The evaluation of seven acid tolerant plant species grown on acidic, limed and unlimed tailings in
South-western Montana
by Tonia Carr Torrence
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE
in Land Rehabilitation
Montana State University
© Copyright by Tonia Carr Torrence (1986)
Abstract:
Mining operations are often located in forested areas at high elevations. Reclaiming these sites may be
difficult because of extremely acidic spoil or tailings which result from the mining or milling processes
and harsh environmental conditions. Liming increases pH, reduces levels of potentially phytotoxic
metals and increases availability of plant nutrients. It is assumed that liming of extremely acidic mine
material is necessary to facilitate plant establishment. This theory is tested in this study by planting
seven acid tolerant species on limed and unlimed acidic tailings on the Champion mine site which is
located in Deerlodge County, Mt. Species planted were Alopecuris arundiaceus, A. pratensis, Agrostis
tenuis, A. alba. Festuca ovina, Poa Compressa, and Lotus corniculatus. Plant growth was measured at
the seedling and mature stages. Success of the species planted on the unlimed versus limed tailings was
used to evaluate the suitability of the unlimed tailings as a plant growth medium. Success of individual
species was also evaluated. All species exibited superior growth on the limed tailings compared to that
of the unlimed tailings. Two species Festuca ovina. and Alopecurls pratensis grew better than the other
species on the limed tailings. It was concluded that liming was necessary for the establishment of all of
these species on the Champion mine tailings. Results of species growth are considered to be
preliminary and may not be indicative of the species success over time. THE EVALUATION OF SEVEN ACID TOLERANT PLANT SPECIES
GROWN ON ACIDIC, LIMED AND UNLIMED TAILINGS
IN SOUTH-WESTERN MONTANA
by
Tonia Carr Torrence
A th e s is subm itted in p a r tia l f u lfillm e n t
of the requirem ents fo r the degree
of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
in
Land R e h a b ilita tio n
MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bozeman, Montana
June 1986
11
APPROVAL
of a th e s is subm itted by
Tonia Carr Torrence
T his t h e s is has been read by each member of the th e s is committee
and h as been found to be s a t i s f a c t o r y r e g a r d in g c o n te n t, E n g lis h
usage, form at, c ita tio n s , b ib lio g ra p h ic s ty le , and co n sisten cy , and i s
ready fo r subm ission to the College o f Graduate Studies.
___ Qu/VJlS / f /
D atetz
JflfM-
Chairperson, Graduate Committee
Approved f o r th e Major Department
Head, Major Department
Date
Approved fo r the College o f Graduate S tudies
(L 4
to t?
«
3
/fs-c
Graduate Dean
ill
STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO USE
In p resen tin g t h i s paper in p a r tia l fu lf illm e n t of the
requirem ents fo r a m aster's degree a t Montana S ta te U n iv e rsity , I
agree th a t th e L ibrary s h a ll make i t a v a ila b le to borrow ers under
r u le s of the L ibrary.
B rie f q u o tatio n s from t h is paper are allow able
w ithout sp e cia l perm ission, provided t h a t a cc u ra te acknowledgment of
source i s made.
Perm ission fo r extensive q u o ta tio n from or rep ro d u ctio n of th is
paper may be granted by my major p ro fesso r, or in h is absence, by the
D irector of L ib ra rie s when, in th e opinion of e ith e r , th e proposed use
of the m a te ria l i s fo r sc h o la rly purposes.
Any copying or use of the
m a te ria l in t h i s paper fo r fin a n c ia l gain s h a ll not be allow ed w ithout
my w ritte n perm ission.
S ignature
Date
j
Cfiyi/L* f
—/
iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Hy sin c e re g ra titu d e and a p p re c ia tio n a re expressed to th e
follow ing;
Dr. Frank Munshower, my major p ro fesso r. .
Dr. C lif f Montagne and Dennis Neuman fo r serving on my graduate
committee.
Chevron Resources In c. fo r funding th e p ro je c t.
J a c k lin Seed Co. fo r supplying the seed used in t h is study.
V
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE..............
1
APPROVAL...................................................................................................................
11
STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO USE......................................................................
Hi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...................................................................................................
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................
v
LIST OF TABLES.........................................................................
v ii
L IS T OF F IG U R E S ........................................................................................
Ix
ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................
*
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................
O b jectives....................
I
4
in in vo
10
12
14
14
15
16
17
17
MATERIALS AND METHODS.........................................................................................
S ite D e sc rip tio n ....................
Experimental Design............................
S ite P rep aratio n and Seeding.................................................................
C o lle ctio n and A nalysis o f T ailin g s M a terial......................................
Species Data C o lle ctio n and A n a ly sis.................
S t a t i s t i c a l Methods..........................
23
23
23
24
25
26
26
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.......................................................................................
T ailin g s A nalysis.............................................................................................
Physical A nalysis.................................................................
27
27
27
<o
LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................
Spoil and T a ilin g s A cid ity .................
Acid T a ilin g s : Phytotoxic R elatio n sh ip s
Hydrogen Ion T o x ic ity ......................... ..
Aluminum and Manganese T o x ic ity .........
Zinc and Copper T o x ic ity ........................................................... ..
E ffe c ts of Liming on A c id ity ......................................................................
Liming and th e Primary N u trie n ts ............................ ................................
N itrogen...........................................................................................................
Phosphorus....................
Potassium........................
K iln Dust a s a Liming A g e n t ....................................................... ............
S u ita b ility of Species to the Environment............................................
Vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS - (Continued)
Chemical A nalysis........................................................................................
P lan t A nalysis......................................
S ite E ffe c ts .............................................................
Seedling Emergence................................
M aturity..............................................
Treatment E ffe c t............................................
S ite 1...........................................................................................................
S ite 2 ..........
R elativ e Species Success..................
Lotus c o rn ic u la tu s. ................
Festuca ovina............................
A lopecuris arundinaceus. ..................................
A lopecuris p ra te n s is . ...........................................................................
A grostis te n u is ..................................
A grostis a lb a ................
Poa comnressa......................................
Summary..................
29
37
38
38
39
45
46
48
49
51
51
52
52
53
54
55
55
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS....................................................................................
57
LITERATURE CITED.....................................................
.
^
i
.
APPENDICES..................
Appendix A....................................................
S t a t i s t i c a l Comparisons o f P lant Growth V a ria b le s................
Appendix B........................
R esults of T ailin g s and P la n t Growth A n a ly sis.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
70
71
71
74
74
v ii
L IS T OF TABLES
Table
1
Page
Physical and chemical a n a ly sis of cement p lan t
flu e d u s t . . ....................................
24
2
T extural a n a ly sis r e s u l t s ....................................... ........................
27
3
Average percent m oisture by weight and corresponding
m etric p o te n tia l throughout th e 1985 growing s e a s o n . . . . . . . .
28
R esu lts fo r the mean pH and conductance by s i t e ,
tre a tm e n t
a n d d e p t h . . . . . . . . . .......
29
Average soluble m etal concentrations (mg/L) by s i t e ,
treatm ent and d e p t h . . . . . ......................................................................
30
Average base c a tio n con cen tratio n s (mg/L) by s i t e ,
tre a tm e n t
a n d d e p t h . . . .............................................................
32
Average con cen tratio n s (mg/kg) of f e r t i l i z e r n u tr ie n ts in
s o lu tio n .......................................................................................................
34
Transformed means and t e s t s of sig n ific a n c e fo r sp e cie s by
treatm ent and s i t e , fo r seed lin g e m e rg e n c e ..,...............
39
Transformed means and t e s t s of sig n ific a n c e fo r sp ecies by
treatm ent and s i t e , fo r BAG............................................ ..................
40
Transformed means and t e s t s of sig n ific a n c e fo r sp e c ie s by
treatm ent and s i t e , fo r h e i g h t . . . ....................................................
40
Transformed means and t e s t s of sig n ific a n c e fo r sp e cie s by
s i t e and tr e a tm e n t f o r s e e d lin g em ergence ......................
46
Transformed means and t e s t s of sig n ific a n c e fo r sp e cie s by
s i t e and treatm ent fo r BAG............................................... ..............
47
Transformed means and t e s t s of sig n ific a n c e fo r sp e c ie s by
by s i t e and treatm ent fo r h e ig h t......................................................
47
S ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e s among transform ed BAG means by s i t e
and trea tm e n t........................
50
A nalysis of v ariance fo r the transform ed se ed lin g emergence
d a ta ...............................................................................................................
72
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Vill
L IS T OF TABLES -
(C o n tin u e d )
16
A nalysis of variance fo r the transform ed cover d a ta ...............
72
17
A nalysis of variance fo r th e transform ed h e ig h t d a ta .............
73
18
T extural a n a ly sis by s i t e .............................................................
75
19
Percent m oisture by w eight, on d ates a s shown (1985).............
75
20
R esults of pH by s i t e , treatm ent and depth.................................
75
21
R esults o f conductance measurements by s i t e ,
tr e a tm e n t and d e p th (m m h o s/cm )..............................................
76
Soluble m etal co n cen tratio n s in t a i l in g s by s i t e ,
treatm ent and depth (mg/L)......................................... ........................
76
Base c a tio n co n cen tratio n s in t a i l in g s by s i t e ,
treatm ent and depth (mg/L)..................................................................
77
F e r t i l i z e r n u trie n t co n cen tratio n s i n so lu tio n
on s i t e I (mg/kg)........................................... ................ ........................
77
F e r t i l i z e r n u trie n t c o n cen tratio n s i n so lu tio n
on s i t e 2 (mg/kg).................................................................................
77
Seedling emergence counts by s i t e , treatm ent
and r e p lic a tio n ..........................
78
Heights (cm) of the t a l l e s t in d iv id u a ls by s i t e ,
treatm ent and r e p lic a tio n ....................................................................
76
BAC i n percent by s i t e , treatm ent and r e p lic a tio n ...................
76
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Ix
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1 Location
Page
of
Champion mine................................................... ..
2
2
S o il m oisture desorption curve fo r s i t e 1...................................
79
3
Soil m oisture d esorption curve fo r s i t e 2 . . ................... ..
79
ABSTRACT
M ining o p e r a tio n s a re o f te n lo c a te d i n f o r e s t e d a r e a s a t h ig h
e le v a t i o n s . R eclaim in g th e s e s i t e s may be d i f f i c u l t because of
e x tre m e ly a c i d i c s p o i l or t a i l i n g s w hich r e s u l t from th e m in in g o r
m illin g processes and harsh environm ental conditions. Liming in c re a s e s
pH, re d u c e s l e v e l s of p o t e n t i a l l y p h y to to x ic m e ta ls and i n c r e a s e s
a v a i l a b i l i t y of p la n t n u t r i e n t s . I t i s assum ed t h a t lim in g o f
e x tre m e ly a c i d i c m ine m a t e r i a l i s n e c e ssa ry t o f a c i l i t a t e p l a n t
e stab lish m en t. This theory i s te s te d i n t h i s study by p la n tin g seven
a c id t o l e r a n t s p e c ie s on lim e d and u n lim ed a c i d i c t a i l i n g s on th e
Champion mine s i t e which i s lo c a te d i n Deerlodge County, Mt. Species
p lan ted were A lonecuris arundInaceusf A. D ra te n sisf A grostis te n u is,
A. a lb a . Festuca Ovinaf Poa comoressa, and Lotus o o rn lo u latu s. P lant
growth was measured a t the seed lin g and mature stag es. Success of the
s p e c ie s p la n te d on th e unlim ed v e rs u s lim e d t a i l i n g s was used to
e v a lu a te th e s u i t a b i l i t y o f th e un lim ed t a i l i n g s a s a p la n t grow th
medium. Success o f in d iv id u a l sp ecies was a lso evaluated. All sp e cie s
e x ib ite d su p e rio r growth on the lim ed t a i l in g s compared to th a t of the
unlimed t a ilin g s . Two sp ecies Festuca ovina. and A lopecurls p ra te n s is
grew b e t t e r th a n th e o th e r s p e c ie s on th e lim e d t a i l i n g s . I t was
concluded th a t lim in g was necessary fo r the e stab lish m en t of a l l of
these sp e cie s on the Champion mine ta ilin g s . R esu lts of sp ecies growth
a r e c o n s id e re d to be p r e lim in a r y and may n o t be i n d i c a t i v e o f th e
sp ecies success over time.
I
INTRODUCTION
There a re th o u sa n d s of a c r e s o f la n d p r e v io u s ly and c u r r e n t l y
b e in g d is tu r b e d by m ining i n th e w e s te rn U n ite d S t a t e s .
The 1977
S u rfa c e M ining C o n tro l and R e clam a tio n Act (P u b lic Law 95-87) and
in d iv id u a l s t a t e la w s r e q u i r e t h a t th e s e la n d s be re c la im e d . Many
m in in g s i t e s a r e lo c a te d i n f o r e s t e d a re a s a t h ig h e le v a t i o n s . As a
r e s u l t r e c la m a tio n o f th e s e s i t e s i s made d i f f i c u l t by num erous
f a c to r s , some of which a re :
1) s c a rc ity
of to p s o il;
2) ste ep slo p es and th e high e r o d ib llity of some s o i l s ;
3) the presence of extrem ely a c id ic s p o ils or t a i l i n g s and
th e o x id atio n p o te n tia l or a cid producing c a p a b ilitie s
of th ese m a te ria ls ;
4) to x ic
le v e ls
of m etals i n th e m a te ria l;
5) la c k of e s s e n tia l p la n t n u t r ie n ts ;
6) th e sh o rt growing season; and
7) n o n -a v a ila b ility of commercial seed and p la n t m a te ria ls of
sp e cie s adapted to th ese a re a s.
These f a c to rs exem plify the problems a sso c ia te d w ith re c lam atio n of
many hard rock mine s ite s .
The Champion mine i s an i n a c t i v e s i l v e r mine l o c a te d 39 km
n o rth w e s t o f
B u tte , Montana (F ig u re I). I t l i e s a t an e le v a t i o n o f
approxim ately 1965 m eters
and i s surrounded by th e Deerlodge N ational
Forest. This mine s i t e e x h ib its many of these c h a r a c te r is tic s and i s
th e s i t e a t which t h is study was c a rrie d out.
2
MONTANA
HELENA
CHAMPION
mine:
BOZEMAN
SCALE m KILOMETERS
IEGCMO
9 0 >.
Figure I.
InientiieHiflnway
Location of Champion Mine Site.
3
Champion mine was l a s t a c tiv e in 1926 and th e re has been l i t t l e
regrow th of v e g e ta tio n on the t a i l in g s i n the in te rv e n in g six ty y ears.
This i s thought to be a r e s u l t p rim a rily of the extrem e a c id ity of the
t a i l in g s and a tte n d a n t phytotoxic le v e ls of aluminum (R u ssell 1984).
Therefore, su ccessfu l reclam atio n of th is s i t e may l i e in th e a b i l i t y
to reduce the a c id ity of the ta ilin g s . Applying lim e to the m a te ria l
w i l l r a i s e th e t a i l i n g s pH and r e s u l t i n p r e c i p i t a t i o n o f aluminum
io n s i n a form unav ailab le to p la n ts (Foy, 1984). The d eterm in atio n of
lim e a p p l i c a t i o n r a t e s and p e r i o d i c lim e a p p l i c a t i o n s a r e common
a g r ic u ltu r a l p ra c tic e s .
T h is, how ever, i s n o t th e c ase w ith m ined
lan d , as th e d e s ire fo r tim ely bond re le a s e n e c e s s ita te s a s in g le lim e
a p p l i c a t i o n t h a t w i l l a c c o u n t f o r f u t u r e a c id p ro d u c tio n .
The
methodology fo r determ ining a sin g le , or t o t a l , lim e r a t e i s no t w ell
e s t a b l i s h e d and has been th e s u b j e c t o f many s t u d i e s (Sobeck e t a l .
1 982, W illia m s and Y aalon 1982, C aru ccio and G e id e l 1981, and S m ith
e t a l . 1974).
Most re c e n tly ,
R ussell (1984) determ ined t o t a l lim e a p p lic a tio n
r a te s fo r the Champion t a ilin g s . Through la b o ra to ry w eathering R ussell
d e te rm in e d t h a t 4.57 m e tr ic to n s o f p u re C aC 03/ha/15 cm w ould be
s u f f ic ie n t to n e u tra liz e the t a i l i n g s fo r twenty years. In t h is study,
seven com m ercially a v a ila b le ,
adapted
acid to le r a n t,
g ra ss and fo rb sp e c ie s
to high e le v a tio n s were planted on f e r t i l i z e d and lim ed, and
f e r t i l i z e d and unlim ed t a i l in g s on th e mine
s ite .
