOT REACHED B O U N DAR Y
I
I
I
I
CLAY LOAN
I GRAYISH BROWN
( 2 . 5 ? 5/2)
, FRIABLE
• STICKY
, PLASTIC
I
MANY
FINE
TUBULAR PORES
I
I s t r o n g l y ALKALINE
P H - 8.6
P L O W E D N A TI VE 1980
Very strongly expressed columnar and prismatic structures developed under a prominent, thick A2
horizon in which fine vesicular structure was observed.
A few fine salt nodules were present in
the B22t horizon, increasing to common and medium/fine in the B3ca and Clca horizons.
Roots are
distributed throughout the soil, but most common between peds.
Soft coal fragments were
common in the Clca horizon.
97
SOIL SCRIES I
SU RV Ef SARFLE NO*I
LOCATIONS
CLASSIFICATIONS
FHILLIFS
SBONT
S N - S3 3-T I t N - R l t t
BOR O L L I C H A F U R O i O S l
FINE
S I T E N O * S IO SO
SLOFES
OlS
AIR T E MF ERA TU RE
SOIL TEMPERATURE
MATER TABLES
PRECIPITATIONS
FERMEABILITVS
FHTSIOGRAFHVS
VEGETATIONS
PARENT MATERIALS
COUNTfS BLAINE
CLASSS
NEARLf LEVEL
ANNUALS
DEGREES F
ANNUALS
DEGREES F
DEPTHS
CM.
CM.
PARENT MATERIALS
FARTLf WEATHERED
CALCAREOUS SHALE
ELEVATIONS
807 HBTfctS
KINDS
PLANE
SUMNERS
DEGREES F
SUMNERS IS DEGREES C
MONTHS
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS
DRAINAGE CLASSS
L E V E L OR U N D U L A T I N G U P L A N D S
GRASSES ANO FORBS AND SHRUBS
PARTLY WEATHERED
GLACIAL TILL
I G N E O U S * N E T A M O R P H I C AND S E O I N E N T ARf
I
ST ONINESSI CLASS
MARINE
HORIZON
A
M O N T H S A N F L E D t JUNE
ASPECTS
EAST
WINTERS
DEGREES F
WINTERS
DEGREES F
KINOl
N O WA TE R TABLE
UPPERS
CM LOWERS
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
0 - 1 5 CM.
< O6 IN. )
T E L L O W I S H B R O W N C l OQ T R S / 4 ) C R U S H E D
I SANOT LOAM
I BROWN
ClOTR
ORT
I WEAK TO MO DE RAT E
FINE
GRANULAR
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I
VERT FR IABLE
* SLIGHTLY STICKY
, SLIGHTLY PLASTIC
I COMMON
FINE C MEDIUM ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
% COMMON TO MANY FINE
PORES
. COMMON
FINE
TUBULAR PORES
I NONCALCAREOUS
CHCD
SLIGHTLY ACIO
PH- 6.4 CPH ME T E R )
I ABRUPT
SMOOTH B O UN DAR Y
5/3) CRUSHED
SOFT
*
T O MANY
VESICULAR
CONTINUOUS
15 - Z S C M .
C t
IO I N . )
BROWN
ClOfA
5/3) CRUSHED
I SANDY C L A Y L O AM I PALE BR O W N
ClOVR 6/3) CRUSHED
DRV
I WEAK
COARSE PlATf
MOIST
STRUCTURE
P A R T I N G TO M O D E R A T E T O S T R O N G
FINE
PLATf
I SOFT
, VERY FRIABLE
* SLIGHTLY STICKY
,
SLIGHTLY PLASTIC
I C O M M O N TO M A NY FINE I M E DI UM RO O T S
THROUGHOUT HORIlON
CO MM ON TO MA NY FI N E
VESICULAR
PORES
I N O NCALCAREOUS
(HCL)
CONTINUOUS
NEUTRAL PM- 7.1 CPH ME TE R)
I ABRUPT
WAVY
BOUNDARY
.
ABRUPT
SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
( 2 1 -
5/2)
41 IN.)
nr,
000(041(1* A L K 4 U N C
0(040*51
"
I
I
PORES
I
.
44 - 5 4 C M . C 1 7 21 I N . )
V OK G R A Y I S H B R O W N ClOYR
3/2) CRUSHED
»4 - 1 0 4 C O .
I
T
o
P H - I.) ( P H O ( K O )
I
o
,
=
,
HOT 0 ( 4 0 * 0 6000040*
, L a 'V"
PLOVEO NATIVE 1460
*2 la thick and ahoaa plaly atructure.
There was very little evidence of even degraded columnar
a t ructure, but prlametlc development uaa atrong.
Salt nodulee were c o m m in the 63 horlton,
and present In the Cl horizon.
Coal fragments were also obvious In the Clca.
98
S O I L SEft ICSt
ELLOAft
SOftVET SAftPLE N O . I
L O C A TIO ft t
Sft-SCC33-T34W-ftiS€
CLASSIFICATION!
BO ft OLL IC NATftAftGIOSl
SMftT
S I T E N O . I B O SI
SLOPES
Oil
A l * TEftPEftATUftE
S O I L TEftPEftATUftE
WATEft T A B L E S
PRECIPITATIONS
PEftftEABILITTS
PMTSIOGftAPHTS
MXCftOftELIEPS
VEGETATIONS
P A R E N T N A TE ftI AL S
IE NT M A T E R I A L S
COUNTTs BLAINE
CLASS!
NEAftLT L E V E L
ANNUALS
OC Gf t E E S F
ANNUALS
DEGREES F
DEPTHS
CU.
CU.
A
•
B
C
C
ELEVATIONS
807 MTTEAS
KINDS
PLANE
SUftMEftS
DEGREES F
S U MN ERS IB D E G R E E S C
MONTHS
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS
DRAINAGE CLASSS
L E V E L Oft U N D U L A T I N G U P L A N D S
O N SLOPE
GRASSES AND FORBS A N O SHRUBS
PAftTLT W E A T H E R E D
GLACIAL TILL
I G N E O U S . ME TANOftPHIC AND S t O I N E N T A R T
PAftTLT W E A T H E R E D
CALCAREOUS SHALE
M O N T H S A M P L E OS JU NE
ASPECTS
EAST
WINTERS
DEGREES F
WINTERS
DEGREES F
KINDS
NO WA T E R TABLE
UPPERS
CM LOWERS
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
D S CM.
C O Z IN.)
TE LL O W I S M BR OW N Cl Q T R S/4) C R U S H E D
| SANOT LOAM
| L I G H T B R O W N I S H GftAT ( Z . S T
CRUSHED ORT
I WEAK
FINE
GRANULAR
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I SOFT
,
VEftT F R I A B L E
, SLIGHTLT STICK?
. SLIGHTL? PLASTIC
I CO MM ON T O MAN?
FINE G M E D I U M R O O T S
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
S CO MM ON TO MAN? FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
. COMMON FINE
TUBULAR PORES
I NONCALCAftEOUS
(HCL)
CONTINUOUS
S L I G H T LT A C I O
PM- 6.3 CPH METER)
I ABRUPT SMOOTH
BOUNOAftT
2
ZT
3CA
ICA
2CA
R E M A R K SI
CM
STONINESS! CLASS
MARINE
HORIZON
A
Si
FINE
S T CM. C 2 3 IN.)
L I G H T GftAT CIQVft 7 / 2 ) C R U S H E D
I SANOV LOAM
Oft? I W E A K
FINE i ME DI UM PLATT
HOIST
VEftT FftI A B L E
, SLIGHTLY STICK?
, SLIGHTLY
FINE G M E D I U M R O O T S
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
PORES
, C O M M O N FINE.
TUBULAR PORES
I
SLIGHTLY ACIO
PM- 6.4 CPM METER)
I ABRUPT
6/ 1)
I
I L I G H T GftAV C 2 . 3 T 7 / 2 ) C R U S H E D
STRUCTURE
I SOFT
,
PLASTIC
I C O M M O N TO MANY
COMMON TO MAN? FINE
VESICULAR
NONCALCAftEOUS
CHCD
CONTINUOUS
S M O O T H B O UN OAf tT
I
7 1 6 CM.
C 3 6 IN.)
BROWN
UOTft 4/3) CRUSHED
I CLAY
I DARK GRAYISH BROWN
ClQTft 4 / 2 ) C R U S H E D
OftT I S T R O N G M E D I U M C O L U M N A R
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I SLIGHTLY HARO
.
FRIABLE
. STICKY
, PLASTIC
I C O M M O N TO MAN? FINE G M E D I U M RO O T S
BETWEEN PEDS
I C O M M O N TO M A N Y FI NE
VOID INTERSTITIAL
PORES
.
COMMON TO MAN? FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
I NO NC AL CA RE OU S
CHCD
CONTINUOUS
MILDLY ALKALINE PH- T B CPH METER)
I ABRUPT
SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
16 - 25 CM.
C 6 - 10 I N . )
YELLOWISH BROWN ClOYR 5/4) CLAY
| BROWN
Cl Q T R 4/ 3) CR U S H E D ORY I STRONG
MEDIUM
ANGULAR BLOCK? HOIST
STRUCTURE
I SLIGHTLY HARD
, FRIABLE
•
STICKY
. PLASTIC
I C O M M O N TO M A NY FINE G M E D I U M R O O T S
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
COMMON TO MAN? FINE
VOID INTERSTITIAL
PORES
, C O M M O N TO M A N ? FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
I MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT C H C D
CONTINUOUS
I
MOOEftATELV A L K A L I N E P H - B. 4 ( P M M E T E R )
I CLEAR
SMOOTH BOUN DAR Y
.
25 - 57 CM.
C 10 - 2 2 I N . )
BROWN
ClQTft 4 / 3 ) C R U S H E D
I
MASSIVE MOIST
I HARD
,
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT
(MCI)
(PM ME T E R )
I ABRUPT
SMOOTH
ClAV
I GRAYISH BROWN
(2.5? 5/2) CRUSHED OR?
FIRM
. STICK?
. PLASTIC
I FEW MEDIUM
C O M M O N TO MA N? F I NE
VESICULAR
PORES
I
CONTINUOUS
I MODE R A T E L ? A L K A L I N E P M - 6.3
BOUNDARY
57 - 1 0 2 C M . C 22 - 4 0 I N . )
DARK BROWN ClOYR
3/3) C R U S H E D
I CLAT
I DARK G R A Y I S H B R O W N ( 2 . SY 4/2)
CRUSHED ORT
I MA SSIVE HOIST
I VERT HARO
. VERY FIRM
, STICK?
,
PLASTIC
I FEW FINE G MEDIUM ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I C O M M O N T O MAN?
FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
, MAN?
FINE
VOID INTERSTITIAL
PORES
I
MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I MILDLY ALKALINE PM- T B (PM METER)
NOT R E AC HED B O U N DAR Y
.