4
Objectives
The o b je c tiv e s of t h is study a re : I) to determ ine w hether lim in g
of the t a i l in g s i s necessary fo r th e e stab lish m en t of these sp ecies;
and 2) to evaluate and compare
lim ed and unlimed treatm en ts.
the success of in d iv id u a l sp e c ie s on
5
LITERATURE REVIEW
Mining or m ineral processing d isru p t and expose to the atm osphere
a v a r i e ty o f ro ck and m in e ra l a sse m b la g es.
The su b se q u e n t p h y s ic a l
and chemical w eathering may produce extrem ely a c id ic sp o il or t a i l in g s
and thus, an u n in h ab itab le p la n t growth medium.
Successful treatm en t
of a c i d i c m a t e r i a l t h a t a llo w s p la n t e s ta b lis h m e n t w i l l r e q u i r e a
th o r o u g h u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f
th e r e a c t i o n s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r a c id
p ro d u c tio n .
The s i g n i f ic a n c e
of th e s o i l a c i d i t y
a g ro n o m is ts ,
a s w e ll as r e c la m a tio n s c i e n t i s t s ,
problem f o r
h as pro d u ced an
abundance of a c c e ss ib le re se a rc h l i t e r a t u r e . Mine rec lam atio n re se a rc h
p e rta in in g to a cid production has d e a lt w ith v a rio u s w aste m a te ria ls ;
i n th is study t a i l in g s a re the s u b je c t media. The chem ical re a c tio n s
which produce a c id ity in th ese m a te ria ls a re assumed to be s im ila r and
thus re p o rts of a cid production in v a rio u s w aste m a te ria ls are used to
ex p la in a c id - ta ilin g s re a c tio n s .
Spoil and Tailings Acidity
A c id ity i n m ine m a t e r i a l i s d e te rm in e d by c o m p o s itio n of th e
m a te ria l and th e io n exchange and h y d ro ly sis re a c tio n s a sso c ia te d w ith
th e v a rio u s com ponents.
P y r i t i c s u l f u r (FeSg) i s common to th e s e
m a t e r i a l s and w i l l r e a c t w ith w a te r and th e a tm o sp h e re t o produce
a c id ity a s fo llo w s:
SFeS2 + TH2O + 71/202 <—> SFe2+ + ItSOjj- + ItH+
(I)
Fe2+ + IAH2O + H+ <—> Fe3+ + VSH2O
( 2)
6
Fe3+ + SH2O <—> Fe(OH)3^5J + BHf
(3)
FeS2 t s ) + IMFe3+ + SH2O <--> ISFe2+ + 2Soj|" + ISH+
(M)
(Barnes and Romberger 1968)
The e x te n t
of
a c id -fo rm in g p y r i t i c
s u lfu r
o x id a tio n h a s been
d e te rm in e d to be in f lu e n c e d by m in e r a lo g ic a l fo rm , p a r t i c l e s i z e ,
oxygen c o n c e n tr a tio n , te m p e ra tu re , d e g re e of s a t u r a t i o n , m ic r o b ia l
a c tiv ity and the pH of the s o i l s o lu tio n (Pugh e t al«, 1981; Smith and
Shumate, 1970; C aruccio, 1968).
O xidation o f organic s u lfu r compounds has a ls o been shown to be a
source of s p o il a c id ity (Caruccio and G eidel,
1978).
The occurrence
o f o rg a n ic s u l f u r o x id a tio n may be e s p e c i a l l y im p o rta n t i n some
w estern mine s p o ils and was discussed by Russel (1984).
Acid Tailings; PhvtotoxlG Relationships
A cid s o i l t o x i c i t y i s n o t caused by a s i n g l e f a c t o r ,
but a
com plex o f f a c t o r s t h a t may a f f e c t p la n t gro w th th ro u g h s p e c ie s s p e c if ic p h y sio lo g ical and b io c h e m ic a l pathw ays w hich a re p ro b a b ly
c o n tr o l le d g e n e t i c a l l y (Foy e t a l . , 1978).
Growth l i m i t i n g f a c t o r s
a sso c ia te d w ith a c id a g r ic u ltu r a l s o i l s include t o x i c ! t i e s of aluminum
(Al) manganese (Mn), o r o th e r m e ta l io n s ; low pH (H+ t o x i c i t y ) ; and
d e f i c i e n c i e s or n o n - a v a i l a b i l i t y o f c e r t a i n e s s e n t i a l n u t r i e n t s ,
calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), and molybdenum (Mo) a re
of p a rtic u la r concern.
The a c id s o il- p la n t to x ic ity r e la tio n s h ip s a re
assumed to be s im ila r to a cid t a i l in g s - p i ant t o x ic ity re la tio n s h ip s .
7
Hydrogen Ion T oxicity
The d i r e c t e f f e c t s of hydrogen io n (H+) c o n c e n tr a tio n on p la n t
growth are d i f f i c u l t to determ ine.
such a s Al and Mn,
At low pH le v e ls , o th er elem ents,
may be s o lu b le i n t o x i c
c o n c e n tr a tio n s and
e s s e n tia l n u trie n t elem ents, such as Ca and Mg, a re l e a s t a v a ila b le .
N e v e r th e le s s , i n m ost e x tre m e ly a c id s o i l s (pH<4.0), H+ t o x i c i t y i s
probably th e most im portant growth lim itin g f a c to r to higher p la n ts
(Foy, 1984).
A lthough th e d i r e c t e f f e c t s o f H+ a re confounded, r e s e a r c h e r s
have been ab le to id e n tify some p la n t responses to low pH.
P rim a rily ,
the ro o t system i s damaged r e s u ltin g i n sh o rt, thickened, d isc o lo re d
r o o t s w hich a r e few i n num ber.
in h ib ite d (Islam e t a l .,
1980).
L a t e r a l r o o t g ro w th may be s e v e re ly
C h ristia n se n and o th e rs (1970) noted
t h a t a s o i l s o l u t io n o f pH l e s s th a n 4 m arkedly enhanced th e l o s s of
organic substances from co tto n r a d ic le s , and t h a t t h i s e f f e c t could be
r e v e r s e d by r a i s i n g th e pH.
H u ssain and c o -w o rk e rs (1954) r e p o r te d
th a t exposure of barley ro o ts to an a c id ic s o lu tio n (pH=3) caused them
to lo se s ig n if ic a n t amounts of nitro g en (N), potassium (K), P and Ca.
The exposure a lso lim ite d t h e i r a b i l i t y fo r subsequent K a b so rp tio n .
An excess of H+ has been shown to decrease p lan t uptake of Mg (Blarney
e t a l . , I 982), Mn (Robson and L oneragan, 1970), z in c (Zn), (R a sh id e t
a l., 1976) and copper (Cu) (Bowen, 1969).
T herefore, p lan t growth may
be in h ib ite d by reduced n u tr ie n t a v a i la b i li t y caused by an excess of
H+.
8
A lum inum a n d M a n g a n e se T o x i c i t y
Hydrogen io n to x ic ity i s the primary growth lim itin g f a c to r i n
a c id s o i l s o f pH 4 or l e s s . In m ost a c id s o i l s o f pH g r e a t e r th a n 4,
Al and Mn t o x i c i t i e s a r e more im p o rta n t th a n H io n t o x i c i t y to th e
grow th o f h ig h e r p l a n t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y th e non-legum es (Foy, 1984).
Plant sp e cie s, however, have a wide variance i n th e ir to le ra n c e to Al
(Sheppard and F lo a te , 1984). Common, s i m i l a r re s p o n s e s t o e x c e s s Al
f o r many p l a n t s in c lu d e r e s t r i c t e d r o o t grow th and i n h i b i t e d DNA
sy n th e sis (Wallace and Anderson, 1984).
As a r e s u l t, p la n t uptake and
u t i l i z a t i o n o f w a te r and n u t r i e n t s a re n e g a tiv e ly a f f e c t e d by Al
to x ic ity (Hecht-Bucholtz and Foy, 1981).
I n t e r a c t i o n s of Al w ith e s s e n t i a l n u t r i e n t e le m e n ts have been
observed by many in v e s tig a to rs .
Lee and P ritc h a rd (1984) noted t h a t
Ca, Zn, Mn, and Mg u p ta k e was i n h i b i t e d by e le v a te d l e v e l s o f Al i n
both p la n t r o o t s and s h o o ts .
Lee (1971) o b se rv e d t h a t e x c e s s Al
in h ib ite d P tra n s p o rt to potatoe p la n t to p s; decreased Ca, Mg and Zn
a b s o r p tio n by r o o t s ; and cau sed P, Al, Mn, Cu and Fe a c c u m u la tio n i n
p la n t r o o t s .
Duncan and o th e r s (1980) r e p o r te d in c r e a s e d l e v e l s of
Al, Fe, Mn, K and P i n p la n t to p s .
Aluminum to x ic ity o fte n appears a s a P d e fic ie n cy in p la n ts grown
i n a c id s o ils (Chaisson, 1964).
p u rp lin g ,
le a f
tip
This i s expressed a s a le a f and stem
burn and o v e r a l l s tu n te d gro w th .
Aluminum
g en erally accum ulates i n a s s o c ia tio n w ith P on or in the ro o ts of Alin ju re d p la n ts (McCormack and Bordon, 1972).
Randal and Vose (1963)
d e te rm in e d t h a t h ig h l e v e l s o f s o l u t i o n Al (50 ppm) in c r e a s e d th e P
co n cen tratio n i n p la n ts but depressed t o ta l growth by reducing t o t a l P
9
metabolism. T heir research in d ic a te d th a t although P may in cre ase or
decrease w ith elev ated Al co n cen tratio n s, P i s rendered l e s s a v a ila b le
to m etabolic s i t e s w ith in p la n t c e lls .
A lthough Al i s re c o g n iz e d a s th e m ost im p o rta n t p l a n t grow th
l i m i t i n g f a c t o r i n a c id a g r i c u l t u r a l s o i l s , i t s f u n c t i o n i n p la n t
metabolism i s not c le a rly understood, and to x ic le v e ls of Al in p la n ts
and s o i l s have n o t been p r e c i s e ly i d e n t i f i e d . U n f o r tu n a te ly , a b e s t
method o f determ ining s o i l Al co n cen tratio n s in ju rio u s to p la n ts has
not been developed. Some re s e a rc h e rs, recommend e ith e r exchangable Al
o r CaCl2 s o lu b le Al d e te r m in a tio n s (Hoyt and Nybord, 1971). O th e rs,
p re fe r w ater solu b le to exchangeable Al (Webber e t a l., 1982).
Manganese i s probably the second most im portant growth lim itin g
f a c to r i n a c id a g ric u ltu r a l s o i l s and o fte n a ff e c ts the s u i t a b i l i t y of
m ine s p o i l s a s p la n t grow th m edia.
Manganese t o x i c i t y g e n e r a lly
occurs i n s o i l s w ith pH v alu es l e s s than or equal to 5.5 i f s u f f i c i e n t
t o t a l Mn i s p resen t (Foy, 1973).
As w ith Al, Mn to x ic ity le v e ls vary among p la n t sp ecies. Excess
Mn in te r f e r e s w ith p la n t n u t r it i o n in v ario u s ways, but th e mechanisms
o f t o x i c i t y a re n o t c l e a r l y u n d e rs to o d .
U nlike Al, Mn o n ly a f f e c t s
p la n t to p s and a p p e a rs to a c c u m u la te i n p r o p o r tio n to p l a n t i n j u r y .
This elem ent a ls o a l t e r s th e a c t i v i t i e s of p la n t enzymes and hormones.
Manganese to x ic ity i s o fte n r e l a t e d to re d u c e d Ca c o n c e n tr a tio n and
tra n s p o rt in p la n ts (Horst and Marschner, 1978; Osawa and Ikeda 1977)
Manganese and Fe a p p e a r to be c lo s e ly r e l a t e d i n p l a n t m etabo­
lism . Some in v e s tig a to rs have used Fe/Mn r a t i o s i n p lan t to p s a s in d i­
c a to rs of Mn to x ic ity or Mn-induced Fe d e fic ie n c y (Hat! e t a l., 1979).
10
S ig n ific a n t p lan t sp ecies d iffe re n c e s i n Mn to le ra n c e have been
re v ie w e d by Kamprath and Foy (1984).
Tanaka and N avasero (1966)
r e p o r te d a to le r a n c e of 2,500 ppm f o r r i c e .
to le ra n c e le v e l o f 200 ppm Mn in barley.
W hite (1970) m easured a
Although sp e c ie s vary in Mn
t o le r a n c e , p la n t t i s s u e c o n c e n tr a tio n s and t o x i c i t y symptoms a r e
u su ally s im ila r.
These symptoms appear in p lan t shoots a s m arginal
and i n t e r v e i n a l c h l o r o s i s and n e c r o s i s o f le a v e s .
m an g a n ese d i o x i d e may be l o c a l i z e d i n
th e s e
P r e c ip ita te d
n e c ro tic a re a s
(L abananskas, 1966).
E xcess Mn h a s been a s s o c i a t e d w ith mine w a ste m a t e r i a l s .
Evangelou and Thom (1984) measured Mn i n a midwest mine s p o il s o lu tio n
a t 910 ppm.
1005 ppm
P e te rs o n and N ie ls o n (1973) r e p o r te d a ran g e from 38 to
s o lu b le Mn i n
s p o i l m a t e r i a l from s i x w e s te rn s t a t e s .
Zinc and Copper T oxicity
Zinc i s an e s s e n tia l p la n t m ic ro n u trie n t th a t can be to x ic a t low
pH l e v e l s (Bould e t a l.,1 9 8 4 ).
U nlike Mn and A l, Zn t o x i c i t y i s n o t
common to p la n ts grown on a c id ic a g ric u ltu r a l s o ils .
Zinc to x ic ity i s
u su a lly r e s t r i c te d to lands d istu rb ed by mining, amended w ith sewage
sludge, or lan d s a ffe c te d by v ario u s p o llu ta n ts (Foy e t a L , 1978).
Zinc i n to x ic co n cen tra tio n s has been re p o rte d to i n te r f e r e w ith
th e a b s o r p t i o n and u t i l i z a t i o n
m ic ro n u trie n ts.
of v a rio u s
p l a n t m a c ro and
Reported Zn in te r a c tio n s w ith P a re examples.
High
Zn l e v e l s re d u c e p la n t u p ta k e and t r a n s l o c a t i o n o f P, so m etim es
r e s u l t i n g i n d e f ic ie n c y (S tu k e n h o ltz e t a l . , 1966).
Z inc h a s a ls o
been known to i n te r f e r e w ith Fe a b so rp tio n and u t i l i z a t i o n (Lingle e t
a l . , 1963).
Z inc t o x i c i t y g e n e r a lly re s e m b le s Fe d e f ic ie n c y and i s
11
c h a ra c te riz e d by yellow in te rv e in a l c h lo ro s is and some n e c ro sis (Bould
e t a l . , 1984).
Zinc to x ic ity le v e ls i n th e s o il so lu tio n have been rep o rte d to
ran g e n e a r I ppm b u t v a ry g r e a t l y w ith s p e c ie s (B e n n e tt,
1971).
C ornw all and S tone (1973) r e p o r te d s o l u t i o n c o n c e n tr a tio n s o f up t o
731 ppm i n a c i d i c c o a l mine s p o i l from P e n n sy lv a n ia .
Sm ith and
Bradshaw (1979) rep o rte d n i t r i c a c id e x tra c ta b le Zn v alu es i n s p o ils
ra n g in g from
23 ppm to
108,100 ppm f o llo w in g a su rv e y
m etal i f erous mine s i t e s i n th e U nited Kingdom.
o f 40
D'Antuono (1979) noted
t h a t p h y to to x ic Zn c o n c e n tr a tio n s p re c lu d e d p la n t e s ta b lis h m e n t on
coal mine refu se i n I l l i n o i s .
Copper, a p la n t m ic ro n u trie n t, i s u n iv e rs a lly p resen t i n s o i l s a t
an average t o t a l co n cen tratio n o f 30 ppm (Lindsay, 1979). This elem ent
may become phytotoxic a s i t s a v a i la b i li t y in c re a s e s a t low pH v alu es
(Lindsay, 1979). The physiology of Cu to x ic ity i s no t w ell understood.