I
J
I
I
PLOWED NATIVE 1*00
Cepe on columnar structure are not as hard In dry conalatance am the unplowed site; they are distinct,
however.
A distinct band of accimilated salts at 57 cm may Indicate the top of the capillary fringe.
99
TEALiTTE
SQlL SERIES*
SBOMT
SURVEY SAMPLE NO.I
LOCATIONS
SM - S E C 3 9 - T S A N - R I BE
CLASSIFICATIONS
B O R O L L I C N A T R A R G IDS I
S I T E N O . S 8 0 SZ
SLOPES
Oil
AIR TE MP ERA TU RE
SOIL TEMPERATURE
WATER TABLES
PRECIPITATIONS
PERMEABILITY!
PHYSIOGRAPHY!
MICRORELIEF!
VEGETATIONS
PARENT MATERIALS
COUNTY! BLAINE
CLASS!
NEARLY LEVEL
ANNUAL!
DEGREES F
ANNUAL:
DEGREES F
DEPTH!
CM.
CM.
PARENT MATERIALS
PARTLY
WEATHERED
C A LC ARE OU S SHALE
HORIZON
A
2
SZ
FINE
ELEVATION!
807 METERS
KINO:
PLANE
SUMMER!
DEGREES F
S U M M E R S 18 D E G R E E S C
MONTHS
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS
DRAINAGE CLASS!
L E V E L OR U N D U L A T I N G U P L A N D S
ON SLOPE
GRASSES AND FORBS AND SHRUBS
PARTLY WEATHERED
GLACIAL TILL
IGNEOUS, MET AMOR PHI C AND S E D I M E N T A R Y
M O N T H SA MPLED! JUNE
ASPECT!
EAST
WINTER!
DEGREES F
WINTER!
DEGREES F
KINDS
NO WATER TABLE
UPPER*
CM LOWERS
MARINE
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
O 4 CM. C O Z IN.)
LIGHT GRAY
OOVR
7/2) C R U S H E D
I
LOAN
I LIGHT GRAY (2.5 V
7/2) CR US HED ORV
WEAK
COARSE PLATV
MOIST
STRUCTURE
P A R T I N G TO W E A K
FINE
PLATY
MOIST
I SOFT
, VERY FRIABLE
• SLIGHTLY STICKY ,
SLIGHTLY PLASTIC
COMMON TO MANY FINE G MEDIUM ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I C O M M O N T O MANY
FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
, C O M M O N TO MANY FINE
TUBULAR PORES
I
NONCALCAREOUS
(HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I SLIGHTLY ACIO
PH- 6.5 (P H METER)
I
ABRUPT
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
B
ZT
4 - 12 CM. < 2 5 IN.)
OARK BR O W N (10VR
3/3) C R U S H E D
I
CLAY
I DARK GRAYISH BROW N
(10V R4/2)
CRUSHED DRY
I STRONG ' MEDIUM COLUMNAR
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I HARD
•
FIRM
• STICKY
t PLASTIC
I C O M M O N TQ MANY FINE L M E D I U M RO O T S
BETWEEN PEOS
I C O M M O N TO MANY F I NE
VOID INTERSTITIAL
PORES
•
COMMON TO MANY FINE
TUBULAR PORES
I NONCALCAREOUS
(HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I
M I L D L Y A L K A L I N E P M - 7.5 (P M M E T E R )
I ABRUPT SMOOTH BO UN DAR Y
C
ICA
12 - S I C M . ( 5 - 22 I N . )
BROWN
ClOYR 5/3) CRUSHED
I CLAY
f GRAYISH BROWN
(2.5V 5/2) CRUSHED ORV
MASSIVE MOIST
I VERY HARD
, VERY F R M
, STICKY
, PLASTIC
I COMMON
FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
| C O M M O N TO MANY F I N E
TUBULAR PORES
I
MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
! MODE RAT EL Y A L K A L I N E PH - 6.2
(PM METER)
I ABRUPT
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
C
ZCA
REMARKS*
CM
STONINESS! CLASS
57 - 9 7 C M .
( 2 2 38 I N .)
DARK B R O W N
(10VR
3/3) C R U S H E D
I CLAY
I DARK GRAYISH BROW N (2.5V
4/2)
CRUSHED DRY
I MASSIVE MOIST
I VERY HARD
, VERY F I RM
• STICKY
,
PLASTIC
I COMMON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
| C O M M O N T O MANY FINE
TUBULAR PORES
I MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I MILDLY ALKALINE
PH- 7.7 (P H METER)
< NOT R E A C H E D BO UNDARY
Plowing has damaged, but not destroyed the caps and upper portion of the columns in the B2t.
Many, very fine threadlike nodules characterize the C2ca horizon.
No coal fragments or iron
staining was observed.
I
I
t
100
soil
seams
PHILLIPS
SUFVET SAMPLE N O . >
LOCATIONS
SW-SEC32-T36N-Al9 E
CLASSIFICATIONS
B O R O L L IC H A P L A R C I O S I
S I T E N O . S 80 5 3
SLOPES
Oil
AIR TE MP ERA TU RE
SOIL T E M P E R A T U R E
WATER TABLES
PRECIPITATIONS
P E R M E A B ILITTS
PHTSIOGRAPHTS
MICRORELIEF S
VEGETATIONS
PARENT MATERIALS
ENT MATERIALS
SBOMT
53
FINE-LOAMT
CO UN TTS SEE REMARKS
CLASSs
NEARLT LEVEL
ANNUAL S
DEGREES F
ANNUALS
DEGREES F
DEPTHS
CM.
CM.
ELEVATIONS
807 I M K R S
KINDS
PLANE
SUMMERS
DEGREES F
SUMMERS 17 DE GREES C
MONTHS
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS
D R A I N A G E C L AS SS
M O N T H SA M P L E D S JUNE
ASPECTS
EAST
WINTERS
DEGREES F
WINTERS
DEGREES F
KINDS
NO WATER TABLE
UPPERS
CM
LOWERS
L E V E L OR U N D U L A T I N G U P L A N D S
ON SLOPE
G R A S S E S AND FORBS AND SHRUBS
PARTLT
WEATHERED
GL AC IAL TILL
I G N E O U S , M E T A M O R P H I C A N D S E D I M E N T AR T
PARTLf
WEATHERED
C A L C A R E O U S SHALE
HORIZON
MARINE
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
O 8 CM.
( O 3 IN.)
OK. T E L L O W I S H B R O W N C l O T R
4/5) CR U S H E D
I LOAM
| GRATISH BROWN
CRUSHED ORT
$ WEAK
COARSE
PLATT
MOIST
STRUCTURE
PARTING TO
PORES
I
(PM ME TE R)
A
B
B
C
2
ZT
3CA
ICA
REMARKS!
CP
STONINESS S CLASS
NONCALCAREOUS
(HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I ABRUPT
SMOOTH
BOUNOART
8 - 15 CM.
( 3 6 IN.)
OK. T E L L O W I S H B R O W N U O T R
4/4) CRUSHED
DRT
I WEAK
COARSE PLATT
MOIST
PLATT
I SOFT
, VERT FRIABLE
C O M M O N TO MA NY
FINE 4 MEDIUM ROOTS
FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
• COMMON
NONCALCAREOUS
(HCl)
CONTINUOUS
I
ABRUPT
WAVT
BOUNDARY
S
SLIGHTLY AClD
I LOAM
I BROWN
STRUCTURE
P A R T I N G TO
, SLIGHTLY STICKT
,
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
|
TO MANY F I N E
TUBULAR
SLIGHTLY AClD
P H - 6. 3
15 - 30 C M .
( 6 - 12 IN.)
OK. Y E L L O W I S H B R O W N C l O Y R
3/4) C R U S H E D
I CLAY LOAN
CRUSHED DRY
I MODERATE
MEDIUM
PRISMATIC
MOIST
STRONG
MEDIUM
ANGULAR BLOCKT
MOIST
I HARD
,
PLASTIC
t CO M M O N FINE
ROOTS
BETWEEN PEOS
I
VOID INTERSTITIAL
PORES
, C O M M O N TO M A NY FINE
MO NCALCARE OUS
(HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I N E U T R A L PH- 6.9
SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
.
UOTR
WEAK
5/2)
PM - 6.3
UOTR
5/3) CRUSHED
WEAK
FINE
SLIGHTLY PLASTIC
C O M M O N T O MANY
PORES
I
(PH METER)
I
I BROWN
STRUCTURE
FIRM
,
COMMON FINE
VESICULAR
(PH ME TE R)
I
(10VR 4/3)
P A R T I N G TO
STICKY
,
PORES
J
I CLEAR
30 6 4 C M . ( 12 - 25 I N . )
BROWN
(IOYR
4/3) CRUSHED
I CLAY LOAM
; GRAYISH BROWN
(10YR
5/2) CRUSHED
DRY
I WEAK
FINE 4 MEDIUM PRISMATIC
MOIST
STRUCTURE
P A R T I N G TO
MODERATE
MEDIUM
ANGULAR BlOCKY
I HARD
, FIRM
, STICKY
, PLASTIC
FEW MEDIUM 4 COARSE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I F E W TO C O M M O N
FINE
VOID INTERSTITIAL
PORES
, FE W TO C O M M O N
FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
I
MILDLY E F F E R V E S C E N T (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I MODE RAT EL Y AL KALINE PM- 8. 3 (P M METER)
CLEAR
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
64 - 96 CM.
C 2 5 - 38 I N . )
BROWN
ClOTR
4/3) CRUSHED
I CLAY LOAM
| L I G H T B R O W N I S H G R A Y ( 2 . Sf
6/2)
CRUSHED DRY
I WEAK
VERY FINE 4 FINE
AN GU LAR BLOCKT MOIST
STRUCTURE
P A R T I N G TO M A S S I V E
I VERY HARO
• VERY FIRM
, STICKY
• PLASTIC
T
FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I C O MM ON FINE
VESICULAR
PORFS
<
MODE RAT EL Y E F F E R V E S C E N T (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I STRONGLY ALKALINE
P M - 8.7
CPH ME TER)
I NOT REACHED BO UNDARY
CM IS LED 1980
Chiseling created a
microtopography with 10 cm of relief between ridges and furrews.
This caused variation in the thickness of the Al horlzont(Ie) ridge O -8cm, furrow 0-6 cm).
There were very few, very fine salt nodules in the Clca in contrast to the accumulation at
other sites.
FEW
I
I
101
SOIL SERIES:
TMOENf
SURVEY SAMPLE NO.I
LOCATION!
SE-SECJ2-T36N-R19E
CLASSIFICATION!
ROROLLlC NAJRARGIOS{
SRONT
S I T E NO. I IO 54
SLOPE!
Oil
AIR TENPERATURE
SOIL TEMPERATURE
MATER TABLE!
PRECIPITATION!
PERMEABILITY:
COUNTY: BLAINE
CLASS!