At excess le v e ls , Cu has been shown to prevent normal a s s im ila tio n of
Fe and Mg i n c e r t a i n p l a n t s and may p o s s ib ly cause d e f i c i e n c i e s o f
th e s e m e ta ls (S tuckm eyer e t a l . ,
1969; W allace and Kook,
1966).
McBrian and H assal (1967) suggested th a t the to x ic ity of Cu i s due to
its
p r o p e n s ity to com bine w ith p r o t e i n s u lp h y d ra l g ro u p s,
th u s
d isru p tin g p ro te in sy n th e sis.
Copper i s known to be h ig h ly t o x ic t o r o o t s (B e n n e tt, 1971).
Symptoms of t o x i c i t y in c lu d e b lac k en e d r o o t t i p s ; a s h o r te n in g and
d is c o lo ra tio n o f the ro o t system (Sowell e t a l ., 1957; Stuckmeyer e t
a l.,
1969).
The a b i l i t y of p l a n t s to t r a n s l o c a t e l e s s Cu to th e
s h o o ts h a s been c o r r e l a t e d w ith th e a b i l i t y to w ith s ta n d h ig h s o i l
12
s o l u t io n
c o n c e n tr a tio n s (D ijk s h o o rn e t a l . ,
tra n slo c a te d to a e r ia l p o rtio n s of the p la n t,
1979).
When Cu i s
to x ic ity symptoms are
sim ila r to those of Fe deficien cy ( Bould e t a l . , 1984).
Reports of elev ated Cu le v e ls a t mine s i t e s are numerous. McClean
and Dekker (1976) r e p o r te d e x t r a c t a b l e Cu l e v e l s ra n g in g from 54 to
5,360 ppm i n
s ix
p y rite -b e a rin g
ta ilin g s
m a te ria ls in
Canada.
Peterson and N ielson (1973) re p o rte d s o i l s o lu tio n Cu co ntent of up to
600 ppm from a c id t a i l i n g s i n Utah and New M exico.
D'Antuono (1979)
s t a t e s t h a t h ig h a c i d i t y (pH 1 . 8 - 3.5) and a s s o c i a t e d l e v e l s o f
soluble Cu ions preclude p la n t estab lish m en t on most mine re fu se s i t e s
in Illin o is .
E ffe c ts o f Liming on A cidity
L im ing m a t e r i a l s c o n s i s t o f Ca and Mg compounds c ap a b le o f
n e u tra liz in g s o i l a c id ity (Barber, 1984).
The s o lu tio n pH of an a c id
s o i l i s s im u lta n e o u s ly r a i s e d a s th e r e l a t i v e am ounts o f a d so rb ed
m e ta llic c a tio n s (Ca, Mg, Na) in cre ase in comparison to th e adsorbed
H+ and Al+ on th e c la y m ic e l l e s . R e a c tiv e Ca and Mg c a rb o n a te s added
to a s o i l in s u f f i c i e n t am ounts r a i s e th e s o l u t i o n pH by in c r e a s in g
the hydroxyl ion c o n cen tratio n according to th e fo llo w in g equation:
Ca(Mg)CO3 + H2O <--> Ca2+(Mg2+) + HCOg +OH"
(5)
(Bohn e t a l . , 1979)
A d d itio n a lly ,
th e o x id a tio n o f p y r i t i c
s p o i l s g e n e r a te s
c o n s id e ra b le f r e e a c id (Eq. 6), w hich r e a c t s w ith a p p lie d lim e (Eq.
7), producing so lu b le s u lf a te s a l ts .
4FeS2 + ISO2 + UH2O ---- > 4 Fe(OH)3 + SH2SO4
( 6)
13
ZHgSOy + CaMg(COg)g
— > CaSOy + MgSOy + ZH^D + ZCOg
(7)
These s a l t s may, under c e rta in co n d itio n s I n h ib it p la n t estab lish m en t
(Grove and Evangelou, 198Z).
A pplication o f lim in g m a te ria ls such as
CaCOg, MgCOg, CaO and Ca(OH)2 i n s u f f i c i e n t q u a n t i t i e s r e s u l t s i n
i n c r e a s e s o f OH” , Ca2+ and Mg2+ in th e s o i l s o l u t io n .
s e r v e s to
b o th r a i s e
th e
s o il
pH,
Thus, lim in g
and su p p ly e s s e n t i a l
p la n t
m a c r o n u tr ie n ts (Mason, 1980).
The b e n e f i c i a l e f f e c t s o f lim in g have been w e ll docum ented i n
agronomic l i t e r a t u r e and can be ap p lied to mine rec lam atio n problems.
Reclam ation s c i e n t is t s , however, must c a re fu lly consider t h e i r choice
o f lim in g m a t e r i a l s i n l i g h t of r e c e n t r e p o r t s d e s c r ib in g Ca + Mg
r e la te d antagonism s. Liming of s o i l s and mine s p o ils w ith Ca compounds
may cause Mg d e f i c i e n c i e s i n p l a n t s .
Sumner and c o -w o rk e rs (1978)
rep o rted lo s s e s (36 to 93 p ercen t) of exchangeable Mg i n
w ith pure Ca s o u rc e s .
in itia lly
s o i l s lim ed
F u rth e rm o re , a d d it i o n s of a Mg lim e m a t e r i a l
in c r e a s e d e x c h a n g e a b le Mg but was fo llo w e d by a l a r g e
decrease a s the s o i l pH approached n e u tr a lity .
Sims and E ll i s (1983)
a ls o rep o rte d g re a tly reduced exchangeable Mg i n s o i l s lim ed a t a high
r a t e w ith CaCOg, a s d e te rm in e d by th e Shoem aker, McClean and P r a t t
(SMP) method (Shoemaker e t a t ., 1961). For t h i s reason. Pitman (1976)
su g g e ste d t h a t th e lim in g a g e n t be MgCOg or t h a t Mg be added a s
fe rtiliz e r.
Grove and E vangelou (1982) n o te d , how ever, t h a t lim e -
sp o il re a c tio n s co ntaining p y rite (Eq.7) can produce soluble Mg s a l t s
w hich i n h i b i t p la n t grow th and d evelopm ent.
A lthough n o t a lw a y s a
problem, they suggest th a t dolom ite i s an unacceptable lim in g agent on
14
sandy sp o ils.
Depending upon th e chem istry of th e p a rtic u la r growth
medium, e i t h e r Ca or Mg may be th e m ost a p p r o p r ia te c a t io n f o r
avoiding io n antagonism s.
Liming and the Primary Nutrients
Many mine w astes re q u ire amendments of prim ary n u tr ie n ts (N, P,
K) in order to provide a h a b ita b le p la n t growth medium.
A pplications
o f lim e to re d u c e s p o i l a c i d i t y may a f f e c t in d ig e n o u s and a p p lie d
fe rtiliz e r
n u trie n ts .
Both th e tim in g and m ethod o f lim e and
f e r t i l i z e r a p p lic a tio n a re im portant.
N itrogen
I f a c id ic s o i l s are n o t lim ed p rio r to a p p lic a tio n s of ammonium
(NHjj) f e r t i l i z e r ,
NH^ ions may be l o s t through leach in g , because th e
exchange s i t e s a re o c cu p ied by t i g h t l y h e ld Al and H io n s (K am prath
and Foy, 1971)*
A pplied n i t r a t e (NOg) f e r t i l i z e r s may be l o s t a s
n i t r i c a c id i n s o i l s co n tain in g ap p reciab le amounts of Al and H.
e x a c t e x te n t o f th e s e l o s s e s i n th e f i e l d ,
how ever,
The
i s unknown
(T isdale and Nelson, 1975).
B a c t e r i a l n i t r i f i c a t i o n o f NH^ i s i n h i b i t e d by low pH and i s
extrem ely lim ite d by pH values below 5.0 (M o rrill and Dawson, 1967).
U tsalo and Maier (1983) rep o rte d t h a t n i t r i f i c a t i o n did not occur on
a c i d i c mine s p o i l (pH 3.6) d e s p i te i n o c u l a t i o n w ith n i t r i f y i n g
b a c te ria .
F ie ld s tu d ie s by Nyborg and Hoyt (1978) rev ealed s i g n i f i ­
can t in c re a s e s in n i t r i f i c a t i o n r a t e s i n a c id s o i l s a f t e r lim in g .
It
was r e p o r te d , how ever, t h a t N a p p lie d s u r f l c l a l l y a s NH11 to s o i l s
lim ed w ith CaCOg must be w ell in co rp o rated or g re a t lo s s e s w ill occur
through v o l a t i li z a t io n (C arter e t a l ., 1967).
Thus, i t appears t h a t N
15
fe rtiliz e r,
when a p p lied c o rre c tly to lim ed s o i l s , can b e n e fit p la n t
growth and su rv iv a l.
Phosphorus
As w ith N,
th e
a v a ila b ility
in c r e a s in g s o i l a c i d i t y .
of P u s u a lly
d e c re a s e s w ith
Two s e p a r a te e x p la n a tio n s e x i s t f o r t h i s
lo s s .
The f i r s t
p rin c ip le ",
p o s s ib ility
is
based on t h e " s o l u b i l i t y
p ro d u c t
p o s tu la tin g th e form ation of v a rio u s phosphate compounds
by p re c ip ita tio n .
In a cid s o i l s , v a r is c ite (AlPO^ • 2H20) follow ed by
s t r e n g i t e (FePOy * 2 H2O) a re th e m ost s t a b l e and e a s i l y form ed phos­
p h a te m in e r a ls (L in d say , 1979).
A p p lic a tio n s o f lim e w i l l te n d t o
d is s o lv e v a r i s c i t e and s t r e n g i t e ,
th e re b y c a u s in g in c r e a s e d
a v a i la b i li t y of P.
A m orphous a l urni n o - p h o s p h a t e s fo rm i n a q u e o u s s o l u t i o n s
approxim ating a c id s o i l so lu tio n s (Webber, 1978).
The re d u c tio n of
so lu b le and exchangeable Al in s o i l s fo llo w in g P a p p lic a tio n s (Haynes
and L udecke, 1981), and th e p h o sp h a te a l l e v i a t i o n o f Al t o x i c i t y i n
p la n ts (Bache and Crooke, 1981) have been a ttr ib u te d to th e form ation
of these amorphous phosphates.
The second e x p la n a tio n f o r P u n a v a i l a b i l i t y i n a c id s o i l s i s
considered the prim ary P f ix a tio n mechanism (Sample e t a l., 1980).
In
t h i s p ro c e s s , P i s a d so rb e d o n to th e s u r f a c e s o f h y d ra te d Al and Fe
oxides and clay m a te ria l su rfa c e s. The d e ta il s of these processes have
been re v ie w e d by P a r f i t t (1978) and W hite (1970). A lthough t h e r e a r e
o th e r f a c to r s a ffe c tin g phosphate a d so rp tio n , i t i s g en erally accepted
th a t: ad so rp tio n i s g re a te s t w ith in a pH range of 2.0 to 4.0 ( F a r f i t t ,
16
1978); and t h a t lim in g i s l i k e l y
to d e c re a se th e a d s o r p tio n o f
phosphate onto s o il c o llo id s.
Although lim e a p p lic a tio n s can in cre ase th e
lim e can a ls o d e c re a s e i t s a v a i l a b i l i t y .
a v a i la b i li t y of P,
W hite and T a y lo r (1977)
n o ted t h a t lim in g to pH v a lu e s a t o r n e a r n e u t r a l i t y can in c r e a s e
p h o sp h ate f i x a t i o n because of th e fo rm a tio n o f i n s o l u b le c alciu m
p h o sp h a te s.
They su g g e ste d t h a t a t h ig h P c o n c e n tr a tio n (1000 uM),
phosphates p re c ip ita te d a t pH v a lu e s equal to or g re a te r than 5.5.
A c id -lim e -p h o sp h o ru s i n t e r a c t i o n s a r e com plex and a r e n o t
com pletely understood.
Phosphorus
lo s s e s a re a ttr ib u te d to v ario u s
mechanisms and may be a ffe c te d by th e r a te of lim e a p p lic a tio n .
For
exam ple, Sim s and E l l i s (1983) d e te rm in e d t h a t P was more p l a n t
a v a i l a b l e when s o i l s w ere lim e d a t a r a t e to n e u t r a l i z e KCl e x ch an g eab le
Al (m in im al lim in g ) ,
v e rs u s lim in g to
pH 6.8 a s
d e te rm in e d by th e SMP m ethod. T h e re fo re , p la n t a v a i l a b l e P may be
d i f f i c u l t to supply to a c id ic and lim ed s p o ils .
Potassium
In a c id s o ils , a la rg e percentage of exchangeable K may be l o s t
th ro u g h le a c h in g (M agdoff and B a r t l e t t , 1980).
Furtherm ore, lim in g
cau ses d e c re a se d a v a i l a b i l i t y of any e x c h a n g ea b le K p r e s e n t a t th e
tim e o f lim in g .
T his l o s s i s caused by th e pH dep en d en t c a t io n
exchange c a p a c ity (CEC), w hich r e s u l t s i n an im p o rta n t s h i f t of
s o l u t io n k to th e ex ch a n g ea b le phase a s pH i n c r e a s e s .
T h is same
property however, allow s lim ed s o i l s to r e t a in more f e r t i l i z e r a g a in st
leach in g lo s s e s (Adams 1984).
Thus, a p p lic a tio n s o f f e r t i l i z e r K a re
recommended f o r lim ed mine s p o il to prevent K d e fic ie n c ie s in p la n ts.
17
Kiln Duat as a Liming Agent
Cement k iln dust i s a hig h ly a lk a lin e , calcium ric h m a te ria l th a t
i s a cem ent p ro d u c tio n w aste p ro d u c t.
As t h i s m a t e r i a l p r e s e n t s a
w a ste p roblem , i t may be e c o n o m ic a lly used a s an a c id m ine w a ste
am e l i or a n t.
V in te r h a ld e r (1984) used cem ent k i l n d u s t a s a lim in g
agent on m etal contam inated land i n Canada.
He found th e m a te ria l to
have good p o t e n t i a l a s a lim in g m a t e r i a l b u t f e l t t h a t p ro b lem s
asso c iated w ith a p p lic a tio n techniques, c u rre n tly precluded i t s use on
la rg e sc a le p ro je c ts .
S u ita b ility o f Species to the Rnvl
The f o llo w in g s p e c ie s w ere chosen p r i m a r il y because of t h e i r
a d a p ta b ility to a c id ic growth media and th e harsh c lim ate of the s i t e .
The second c r i t e r a fo r s e le c tio n was commercial seed a v a ila b ility .
B ir d s f o o t t r e f o i l ( L otus c o r n l c u la t u s L.) has been known a s a
forage crop throughout the re c o rd e d a g r i c u l t u r a l h i s t o r y o f many of
th e g ra z in g r e g io n s o f E urope, A sia and A fric a .
basin i s i t s lik e ly c en ter of o rig in .
The m e d ite rra n e a n
The date of i t s in tro d u c tio n to
North America i s unknown (M etcalf, 1980).
B lr d s f o o t t r e f o i l i s a lo n g - li v e d ,
p e re n n ia l legum e w ith a
m oderately deep, branching ro o t system : a growth form s im ila r to th a t
of a lf a lf a .
The s p e c ie s i s a d a p te d to a w ide v a r i e t y
r e a c t i o n , f e r t i l i t y and c l i m a t i c c o n d itio n s in c lu d in g
of s o il
high summer
te m p e r a tu re s . Some v a r i e t i e s a re known f o r t h e i r w i n t e r —h a r d in e s s
(SCS, I 978). I t i s th e m ost a c i d —to l e r a n t s p e c ie s among t h e legum es
and w i l l s u r v iv e i n s o i l s d e f i c i e n t in P and K (M e tc a lf,
H a f e n r ic h te r ,
1968).
A lthough i t
1980;
can w ith s ta n d medium a c i d i t y
18
(pH>5.0) a lim e amendment i s req u ire d f o r estab lish m en t i n more a c id ic
s o ils .
B ird sfo o t t r e f o i l i s a highly p a la ta b le , n u tr itio u s and non­
b lo atin g forage legume fo r dom estic liv e sto c k .
I t w i l l not, however,
t o l e r a t e c o n tin u o u s g ra z in g (W atson e t a l . , 1980).
T his
p la n t i s
a ls o a choice food f o r Canada geese, deer and elk.
l o t u s c o r n l c u la t u s h as been used i n a v a r i e t y o f r e c la m a tio n
t r i a l s on a c id ic mine t a i l in g s m a te ria ls .
Costigan and o th e rs (1984)
used t h i s s p e c ie s and o t h e r legum es i n a t r i a l on lim e d ,
a c id ic
c o l l i e r y s p o i l s . , They o b se rv ed a pH r e d u c tio n i n grow th m edia
supporting t r e f o i l .
These w o rk e rs h y p o th e s iz e d t h a t th e re d u c e d pH
re s u lte d from e ith e r in cre ased p y r ite o x id atio n or reduced lim e re a c ­
t i o n r a t e caused by d r i e r c o n d itio n s i n th e r o o t zone o f l a r g e r
t r e f o i l s h o o ts w ith h ig h e r t r a n s p i r a t i o n r a t e s .
The o b se rv ed pH
red u c tio n could also be a tt r ib u t e d to the a b i l i t y of t r e f o i l to oxi­
d iz e f e r r o u s io n s a s h a s been d e m o n s tra te d u s in g s o l u t i o n c u l t u r e
( B a r t l e t t , 1961).
W in te rh a ld e r (1983) r e p o r te d good s u c c e s s w ith
t r e f o i l on lim e d , Cu and n ic k e l c o n ta m in a te d la n d s i n Canada.
He
recommended low a p p lic a tio n r a t e s of slo w -re le a se N f e r t i l i z e r to give
a co m p etitive advantage to seed lin g s developing from w i n t e r - s t r a ti f i e d
seed.
S lo w -re le a s e N f e r t i l i z e r s w ould a ls o p re v e n t legum e grow th
in h ib itio n a sso c ia te d w ith high N a p p lic a tio n r a te s .
E lla s and Chadwick (1979) observed low mean r e l a ti v e growth r a t e s
and h ig h r o o t- w e ig h t r a t i o s
These t r a i t s
f o r one v a r i e t y o f L u cornlculatus.
c h a r a c t e r i z e s p e c i e s m o st c a p a b le
of su c c e ss fu l
estab lish m ent on i n f e r t i l e and to x ic w aste m a te ria ls (Grime and Hunt,
1975).
B erg and Vogel (1968) r e p o r te d t h a t t r e f o i l e x h ib i t e d no
19
to x ic ity symptoms when grown on th re e sp o il m a te ria ls co n tain in g 50
ppm w a te r - s o lu b le Mn. Jo h n so n and o th e r s (1977), how ever, r e p o r te d
th e f a i l u r e of t r e f o i l to e s t a b l i s h on a c i d i c ,
c o llie ry s p o ils .
Most r e c e n t l y ,
Z n -c o n ta m in a te d
V o g el (1 9 8 4 ) reco m m e n d ed Jti.
c o rn ic u la tu s fo r re v e g e ta tio n of a c id ic (pH.14.5) mine sp o ils.
Some v a r i e ti e s of sheep fescue (Festuca ovlna L.) are considered
n a tiv e (Hitchcock and C ronquist, 1973), w hile o th e rs a re known to have
been in tro duced from Turkey i n 1934 (L ille y and Benson, 1979).
fescue i s a lo n g -liv e d ,
Sheep
fin e -le a v e d bunchgrass known fo r i t s m assive
r o o t p ro d u c tio n o f up to 3360 k g /h a (dry w t.) ( H a f e n r ic h te r e t a l .,
1968).
The sp ecies i s c o ld -to le ra n t, d ro u g h t-to le ra n t and capable of
o ut-perform ing many g ra sse s i n sandy to g rav e lly s o i l s under m ildly
a c id ic co n d itio n s (Watson e t a l., 1980).
o v ln a i s
low ,
it
Although shoot production of
p ro v id e s good ground cover and p a l a t a b l e ,
n u t r i t i o u s fo ra g e f o r d o m e s tic liv e s to c k and w i l d li f e (Schwendiman,
1976).
Festuca ovlna has been recognized a s a u se fu l sp e cie s fo r mined
lan d reclam ation.
Smith and Bradshaw (1979) obtained good growth of
ovlna on a c id ic (pH=5.4) m e ta llife ro u s mine w astes.
They observed
t h a t a lth o u g h g ro w th was g r e a t l y enhanced by f e r t i l i z a t i o n , lim e
a p p l i c a t i o n produced no s i g n i f i c a n t response.
By examining h ealth y
stock grown in contam inated s o i l , Gregory and Bradshaw (1964) is o la te d
£1. o v ln a p o p u la tio n s t o l e r a n t to e le v a te d l e v e l s o f le a d and Zn.
Alloway and D avies (1971) o b se rv e d no t o x i c i t y sym ptoms i n sheep
fe s c u e grown i n t o t a l c o n c e n tr a tio n s o f Pb a t 3,680 ppm, Zn a t 1,330
and Cu a t 48 ppm.
20
C reep in g f o x t a i l ( A lo o ecu ru s a ru n d in a c e u s P o ir .) and meadow
f o x t a i l ( Alooecurus o ra te n s is L.) are both E urasian sp e c ie s introduced
i n to t h i s c o u n try i n th e l a t e n in e te e n th c e n tu ry .
Both s p e c ie s a r e
lo n g -liv e d p e re n n ia ls which form dense sod and grow to h e ig h ts o f 75
to 135 cm. These s p e c ie s a r e e s p e c i a l l y a d a p te d to m o is t s i t e s
in c lu d in g w et meadows i n a lp in e and s u b a lp in e a r e a s .
They can be
e sta b lish e d i n s o i l s ranging i n te x tu re from c la y s to loams a s w e ll as
i n o rg a n ic p e a ts and mucks.
Both a re t o l e r a n t o f m o d e ra te ly a c i d i c
s o i l s and a re known fo r e a rly sp rin g emergence.
Creeping f o x t a i l has
a d d itio n a l a d a p ta tio n s to a lk a lin e co nditions and sandy s o il te x tu re s
(Heath e t a l., 1985).
Meadow f o x ta il has shown to le ra n c e to flo o d in g
and high w ater ta b le s , but i s su s c e p tib le to drought and long periods
o f h o t w e a th e r (Plum m er,
1977).
Both o f th e s e s p e c ie s p ro v id e
n u t r i t i o u s , p a l a t a b l e l i v e s t o c k fo ra g e and re c o v e r r a p i d l y a f t e r
grazing (Smoliak and BJorge, 1981).
C r e e p in g f o x t a i l
and meadow f o x t a i l h av e n o t b e e n u s e d
e x te n siv ely f o r mined lan d reclam atio n .
Brown and o th e rs (1976) used
JL o ra te n s is in re v e g e ta tio n t r i a l s a t h ig h -a ltitu d e s i t e s i n Montana.
T his s p e c ie s was r a t e d second m ost s u c c e s s f u l among th e f o u r t e e n
g rasses grown.
Kenney and Cuany (1978) re p o rte d a performance range
o f from poor to e x c e l l e n t f o r grow th o f A. a ru n d in a c e u s a t seven s k i
a re a d is tu r b a n c e s above 7,500 m i n C olorado.
A looecurus o r a t e n s i s
growth was ra te d from f a i r to e x c e lle n t on th ree of the same s i t e s .
Both re d to p ( A e r o s tls a lb a L.) and b e n tg r a s s ( A g r o s tls t e n u i s
S ibth.) are p e re n n ial, rhizom atus grasses.
Europe by th e e a r l y c o l o n i s t s .
Redtop was in troduced from
B e n tg ra s s , a n a tiv e o f E u ra s ia , has
21
n a tu ra liz e d to th e P a c ific Northwest m aritim e clim ate.
These sp ecies
are adapted to w etland s i t e s and grow w ell i n m oderately a c id ic s o ils .
B e n tg ra s s can w ith s ta n d p ro lo n g e d f lo o d in g and b oth s p e c ie s a r e
somewhat d r o u g h t - to l e r a n t .
Redtop i s e x tre m e ly
c o ld -to le ra n t;
b e n tg r a s s i s b e t t e r a d a p te d to m ore te m p e ra te c lim a te s .
Both a re
adapted to a wide range of s o il te x tu re s (M etcalf, 198O; H a fen rich ter
e t a l . , 1968). A lthough both o f th e s e g r a s s e s can w ith s ta n d heavy
grazing, n e ith e r i s p a r tic u la rly p a la ta b le nor n u tr itio u s (SCS, 1978).
V ario u s p o p u la tio n s o f A g ro s tls t e n u i s have been shown t o be
t o l e r a n t to e le v a te d l e v e l s o f Pb, o r Zn, o r Cu and Zn (G regory and
B radshaw , 1964).
Sm ith and Bradshaw (1979) o b ta in e d s a t i s f a c t o r y
r e s u l t s w ith p o p u la tio n s o f A. t e n u i s i n e s ta b lis h m e n t t r i a l s a t a
m etal i f erous mine w aste s i t e i n G reat B rita in .
T heir work e v e n tu a lly
le a d to the development of th ree com m ercially a v a ila b le c u ltiv a r s o f
JL -Isnwl s which a r e t o l e r a n t t o a c i d i c o r c a lc a re o u s Pb and Zn w a ste
m a te ria ls and copper w astes.
Clarkson (1966) showed JL tenuis shoots
to be to le r a n t of Al i n co n ce n tra tio n s o f up to 4 ppm; ro o t growth was
u n in h ib ited by a c o n cen tratio n o f 8 ppm in n u tr ie n t so lu tio n .
J o o s t and o t h e r s (1983) o b t a i n s a t i s f a c t o r y grow th o f Agrostis
p la n te d i n c o a l r e f u s e (gob) a m e lio r a te d w ith lim e and sew age
slu d g e .
A f a i r to le r a n c e to Al by J L M b a was o b se rv e d by Jo n e s and
o th e rs (1975).
Canada b lu e g r a s s (Poa com pressa L.) i s a rh iz o m a tu s s p e c ie s
b ro u g h t to t h i s c o u n try by th e c o l o n i s t s .
(Heath e t a l., 1985).
I t i s n a tiv e to E u r a s ia
This sp e c ie s perform s w ell on n e u tra l to a c id ic
s o il m a te ria ls and can u su a lly be found on l o w - f e r t i l i t y s i t e s .
I t is
22
somewhat d ro u g h t-to le ra n t and i s p a rtic u la rly adapted to high mountain
ranges and a lp in e, subalpine and mountain brush ecosystem s (Plummer,
1977)*
A lthough p ro d u c tio n i s som etim es lo w , Canada b lu e g r a s s i s
q u ite p a la ta b le and n u tr itio u s .
.
.
.
.
Poa com pressa does n o t have an e x te n s iv e h i s t o r y o f use i n
reclam ation.
W interhalder (1983)» however, rep o rte d good r e s u l t s w ith
a s p e c ie s m ix c o n ta in in g 15 p e rc e n t P. compressa f o r r e c la m a tio n o f
m e ta l-c o n ta m in a te d a c id la n d s i n Canada.
Darm er (1973) u se d P.
CQBPregga ip reclam atio n t r i a l s on sandy a c id ic brown coal s p o ils i n
E a s t Germany.
T his s p e c ie s was n o t, how ever, s u c c e s s f u l on t h i s
m a te ria l. Brown and Johnson (1978) suggested t h a t t h i s sp ecies may be
s u ita b le f o r high a ltitu d e reclam atio n .
23
METHODS AND MATERIALS
Site Description
Two e x p e rim e n ta l s i t e s w ere lo c a te d i n a f o r e s t o p e n in g a to p
t a ilin g s p ile s a t th e Champion mine s i t e . The d istan c e between th e two
s i t e s was approxim ately 75 m.
C lim atological d ata were obtained from th e Deerlodge 3W w eather
s t a t i o n . A lthough t h i s i s th e s t a t i o n c l o s e s t to th e mine s i t e , th e
a c t u a l c lim a te i s p ro b a b ly w e t te r , c o ld e r , and h a s fe w e r f r o s t f r e e
days due to the e le v a tio n of the s i t e .
Yearly p r e c ip ita tio n averages
27»7±9»9cm, a p p ro x im a te ly 60—75$ o f which occurs during th e growing
seaso n . F ro s t f r e e
d a y s a v e r a g e 52±. 32.
The a v e r a g e a n n u a l
te m p e r a tu re i s 5*2±,39 C°; w h ile maximum and minimum te m p e ra tu re s
re a c h e d 36.1 and -4 0 .0 C01 r e s p e c t i v e l y (N.O.A.A., 1984-85).
U n d istu rb e d n e arb y s o i l has been c l a s s i f i e d a s a sandy-m ixed
1VPic Cryochrept (Decider 1982). The s u rro u n d in g v e g e ta tio n c o n s i s t s
of a mixed c o n ife r f o r e s t.
Experim ental Design
Each s i t e was divided in to 3 se c tio n s (re p lic a tio n s ) which were
s p l i t i n h a l f . The e n t i r e s i t e was f e r t i l i z e d .
One h a l f o f each
r e p lic a tio n was lim ed w ith k iln dust. All lim ed and unlimed tre a tm e n t
s t r i p s w ere d iv id e d i n t o sev en p l o t s 50 x 100 cm. One leg u m in o u s
s p e c ie s ,
L o tu s .o o rn ic u la tu s and s i x g ra s s s p e c ie s w ere
i n d i v i d u a l l y in p l o t s .
■Al OPOOUrUg f r a to n s lg , JL.
and A*, alb a .
seed ed
The g r a s s s p e c ie s in c lu d e d , Festuoa o v in a f
a ru n d in a o e u sr
Poa
C om pressaf
A ernatia te n u is
24
Site Preparation and SeeHine
The t a i l i n g s p i l e s w ere th e l o c a t i o n o f th e s p e c ie s grow th
tria ls .
T a ilin g s p rep a ratio n and seeding took place June 22, 1984 and
was a fo u r step process a s fo llo w s:
1) Two s i t e s approxim ately 60 x 60 m were chosen, and designated
I and 2. These s i t e s rec eiv e d id e n tic a l trea tm e n ts. The t a i l i n g s were
lev eled , then r o t o t i l l e d to throughly mix th e m a te ria l.
2) Diammonium-phosphate f e r t i l i z e r (1 8 -4 6 -0 ) was a p p lie d a t a
r a te of
16 kg/ha n itro g e n and in co rp o rated w ith th e r o to t i l l e r .
3) One h a l f of each r e p l i c a t i o n was lim e d w ith k i l n d u s t,
applied a t a r a te e q u iv ile n t to 9.14 m etric to n s CaCO3Zha/15 cm. This
r a t e was double th e amount d e te rm in e d n e c e s s a ry to n u t r a l l z e th e
t a ilin g s fo r twenty y ears by R ussell (1984). The k iln dust was in c o r­
p o ra te d to th e 15 cm d e p th . Cement p la n t k i l n d u s t from th e I d e a l
Cement Co.,
T r id e n t,
Mt.
was th e
so u rc e
of th e lim in g agent*
C h a ra c te ris tic s of the k iln d u st are provided i n Table I.
4) Species were seeded in d iv id u a lly a t a r a t e of 240 pure l i v e
seeds per p lo t.
Table I .
Ih y sic a l and chemical a n a ly sis o f cement p la n t flu e d u st.
siev e no
30
60
100
200
% d u st passed
100.0
99.5
95.0
75.0
Oxide Content
CaO
SiO
Al 0
Fe 0
KO
Mg 0
Na 0
= 42-48%
= 15.8%
= 3.5%
= 2.0%
= 2-4%
= 1.2%
= 0.2-0.4%
25
C o lle c tion and Analysis of TaiHnga Material
T a ilin g s samples were taken numerous tim es throughout the study
p e rio d .
Sam ples w ere
ta k e n random ly
from th e lim e d and u n lim e d
tre a tm e n ts; a t th e 0-15 cm depth and below th e 15 cm depth.
The f i r s t t a i l in g s sam ples, used f o r s i t e c h a ra c te riz a tio n , were
c o ll e c t e d J u l y 27» 1984. The second sa m p le s, c o l l e c t e d O c to b er 3,
1984, w ere used t o e v a lu a te th e e f f e c t s o f th e lim in g t h r e e m onths
e a r lie r .
These samples were a i r d ried , crushed to pass through a 2 mm
siev e and analyzed f o r th e fo llo w in g ph y sical and chem ical p ro p e rtie s .
C o n c e n tra tio n s of Al, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, and Mg; and m ea su re s o f pH and
e l e c t r i c a l c o n d u c tiv ity (Ec) w ere d e te rm in e d i n s a t u r a t e d p a s te
e x t r a c t s (R ic h a rd s , 1969)
Ammonium a c e t a t e was used t o e x t r a c t K
(Richards, 1969). N itra te c o n c e n tra tio n was deterem ined by th e phenold i s u l f o n i c a c id m ethod (Haby and L a rso n ,
1976).
e x tr a c t e d w ith NaHCO3 (Amer. Soc. Agron., 1965).