NEARLY LEVEL
ANNUAL:
DEGREES F
annual:
degrees f
DEPTH!
CM.
CM.
ph y s i o g r a p h y :
L E V E L OR U N D U L A T I N G U P L A N D S
ON SLOPE
GRASSES AND FORBS AND SHRUBS
PARTLY
WEATHERED
GL AC IAL TILL
I G N E O U S , N E T A N O R f H l C AND S E D I M E N T A R Y
MICRORELIEF:
VEGETATION!
PARENT MATERIAL:
PARENT MATERIAL!
PARTLY WEATHERED
CA LC A R E O U S SHALE
94
FINE-LOANf
ELEVATION:
807 KETCTS
KINO*
PLANE
SUMNER:
DEGREES F
S U MN ER! 17 D E G R E E S C
MONTH*
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS
DRAINAGE CLASS*
MONTH SAMPLED! JUNE
ASPECT!
EAST
WINTER*
DEGREES F
WINTER*
DEGREES F
KIND:
NO WA T E R TABLE
UPPER!
CM LOWER*
MARINE
HORIZON
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
A
I
7C M . < O 3 IN.)
OK. Y E L L O W I S H BROW N (10YR
3/4) C R U S H E D
* LOAN
| BROWN
ClOYR
5/3) CRUSHED
DRY
I WEAK
CO AR SE PLATf
MOIST
STRUCTURE
P A R T I N G TO
MODERATE
MEDIUM
GRANULAR
J SOFT
, VERY FRIABLE
, SLIGHTLY STICKY
,
SLIGHTLY PLASTIC
J CO M M O N TO MANY FI NE L MEDIUM RO OT S
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
CO M M O N TO MANY FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
, F E W FINE
TUBULAR PORES
I
NONCALCRREOUS
(HCl)
CONTINUOUS
I N E U T R A L P H - 6.6 C P H M E T E R )
I ABRUPT
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
A
2
7 20 C M . ( 3 PALE B R O W N
ClOYR
6/3)
CRUSHED ORY
I
WEAK
FINE
PLATY
MOIST
CO M M O N TO MANY
FINE L
VESICULAR
PORES
•
CHCD
CONTINUOUS
I
B
21T
20 44CM. C 8 17 IN .)
OK. Y E L L O W I S H B R O W N C l O Y R
»/4) CRUSHED
I CLAY LOAM
I BROWN
ClOYR 4/3)
CR US HED DRY
I STRONG MEDIUM COLUMNAR
MOIST
STRUCTURE
P A R T I N G TO
STRONG
MEDIUM
AN GU LAR BL OC KY MOIST
T HARD
, FIRM
, STICKY
, PLASTIC
I
COMMON FINE L ME DI UM ROOTS
BETWEEN PEDS
* F E W TO C O M M O N
FINE
VOID INTERSTITIAL
PORES
• C O M M O N TO M A N Y FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
S
NONCALCAREOUS
(HCL) CONTINUOUS
I M O DE RAT EL Y ALKALINE PM- 7.9 CP H METER)
I
ABRUPT
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
B
22T
44 - 6 3 C M .
C 17 - 2 5 I N . )
YELLOWISH BROWN ClOVR
5/5) CR US HED i CLAY LO AM
j BROWN
ClOYR
5/3) CRUSHED
DRY
I MODERATE
MEDIUM PRISMATIC
MOIST
STRUCTURE
PA RT ING TO MODERATE
MEDIUM
ANGULAR BLOCKY
MOIST
I VERY HARD
• FIRM
, STICKY
, PLASTIC
COMMON FINE I ME D I U M
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I COMMON
FINE
VOID I N T E R S T I T I A L
PORES
, C O M M O N T O M A N Y Fl NE
VESICULAR
PORES
I
MILDLY E F F E RVE SC ENT (HCL)
DISCONTINUOUS
I STRONGLY ALKALINE
P M - 8. 7
(PH METER)
I CL E A R SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
C
ICA
REMARKS*
CM
STONINESS* CLASS
B-
I IN.)
CRUSHED
I LOAM
J LIGHT BROWNISH GRAY ClOVR
6/2)
COARSE PLATf
MOIST
STRUCTURE
P A R T I N G TO WEAK
*' S O F T
, FRIABLE
, STICKY
, PLASTIC
I
MEDIUM ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON I
MANY
FINE
CO M M O N TO MANY FINE
TUBULAR PORES
I NONCALCAREOUS
N E U T R A L PH- 7 . 3 C P H M E T E R )
; ABRUPT
SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
63 - 1 0 3 C M .
C 25 - 41 IN.)
BROWN
ClOYR 5/3) CRUSHED
I CLAY LOAN
ORY
; MASSIVE MOIST
I VERY HARD
,
FEW FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
PORES
I MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT C H C D
CPH ME TER)
I NOT RE AC HED BOUNDARY
} GRAYISH BROWN
(2.5f
5/2) CRUSHED
VERY FIRM
, STICKY
, PLASTIC I
C O M M O N TO MANY FINE
VESICULAR
CONTINUOUS
t M O D E R A T E L Y AL KA LIN E PM- 8.4
CHISLED
Chiseling has created micro relief which varies the thickness of the Al and A2 hori z o n s .
Ridge: Al la O-lOcm, A2 is 10-32 cm.
Furrow: Al is 0-7 cm, A2 is 7-20 cm.
The expression of
strong columnar structure has not been affected by chiseling.
"Ihe re is a change along the pit
as the Thoeny soil meets Phillips and the columns abrupt Iv degrade to prismatic structure.
Salt nodules are common below 60 cm, although they arc not evident in the adjacent Phillips
profile.
At 85 cm, many fine platy shale fragments were observed, although the contact with
underlying ahale was not
reached.
T
102
SOIL SEHtESI
ELLOM
S U H V E T SHHFlE HO.I
LOCHTIONt
SE-SECIi-HHN-HlVE
CLHSSIFICHTIONI
HOHOLLIC NHTHlHtIOSI
S I T E N O . I HO SS
SlOFEl
tit
HIH TE MF EHHTUHE
SOIL TE M F E H H T U H E
VHTEH THHlEl
FHECIFITHTIONI
F E H M E H S ILITTI
FMTSIOtHHFMTI
NICROHtLIEFl
VtGETHTIONI
FHRENT MHTEHIHlI
FtHENT MtTEHIHlI
ElEVHTIONI
807 NFTTHS
NINOt
FLlNE
SUMMER:
DEGREES F
SUMFERI IT DEGREES C
MONTH:
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS
OHHINHGE CLHSSI
L E V E L OH U N O U L H T l N t U F l H N O S
ON SlOFE
G R H S S E S HNO F O R M S HN O SHRUBS
FHHTLT
VEHTMEHEO
GL HC ItL TILL
IGNEOUS. N E T t M O R F H I C HNO SE O I M E N T H R T
FHHTLT
VEHTNEHEO
CH LC H H E O U S SHHlE
M O N T H StMFLEOl JUNE
HSFECTI
EtST
vintehi
DEGREES F
VINTERI
DEGREES f
NINOl
NO VH TE H THBLE
UFFEHI
CM LOVEHl
CM
STONINESSI CLtSS
MHHINE
F R O F I L E O E S C R T F T IO N
I
FINE
TUBULtR FORES
FM- S.l (FM METER)
I
H
Z
B
IT
B
SS
FINE
COUNTTI BLHIMC
ClHSSI
NElllT LEVEL
HNNUHL I
DEGREES F
HNNUHL I
DEGREES F
OEFiMI
CM.
CM.
HOHIiON
H
SHOHT
3CH
I NONCHLCtRFOUS
(HCL)
HBRUFT
SMOOTH BOUNOHRT
(IOTR t/I) CRUSHED OHT
. VEHT FHIHHLE
,
FINE ( ME DI UM ROOTS
C O M M O N TO MtNT
CONTINUOUS
I STHONGLT HCIO
1 0 - IS C M .
C 4 - 6 IN.)
DARK B R O U N U O T R
3/1) CRUSHED
I ClAT LOAN
I BROWN
ClOTR 5/3) CRUSHED DRT
MODERATE
MEDIUM COLUMNAR
HOIST
STRUCTURE
I S L I G H T IT H A R D
, FRIABLE
STICKT
, ELASTIC
I CO M M O N TO MANT
FINE L M E DI UM
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
COMMON TO MANT FINE
VOID INTERSTITIAL
FORES
# COMMON FINE
VESICULAR
FORES
t NONCALCAREOUS
(HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I N E U T R A L R H - 7.0 ( R H M E T E R )
I
ABRUFT
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
.
1 5 - Z T C M . C 6 - 11 I N . )
TELLOWISH BROWN ClOTR
5/4) CRUSHED
I CLAT LOAM
I DARK G R A Y I S H BROW N ClOTR
CRUSHED ORT
J MODERATE
MEDIUM PRISMATIC
MOIST
STRUCTURE
F A R T I N G TO
STRONG
MEDIUM ANGULAR BLOCKT
MOIST
I HARD
, FIRM
, STICKY
,
PLASTIC I CO MM ON TO MA NY FINE I ME DI UM ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HO RI ZON
I COMMON
FINE
VOID INTERSTITIAL
PORES
, C O M M O N TO MANY FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
MILDLY EFFERVESCENT (MCI)
CO NT I N U O U S I MODERATELY ALKALINE FH- 8.4 (FM ME TE R)
ABRUPT
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
C
ICA
27 - 5 4 C M . C U 21 IN.)
BROWN
ClOTR
4/3) CR US HED
I CLAY LOAM
I GRAYISH BROWN
ClOTR 5/ 2) CRUSHED
ORT
I WEAK
FINE
ANGULAR BLOCKT MOIST
STRUCTURE
ANO MA SS IVE
8
VERY H A RD
, VERY FIRM
, STICKY
, PLASTIC
I FEW FINE L MEDIUM ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I CO M M O N TO MANY FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
I
VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT
(HCL)
CONTINUOUS
% M O Of RAT El V AL KA LIN E P M - 8.4
(PH METER)
I ABRUPT
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
C
ZCA
C 22 - 35 I N . )
55 - S B C M .
5/3) CR USHED
{ CLAT
I
BROWN
ClOVR
I VERT HARO
, FIRM
MASSIVE MOIST
FINE I MEDIUM
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
PORES
I MO DE R A T E L Y EF F E R V E S C E N T (MCI)
I NOT REACHED BO UN DAR Y
(PM METER)
REMARKS!
CHISLEO
I
,
I
4/2)
I
I
GR AYISH BROWN
C l O T R 5 / 2 ) C R U S H E D ORV
I
. STICKY
• PLASTIC
I FEW
I C O MM ON TO MANY
FINE
VESICULAR
CONTINUOUS
I STRONGLY ALKALINE
P H - 8.9
1
The microrelief created by chiseling caused the thickness of the Al horizon to vary, being thickest
under the ridges.