Phosphorus was
T a ilin g s p a r t i c l e
s iz e d i s t r i b u t i o n was d e te rm in e d a c c o rd in g t o A m erican S o c ie ty o f
Agronomy (1970).
A dditional ta ilin g s sam ples were c o lle c te d May 29, 1985, Ju ly 29,
1985, and S eptem ber 3 , 1985 to d e te rm in e p l a n t a v a i l a b l e m o is tu re
throughout th e growing season. These samples were weighed,
and then
d r ie d a t 105° C u n t i l a c o n s ta n t w e ig h t was re a c h e d . W ith th e s e
re s u lts
p e rc e n t m o is tu r e by w e ig h t was c a l c u l a t e d . These m o is tu r e
v a lu e s w ere p la c e d on a p r e v io u s ly c o n s tr u c te d d e s o r p tio n cu rv e .
Consequently i t was p o ssib le to determ ine th e approxim ate s o il w ater
te n s io n of f i e l d
s a m p le s a t a g iv e n m o i s t u r e
in te rp o la tio n . D esorption curves
fo r
th e
two
p e rc e n ta g e
by
s i t e s w ere made w ith
26
s o i l m o is tu re v a lu e s a t 0 , - 1 / 3 , - 1 / 1 0 , " I , " 3 , and "15 b a r te n s io n ,
w ith p re s s u re p l a t e a p p a r a tu s a s d e s c rib e d by
R ich a rd s (1969).
D esorption curves a re lo c a te d i n Appendix B.
Species Data C o lle ctio n and A nalysis
Three methods were employed to e v alu ate and compare th e seeded
s p e c ie s .
S e e d lin g em ergence c o u n ts w ere ta k e n A ugust 3 , 1984. A ll
seed lin g s i n each p lo t were counted. Species h e ig h t and p e rc en t basal
a re a c o v er (BAC) w ere chosen f o r i n t r a s p e c i e s c o m p ariso n s o f v ig o r .
These measurements were employed to d e te c t s i t e d iffe re n c e s a ff e c tin g
p la n t grow th.
measured.
The h e ig h t of th e t a l l e s t i n d iv i d u a l p e r p l o t was
BAG was o b tain ed by e stim a tin g to th e n e a re st percent th e
amount o f v e g e ta l stem a re a w ith in a 2.5 x 5 cm m icro p lo t. Each p lo t
was divided i n to th ir d s and nine m icroplot read in g s were taken i n each
th ird . E valuations of these param eters were made on J u ly 29, 1985.
S t a t i s t i c a l Mathnrtw
The S tu d e n t's t - t e s t was used to d e te c t d i f f e r e n c e s i n g ro w th
v a ria b le s by s i t e and tre a tm e n t. S ig n ific a n t in tra s p e c ie s d iffe re n c e s
would in d ic a te th a t the sp e c ie s were e x ib itin g su p e rio r growth on one
s i t e or treatm en t compared to t h e i r re s p e c tiv e co u n te rp arts.
A n a l y s i s o f V a r ia n c e
(ANOV) and m ean s e p a r a t i o n
(le a s t
s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e ) w ere used t o d e te c t i n t e r s p e c i e s grow th
d i f f e r e n c e s u s in g s p e c i e s ' g ro w th m e a s u r e m e n ts .
S ig n ific a n t
d iffe re n c e s would in d ic a te t h a t some sp ecies were exi b itin g a g re a te r
abi3- ity t o a d a p t t o th e e x tre m e c o n d itio n s of th e g ro w th m edia
compared to o th e r sp ecies.
27
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Talllnga Analysis
Physical A nalysis
V a r i a b i l i t y in c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e t a i l i n g s r e q u ir e d t h e
c o lle c tio n of tandem samples fo r each com bination of s i t e ,
and d e p th .
tre a tm e n t
The c a l c u l a t e d mean v a lu e f o r each sam ple p a i r was used
f o r c h a ra c te riz a tio n .
I t was f e l t th a t t h i s approach would improve
d e s c r i p t i v e a c c u ra c y w h ile m in im iz in g la b o r a to r y c o s ts .
a n a ly s is r e s u l t s a re means o f 4 r e p lic a tio n s .
T e x tu ra l
S o il m oisture r e s u l t s
a re means o f 4 re p lic a tio n s per su rface le v e l.
The r e s u l t s of the te x tu r a l a n a ly sis, shown i n Table 2, re v e a le d
a te x tu ra l d iffe re n c e between s i t e I and s i t e 2.
S ite I t a i l in g s were
c la s s if ie d a s a sandy loam; s i t e 2 t a i l i n g s were c la s s if ie d a s a s i l t y
clay loam.
Table 2 .
T extural a n a ly sis r e s u l t s 8.
S ite I
s ite ?
Sand %
54
10
S ilt %
34
52
Clay %
12
Sandy loam
38
S ilty clay loam
a mean o f 4 an aly ses
The r e s u l t s o f th e s o i l m o is tu re a n a l y s i s a r e f o r th e 1985
growing season and are p resented i n Table 3.
S o il m oisture during th e
28
1984 growing season was assumed to be s im ila r to th a t of 1984 based on
mean m onthly p r e c i p i t a t i o n and te m p e ra tu re d a ta o b ta in e d from th e
N.O.A.A. (1 9 8 4 -5 ). The r e s u l t s i n T ab le 3 s u g g e s t t h a t p e rc e n t s o i l
m oisture by w eight was s im ila r fo r the s i t e s throughout the growing
season.
This was tru e fo r both surface and subsurface samples.
The
c o rre sp o n d in g m e tr ic p o t e n t i a l f o r th e two s i t e s was how ever, n o t
s im ila r.
M etric p o te n tia l throughout th e growing season was l e s s on
s i t e I com pared to s i t e 2 i n both th e s u r f a c e and s u b s u r f a c e .
The
d i f f e r e n c e s i n m e t r ic p o t e n t i a l may be l in k e d w ith d i f f e r e n t p l a n t
response to the s i t e s both d ir e c tly and in d ir e c tly .
Although percent
m oisture by w eight was s im ila r fo r th e s i t e s , s o i l w ater was h e ld a t a
g r e a t e r te n s io n on s i t e 2.
The g r e a t e r s o i l w a te r t e n s io n was
a c c o u n te d f o r by th e g r e a t e r c la y c o n te n t o f s i t e 2 t a i l i n g s .
T h is
was explained by H i l le l (1982) who re p o rte d th a t the g re a te r the clay
content, in g en eral, th e g re a te r th e su ctio n , a t any p a r tic u la r s o i l w ater content.
Table 3*
Average3 percent m o istu re by weight and corresponding
m atric p o te n tia l throughout th e 1985 growing season.
-
% m oisture
by weight
M atric
p o te n tia l
i n bars
Depth—(cm)
5-29
S ite I
7-7
0-20
>20
20.6
24.1
12.3
17.7
8.9
21.5
24.2
22.6
11.7
19.3
15.1
21.5
—•1
-•1
—2.0
—1.0
-15.0
- .2
-1 .2
-1 .7
>-15.0
-1 5 .0
>-15.0
—3.0
0-20
>20
a mean o f 3 an aly ses
9-3
5-29
S ite 2
7-7
9-3
29
Chemical A nalysis
Table 4 l i s t s th e pH and conductance valu es f o r each com bination
of s i t e , lim e tre a tm e n t and depth. The unlimed t a i l i n g s a t each s i t e
w ere a c i d i c a t both sa m p lin g d e p th s .
These pH l e v e l s , ra n g in g from
3.0 to 3.5, g e n e ra lly preclude v ascu lar p la n t estab lish m en t.
re s u lte d i n e le v a te d su rfa ce pH le v e ls a t both s i t e s .
Liming
Subsurface pH
le v e ls were apparently unaffected by lim ing.
Table 4 .
R esultsa f o r th e mean pH and conductance by s i t e ,
treatm ent and depth.
Sampling
Depth (cm)
unlimed
limed
unlimed
lim ed
PH
0-20
>20
3.5
3.0
7.5
3.4
3.3
3.3
7.4
3 .8
EC mmhos/
cm
0-20
>20
0.59
0.62
2.60
0.80
2.10
1.20
2.40
1.44
Site
I
Site ?
The EC v a lu e s f o r th e u n lim ed tr e a tm e n t w ere h ig h e r on s i t e 2
th an on s i t e I , a t both sa m p lin g d e p th s .
C onductance v a lu e s f o r th e
lim ed tre a tm e n ts were s im ila r f o r th e two s i t e s , and were g re a te r than
v a lu e s f o r th e u n lim e d t r e a tm e n ts .
The lim in g tr e a tm e n t d id n o t
ap p ear to a f f e c t s u b s u rfa c e c o n d u c tiv ity on e i t h e r s i t e .
It is
g en erally recognized th a t EC v alu e s exceeding 4 mmhos/cm in d ic a te s a l t
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s t h a t may a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t p la n t e s ta b lis h m e n t
(R ichards, 1969).
The r e s u l t s in d ic a te th a t s a l t co n cen tratio n should
not h in d er p la n t e stab lish m en t on e it h e r s i t e re g a rd le s s o f trea tm e n t.
30
Elemental co n cen tratio n s In th e t a i l in g s s o lu tio n were measured
a t two d e p th s f o r lim e d and u n lim ed t r e a tm e n ts (T ab le 5). E le m e n ta l
c o n c e n tr a tio n s d e riv e d from s a t u r a t e d p a s te e x t r a c t s have n o t been
re p o rte d e x te n siv ely i n th e l i t e r a t u r e and c o rre la tio n s between these
le v e ls and p la n t growth a re lacking. Therefore, i t i s no t p o ssib le to
d iscu ss whether elem ental le v e ls re p o rte d h ere are d e fe c ie n t, adequate
or to x ic to v a scu la r p la n ts based on published r e s u lts .
Table 5.
Metal
Average* s o lu b le m e ta l c o n c e n tr a tio n s (mg/L) by s i t e ,
treatm en t and depth.
Depth
(cm)
unlim ed
Al
0-20
>20
5.60
9.80
1.30
9.80
48.20
20.70
1.20
16.00
Mn
0-20
>20
0.94
4.82
0.23
6.40
39.80
14.20
0.38
21.60
Zn
0-20
>20
0.48
0.69
0.13
0.70
1.90
0.98
0.61
1.19
Cu
0-20
>20
0.10
0.27
0.06
0.17
1.83
0.64
0.04
0.35
S ite I
lim ed
S ite 2
unlim ed
lim ed
aa -mean
__ o f 2 an aly ses
Aluminum l e v e l s on t h e u n lim ed s u r f a c e t r e a tm e n ts d i f f e r e d
betw een th e s i t e s . On s i t e 2 th e s e l e v e l s w ere a p p ro x im a te ly e ig h t
tim e s g r e a t e r th a n th e u n lim ed s u r f a c e t a i l i n g s o f s i t e I . Aluminum
l e v e l s on th e s u r f a c e lim e d t r e a tm e n ts o f both s i t e s w ere re d u c e d
compared to t h e i r corresponding unlim ed c o u n te rp a rts. The magnitude of
r e d u c t i o n w a s, h o w e v e r,
d iffe re n t.
A lum inum w as r e d u c e d by
31
a p p ro x im a te ly fo u r tim e s on s i t e I , v e rs u s f o r t y tim e s on s i t e 2.
Subsurface le v e ls of t h i s elem ent were g re a te r on both tre a tm e n ts o f
s i t e 2 compared to c o u n te rp art le v e ls on s i t e I.
Manganese le v e ls on the unlim ed su rfa ce t a i l i n g s of s i t e 2 were
a p p ro x im a te ly f o r t y tim e s g r e a t e r th a n th e c o rre s p o n d in g l e v e l s o f
s i t e I. S u rfa c e Mn l e v e l s o f th e lim e d t r e a tm e n ts w ere re d u c e d
compared to unlimed su rface le v e ls on both s i t e s and were s im ila r. As
w ith Al, the magnitude of re d u c tio n was not s im ila r. Manganese le v e ls
were approxim ately th re e tim es l e s s on th e lim ed tre a tm e n t of s i t e I ,
w hile on s i t e 2 the approxim ate Mn re d u c tio n on the lim ed tre a tm e n t
was by a fa c to r of one hundred. Subsurface le v e ls o f t h i s elem ent were
g re a te r on both tre a tm e n ts of s i t e 2 compared to treatm en t c o u n te rp art
l e v e l s on s i t e I.
S u rfa c e l e v e l s o f th e s e e le m e n ts on s i t e I w ere a ls o s u b s ta n ­
t i a l l y l e s s th an c o u n te r p a r t s u r f a c e l e v e l s on s i t e 2. Z in c and Cu
le v e ls i n th e surface t a i l in g s were reduced on th e lim ed tre a tm e n ts of
both s i t e s compared to th e ir unlimed c o u n te rp arts. As w ith Al and Mn
subsurface le v e ls o f these elem ents were g re a te r on both tre a tm e n ts o f
s i t e 2 compared to trea tm e n t c o u n te rp art le v e ls on s i t e I.
S e v e ra l g e n e ra l c o n c lu s io n s can be draw n t o sum m arize th e
a n a l y t i c a l r e s u l t s f o r th e s e m e ta l c o n c e n tr a tio n s . In th e u n lim e d
co n d itio n, a t both sam pling depths, s i t e 2 contained hig h er concentra­
tio n s of each element compared to s i t e I. The su rfa ce co n ce n tra tio n s
o f a l l fo u r e le m e n ts w ere re d u c e d on both s i t e s w ith lim in g .
The
av erag e r e d u c tio n on S i t e 2 w as 90 p e rc e n t com pared t o a n a v e ra g e
co n cen tratio n re d u c tio n o f 65 percent fo r su rface t a i l in g s on s i t e I.
32
The g re a te r io n io co n ce n tra tio n s o f s i t e 2 t a i l in g s may be a sso c ia te d
w ith th e h ig h e r c la y c o n te n t and c o rre s p o n d in g ly g r e a t e r c a tio n
exchange capacity (CEC). A la r g e r CEC i n s i t e 2 t a i l in g s would hold a
g re a te r number of io n s on the exchange complex.
E quilibrium s o lu tio n
c o n c e n tr a tio n s w ould th u s be g r e a t e r f o r f i n e - t e x t u r e d t a i l i n g s
compared to the sa n d ier m a te ria ls of s i t e I.
T ailin g s co n cen tratio n s o f Ca, Mg and K a re l i s t e d i n Table 6.
Table 6.
Metal
Averagea base c atio n c o n cen tratio n s (mg/L) by s i t e ,
treatm ent and depth.
Depth
(cm)
unlimed
lim ed
unlimed
lim ed
Ca
0-20
>20
35.90
30.80
676.00
118.00
147.90
112.75
775.00
244.00
Mg
0-20
>20
8.15
24.00
47.10
34.20
162.90
85.50
104.40
107.40
K
0-20
>20
18.90
28.90
84.45
22.94
52.90
65.60
82.30
51.90
Site
I
Site
2
aa mean
_ o f 2 an aly ses
C o n c e n tra tio n l e v e l s o f t h i s e le m e n t i n t h e u n lim e d s u r f a c e
ta ilin g s of s i t e
I w e re a p p r o x i m a t e l y f o u r t i m e s l e s s t h a n
corresponding le v e ls o f th e s i t e 2 unlimed su rfa ce t a i l in g s . Calcium
le v e ls
in c r e a s e d on th e s u r f a c e lim e d tr e a tm e n t o f both s i t e s . On
s i t e I th e in cre ase was 18 tim es t h a t of the unlimed tre a tm e n t.
c o rre sp o n d in g i n c r e a s e f o r s i t e 2 was by a f a c t o r o f 5.
The
T h is
d iffe re n c e between th e two s i t e s i n th e magnitude of th e Ca in c re a se
33
i n th e s u r fa c e may be due to t h e i r t e x t u r a l d i f f e r e n c e .
The l a r g e r
I
CEC of s i t e 2 t a i l in g s oould adsorb more of the added Ca, r e s u ltin g i n
a sm aller in cre ase i n so lu b le Ca le v e ls o f t h i s s i t e compared to those
of s i t e I.