Columnar structure is Intact, not affected by the treatment although the
underlying prisms were not as strongly expressed as at the other treatment sites.
103
SOIL SEiItSI
TEUEITE
SUivEf SANfLE NO.I
LOCATION:
SC-SEC32-TJ6N-AI9E
CLASSIFICATIONS
BOiOLLIC NATiAiCIOSl
$10*1
FINE
SITE NO.I 80 S*
SlOfEI
Oil
AIi TENfEiATUiE
SOIL TENfEiATUiE
WATEi TABLE:
fAECIfITATION!
fEiNEABILITfl
COUNTV I BLAINE
CLASS:
NEAiLV LEVEL
ANNUAL I
OEGiEES F
ANNUUI
OEGiEES F
OEfTHl
CM.
CM.
fMVSIOCiAfMfI
LEVEL Oi UNDULATING UfLANOS
ON SLOfE
GiASSES AND FOiBS ANO SHiUBS
FAiTLV WEATMEiEO
GLACIAL TILL
IGNEOUS, NETANOifMIC AND SEDINENTiIV
MICiOiELIEKI
VEGETATION:
FAiENT MATEiI All
FARENT NATEiIALt
fAiTlV WEATNEiEO
CALCAREOUS SHALE
ELEVATIONS
807 ME ttRS
KIND:
PLANE
SUNNEAi
OEGiEES F
SUNNFtg 1 7 DEGREES C
MONTH:
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS
OiAINAGE CLASS!
fiofile
DESCRIPTION
FM- 6.5 CFH METER) •
B
ZT
3CA
♦ - 10 CM.
C 2 ♦ IN.)
DARK BROWN
ClOVR
3/3) CRUS HED
I CLAV LOAN
STRONG
MEDIUM COLUMNAR
MOIST
STRUCTURE
FRISfATIC
I SLIGHTLY HARO
, FRIABLE
,
COMMON TO MANY
FtNE I MEDIUM
ROOTS
BETWEEN
VOID INTERSTITIAL
PORES
, C O M M O N TO MANY
N O NCA L CAREOUS
(MCL)
CONTINUOUS
I NEUTRAL
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
I
SLIGHTLY ACIO
I BROWN
C l O V R 4 / 3 ) C R U S H E D ORV
F A R T I N G TO
MODERATE
MEDIUM
STICKY
, PLASTIC
I
FTOS
I FEW TO COMMON
FINE
FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
I
F M - 7.1 C F H M E T F R )
| ABRUPT
IO - 2 0 C M .
C
4 8 IN.)
YELLOWISH BROWN ClOVR
5/4) CR US HED
I CLAY
I PALF RROwN
ClOfR
6/3) CRUSHED
DRV
I MODERATE
MEDIUM PRISMATIC
MOIST
STRUCTURE
PARTING TO
STRONG
MEDIUM
ANGULAR BLOCKV
MOIST
I HARO
• FIRM
, STICKY
, PLASTIC
I
MANY
FINE L MEDIUM
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I C O MM ON TO MANY FINE
VOID INTERSTITIAL
PORES
, C O M M O N T O MANY
FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
I
NILOLV EFFERVESCENT C H C D
CONTINUOUS
I STRONGLY ALKALINE
FH- 8.5 CfM METER)
ABRUPT
SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
C
ICA
20 57 CM.
C 8 22 IN.)
BROWN
(IOVR
4/3) CRUSHED
I CLAY LOAM
I GRAYISH BROWN
C2.5V
5/2) CRUSHED
DRV
I WEAK
FINE
ANGULAR BLOCKV
MOIST
STRUCTURE
PA RT ING TO MASSIVE
MOIST
I VERY HARD
, VERY FIRM
, STICKY
, PLASTIC
I FEW MEDIUM
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I C O M M O N TO M A N Y
FI NE
VESICULAR
PORES
I
VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT
(HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I MO DE RAT EL Y AL KA LIN E PM- 8.3
CFH METER)
I ABRUPT
SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
C
ZCA
57 90 CM.
C 22 35 I N .)
DARK Br o w n
ClOVR
3/3) CRUSHED
I CLAY LOAM
I GRAYISH BROWN
C2.5V
5/2)
CR U S H E D DRY
I MASSIVE MOIST
I VERY HARD
, VERY F I R M
, STICKY
,
PLASTIC
I FEW MEDIUM
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
| COM-ON TO MANY FINE
VESICULAR
PORES
I MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT C H C D
CONTINUOUS
I
STRONGLY ALKALINE
PH- 8.5 ( P H M E T E R )
I NOT R E A C H E D B O U N D A R Y
REMARKS:
CM
STONIMESSI CLASS
MARINE
HORIZON
B
MO NT H SAMfLEOI JUNE
ASfECTI
EAST
WINTERS
DEGREES F
VINTEiI
DEGREES F
KINDI
NO WATER TABLE
UFfEiI
CM
LOWERS
CHILSED
Columns and underlying prismatic structure appear to be part IalIv destroyed by the treatment.
Chiseling mixed sufficient OM Into the A2 and upper B2t that the B horizon Is darker than any
of the other Tealettes have been.
The zone of salt accumulation begins at W cm, and nodules
are common below that depth.
I
I
SOIL
TREATMENT
HORIZON
TEXTURE
SILT
CLAY
..... )
COARSE
FRAGMENTS
(Z)
BULK
DENSITY
(g/cm3)
THICKNESS
(cm)
NU5
Al
A2
B21
B22
B3
Cl
C2
44.3
43.7
45.4
54.8
44.6
43.6
56.1
8.7
8.5
16.6
15.5
12.2
6.6
15.1
18.8
25.6
18.6
23.7
22.8
16.9
25.7
50
50
40
38
40
52
36
16
28
24
26
28
32
28
34
22
36
36
32
16
36
.0
.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.29
1.54
1.57
1.61
1.68
1.68
1.62
6
5
17
27
36
43
13
TH*
NU
A2
B21
B22
B3
Cl
C2
32.7
44.4
34.4
43.7
44.2
45.9
4.5
19.9
13.0
9.4
9.6
18.6
12.2
25.3
19.9
18.7
20.6
27.3
50
52
60
62
58
36
34
18
12
16
18
22
16
30
28
22
24
42
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.49
1.82
1.56
1.78
1.75
1.88
11
15
10
26
30
63
it
NU
A2
B21
B22
B3
Cl
C2
32.7
45.5
45.5
54.8
54.9
44.7
6.5
22.8
20.0
15.4
16.3
16.0
17.6
30.5
30.3
24.3
25.2
25.4
45
32
30
35
37
35
41
26
26
28
26
28
14
42
44
37
37
37
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.63
1.61
1.67
1.76
1.60
1.69
2
11
23
19
29
31
E+
NU
Al
B21
B22
B3
Cl
C2
33.1
45.7
45.0
45.3
54.9
54.5
6.6
26.4
15.5
14.4
14.2
13.8
22.0
35.8
27.9
27.6
25.1
27.0
47
37
33
35
37
35
34
22
28
28
26
30
19
41
39
37
37
35
.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.57
1.74
1.61
1.78
1.75
1.55
11
16
15
11
26
56
Al
B21
B22
B3
Cl
C21
C22
34.8
45.2
45.1
55.1
54.1
44.0
43.3
15.3
17.2
16.1
15.0
10.9
9.9
13.3
29.4
31.9
33.9
29.5
24.1
19.7
14.9
35
31
29
37
42
44
66
28
24
30
24
29
29
18
37
45
41
39
29
27
16
1.0
.0
.0
.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.67
1.73
1.66
1.64
1.75
2.82
1.88
10
9
17
11
44
29
25
E
NP5
I
PHYSICAL DATA FOR EACH SOIL BY HORIZON
P+
APPENDIX 2:
1979 DATA
WATER
AT
t
SAT.
WILT
FIELD1"
SAND
(..... ..... % ___ ...... )
(....
SOIL
TREATMENT
HORIZON
SAT
(....
WATER AT
WILT
FIELD
....... )
SAND
(....
TEXTURE
SILT
CLAY
....)
COARSE
FRAGMENTS
(Z)
BULK
DENSITY
(g/cm3)
THICKNESS
(cm)
NP
Al
B21
B22
Cl
C2
C3
44.2
45.5
55.3
55.2
54.5
45.0
19.5
17.6
16.0
8.3
17.0
18.1
27.4
34.9
32.6
28.4
25.6
26.6
38
33
28
32
43
37
28
24
28
26
21
27
34
43
44
42
36
36
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.68
1.63
1.57
1.68
1.68
1.62
10
9
16
33
41
31
P
NP
Al
B21
B22
B3
Cl
C2
43.4
54.4
54.7
45.4
45.0
55.3
9.9
17.9
18.7
19.8
17.3
19.4
19.8
26.6
27.9
—
—
—
50
48
38
40
57
61
13
20
22
26
19
23
37
32
40
34
24
16
.0
1.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.39
1.55
1.69
1.68
1.70
1.67
11
16
26
21
41
35
TH
NP
Al
B21
B22
B3
Cl
C2
32.7
44.3
55.0
56.0
46.9
55.3
5.6
19.3
17.6
21.8
21.4
11.4
_
—
—
—
27.3
24.1
54
42
44
37
34
36
32
26
22
29
32
26
14
32
34
34
34
38
2.0
.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.64
1.75
1.66
1.77
1.60
1.58
13
20
28
31
33
35
TH
CS
Al
B21
B22
B3
Cl
C2
44.9
55.6
45.6
56.8
67.1
55.7
13.2
17.1
15.4
15.3
16.4
14.2
30.9
33.4
28.1
31.2
30.9
27.0
38
36
38
36
32
43
26
22
22
24
26
22
36
42
40
40
42
35
.0
.0
.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.72
1.71
1.83
1.82
1.79
1.74
10
8
27
22
38
25
P
C
Al
33.5
33.7
45.0
54.6
44.0
44.3
55.2
7.0
11.1
16.5
13.2
10.2
11.5
11.6
20.0
24.6
30.6
25.9
24.6
23.5
28.5
52
46
40
40
48
42
40
30
26
22
26
26
24
28
18
28
38
34
26
34
32
.0
.0
.0
3.0
4.0
4.0
5.0
1.45
1.48
1.62
1.64
1.60
2.58
1.58
10
6
12
25
19
51
37
Al
B21
B22
B3
Cl
C2
105
T
SOIL
TREATMENT
HORIZON
WATER AT
SAT
WILT
FIELD
(.... .... % .... ....... )
SAND
(....
TEXTURE
SILT
CLAY
.....)
COARSE
FRAGMENTS
(Z)
BULK
DENSITY
(g/cm3)
THICKNESS
(cm)
T
C
Al
B21
B22
B3
Cl
C2
44.9
46.2
56.4
54.9
44.2
55.2
14.5
21.4
18.1
18.6
6.3
8.1
31.4
35.8
32.7
37.3
22.1
24.2
40
32
38
37
43
45
30
22
22
22
36
26
30
46
40
41
21
29
.0
3.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
5.0
1.56
1.63
1.77
1.84
1.50
1.70
10
14
19
19
33
30
E
C
Al
B21
B22
B3
Cl
C2
32.8
45.6
45.6
54.4
54.9
55.8
3.7
13.7
13.6
12.1
12.4
13.7
10.7
34.4
32.0
24.7
26.4
27.3
51
35
33
33
36
35
34
26
30
34
31
32
15
39
37
33
33
33
1.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
1.50
1.69
1.63
1.68
1.67
1.68
10
13
20
19
50
23
1980 DATA
NU
A2
B21
B3
Cl
C2
40.0
40.7
53.8
53.8
52.6
6.7
11.5
15.6
16.3
24.6
18.9
24.3
29.5
28.4
29.4
37
33
29
23
25
37
30
25
25
29
26
37
46
52
46
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.46
1.60
1.52
1.73
1.69
4
20
25
27
32
E
NU
Al
B2
B3
Cl
C2
52.3
54.0
50.9
49.4
51.1
14.2
17.1
15.1
12.6
13.1
26.5
31.2
28.3
24.3
24.9
25
25
23
25
29
33
27
33
31
24
42
46
44
44
47
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.29
1.69
1.58
1.60
1.46
7
16
5
33
50
P
NU
Al
B21
B22
B3
Cl
33.9
41.8
48.9
52.4
56.0
8.9
11.1
15.9
28.2
19.7
18.6
21.3
27.7
25.9
26.8
37
33
27
25
21
35
31
25
25
25
28
36
48
50
54
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.40
1.44
1.54
1.56
1.52
11
10
24
8
57
106
T
SOIL
TH
TH
P
TREATMENT
NU
NP
NP
HORIZON
SAT
(......
WATER AT
WILT
TEXTURE
SILT
CLAY
COARSE
FRAGMENTS
BULK
THICKNESS
DENSITY
(gm/cm3)
(an)
FIELD
....... )
SAND
(....
23.9
24.3
25.6
28.4
29
29
21
21
27
27
29
24
44
44
50
55
0
0
0
0
1.42
1.69
1.67
1.64
0
0
0
1.43
1.71
1.71
X .... )
(%)
46.9
50.5
50.0
57.0
Al
A2
B21
B22
B3
Cl
34.4
26.0
41.5
51.5
48.6
46.2
6.1
5.0
13.0
19.3
18.7
14.9
12.8
9.9
21.6
29.1
26.7
25.3
51
53
21
33
37
43
28
44
44
24
24
22
21
35
35
43
39
35
0
0
1.66
1.68
0
1.65
Al
A2
B2
B3
Cl
33.2
24.3
35.2
43.5
47.8
5.7
.59
12.8
16.8
16.2
12.0
11.5
23.0
30.2
26.8
53
53
45
37
41
28
26
24
26
20
19
21
31
37
39
0
0
0
0
0
.99
1.59
1.71
1.69
1.71
6
14
12
53
7
21
21
9
7
30
15
10
19
10
36
E
NP
B2
B3
Cl
C2
61.3
61.2
49.2
47.6
20.4
21.7
15.7
16.1
33.5
32.7
27.3
26.1
27
25
27
29
24
26
28
28
49
49
45
43
0
0
0
0
1.71
1.55
1.72
1.72
9
9
32
33
T
NP
A2
B2
Cl
C2
27.4
55.2
51.1
74.3
8.0
20.2
18.4
15.8
20.8
33.6
29.3
25.8
35
29
29
31
42
24
24
26
23
47
47
43
0
0
0
0
1.46
1.70
1.69
1.73
4
45
33
Al
A2
B2
B3
Cl
43.0
27.6
34.5
32.2
34.3
11.5
6.7
10.3
9.3
9.4
24.2
16.9
20.2
19.9
20.7
31
48
42
40
40
26
30
27
31
31
43
22
31
29
29
0
0
0
0
0
1.41
1.41
1.61
1.60
1.53
9
15
34
54
P
CH5
8
6
107
Al
B21
B22
Cl
15.2
16.4
17.1
19.9
SOIL
TREATMENT
HORIZON
TH
CH
Al
A2
B21
B22
Cl
28.4
21.3
37.6
46.5
34.8
5.8
4.5
11.6
13.9
9.8
15.6
12.5
23.8
28.8
19.3
49
47
43
42
41
30
34
26
23
26
21
19
31
35
33
.0
.0
.0
.0
E
CH
Al
A2
B2
B3
Cl
C2
35.9
28.3
41.0
50.8
47.1
54.3
7.8
6.5
14.1
16.9
13.4
20.5
18.6
27.6
27.3
23.3
51
43
35
37
31
29
30
36
26
24
30
28
19
21
39
39
39
43
SAT
(....
WATER AT
WILT
FIELD
SAND
(....
TEXTURE
SILT
CLAY
.... )
COARSE
FRAGMENTS
os)
BULK
THICKNESS
DfiNSITY
(gm/ cm3)
(cm)
.0
1.51
1.59
1.77
1.62
1.57
10
22
24
19
27
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.41
1.46
1.75
1.65
1.83
1.80
6
4
5
12
28
63
t
SAT - Saturation , WILT = Wilting point , FIELD = Field capacity
NU - Native vegetation, unplowed; NP - Native vegetation, plowed; C - Crested wheatgrass vegetation,
plowed, CH - Native vegetation, chiseled
108
^ P - Phillips, TH - Thoeny, T - Tealette, E - Elloam
1979 DATA
SOIL TREATMENT
HOR- SAR
IZON
CEC
CA
EXTRACTABLE
NA
MG
K
CA
SOLUBLE
MG
NA
(..
NPt
NP
Al
B21
B22
B3
Cl
C21
C22
1.0
1.0
2.0
4.0
7.0
5.0
13.0
Al
B21
B22
Cl
C3
6.0
8.0
14.0
11.0
13.0
11.0
Al
B21
B22
B3
Cl
C2
Al
B21
B22
B3
Cl
Cl
NP
NP
Cl
10.4
16.6
31.4
35.8
32.4
36.4
24.6
K
...)
BRAY
P
ppm
TOTAL ORGANIC
N
MATTER
ppm
(Z)
pH
EC
mmhos/cm
11.2
15.1
11.8
11.8
8.2
7.9
3.3
.3
.4
.6
1.2
1.4
2.8
2.4
1.2
.8
.7
.6
.4
.6
.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
43
10
48
51
39
22
22
120
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.2
.9
.7
.5
.6
.4
.1
7.4
7.7
6.5
8.3
8.2
8.0
8.5
8.5
2.0
1.0
5.0
7.2
13.8
32.0
52.0
80.0
44.0
9.2
15.1
16.7
15.1
10.5
20.7
2.1
4.3
6.0
6.4
5.7
8.3
.9
.7
.6
.5
.4
.5
.0
.0
.0
.2
.2
.1
.0
.0
.0
.2
.2
.1
.0
.1
.2
.4
.4
.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
,0
36
12
64
51
31
26
90
0
0
0
0
0
1.5
1.3
.9
.6
.7
.4
7.3
8.1
8.3
8.3
7.9
7.9
4.0
1.2
3.5
4.0
5.0
6.0
1.0
2.0
9.0
12.0
14.0
18.0
8.4
25.4
35.8
27.4
68.0
90.0
5.3
11.5
11.2
14.4
16.1
13.5
.0
.6
1.4
3.8
8.8
8.1
.7
.7
.4
.5
.5
.7
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.3
.3
.0
.0
.1
.1
.4
.6
0
0
0
0
0
0
40
10
0
48
33
40
HO
0
0
0
0
0
1.5
1.1
.8
.5
.4
1.4
6.8
7.6
8.3
8.2
8.1
8.0
1.0
6.5
8.0
3.0
3.5
5.0
2.0
15.0
23.0
30.0
24.0
15.0
5.2
5.3
34.2
29.4
25.0
62.0
1.6
6.0
9.8
13.5
13.8
16.7
.2
.6
6.2
7.2
6.5
2.9
.7
.0
.5
.5
.6
.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.2
.0
.1
.1
.3
.5
.4
0
0
0
0
0
0
40
8
13
6
57
57
80
0
0
0
0
0
1.5
.9
.4
.3
.3
.3
6.4
7.6
8.4
8.7
8.6
8.3
6.5
4.0
2.0
5.0
5.0
8.0
5.0
6.5
5
S
H
X
I
I
I
cn
0
H
s
1
H
N
B
H
O
VO
SOIL TREATMENT
HOR- SAR
IZON
CEC
CA
EXTRACTABLE
MG
NA
(....
K
CA
/IOOg..
SOLUBLE
MG
NA
K
....)
BRAY
P
ppm
TOTAL
N
ppm
ORGANIC
MATTER
(%)
pH
EC
mmhos/cm
NUt
Al
A2
B21
B22
B3
Cl
C2
6.0
7.1
10.9
10.9
11.1
10.0
18.0
6.2
6.8
16.2
33.0
33.6
17.4
22.8
2.0
3.3
6.9
9.8
9.2
5.3
9.5
.0
.1
.5
.5
1.6
1.7
6.9
.7
.8
1.0
.6
.5
.4
.6
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
30
10
13
0
24
33
68
170
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.5
1.5
1.2
.8
.5
.3
.5
6.6
6.4
7.0
7.8
8.1
8.2
7.9
8.0
7.0
9.0
5.5
.0
7.5
5.0
TH
NU
A2
B21
B22
B3
Cl
C2
4.0
15.0
23.0
21.0
18.0
15.0
2.4
3.8
27.4
27.4
27.4
30.4
1.6
11.8
14.8
11.8
11.2
16.4
.3
4.8
4.0
5.0
4.0
6.2
.5
1.1
.7
.5
.5
.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.2
.0
.1
.4
.3
.2
.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
36
17
27
37
36
26
90
0
0
0
0
0
1.6
.9
.8
.4
.3
.6
5.6
7.4
8.5
8.6
8.5
8.2
7.5
6.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
7.5
T
NU
A2
B21
B22
B3
Cl
C2
9.0
8.0
9.0
8.0
10.0
13.0
3.0
13.0
38.8
37.6
38.8
74.0
4.6
10.2
11.5
12.5
12.8
10.2
.8
4.6
4.6
3.4
5.7
4.1
.6
.9
.9
.7
.7
.7
.0
.0
.0
.1
.2
.2
.0
.0
.1
.1
.2
.2
.0
.1
.2
.2
.3
.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
40
23
87
56
43
33
90
0
0
0
0
0
1.5
1.5
1.3
.5
.5
.5
6.4
7.6
8.3
8.0
8.0
7.9
9.0
7.5
7.5
7.0
8.0
8.0
E
NU
A2
B21
B22
B3
Cl
C2
2.0
9.0
11.0
13.0
13.0
13.0
4.4
20.6
40.0
34.6
37.0
78.0
2.6
12.8
12.8
12.1
13.8
12.5
.2
2.6
3.8
4.6
5.3
6.2
.5
.9
.6
.7
.6
.6
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.2
.0
.1
.1
.2
.4
.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
39
9
15
30
45
37
HO
0
0
0
0
0
2.2
1.5
1.1
.8
.7
.7
6.4
7.3
8.2
8.4
8.1
8.1
5.0
4.5
7.5
5.0
5.0
5.0
no
P
SOIL TREATMENT
HOR- SAR
IZON
CEC
CA
EXTRACTABLE
NA
MG
K
CA
SOLUBLE
MG
NA
K
(....