This may e x p la in th e l a r g e r in c re a s e in so lu b le Ca on the
lim ed tre a tm e n t of s i t e I . Subsurface Ca le v e ls ap p aren tly in creased
on the
lim ed tre a tm e n ts of both s i t e s . These apparent in c re a s e s
may
be a r e s u l t of sample contam ination from th e su rface and no t a r e s u l t
of downward movement of t h i s elem ent.
Potassium le v e ls on th e unlimed tre a tm e n ts w ere g re a te r i n s i t e 2
t a i l in g s a t both sam pling depths than on s i t e I. Surface K l e v e ls f o r
t h e l im e d t r e a t m e n t s w e re g r e a t e r
com pared t o t h e i r un lim ed
c o u n te r p a r ts on b oth s i t e s . These K l e v e l s w ere 4.5 and 1.5 tim e s
g re a te r on s i t e s I and 2 re s p e c tiv e ly .
Dnlim ed s o lu b le Mg l e v e l s on s i t e 2 w ere g r e a t e r th a n s i t e I
t a i l i n g s a t both sa m p lin g d e p th s .
S u rfa c e Mg l e v e l s on th e u n lim ed
treatm en t of s i t e I were approxim ately twenty tim es l e s s th an t h e i r
s i t e 2 c o u n te r p a r ts . S u rfa c e Mg l e v e l s a p p a r e n tly in c r e a s e d w ith
lim in g on s i t e I b u t n o t on s i t e 2 . I t was e x p e c te d t h a t Mg l e v e l s
w ould in c r e a s e on b oth s i t e s f o r two r e a s o n s : I) Mg was a k i l n d u s t
c o n s titu e n t; and 2) e x is tin g Mg should have become more a v a ila b le as
th e pH r o s e w ith lim in g . The r e s u l t s i n T ab le 6, how ever, do n o t
in d ic a te th a t so lu b le Mg in c re a se d w ith lim in g on th e su rface t a i l in g s
o f s i t e 2.
The r e d u c t io n o f Mg on s o i l s lim e d t o n e u t r a l i t y , and
accompanying crop y ie ld re d u c tio n s, have o fte n been noted (Sumner e t
a l . , 1978).
Two e x p la n a tio n s e x i s t w hich may e x p la in th e l a c k o f
in c r e a s e i n Mg.
K en n ib erg and o t h e r s (1976) show ed t h a t f r e s h and
34
aged g e ls o f A l-h y d ro x ld e s e l e c t i v e l y a d so rb Mg from s o l u t i o n a t pH
v a lu e s above 7.0.
The lim in g of a c i d i c s o i l s p ro d u ces such g e ls .
F a rin a and o t h e r s (1980) s t a t e d t h a t o th e r Al s o u rc e s a r e c a p a b le of
f i x i n g Mg a t pH v a lu e s lo w e r th a n 7.0.
I t i s p o s s ib le t h a t Mg
co n cen tratio n did not in cre ase on s i t e 2 because of these re a c tio n s.
F e r t i l i z e r NO^ and P w ere added to b o th lim e d and u n lim e d
tre a tm e n ts o f both s ite s .
I t th e re fo re seems probable t h a t NOg and P
co n cen tratio n s would in c re a se on these s i t e s compared to th e ir p re trea tm e n t le v e ls .
Table 7.
This however, did n o t appear to happen (Table 7).
Average3 co n cen tratio n s (m g/kg) o f f e r t i l i z e r n u t r i e n t s
i n s o lu tio n .
S ite I
N u trien t
Depth
(cm)
Pretreatm ent
Unlimed
S ite 2
Pretreatm ent
Limed
Unlimed
NO3
0-20
>20
2.2
2.0
2.4
1.1
3.4
1.2
1.8
1.1
1.7
1.5
2.2
1.4
P
0-20
>20
8.7
15.7
14.1
8.7
13.8
16.8
10.2
14.9
7.9
9.3
15.6
9.5
Limed
3 mean o f 2 analyses
On s i t e I n i t r a t e c o n c e n tr a tio n d id n o t a p p a r e n tly in c r e a s e i n
th e u n lim ed tr e a tm e n t, bu t s u r f a c e l e v e l s may have in c r e a s e d on th e
lim ed tre a tm e n t of t h is s i t e . On s i t e 2 n i t r a t e le v e ls a t both depths
of th e u n lim ed tr e a tm e n t w ere a p p a r e n tly u n a f f e c te d . On s i t e 2 th e
surface le v e l n i t r a t e c o n ce n tra tio n o f th e lim ed tre a tm e n t may have
been somewhat g re a te r than the p r e - trea tm e n t le v e l.
le v e ls
w e re p o s s i b l y
g re a te r
on s i t e
Surface n i t r a t e
I c o m p a re d t o
s ite
2
35
c o u n te r p a r ts . D is tin g u is h a b le d iffe re n c e s were not apparent between
subsurface le v e ls of the s i t e s . I t may be th a t apparent in c re a s e s i n
n i t r a t e c o n cen tratio n sim ply r e f l e c t th e v a r i a b il i ty of th e t a ilin g s .
I f t h i s i s i n f a c t th e c a s e , much of th e a p p lie d N may have been
•lost* through v ario u s chem ical pathways. F e r t i l i z e r N a p p lied a s NH^
may have been a f f e c t e d by a t l e a s t 3 ch em ic al p ro c e s s e s i n th e
ta ilin g s :
I) v o l a t i l i z a t i o n to NHg; 2) f i x a t i o n w i t h in t h e c la y
l a t t i c e s tru c tu re ; o r 3) o x id a tio n to NOg.
The method o f a p p lic a tio n and c u rre n t t a i l in g s co n d itio n s a ff e c t
th e r a t e o f v o l a t i l i z a t i o n of a p p lie d NH^ f e r t i l i z e r s a l t s .
I t was
rep o rte d th a t these f e r t i l i z e r s can lo se s ig n if ic a n t q u a n titie s o f N
a s NHg by v o l a t i l i z a t i o n on s o i l s o f h ig h pH i f n o t im m e d ia te ly
I n c o r p o r a te d (Fenn and K is s e l, 1973).
Because th e f e r t i l i z e r was
a p p lie d to th e a c i d i c t a i l i n g s and im m e d ia te ly in c o r p o r a te d b e fo re
lim in g , i t i s u n lik e ly t h a t l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s o f N w ere l o s t th ro u g h
v o l a t i li z a t io n .
The r e l a ti v e in flu e n ce of base s a tu ra tio n and clay m ineralogy on
NHjt f i x a t i o n h a s been th e s u b j e c t of s e v e r a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s .
For
example, W ilklander and Andersson (1959) dem onstrated t h a t th e a b i l i t y
of s o i l s to f i x NHjt was measureably in creased by lim ing.
Thus, i t i s
p o ssib le th a t a p o rtio n o f th e ap p lied NHit was l o s t through f ix a tio n
a f t e r lim e was ap p lied on both s i t e s .
I f t h i s occurred, the amount of
f ix e d N w ould have been g r e a t e r on s i t e 2 b ecau se i t c o n ta in e d a
la rg e r clay percentage.
Any NHi^ n o t a f f e c t e d by t h i s p ro c e s s w ould have been a v a i l a b l e
fo r o x id atio n to NOg.
O xidation occurs through the b io lo g ic a l process
36
of n i t r i f i c a t i o n .
N itr if ic a tio n ,
however, i s g e n erally not believed
to occur below pH 4.0 (Sarathchandra, 1978).
B rar and Giddens (1968)
suspected th e in h ib itio n of n i t r i f i c a t i o n a t low pH to be caused by Al
t o x i c i t y of th e n i t r i f y i n g o rg a n ism s.
not provide suspected to x ic Al le v e ls .
U n fo rtu n a te ly , th e s tu d y d id
N evertheless,
i t i s p o ssib le
th a t n itr if y in g b a c te ria were not p re se n t i n the unlimed t a i l i n g s of
both s i t e s because of low pH a n d /o r Al t o x i c i t y .
Thus, th e a p p lie d
f e r t i l i z e r may have rem ained i n i t s reduced NHy form.
N itra te
c o n te n t
d id n o t a p p e a r
to
in c re a s e
on th e lim e d
tr e a tm e n ts of e i t h e r s i t e , d e s p i te an in c r e a s e o f pH to 7.0 on both
s ite s .
The biology of n itr if y in g b a c te ria i s not c le a rly understood.
The tim e re q u ire d f o r the e stab lish m en t of n i tr i f y i n g b a c te ria in s o i l
p re v io u s ly dev o id o f th e a c t i v i t y o f th e s e o rg a n ism s c o u ld n o t be
found.
C o n se q u e n tly , i t i s im p o s s ib le to e s t a b l i s h th e p re s e n c e or
absence of these b a c te ria on th e lim ed tre a tm e n t w ith a v a ila b le data.
I t may be t h a t b a c t e r i a l p o p u la tio n s w ere n o t g r e a t enough f o r
n i t r i f i c a t i o n to occur.
As w ith NOg, p c o n c e n tr a tio n d id n o t a p p a r e n tly in c r e a s e on
e ith e r
s ite
p h o sp h ate.
or tr e a tm e n t a f t e r
fe rtiliz a tio n
w ith
diammonium
The P c o n c e n tr a tio n l e v e l s i n th e s u r f a c e o f s i t e I ,
ran g e d from 8.7 to 14.1 m g/kg. S u b s u rfa c e P l e v e l s ra n g e d from 8 .7 to
16.8 mg/kg. S u rfa c e c o n c e n tr a tio n s on s i t e 2 , ran g ed from 7.91 to
15.6. S u b su rfa c e s i t e 2 l e v e l s ra n g e d from 9.3
t o 14.9 m g/kg.
G e n e ra lly , no d l s t i n g i s h a b l e d i f f e r e n c e s i n P c o n c e n tr a tio n e x i s t
between su rfa c e le v e ls , s i t e s , lim e tre a tm e n ts and o rig in a l t a i l i n g s
c o n c e n tr a tio n s .
T h e re fo re , a p p lie d P may have been " lo s t* th ro u g h
37
various chemical processes.
On th e unlimed tre a tm e n ts of both s i t e s
f e r t i l i z e r P may have been a d so rb ed by Al o r Fe o x id e s .
s o ils ,
In a c id
th e s e o x id e s a r e c o n s id e re d t o be th e dom inant p h o sp h ate
adsorbing su rfa c e s; maximum a d so rp tio n occu rrin g a t s lig h tly l e s s than
pH 4 ( P a r f i t t , 1978).
The pH on th ese tre a tm e n ts averaged 3.5.
I t is
t h e r e f o r e , q u i te p o s s ib le t h a t added P was a d so rb e d i n t h i s m anner,
i
*
and th u s re n d e re d u n a v a ila b le to th e s o i l s o l u t i o n and p l a n t r o o t s .
Phosphorus l o s s on th e lim e d t r e a tm e n ts o f b o th s i t e s may be
a ttr ib u te d to th re e chem ical processes.
F i r s t , some P f e r t i l i z e r may
have been a d so rb ed by Al o r Fe o x id e s , a s m en tio n ed above, b e cau se
f e r t i l i z a t i o n proceeded lim in g on th ese tre a tm e n ts.
Follow ing lim in g ,
P may have been l o s t by: I) a d s o r p tio n o n to am orphous hydroxy Al
polymers (V eith, 1978); 2) p r e c ip ita tio n as in so lu b le Ca phosphates as
the pH ro se above 5.5 (White and T aylor, 1977).
Plant Analysis
The d isc u ssio n of p la n t growth r e s u l t s w ill ad d ress th e r e l a t i v e
success o f in d iv id u a l sp e c ie s and th e e f f e c ts o f s i t e d iffe re n c e s and
lim in g tr e a tm e n t on s e e d lin g em ergence and p l a n t v ig o r .
S p e c ie s grow th r e s u l t s a r e d is p la y e d i n T a b le s 8 th ro u g h 13.
There a re two t a b l e s f o r each o f th e t h r e e m easured v e g e t a t i o n
param eters: number of emerged se e d lin g s, h e ig h t of th e t a l l e s t p la n t,
and b a s a l a re a c o v e r (BAG). B ecause num erous z e ro re s p o n s e s w ere
re c o rd e d f o r each p a ra m e te r, d a ta t r a n s f o r m a tio n s w ere r e q u ir e d to
perform th e a n a l y s i s . The
ANOV assum es t h a t th e d a ta a re n o rm a lly
d is tr ib u te d ; d a ta w ith many zero v alu es do not f i t a normal d is tr ib u ­
tio n . The a rc s in tran sfo rm a tio n (S te e l and T o rrle , 1980) was used f o r
em ergence and h e ig h t d a ta and a s s ig n e d a v a lu e o f .61 f o r each z e ro
response.
The square ro o t tran sfo rm a tio n (S te e l and T o rrie t 1980) was
ap p lied to th e BAG d ata because t h i s i s an a p p ro p ria te tra n sfo rm a tio n
f o r d a ta t h a t a r e re c o rd e d a s a p e rc e n ta g e . T h is tr a n s f o r m a tio n
re ta in e d th e zero values.
The d ata tran sfo rm a tio n s changed th e u n its
o f m easurem ent f o r each p a ra m e te r.
T h e re fo re , th e v a lu e s i n each
o f th e T ab les a r e means o f tra n s fo rm e d d a ta v a lu e s . The S tu d e n t's t t e s t was
used to t e s t f o r s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s
i n th e s p e c ie s
grow th betw een s i t e s and tr e a tm e n ts . U n tran sfo rm ed d a ta v a lu e s f o r
each v e g etatio n param eter a re lo c a te d i n Appendix A.
S ite E ffe c ts
Seedling
Emergenr**
Seven weeks a f t e r p la n tin g , th e number of se ed lin g s o f a l l of th e
s p e c ie s was g r e a t e r on th e u n lim e d tr e a tm e n t o f s i t e I , th a n on th e
s i t e 2 c o u n te r p a r t (T ab le 8 ).
On s i t e I , a l l s p e c ie s showed some
emergence, w hile on s i t e 2, fo u r sp e c ie s f a ile d to emerge. The sp e c ie s
t h a t su cceeded on s i t e 2 w ere, A g ro s tls t e n u l a r A g ro s tis a lb a and
A lonecurus n r a t e n s l s . The number o f i n d i v i d u a l s o f th e
l a t t e r two
sp ecies were s ig n if ic a n tly le s s on s i t e 2 than on s i t e I.
S e e d lin g em ergence num bers w ere s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r f o r a l l
sp ecies except A lonecurls arundinaoeus and Lotus o o rn lc u la tu s on th e
lim ed trea tm e n ts of s i t e I compared to th e ir s i t e 2 e q u iv a le n ts
(T ab le 8).
39
Table 8. Transformed meansa and t e s t s of s ig n ific a n c e fo r sp e c ie s
by tr e a tm e n t and s i t e , f o r s e e d lin g em ergence.
Limed
Species
S ite I
S ite 2
Agal
Agte
Alar
Alpr
Feov
Loco
Poco
6.55
A.32
5.04
8.27
7.17
6.02
4.46
1.84
1.98
4.12
5.50
5.33
4.55
0.92
Unllmed
t
9.72*
4.82*
1.90
5.70*
3.79*
3.04
7.29*
S ite I
4.68
1.70
2.69
5.37
2.77
1.48
1.67
S ite 2
t
.92
.79
.61
.92
.61
.61
.61
7.76*
1.86
4.28*
9.17*
4.45*
1.79
2.19
A sterisk (*) in d ic a te s s ig n ific a n c e a t P = .1 .
a N= 3
M aturity
Two m easu res o f p l a n t grow th and v ig o r , BAG and h e i g h t s o f th e
t a l l e s t i n d i v i d u a l s , w ere em ployed to d e te c t d i f f e r e n c e s a s th e
s p e c ie s m atu red . The r e s u l t s o f BAG a r e l o c a te d i n T ab le 9. T able 10
contains p la n t h e ig h t r e s u lts .
By the second growing season only one
sp e cie s, A grostis a lb a , continued to survive on th e unlimed tre a tm e n t
of s i t e 2 w h ile i n d i v i d u a l s o f a l l seven s p e c ie s s u rv iv e d i n th e
u n lim ed p l o t s on s i t e I . A g r o s tis a lb a grew more v ig o r o u s ly on th e
u n lim ed tr e a tm e n t o f s i t e I com pared t o i t s c o u n te r p a r ts on s i t e 2.