)
BRAY
P
ppm
TOTAL ORGANIC
N
MATTER
ppm
(%)
PH
EC
mmhos/cm
M-
p
U
TH
C
C
E
C
1.0
5.0
11.0
28.0
15.0
16.0
8.0
11.4
30.8
31.4
28.4
56.0
9.5
13.5
13.1
11.8
12.1
9.8
.4
1.2
2.9
5.3
7.7
6.5
1.2
.8
.5
.6
.7
.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.2
.0
.0
.1
.4
.4
.5
Al
A2
B21
B22
B3
Cl
C2
Al
B21
B22
B3
Cl
C2
14.0
2.0
2.0
3.0
8.0
9.0
12.0
7.0
12.0
15.0
16.0
16.0
16.0
6.2
9.4
30.8
30.4
21.4
32.0
27.8
9.6
35.2
37.0
29.8
29.4
35.8
3.3
5.6
10.5
8.2
4.9
8.2
5.9
5.3
7.9
12.1
11.8
8.9
7.2
.0
.3
.8
.9
2.4
1.6
2.9
1.6
4.0
6.2
8.6
6.2
6.2
.9
.9
.9
.6
.6
.6
.8
.9
.7
.6
.6
.4
.4
.1
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.1
.0
.1
.1
.1
.3
.4
Al
B21
B22
B3
Cl
C2
11.0
11.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
18.0
4.0
21.8
31.0
31.0
31.0
40.0
3.0
13.5
12.1
9.8
11.5
8.9
.5
3.6
4.8
4.0
5.3
5.9
.5
.6
.5
.4
.4
.5
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.2
.0
.0
.1
.2
.2
.2
.0
.1
.2
.4
.4
.6
O
51
O
O
O
24
41
28
O
22
O
24
O
O
36
19
O
12
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
80
0
0
0
0
0
1.7
.9
.4
4.0
.5
.5
6.8
7.5
8.2
8.5
8.0
8.0
9.5
9.5
8.0
5.0
5.0
4.5
5
61
33
74
37
15
27
25
27
18
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
HO
0
0
0
0
0
1.7
1.5
1.6
1.4
.7
.9
.9
1.7
1.4
1.0
.7
.9
.7
7.1
6.6
7.8
8.0
8.0
8.1
8.5
7.3
8.0
8.3
8.4
8.1
8.0
8.0
3.5
5.5
6.5
5.0
4.0
2.5
1.0
5.0
4.0
5.0
5.0
4.5
41
19
21
13
12
13
10
O
0
0
O
O
1.5
1.3
1.1
.7
.5
.5
6.7
8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.3
1.0
8.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
111
T
Al
B2 I
B22
B3
Cl
C2
1980 DATA
SOIL TREATMENT
T
E
TH
TH
NU
NU
NU
NP
CEC
EXTRACTABLE
SOLUBLE
CA
NA
MG
K
CA
MG
NA
(.................. me/IOOg................. .
AZ
BZl
B3
Cl
CZ
1.0
4.3
5.6
10.5
10.9
11.3 7.2
23.9 6.0
29.1 24.0
32.2 44.0
26.5 40.0
3.1
5.6
10.2
11.1
9.2
.9
1.9
3.8
5.9
5.9
Al
BZ
B3
Cl
CZ
0.5
5.9
9.1
13.2
21.4
22.2
26.5
24.3
23.0
30.0
16.0
40.0
42.0
52.0
30.0
6.2
12.5
11.8
12.1
13.8
Al
BZl
BZZ
B3
Cl
.4
.8
1.3
3.1
5.2
17.0
20.0
29.6
30.4
36.1
7.2
12.0
46.0
56.0
40.0
Al
BZl
BZZ
Cl
.7
2.9
4.1
6.9
24.8
33.5
28.7
36.5
Al
AZ
BZl
BZZ
B3
Cl
.7
1.6
9.8
9.8
8.7
11.9
.6
.4
.6
.6
.5
.1
.0
.2
.5
.3
.1
.0
.2
.5
.3
.4
.3
1.1
1.8
1.6
.1
2.6
3.5
6.6
1.0
1.5 .2
.5 .0
.4 .1
.4 1.1
.4 1.3
.1
.1
.2
1.8
3.5
.1
.3
.8
3.6
1.0
3.1
3.6
6.6
7.5
6.6
.1
.2
.6
.4
1.9
1.0
.7
.7
.5
.5
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
12.0
24.0
52.0
44.0
5.6
6.2
7.9
9.2
.3
.8
1.5
2.4
1.5
.9
.6
.6
.1
.1
.1
10.4 4.0
11.3 3.2
20.9 6.6
29.1 10.0
26.5 13.0
27.4 22.0
2.6
2.4
7.5
10.5
9.5
9.2
.1
.2
3.1
4.3
4.3
4.3
.8
.5
.9
1.2
1.0
.9
BRAY
P
ppm
.0
.0
61
Z9
.0
UU
.0
.0
Z5
TOTAL ORGANIC
N
MATTER
ppm
(Z)
EC
mmhos/cm
41
900
800
800
500
400
.0
61
33
39
31
30
1600
900
700
400
400
.0
.1
.1
.1
.4
.0
0
0
0
0
51
1400
17
19
Z5
ZZ
1100
.0
.2
.2
.4
0
0
0
0
Z5
.2
.0
.1
.0
.0
1400
IZOO
700
600
2.9
2.3
1.3
8.1
.5
.9
.9
1.1
8.0
1.0
.1
.0
.0
.1
.1
.1
.1
.0
.0
.1
.1
.1
.1
.0
.3
.6
.5
.9
0
0
0
0
0
0
28
7
1000
3.3
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.7
6.3
6.5
7.6
8.3
8.5
.7
6
1300
700
800
.0
.0
.0
.0
IZ
IZ
13
10
11
17
800
600
500
800
800
Z.Z
1.5
.9
6.9
7.1
8.4
8.3
4.3
.8
8.6
2.8
3.6
7.5
8.5
1.0
1.0
8.6
2.1
.8
.9
8.4
8.5
7.9
7.3
2.9
2.4
1.5
7.0
7.0
7.9
.5
.3
1.0
8.1
.8
1.1
8.2
1.0
6.6
1.6
1.6
7.4
8.6
1.0
1.0
2.1
.4
.8
.2
.8
1.5
2.3
2.4
112
P
NU
HOR- SAR
IZON
SOIL TREATMENT
HOR- SAR
IZON
CEC
CA
EXTRACTABLE
NA
MG
K
CA
SOLUBLE
MG
NA
BRAY
K
(.....
P
NP
Al
P
)
B2
B3
Cl
1.4
2.9
6.7
10.2
10.4
9.6
11.3
19.6
26.5
24.8
4.0
4.0
7.4
15.0
34.0
2.1
2.6
4.6
7.2
7.2
.1
.4
1.7
2.8
3.0
.8
.6
.8
1.1
.8
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.2
.5
.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Al
TOTAL
N
ORGANIC
MATTER
(%)
pH
EC
mmhos/cm
ppm
ppm
27
9
13
14
1300
800
800
900
800
2.9
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.8
6.4
7.1
7.7
8.5
8.3
.5
.2
.6
1.4
1.6
7
E
NP
B2
B3
Cl
C2
6.7
6.3
7.1
8.2
30.9
30.9
23.5
22.6
10.0
32.0
40.0
64.0
11.5
14.4
13.8
12.5
3.0
3.5
3.7
4.2
.7
.8
.6
.4
.1
.1
.2
1.1
.1
.2
.5
1.2
.4
.6
.9
1.9
.0
.0
.0
.0
11
27
44
37
900
1000
400
400
1.9
1.9
.9
.7
7.8
8.4
8.3
7.8
1.0
2.4
3.7
9.0
T
NP
Al
BI
3.6
7.5
6.6
7.7
9.1
28.3
26.5
72.4
3.6
10.0
40.0
15.0
3.6
11.5
14.4
11.1
.6
2.6
3.8
9.4
.5
.7
.6
1.3
.1
.1
.3
1.7
.1
.1
.5
2.4
.2
.4
.9
2.8
.0
.0
.0
.5
39
15
43
33
900
900
600
400
1.8
1.6
1.1
.7
6.5
7.5
8.2
8.7
1.1
1.0
3.4
4.9
.2
.5
1.7
5.1
7.4
13.0
10.9
17.4
17.8
16.1
5.6
3.8
8.0
30.0
32.0
2.5
1.9
4.3
5.9
7.2
.1
.1
.4
.9
1.7
1.9
1.7
1.5
1.0
.9
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.1
.1
.2
.1
.I
.0
.0
.0
37
20
20
22
13
2100
900
800
700
500
3.5
1.8
1.3
1.0
.7
6.3
6.3
6.9
8.3
8.7
1.6
.4
.3
.7
1.0
1.1
10.6
B21 14.5
B22 21.7
Cl
3.9
19.1
18.3
18.7
26.1
18.7
4.0
2.8
5.0
10.2
38.0
2.2
1.9
5.6
8.5
5.6
.1
1.0
4.4
7.1
.8
.8
.5
1.0
1.2
.9
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.1
.2
.0
.0
.2
.6
2.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
19
15
12
17
17
1000
500
700
700
600
2.3
.9
1.1
.9
,8
6.6
7.3
7.9
8.7
8.4
.4
.4
1.8
4.3
.8
Cl
Cl
P
CH^
Al
Al
BI
B3
Cl
TH
CH
Al
Al
SOIL TREATMENT
HOR- SAR
IZON
CEC
CA
EXTRACTABLE
NA
MG
K
CA
SOLUBLE
MG
NA
K
(----
BRAY
P
ppm
TOTAL
N
ppm
ORGANIC
MATTER
(%)
PH
EC
mmhos/cm
E
CH
Al
A2
B2
B3
Cl
C2
1.6
3.7
7.4
6.8
8.6
10.8
17.8
10.4
23.0
28.7
21.7
24.4
3.2
3.0
6.8
30.0
36.0
30.0
2.6
3.0
9.8
11.8
13.8
15.1
.3
.4
3.0
3.7
3.7
4.3
.4
.5
.2
.4
.4
.4
.1
.0
.0
.1
.4
.1
.1
.1
.0
.2
.9
.3
.i
.i
.2
.7
1.5
1.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
99
62
18
25
19
30
1900
1100
800
900
400
400
4.2
2.3
1.4
1.6
.5
.5
5.1
5.6
7.0
8.4
8.4
8.9
.9
.7
.6
2.8
4.6
3.4
T
CU
A2
B2
B3
Cl
C2
2.7
7.3
13.5
7.9
17.4
13.0
23.9
27.8
20.0
21.3
6.8
7.2
30.0
52.0
34.0
3.9
10.2
15.4
11.5
13.1
.5
2.1
3.5
3.3
4.0
.6
.5
.5
.4
.4
.2
.0
.2
.9
.4
.2
.1
.4
1.4
.8
.2
.3
1.7
1.7
3.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
86
42
36
30
29
1400
1100
1100
500
500
3.0
1.8
1.7
.6
.6
6.5
7.1
8.5
8.3
8.5
1.2
1.2
2.2
6.4
3.7
t
E - Elloam . T - Tealette, P » Phillips, TH ■■ Thoeny
NP - Native vegetation. plowed , NU - Native vegetation , unplowed
CH - Native vegetation, chiseled
C - Crested vheatgrass vegetation, plowed
3
I
I
T
E
TH
P
NP79*
T
E
TH
P
C79
T
E
TH
P
NU80?