This i s evidenced by th e s ig n if ic a n tly g re a te r BAG and h e ig h t a tta in e d
by i n d i v i d u a l s on s i t e I com pared to s i t e 2. Thus, based on th e s e
growth param eters, i t may be concluded t h a t growth and v ig o r of t h i s
s p e c ie s was s u p e r io r on th e u n lim e d tr e a tm e n t o f s i t e I com pared to
t h a t o f s i t e 2.
40
Table 9.
Transformed means8, and t e s t s of s ig n ific a n c e f o r sp e c ie s
by treatm en t and s i t e , fo r BAG.
L im ed
Species
Agal
Agte
Alar
Alpr
Feov
Loco
Poco
S ite I
S ite 2
t
S ite I
.17
.11
.12
.23
.20
.11
.14
.02
.03
.07
.09
.07
.03
.02
8.78*
4.52*
2.75*
8.00*
7.80*
4.87*
6.89*
.07
.05
.04
.07
.01
.00
.03
Onlimed
S ite 2
.01
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
t
3.67*
2.74*
2.34*
4.11*
0.53
0.00
1.93*
A
sterisk (*) in d ic a te s sig n ific a n c e a t P = .1 .
A ..
Table
10. Transformed means8 and t e s t s of sig n ific a n c e fo r sp ecies
Iqr tr e a tm e n t and s i t e , f o r h e i g h t .
Species
S ite I
Agal
Agte
Alar
Alpr
Feov
Loco
Poco
7.75
6.88
9.70
8.68
6.18
3.87
5.79
Limed
S ite 2
t
6.16
3.99
7.38
8.19
3.31
2.88
4.84
2.45*
4.48*
3.58*
0.77
4.46*
1.53
1.47
S ite I
Dnlimed
S ite 2
3.32
0.61
0.61
0.61
0.61
0.61
0.61
5.43
5.92
0.92
2.46
1.11
0.92
2.98
t
3.27*
8.22*
0.48
2.86*
0.77
0.48
3.67*
A sterisk (*) in d ic a te s sig n ific a n c e a t P = .1 .
a N=3
The seedlings on th e lim ed tre a tm e n t of s i t e I continued to grow
more v ig o r o u s ly th a n t h e i r s i t e 2 c o u n te r p a r ts .
At th e end o f th e
second growing season fo u r sp e cie s were s ig n if ic a n tly t a l l e r on s i t e I
than those on s i t e 2.
The o th e r th ree sp e c ie s,
A lo n eo u rH *
n ra te n sls.
L stlia .CPrnlculatUS and Poa ,comnressa w hile not s ig n if ic a n tly t a l l e r ,
did d isp lay s ig n if ic a n tly g r e a te r BAG than th e ir s i t e 2 c o u n te rp arts.
I n f a c t , a l l s p e c ie s e x h ib i t e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r BAG on s i t e I .
41
Based on th ese growth param eters, i t may be concluded t h a t growth and
v igor e x h ib ited by a l l sp e c ie s on th e lim ed trea tm e n t of s i t e I were
su p erio r to t h a t e x lb ite d by t h e i r s i t e 2 c o u n te rp a rts.
I t has been shown th a t p la n t growth throughout the study period
was su p e rio r both i n number and h e a lth of in d iv id u a ls f o r a l l sp e cie s
grow ing on s i t e
I,
The e x p la n a tio n f o r
th e s m a lle r num ber of
s e e d lin g s and i n f e r i o r gro w th of th e m a jo r ity o f th e s p e c ie s on th e
unlimed treatm en t of s i t e 2, probably l i e s i n the chem ical com position
o f th e s o i l s o lu tio n .
The d i f f e r e n c e i n s o i l s o l u t i o n m e ta l io n
c o n c e n tr a tio n s i s th o u g h t to be th e p rim a ry f a c t o r a f f e c t i n g p la n t
grow th even though o th e r
ta ilin g s
d iffe re n c e s e x is te d .
S ite 2
c o n ta in e d l e v e l s o f Al and Mn w hich w ere much g r e a t e r th a n s i t e I
(T able 5)# The u n lim e d t a i l i n g s o f s i t e 2 may n o t have been a b le to
s u p p o rt s i g n i f i c a n t p la n t gro w th i f th e s e l e v e l s o f Al and Mn w ere
phytotoxic. The m etal c o n c e n tra tio n s o f th e unlimed t a i l i n g s o f S ite I
on the o th e r hand, may not have been to x ic to sp e c ie s planted. S ite I
was a p p a re n tly a b le to s u p p o rt p la n t grow th i n s p i t e of e le v a te d H+
le v e ls .
The re a s o n behind t h e l e s s v ig o ro u s grow th e x h ib ite d by th e
s p e c ie s on s i t e 2 com pared to s i t e I on th e lim e d t r e a tm e n ts may be
id e n tif ie d by examining th e s o il-w a te r r e la tio n s h ip s o f th e s i t e s and
i t s u ltim a te e ffe c t on p la n t growth.
To be examined a re th e e ff e c ts
o f s o i l w a te r t e n s io n and tim e on: I) th e t a i l i n g s e n v iro n m e n t i n
w hich g e rm in a tio n to o k p la c e and;
2} th e t a i l i n g s e n v iro n m e n t
throughout th e growing season.
An in c r e a s e i n s o i l w a te r t e n s io n in c re a s in g ly r e s t r i c t s w ater
42
a v a ila b ility to th e planted seed.
w a te r g e n e r a lly
Decreases i n th e le v e l of a v a ila b le
r e s u l t s i n a d e la y i n
th e i n i t i a t i o n
germ ination and a d e clin e i n i t s r a t e (McGinnlesf I960).
of seed
The po in t a t
which germ ination i s in h ib ite d by w ater s t r e s s v a rie s fo r sp e c ie s of
d i f f e r i n g p h y s io lo g ie s ( B okhari e t a l . , 1979).
Seed g e rm in a tio n i s
assumed to have taken place between June 27 - J u ly 11, 1984.
During
th is tim e, w ater p o te n tia l i s presumed to have been approxim ately -2
and -15 b a rs on s i t e s I and 2, r e s p e c t i v e l y .
B okhari and o t h e r s
(1979) working w ith Agronvron S m lth ilf a cool season g ra ss, rep o rte d
th a t delayed germ ination occured a s m oisture s t r e s s reached -7 bars a t
a te m p e ra tu re reg im e o f 13° and 7° C f o r 12 h o u rs each.
p o s s ib le to r e l a t e
It is
t h e s e f i n d i n g s t o t h i s s t u d y b e c a u s e th e
te m p e r a tu re s o f th e stu d y a re a w ere n o t g r e a t e r th a n e x p e rim e n ta l
v a lu e s m en tio n ed , and g r a s s s p e c ie s used w ere th e co o l se a so n ty p e .
C o n sid e rin g t h i s ,
i t i s p o s s ib l e t h a t g e rm in a tio n may have been
hindered on s i t e 2 by in c re a se d neg ativ e w ater p o te n tia l.
As a r e s u l t
seed lin g emergence may have been l e s s on s i t e 2.
B a rb er (1984) s u g g e s ts t h a t th e r a t e a t w hich th e s o i l m ass i s
a ffe c te d by lim e a p p lic a tio n i s dependent upon th e d istan c e d iffu s in g
Ca must move before th e zones of n e u tr a liz a tio n around lim e p a r tic le s
overlap.
The r a te of Ca d iffu s io n i n th e s o i l i s slow.
Hence, f in e ly
ground lim e m a te ria l throughly mixed w ith the s o i l provides a s h o rte r
d istan c e between p a r tic le s and th e re fo re a more ra p id d iffu s io n r a te .
The r a te of d iffu s io n i s a lso dependent upon th e r a te of d is s o lu tio n .
Both of these r a t e s a re a ffe c te d by w ater a v a i la b i li t y in s o i l .
example CaO r e a c ts w ith w ater to form Ca(OH)2.
For
Ca(OH)2 must d isso lv e
43
to r e a c t w ith the s o il:
2CaO + 2HgO <—> 2Ca(0H)2 + O2
(8)
Ca(OH)2 + H* S o i l <— > Ca S o i l + H2 O + OH.
(9)
Hence, i f w a te r i s l i m i t i n g , th e d i s s o l u t i o n o f Ca(OH)2 may p ro ceed
a t a slow r a te . I t has been dem onstrated by many re s e a rc h e rs th a t s o i l
w a te r te n s io n a ls o a f f e c t s th e d i f f u s i b i l i t y o f io n s i n t h e s o i l
s o lu tio n .
Nye (1979) p ro v id e s a summary o f th e s e r e p o r t s and
c o n clu d es t h a t a t a g iv e n m o is tu r e c o n te n t th e t o r t u o s i t y o f c la y
s o i l s i s g re a te r than sandy s o i l s , or s o i l w ater a t a given m o istu re
c o n te n t i s h e ld a t a g r e a t e r t e n s io n i n a c la y com pared t o a sandy
so iL
Sw artzendruber and B arber (1965) c a lc u la te d th a t 85% of a p p lied
150 mesh lim esto n e (CaCOg), i s s t i l l undisso lv ed 2.5 weeks fo llo w in g
a p p l i c a t i o n on s o i l s t h a t w ere presu m ab ly n o t l i m i t e d by la c k o f
w ater.
Approximately 95% and 75% o f th e k i ln d u st used on t h i s study
passed through 100 and 200 mesh se lv e s, re s p e c tiv e ly . Although Ca(OH)2
h a s a much h ig h e r d i s s o l u t i o n r a t e th a n CaCO2 (L in d sa y , 1979), i t i s
p o s s ib le t o e s t im a t e t h a t ;
I) a l a r g e p e rc e n ta g e o f th e Ca(OH)
remained undissolved 2.5 weeks a f t e r a p p lic a tio n on both s i t e s because
o f low w a te r a v a i l a b i l i t y ; and 2) d i f f u s i o n o f Ca* may have been
re s tric te d
by a l a r g e
n e g a tiv e w a te r p o t e n t i a l on s i t e
2.
If
d i s s o l u t i o n and d i f f u s i o n of th e Ca(OH)2 and Ca* w ere a f f e c t e d a s
s t a t e d , th e n a slow r a t e o f a c id t a i l i n g s n e u t r a l i z a t i o n may have
occured on both s ite s .
This r a t e may have been slow er on s i t e 2.
I t i s th e re fo re , hypothesized t h a t during th e tim e of germ ination
a l a r g e p r o p o r tio n of th e t a i l i n g s may n o t have been n e u t r a l i z e d on
44
both s i t e s .
As a r e s u l t p la n te d se e d may have come i n c o n ta c t w ith
elev ated H* le v e ls on both s i t e s and p o te n tia lly phytotoxic le v e ls of
Al ++ and Mn++ on s i t e
u n n eu tralized ta ilin g s .
2,
w h ic h may h a v e p e r s i s t e d
in th e
Elevated le v e ls of Al, may not have in h ib ite d
g e rm in a tio n p e r se (Sheppard and F lo a te , 1984) b u t, may have been
to x ic to newly emmerged ra d ic a ls .
Clarkson (1965) re p o rte d th a t low
l e v e l s o f Al (14 mg/L) in s o l u t i o n c o u ld c o m p le te ly i n h i b i t r o o t
g row th w ith in 6-8 h o u rs a f t e r c o n ta c t.
Thus, Al l e v e l s t o x i c t o
germ inated seed may have reduced se ed lin g emergence on s i t e 2.
R esults from la b o ra to ry a n a ly s is would n o t have shown the degree
to w hich th e t a i l i n g s
w ere n e u t r a l i z e d s in c e a l l sa m p le s w ere
sa tu ra te d w ith w ater and thoroughly mixed to o b ta in an e x tra c t.
This
p ro c e d u re a llo w e d g r e a t l y in c r e a s e d c h em ic al r e a c t i o n betw een th e
t a i l in g s and lim in g agent.
Consequently, the a lte r e d sam ples may not
have been s im ila r to th e t a i l in g s on th e study s i t e .
The reduced growth and v ig o r of in d iv id u a ls th a t survived on th e
lim ed tre a tm e n ts of s i t e 2 may a ls o be a ttr ib u te d to w ater p o te n tia l
and i t s a ff e c t on se ed lin g s i n i t i a l l y an d /o r i t s a f f e c t on growth as
th e P la n ts m atu red .
I n d i v id u a ls on t h i s s ite - tr e a tm e n t com bination
may have been exposed t o e le v a te d Al c o n c e n tr a tio n s a s m en tio n ed
above.
W hile th e Al p r e s e n t was n o t t o x ic t o th e s e i n d i v i d u a l s , i t
may have caused i n j u r y .
Aluminum i n j u r y can r e s u l t i n su b s e q u e n t
red u ctio n of growth and development by in h ib itin g th e a s s im ila tio n of
v a rio u s p la n t n u t r i e n t s (Duncan e t a l „ 1980).
The s tu n te d g ro w th
ex h ib ited by these in d iv id u a ls may a lso have been a d ir e c t r e s u l t of
r e s t r i c t e d w a te r a v a i l a b i l i t y .
The s o i l w a te r p o t e n t i a l may have
45
re a ch e d -15 b a rs d u rin g th e f i r s t week o f J u ly on t h i s s i t e .
Some
i n v e s t i g a t o r s have produced e v id e n c e I n d i c a t i n g t h a t a p l a n t may
su ffe r w ater s tr e s s and growth re d u c tio n considerably before, as w e ll
as, upon reaching the w iltin g p o in t (R ichards and W adleigh, 1952).
In c o n c lu s io n a l l s p e c ie s e x h ib i t e d s u p e r i o r gro w th on s i t e I
com pared to s i t e 2 i r r e s p e c t i v e o f tr e a tm e n t.
Phy to t o x ic Al and Mn
io n l e v e l s i n th e un lim ed t a i l i n g s , on s i t e 2 , a r e c o n s id e re d t o be
th e p r im a r y c a u s e o f r e d u c e d g ro w th on t h i s
s ite -tre a tm e n t
combination. The prim ary causal fa c to r of I n f e r io r growth performance
on th e lim e d tr e a tm e n t o f s i t e 2 i s th o u g h t to be th e e f f e c t o f
in creased n eg ativ e w ater p o te n tia l in th e ta i l in g s . The high neg ativ e
w ater p o te n tia l may have reduced growth d ir e c tly through w ater s t r e s s
a n d /o r may have re d u c e d l i m e - t a i l i n g s i n t e r a c t i o n ; t h u s , a llo w in g
elev ated Al le v e ls to p e r s i s t i n ta i l in g s , causing se ed lin g in ju ry .
Treatment E ffe ct
L im ing of e x tre m e ly a c i d i c (pH<4.0) t a i l i n g s i s presum ed to be
n e c e ssa ry f o r th e s u c c e s s f u l e s ta b lis h m e n t o f m ost v a s c u la r p la n t
sp ecies because, lim in g reduces e le v ated Hf and phytotoxic le v e ls of
some m e ta ls w hich i n h i b i t p la n t grow th.
The lim in g p r o c e s s i s
g en erally tim e consuming and c o stly . Therefore, the a b i l i t y to e sta b ­
l i s h p lan t sp e cie s d ir e c tly upon unlimed t a i l i n g s would be advanta­
geous.
The f i r s t o b j e c ti v e o f t h i s s tu d y , i s to d e te rm in e w h e th e r
lim in g i s n e c e s s a ry f o r th e s u c c e s s f u l e s ta b lis h m e n t o f th e a c id
to le r a n t sp e cie s used i n t h i s study.
Successful e sta b lish m e n t of the
sp e cie s w ill be determ ined by comparing sp ecies growth on the unlim ed
tre a tm e n ts to th e growth of t h e i r re s p e c tiv e c o u n te rp a rts on th e lim ed
46
treatm en t.
These comparisons a re made by s i t e because of th e extreme
d i f f e r e n c e s i n p la n t grow th betw een th e s i t e s .
S p e c ie s w i l l be
c o n s id e re d s u c c e s s f u l on t h e u n lim ed t a i l i n g s when measured growth
param eters are not s ig n if ic a n tly l e s s than the lim ed c o u n te rp arts.
S ite I
A ll s p e c ie s on th e u nlim ed tr e a tm e n t o f s i t e I showed some
s e e d lin g em ergence (T ab le 11).
tre a tm e n t
c o m p a red t o
The num ber o f s e e d lin g s on t h i s
t h e u n lim e d t r e a t m e n t w a s,
h o w e v e r,
s t a t i s t i c a l l y l e s s f o r a l l s p e c ie s e x c e p t A g ro s tla a lb a . T h e re fo re ,
th e
s e e d lin g s o f s i x s p e c ie s f a i l e d t o s u c c e s s f u ll y
emerge on th e
unlimed treatm en t compared to the lim ed treatm en t.