T
E
TH
P
NP80*
T
E
TH
P
CH80*
38
23
3
I
3
I
I
I
20
83
21
16
I
3
I
I
15
6
5
9
2
7
13
4
6
I
6
40
24
49
5
11
3
9
2
88
32
20
2
3
LICHEN
GRAVEL
15
21
I
35
: OTHER
33
I
PERSISTANT
LITTER
NONPERSISTi
LITTER
^ BARE GROUNl
TREATMENT
NU79*
E 5s
TH5
PS
I I i I I
...
I
3
32
17
40
6
4
2
5
3
12
4
I
4
I
I
6
II I II I
4
I
9
I
11
3
2
i3
I
I
I
I
2
2
5
4
8
I I
2
I
2
3
t
13
18
13
13
28
20
3
29
I
8
24
16
44
15
13
2
3
2
2
27
79
52
34
15
48
17
12
I
5
3
3
14
30
57
43
I
2
16
74
69
50
4
i
4
3
I
I
2
I
I
6
37
25
23
6
7
2
2
6
4
5
2
2
9
22
8
10
I
28
36
22
2
4
6
4
9
18
7
4
31
14
16
2
5
4
I
3
7
2
2
I
3
8
6
35
31
25
I
4
2
3
4
12
10
3
3
23
9
6
40
44
24
I
6
4
I
3
5
3
7
14
15
5
15
7
3
2
3
9
15
6
2
7
9
3
6
14
16
I
12
16
17
2
14
6
3
30
26
21
2
I
I
2
2
5
I
I
2
3
I
I
I
2
2
I
I
6
12
5
2
2
4
2
3
I
3
I
3
2
^Four letter plant symbols are given Ir I U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service (1976).
NU79 - Native vegetation, unplowed, 1979 location; NP79 - Native vegetation, plowed. 1979 location;
C79 - Crested wheatgrass vegetation, 1979 location; NU80 - Native vegetation, unplowed, 1980 location;
NP80 - Native vegetation, plowed, 1980 location; CH80 - Native vegetation, chiseled, 1980 location
5T - Tealette, E - Elloam, TH - Thoeny, P - Phillips
I
COMPOSITION DATA FROM SVIM TRANSECTS BY SOIL AND TREATMENT
I
T?
APPENDIX 4:
H
116
APPENDIX 5:
PRODUCTIVITY DATA FROM SVIM ESTIMATE AND CLIP
PLOTS AND FROM RANDOM CLIP PLOTS
Key to Appendix 5
t
Four letter plant symbols given in U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Soil Conservation Service (1976).
*
tT = Tealette, E = Elloam, TH = Thoney, P = Phillips
§
NU79 = Native
NP79 = Native
C79 = Crested
NU80 = Native
NP80 = Native
CH80 = Native
vegetation, unplowed, 1979 location
vegetation, plowed, 1979 location
wheatgrass vegetation, 1979 location
vegetation, unplowed, 1980 location
vegetation, plowed, 1980 location
vegetation, chiseled, 1980 location
#
117
MOIST ESTIMATE DATA (SVIM)
SOIL TREAT­
MENT
T * NU795
E ^ NU79
TH* NU79
P * NU79
T
E
TH
P
T
E
TH
P
NP? 9s
NP79
NP 79
NP79
C79 5
C79
C79
C79
GRASS+ FORB+ SHRUB+ AGSff AGSP+BOGr+ CAEL+ ARFlf SEDE+ L i m - OPPO+ MISC. MISC. MISC. AGCR+
EN+
GRASS FORB SHRUB
(.............. g/m2 ............... ) (.... cm2
....... g/m2....... )
7
5
12
9
6
9
16
7
11
6
8
4
21
10
11
11
6
9
4
6
2
5
6
8
7
12
16
12
6
5
11
2
6
12
12
20
8
8
12
8
9
11
12
24
12
26
2
21
18
13
14
13
24
7
10
11
16
2
3
2
2
3
8
3
3
2
2
4
16
I
2
I
5
3
10
5
4
I
3
3
3
2
5
4
2
2
4
I
5
I
6
6
I
5
3
11
40
30
2
2
I
6
2
I
50
2
5
8
10
2
I
6
I
2
4
I
I
15
I
I
I
I
I
3
I
4
5
7
2
2
2
5
I
6
5
2
I
2
I
I
I
4
I
2
3
I
I
I
I
I
2
I
3
I
5
2
2
3
2
3
I
260
200
50
210
230
260
230
260
140
100
240
140
160
140
9
4
10
25
2
5
4
5
I
2
S
6
5
I
I
41
350
2
80
40
3
I
4
I
10
14
9
5
I
9
5
I
2
2
2
70
18
I
7
3
I
3
4
4
6
6
35
5
3
2
2
3
10
20
3
I
I
I
2
I
I
2
I
I
4
2
I
I
6
2
I
2
2
2
I
6
I
2
2
4
I
3
I
I
I
30
2
40
6
6
2
5
4
8
16
2
I
2
I
2
2
2
I
2
5
4
I
50
2
11
2
3
7
2
6
2
10
3
15
I
15
18
11
3
7
2
I
2
2
I
9
I
I
I
13
I
2
I
4
I
I
I
3
4
9
I
I
I
I
5
I
15
15
1
12
3
3
4
9
7
9
20
4
4
2
3
I
2
13
I
12
118
SOIL TREATNENT
T
E
P
TH
NUSO5
NUSO
NUSO
NUSO
GRASS FORB SHRUB AGSM AGSP BOGR GAEL ARFR SEDE LICH- OPPO MI SC. MISC. MISC. AGCR
EN
GRASS FORB SHRUB
. g/m2 ....
(—
....) (... . cm2 ••••) (...
3
8
9
8
I
12
5
15
7
4
9
5
12
15
11
7
8
3
2
TH
P
E
T
P
TH
E
T
NP80S
9
6
9
9
14
8
NPSO
7
NPSO
12
16
9
7
ii
10
10
10
11
NPSO
CHSO5
CHSO
CHSO
CHSO
4
2
3
6
18
25
10
8
4
5
16
6
8
5
12
9
8
13
7
7
I
i
i
9
i
i
50
6
I
3
9
I
8
5
3
12
8
7
4
4
4
4
2
3
2
I
I
I
11
I
9
4
2
5
2
5
5
i
3
i
2
3
2
2
4
4
5
2
I
I
5
13
6
I
3
2
I
2
2
5
22
3
6
5
I
4
2
2
2
I
3
3
3
I
I
I
I
11
I
6
2
2
2
I
5
4
4
I
4
4
10
I
I
21
4
4
I
15
11
2
2
3
3
6
5
8
2
4
I
250
140
240
240
4
I
I
I
I
2
4
I
3
3
2
2
I
I
5
I
5
3
2
2
2
22
5
3
7
6
5
9
8
5
6
I
5
20
3
I
4
I
I
2
2
I
I
I
I
I
3
2
2
I
5
3
2
3
I
9
I
I
I
I
2
6
9
11
5
14
12
21
2
2
2
9
9
I
2
3
I
12
2
5
3
3
4
4
I
15
11
2
4
5
2
2
2
3
I
I
2
3
4
I
I
4
2
3
8
3
2
I
I
I
I
3
3
210
2
70
5
2
2
140
3
9
I
5
I
I
I
3
2
100
4
4
4
4
8
16
8
I
5
50
3
I
I
2
5
3
10
I
5
10
I
2
22
5
6
12
11
5
14
12
21
4
4
2
I
I
I
8
4
3
7
I
11
2
3
I
240
24
20
4
210
260
80
40
6
5
3
2
3
12
2
2
5
6
5
I
2
5
7
i
4
3
5
7
I
i
i
3
2
10
6
2
I
I
I
2
I
3
119
DRY WEIGHED DATA
SOIL TREATMENT
T
NU79
E
NU79
TH
NU79
P
NU79
T
E
NP79
NP79
TH
NP79
P
NP79
T
C79
E
C79
TH
C79
P
C79
T
NU80
E
NU80
P
NU80
TH
NU80
TH
NP80
P
NP 80
E
NP80
T
NP80
P
CH80
TH
CH80
E
CH80
T
CH80
(SVIM)
GRASS FORB SHRUB AGSM AGSP BOGR GAEL ARFR SEDE LICH- OPPO MISC. MISC. MISC. AGCR
EN
GRASS FORB SHRUB
....) (.... cm^ ....) (....... g/m2 ..
. g/-2 ....
(....
8
2
3
3
4
3
3
5
6
3
5
5
I
7
6
8
5
4
9
7
12
12
11
14
3
3
6
3
6
5
2
6
6
7
10
7
7
5
8
5
4
6
4
3
3
6
2
2
4
I
i
2
4
3
I
3
3
3
I
I
3
3
15
13
3
28
3
3
3
4
i
i
3
4
3
I
I
3
3
15
13
3
28
3
I
4
4
2
8
I
I
I
4
2
8
7
9
12
10
3
3
2
2
2
4
3
I
2
I
I
2
I
2
5
5
3
5
4
7
I
2
2
3
I
3
2
I
3
3
4
I
2
3
4
3
2
2
2
4
I
2
5
I
I
I
I
2
4
3
I
2
I
I
6
3
3
I
I
I
I
2
5
5
3
5
4
7
I
2
2
3
3
I
11
3
3
I
I
I
4
7
3
5
I
I
5
3
3
I
I
120
MOIST WEIGHED DATA (S V IM )
SOIL TREATMENT
GRASS FORB SHRUB AGSM AGSP BOCR GAEL AR
(....
T
NU79
E
NU79
TH
NU79
P
NU79
6
14
5
7
) (... =-2
• g /" 2
4
2
6
12
I
T
NP79
E
NP79
TH
NP79
P
NP79
T
E
C79
C79
TH
C79
P
C79
T
NU80
E
NU80
P
NU80
TH
NU80
TH
NP80
4
2
I
I
4
6
I
2
8
3
5
9
3
8
7
9
6
2
6
8
2
13
14
11
12
7
11
11
12
19
16
22
23
5
14
20
12
4
6
12
9
12
7
5
11
11
12
OPPO M ISC . MISC . M ISC . AGCR
GRASS FORB ^sijrub
. . . ) ( .................
....)
2
6
I
2
3
I
4
9
3
8
7
I
6
6
2
4
5
7
28
8
2
68
8
2
6
9
7
5
6
I
1
5
7
28
2
8
68
5
12
6
2
I
2
2
6
4
9
9
12
2
17
16
16
23
6
21
5
4
10
7
3
6
4
4
7
2
5
2
5
3
4
4
3
5
7
6
10
7
3
4
3
5
5
3
3
8
21
6
I
2
I
I
2
6
4
5
4
4
7
2
5
2
1
2
7
2
3
1
2
2
8
P
NP80
E
NP80
T
NP80
P
CH80
TH
CH80
E
CH80
T
CH80
14
14
15
13
8
4
5
3
5
4
5
2
4
8
5
9
5
9
6
I
4
10
11
10
9
11
19
22
17
12
11
9
3
3
10
5
5
4
2
2
2
3
3
2
I
3
I
4
IO
11
8
8
10
19
18
15
12
8
6
3
I
3
I
1
I
I
3
2
3
121
RANDOM CLIP PLOT DATA
SOIL
T
TREATMENT
NU79
GRASS
<......
4
3
U
E
NU79
TH
NU79
P
NU79
T
NP79
NP79
3
4
4
5
2
2
4
5
4
3
5
5
4
2
5
4
4
4
S
4
3
7
4
4
4
4
3
4
6
6
4
8
5
7
4
7
7
2
2
2
3
4
2
3
3
3
3
9
5
5
6
6
7
9
4
6
6
FORB
SHRUB
6
I
I
2
I
9
I
I
2
I
I
I
I
I
I
2
I
2
8
3
2
2
2
I
I
I
6
I
I
I
2
3
2
2
I
122
SOIL
TH
TREATMENT
NP79
GRASS
FORfl
(....
g/m2 ....... )
SHRUB
7
5
6
I
8
9
8
3
I
2
P
NP79
5
5
9
8
8
7
3
3
6
I
8
I
I
5
6
9
7
2
I
4
8
T
C79
4
I
7
8
9
4
7
6
I
6
9
E
C79
I
I
I
I
9
I
6
2
I
9
I
I
3
8
6
TH
C79
I
I
I
1
7
3
3
2
I
9
4
7
C79
7
8
8
9
3
3
7
5
6
8
8
I
I
I
123
SOIL
TREATMENT
T
NU80
E
P
NU80
NU80
TH
NU80
TH
NP80
P
E
NP80
NP80
GRASS
<. . . . .
5
2
3
2
3
3
2
4
I
3
3
3
3
2
2
4
3
3
3
5
6
5
4
5
6
5
8
7
9
7
6
8
3
5
6
5
6
7
5
4
4
7
6
6
9
4
3
4
5
6
3
8
8
7
3
6
7
9
3
5
6
6
4
3
4
5
5
2
5
FORB
2
I
SHRUB
..... )
i
I
2
I
I
2
2
3
3
I
2
2
2
3
2
3
7
2
I
2
2
2
2
2
4
I
3
2
5
2
I
I
3
2
3
2
I
7
I
3
3
I
3
I
3
2
3
2
6
6
2
I
4
I
3
4
2
5
124
SOIL
TREATMENT
E
NP80
T
NP80
P
CH80
TH
CH80
E
CH80
CH80
g/tn 2
Total+
Total*
Grass'
Multiple
R2
F
Data with All Sites Included
P = 14.34 - .18(0 horizon available water (%)) - .67(0 horizon
extractable P (me/IOOg)) + .18(0 horizon 15 bar water)
.76
8.45
P = 5.15 - .94(A horizon extractable Na (me/lOOg)) + .19(A
horizon extractable P (me/100g)) + .05(8 horizon cation
exchange capacity (me/lOOg)) - .45(0 horizon extractable
Mg (me/IOOg))
.92
18.90
P = 59.32 - 3.49(8 horizon electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm))
- 6.69(8 horizon organic matter (%)) + .35(8 horizon
extractable Ca (me/100g)) - 4.48(8 horizon soluble K
(me/100g)) - .90(8 horizon clay (%))
.90
15.36
P = 19.34 - 3.26(8 horizon organic matter (%)) - 1.06(8 horizon
extractable Na (me/100g)) - 1.90(0 horizon extractable P
(me/lOOg)) + 1.28(0 horizon soluble K (me/lOOg)) + .10
(A horizon Sodium Adsorption Ratio)
.92
17.58
P = 6.10 + .31(A horizon cation exchange capacity (me/100g))
- .70(A horizon extractable Na (me/100g)) + .10(A horizon
sand (%)) - .22(8 horizon clay (%)) + .10( B horizon
15 bar water)
.98
36.56
P = -1.07 + .14(0 horizon sand (%))
.81
24.10
Data with Control Sites Excluded
Total+
Grass+
STEPWISE REGRESSION EQUATIONS FOR SOIL CHEMICAL
DATA ON PRODUCTIVITY
Grass+
Equation
APPENDIX 6:
Dependent Variable
Productivity (P)
Dependent Variable
Productivity (P)
Total
Equation
F
P = 124.65 - .79(A horizon extactable Ca (me/lOOg)) - 7.36
(B horizon pH) + .45(B horizon cation exchange capacity
(me/100g)) - 17.84(B horizon organic matter (%)) - .98
(B horizon clay (%))
Grass*
Multiple
.94
77.67
.99
89.61
P = 20.07 - 1.03(B horizon extractable Na (me/lOOg)) - 6.76
(B horizon total N (ppm)) - 2.95(C horizon extractable
P (me/100g)) + .60(C horizon total N (ppm) + .08(0 hor­
izon clay (%))
tRandom clip plot data
^SVIM moist estimate data
126
Multiple
Dependent Variable
Productivity (P)
R2
F
Data with All Sites Included
P = 4.70 + .00(A horizon organic matter (Z))
.57
10.78
Grass'*"
P = 2.4 + .04 (solum thickness (cm))
.63
14.39
Total^
P - 248.46 - .03(clubmoss cover (cm2)) - .03(elevation (m))
+ .26(solum thickness (cm))
.74
8.47
P = 2.25 + .00(organic matter (Z) in solum) + .09(C/N in
solum)
.79
17.43
Grass^
Data with Tealette Soils Excluded
Total"*"
P = 8.80 - .01(aspect) - .01(clubmoss cover (cm2))
.70
7.26
Grass"*"
P - 2.45 + .90(soil type) + 1.74(A horizon coarse fragment
content (%)) + .00(solum extractable Na (me/IOOg))
.82
9.88
P = 12.82 - .06(clubmoss cover (cm^)) + .15(solum thickness
(cm)) - 1.71(C horizon coarse fragment content (%))
.80
8.52
P » 6.53 + .00(solum extractable Na me/100g)) + .49(avail­
able water (Z) in solum)
. 66
5.92
Total^
Grass^
Data with Control Sites Excluded
Total+
P = 5.02 + .00(A horizon organic matter (Z))
.60
8.07
Grass"*"
P = 2.44 + .04(solum thickness (cm))
.69
12.86
Total^
P - 5.78 - .03(aspect) + .30(solum thickness (cm))
.84
15.65
Grass^
P - 2.60 - .00(organic matter (Z) in solum) + .08(C/N in
solum)
.79
10.63
'Random clip plot data
SVIM moist estimate data
STEPWISE REGRESSION EQUATIONS FOR SOIL PHYSICAL
DATA ON PRODUCTIVITY
Total"*"
APPENDIX 7:
g/m2
Equation
128
APPENDIX 8:
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES TRIED IN STEPWISE
REGRESSION ANALYSIS
PHYSICAL VARIABLES
Aspect
Slope (%)
Elevation (m)
A horizon thickness (cm)
B horizon thickness (cm)
Solum thickness (cm)
Coarse fragments in A horizon (Z)
Coarse fragments in B horizon (Z)
Coarse fragments in C horizon (Z)
Calcium in the solum (me/lOOg)
Magnesium in the solum (me.lOOg)
Sodium in the solum (me/lOOg)
Potassium in the solum (me/lOOg)
Nitrogen in the solum (me/lOOg)
Phosphorus in the solum (me/lOOg)
Organic matter content of A horizon (Z)
Organic matter content of the solum (Z)
Available water in the solum (cm)
CHEMICAL VARIABLES
For one A,B and C horizon for each soil:
Electical conductivity (mmhos/cm)
PH
Cation Exchange Capacity (me/lOOg)
Bulk density (g/cnw)
Organic matter (Z)
Water at saturation ( Z )
Extractable calcium (me/lOOg)
Extractable magnesium (me/lOOg)
Extractable potassium (me/lOOg)
Extractable sodium (me/lOOg)
Bray phosphorus (ppm)
Soluble potassium (me/lOOg)
Soluble magnesium (me/lOOg)
Soluble calcium (me/lOOg)
Total nitrogen (ppm)
Sand (Z)
Silt (Z)
ClAy (Z)
Water content at 15 bars
Water content at 1/3 bar
Horizon thickness (cm)
Sodium Adsorption Ratio
129
APPENDIX 9:
LINNEAN
and
common plant names
Agropyron cristatum
Crested wheatgrass
Agropyron smithii
Thickspike western wheatgrass
Artemesia frigida
Fringed sagewort
Bouteloua gracilis
Blue grama grass
Buchloe dactyloides .
Buffalo grass
Carex eleocharis
Blackroot sedge
Distichlis stricta
Nuttal alkaligrass
Hordeum jubotum
Foxtail barley
Oppuntia spp.
Prickly pear cactus
Phlox hoodii
Moss phlox.
Poa secunda
Sandberg bluegrass
Salsola kali
Russian thistle
Selaginella densa
Clubmoss
Stipa comata
Needle-and-thread grass
Stipa viridula
Green needlegrass
.
MONTANA STATE U NIVERSITY L IBR AR IES
stks N37B.B634@Theses
The effects of mechanical treatment on t
.
.IllIilIillI
3 1762 00169441 1
N378
B63k
cop. 2
B o e h m , Marie M
The effects of m e c h a n i ­
cal t r e a t m e n t on the
soils a nd v e g e t a t i o n ...
ISSUED TO
DATE
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