Table
Species
Agal
Agte
Alar
Alpr
Feov
Loco
Poco
11.
Transformed meansa and t e s t s of sig n ific a n c e fo r sp e c ie s
by s i t e and trea tm e n t, f o r se ed lin g emergence.
________ S ite I
Limed
Unlimed
6.55
4.32
5.04
8.27
7.17
6.02
4.46
4.68
1.70
2.69
5.37
2.77
1.48
1.67
t
3.48
5.40*
4.85*
5.98*
9.07*
9.36*
5.75*
A sterisk (*) in d ic a te s s ig n ific a n c e a t P =
a N= B
______ — S ite 2
Limed
Unllmed
1.84
1.98
4.12
5.50
5.33
4.55
0.92
.92
.79
.61
.92
.61
.61
.61
t
1.90
2.45
7.24*
9.44*
9.73*
8.12*
0.64
. 1.
All of th e sp ecies continued to m ature on th e unlimed tre a tm e n t
but, none grew a s vigorously a s th e i r c o u n te rp a rts on th e lim ed t r e a t ­
ment (T a b le s 12 and 13). J L m ta U a JifiJlUla may be an e x c e p tio n .
A ll
sp e cie s except A=XgaUfl lSBUla, were s ig n if ic a n tly s h o rte r than t h e i r
47
c o u n te r p a r ts on th e lim e d tr e a tm e n t.. Although Agroatla te n u is grew
e q u a lly w e ll I n h e ig h t, I t was n o t c o n s id e re d a s v ig o ro u s on th e
u n lim ed tr e a tm e n t because o f i t s low BAC p e rc e n ta g e .
Based on th e
r e s u l ts of the sp ecies growth measurements, i t may be concluded th a t
none of the sp ecies grew as w e ll on th e unlimed tre a tm e n ts compared
to the limed treatm en ts on s i t e
I.
Table 12. Transformed means® and t e s t s o f s ig n ific a n c e fo r sp e cie s
by s i t e and trea tm e n t, f o r BAG.
Site I
Species
Agal
Agte
Alar
Alpr
Feov
Loco
Poco
Limed
.17
.11
.12
.23
.20
.11
.14
Site 2
Unlimed
.07
.05
.04
.04
.01
.00
.03
t
Limed
5.88*
3.58*
4.71*
9.41*
11.18*
6.47*
6.47*
.02
.03
.07
.09
.07
.03
.02
A sterisk (*) in d ic a te s sig n ific a n c e a t P = .1 .
a N= 3
Table
Unllmed
.01
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
-
,
t
0.59
1.77
4.12*
5.29*
4.12*
1.77
1.18
-
13. Transformed means® and t e s t s of sig n ific a n c e fo r sp e c ie s
by s i t e and tre a tm e n t f o r h e ig h t.
Site i
Limed
Unlimed
Agal
Agte
Alar
Alpr
Feov
Looo
7.75
6.88
9.70
8.68
6.18
3.87
5.79
5.43
5.92
0.92
2.46
1.11
0.92
2.98
8
2
Species
Site 2
t
3.60*
1.49
13.61*
9.64*
7.86*
4.57*
4.36*
Limed
Unlimed
6.16
3.99
7.38
8.19
3.31
2.88
4.84
3.32
0.61
0.61
0.61
0.61
0.61
0.61
A sterisk (*) in d ic a te s sig n ific a n c e a t P = .1 .
®N= 3
t
4.40*
5.24*
10.40*
I11.75*
4.18*
3.52*
6.56*
48
S ite 2
On s i t e 2, fo u r s p e c ie s f a i l e d to em erge a s s e e d lin g s on th e
u n lim ed t r e a tm e n ts (T ab le 11). The s p e c ie s t h a t d id g e rm in a te and
emerge were A grostls
te n u is and A looecurla arundlnaoeua. The
a lb a f
number of se ed lin g s of the two A grostls sp e c ie s was not s ig n if ic a n tly
d i f f e r e n t betw een th e two t r e a tm e n ts . The s e e d lin g em ergence o f
-A lopecurus a ru n d ln a o e u a
w as
s ig n ific a n tly
l e s s on th e u n lim e d
treatm ent.
M easurem ents o f p l a n t v ig o r ta k e n a t th e end o f th e second
growing season rev ealed th a t only one sp e c ie s rem ained on the unlim ed
tr e a tm e n t o f s i t e 2.
T h is s p e c ie s , A g ro s tls a lb a d id n o t, how ever,
ex^ b it BAC or h e ig h t growth equal to th a t of i t s c o u n te rp a rts on th e
lim e d t r e a tm e n ts
(T a b le s 12 and 13).
Based on t h i s d a ta i t was
determ ined th a t none of the sp e c ie s on the unlim ed tre a tm e n ts of s i t e
2 grew as v igorously as t h e i r lim ed c o u n te rp arts.
In summary, a l l sp e c ie s grew s ig n if ic a n tly b e tte r on th e lim ed
tr e a tm e n ts on both s i t e s .
T h e re fo re ,
none o f th e s p e c ie s w ere
considered su c ce ssfu l on the unlim ed trea tm e n ts.
The re a s o n s behind t h e u n s u c c e s s fu l grow th on t h e u n lim ed
trea tm e n ts on both s i t e s probably l i e s i n the chem ical com position of
th e s o il so lu tio n .
On s i t e I f a c to rs t h a t may have ad v ersely a ffe c te d
p lan t growth in clude e le v a te d H* ion co n cen tratio n . On s i t e 2, f a c to r s
a ff e c tin g p la n t growth may have been e le v a te d l e v e ls o f H*, Al***, and
Mn**.
49
R e la tiv e Species Success
The r e c la m a tio n o f m in in g s i t e s a t h ig h e le v a t i o n s i s made
d i f f i c u l t by numerous environm ental fa c to r s and a la c k of com m ercially
a v a ila b le seed adapted to th ese a re as.
In t h i s study, commercial seed
was p la n te d d i r e c t l y on th e lim e d and u n lim ed m ine t a i l i n g s of th e
Champion mine. This study was lo c a te d i n a somewhat h arsh , mountainous
c lim a te . A ll of th e s p e c i e s may be c o n s id e re d s u c c e s s f u l sim p ly
because th e y grew i n t h i s e n v iro n m e n t.
For f u t u r e r e c la m a tio n
p la n n in g , i t would be a d v a n ta g e o u s to know w hich s p e c ie s a re b e s t
a d a p te d to th e e n v iro n m e n ta l c o n d itio n s found on th ese experim ental
s ite s .
The second o b je c tiv e of t h i s study, th e re fo re , was to compare
th e r e l a t i v e s u c c e s s o f th e i n d iv i d u a l s p e c ie s . BAC was used t o
compare s p e c ie s p erfo rm an c e b ecau se th e a c c u ra c y o f t h i s g ro w th
measurement should be r e l a ti v e ly u n affected by sp e c ie s m orphological
d i f f e r e n c e s . I n t e r s p e c l e s c o m p a riso n s w ere made by com paring mean
values using ANOY. Least s ig n if ic a n t d iffe re n c e (LSD) was th e n used to
se per a te th e means. LSD r e s u l t s are separated by s i t e and tre a tm e n t,
and a re lo c a te d i n Table 14. The sp e c ie s a re ranked from one to seven.
One re p re s e n ts the g r e a te s t BAG.
No comparisons a re l i s t e d fo r the
unlimed tre a tm e n t of s i t e 2, because only one sp e cie s, AgrosM* a lb a
e sta b lis h e d on t h is m a te ria l.
50
Table
14. S ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e s among tra n s fo rm e d
by s i t e and tre a tm e n t.
BAC m eans*
Site one unUmftri treatment
Rank
Species
BAC
I
Agal
.072
2
Agte
.047
Rank
Species
BAC
I
Alpr
.230
2
Feov
.203
Rank
Species
BAC
I
Alpr
.092
2
Feov
.069
3
Alar
.040
4
Poco
.033
5
Alpr
.017
6
Feov
.009
7
Loco
.000
6
Loco
.115
7
Agte
.107
6
Poco
.025
7
Agal
.019
Site one limed treatment
3
Agal
.170
4
Poco
.143
5
Alar
.115
Site two limed treatment
3
Alair
.067
4
Loco
.037
5
Agte
.029
a Means underscored by the same l i n e are not d if f e r e n t a t the p = .1
le v e l; N = 3 fo r each mean.
51
Lotus nornlnulatus
On th e unlimed tre a tm e n t of s i t e I , t h i s sp e cie s had th e lo w est
BAG.
I n d i v id u a ls w ere so few t h a t BAG was re c o rd e d a s z e r o . On th e
lim ed trea tm e n t of s i t e I , t h i s sp e c ie s' BAG was ranked s ix th and was
s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s th a n th r e e o th e r s p e c ie s .
lim e d tr e a tm e n t was s i g n i f i c a n t l y
The BAG on th e s i t e I
g r e a t e r th a n on t h e u n lim ed
trea tm e n t; and 3 tim es g re a te r than on the lim ed trea tm e n t of s i t e 2.
At th e tim e of sa m p lin g , d u rin g th e second g ro w in g se a s o n , many L.
c o rn ic u la tu s in d iv id u a ls were newly emerged se ed lin g s.
This sp e c ie s
has o f t e n been shown t o d e la y g e rm in a tio n u n t i l th e second grow ing
seaso n (SCS, 1978).
T h e re fo re , th e BAG re c o rd e d may n o t r e f l e c t th e
f u l l p o te n tia l fo r th is sp ecies.
N evertheless, th ese r e s u l t s in d ic a te
t h a t L o tu s c o r n i c u la t u s i s n o t t o l e r a n t o f e x tre m e ly a c id t a i l i n g s
co n d itio n s and re q u ire s lim in g to a h ig h er pH fo r estab lish m en t.
This
a g re e s w ith SCS (1978) reco m m en d atio n s t h a t lim in g i s r e q u i r e d f o r
e s ta b lis h m e n t o f L. c o r n i c u la t u s on m a t e r i a l s o f pH 5 o r l e s s .
T h is
s p e c ie s may, how ever, be a d a p ta b le to th e ra n g e o f s o i l t e x t u r e s
p resen t i n t h i s study.
Festuea ovlna
On th e u n lim ed t r e a tm e n t o f s i t e I th e BAG o f F e s tu c a o v ln a
ranked six th .
This sp e c ie s, however, did w ell in comparison to o th e r
sp ecies on th e lim ed tre a tm e n ts and was ranked second on both s i t e s .
On th e lim e d tr e a tm e n t o f s i t e I , i t s BAG was s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r
than fo u r o th er sp ecies and was 22 tim es g re a te r than on th e unlimed
tr e a tm e n t.
On th e lim e d tr e a tm e n t o f s i t e 2 , i t s BAG was n e a r ly ^
52
tim es g re a te r than on the unlim ed treatm en t of s i t e I .
Based on these comparisons i t may be concluded t h a t
ovina
r e l a t i v e l y I n t o l e r a n t o f e le v a te d m e ta l c o n c e n tr a tio n s ,
r e q u i r e a more n e u tr a l pH f o r e s ta b lis h m e n t.
how ever,
was
and may
T h is s p e c ie s may,
e x i b i t to le r a n c e t o v a ry in g s o i l t e x t u r e s and p e rh a p s
d ro u g h ty c o n d itio n s .
The a b i l i t y to do w e ll on th e d i f f e r i n g s o i l
te x tu re s may be r e la te d to th e m assive ro o t system c h a r a c te r is tic o f
F. o v in a .
Aloneouris arundlnaceua
On th e unlim ed tr e a tm e n t o f s i t e I , t h i s sp e c ie s* BAC was n o t
s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r o r l e s s th a n any o th e r s p e c ie s . On th e lim e d
tr e a tm e n t o f s i t e I th e BAC o f t h i s s p e c ie s ra n k e d f i f t h , and was
s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s th a n th r e e o th e r s p e c ie s .
B ased on p e rs o n a l
o b s e r v a tio n i t was f e l t , how ever, t h a t th e BAC re c o rd e d f o r t h i s
sp e cie s was a c tu a lly l e s s than i t s tru e BAC on t h i s s i t e I trea tm e n t.
On th e lim e d t r e a tm e n t o f s i t e 2 , A. arundlnaoeua ran k e d t h i r d
among the sp e cie s.
From th ese r e s u l t s i t may be concluded th a t th is
s p e c ie s i s r e l a t i v e l y t o l e r a n t o f low to n e u t r a l pH l e v e l s and th e
te x tu ra l v a ria tio n s
w hich o c c u rre d on
th e
stu d y
a re a .
T hese
c o n c lu s io n s c o rre sp o n d t o r e p o r t s t h a t t h i s sp e c ie s t o l e r a t e s sandy
s o i l s of s lig h tly a c id to a lk a lin e r e a c tio n .
AlODecurls Dratenaim
AlopggMrlS JratOBSlS
was one o f t h r e e s p e c ie s t o em erge a s a
seed lin g on the unlimed tre a tm e n t of s i t e 2.
how ever, l i v e to m a tu r ity .
These se ed lin g s did no t,
On t h e un lim ed t r e a tm e n t o f s i t e I t h i s
sp e cie s was ranked f i f t h and i t s BAC was s ig n if ic a n tly l e s s than the
53
h ig h est ranking sp ecies.
This sp e cie s did w e ll, however, on th e lim ed
trea tm e n ts and was ranked f i r s t on both s i t e s .
On s i t e I i t s BAG was
s ig n if ic a n tly g re a te r than f iv e o th er sp e c ie s and was approxim ately 15
tim es g re a te r than i t s c o u n te rp art on the unlim ed trea tm e n ts.
On s i t e
2, lim ed tre a tm e n t, th e BAG o f A. n ra n tn n sis was s ig n if ic a n tly g re a te r
than fo u r o th er sp ecies.
Based on these r e s u l t s i t may concluded t h a t t h i s sp e c ie s i s not
a d a p te d to th e e le v a te d H* and m e ta l l e v e l s found on th e u n lim e d
s ite s .
This sp ecies may, however, be more to le r a n t th an o th e r sp e cie s
to th e v a ry in g s o i l t e x t u r e s found on th e s e s i t e s .
I t may a ls o be
co n clu ded t h a t , A. o r a t e n s l a e x i b i t e d a r e l a t i v e l y g r e a t e r d ro u g h t
to le r a n c e th a n th e o th e r s p e c ie s , w hich c o n t r a s t s w ith r e p o r t s o f
drought s u s e p tb ility found i n th e l i t e r a t u r e .
Agrostls tenuis
As i n t h e case of A lo o e c u rls
D ra te n slsf
s e e d lin g s o f Agrostia
te n u is were p resen t on the unlim ed trea tm e n t of s i t e 2 but f a ile d to
m atu re.
On th e u n lim ed t r e a tm e n t o f s i t e I t h i s s p e c i e s ' BAG was
ranked second.
This fig u r e was, s u rp ris in g ly , g re a te r than th e BAG on
th e lim e d tr e a tm e n t o f s i t e 2.
On t h e lim e d t r e a t m e n t s , A. t e n u i s
p erfo rm ed p o o rly r e l a t i v e to th e o th e r s p e c ie s .
On s i t e I , i t s BAG
ranked seventh; was s ig n if ic a n tly l e s s th an 3 o th e r sp e c ie s; and was
o n ly 2.2 tim e s g r e a t e r th a n i t s u n lim ed c o u n te r p a r t.
in c r e a s e was th e l e a s t f o r a l l s p e c ie s .
ran k ed f i f t h .
T h is grow th
On s i t e 2 t h i s s p e c i e s ' BAG
P o p u la tio n s o f A g ro s tls t e n u i s , a s r e p o r t e d e a r l i e r ,
have o fte n shown to le ra n c e f o r a c id ic s o i l s and e le v a te d m etal concen­
t r a t i o n s . In t h i s s tu d y A g r o s tis te n u is d e m o n s tra te d to le r a n c e t o
54
e x tre m e ly a c i d i c t a i l i n g s r e l a t i v e to th e o th e r s p e c ie s .
It is
p o ssib le th a t th is sp e c ie s may a lso be to le r a n t of e le v ated l e v e ls of
Al and Mn p r e s e n t on s i t e 2; i t s gro w th , how ever, may have been
hindered by the droughty co n d itio n s.
The l a c k o f in c r e a s e i n grow th on t h e lim e d t r e a tm e n ts may
in d ic a te a la c k of to le ra n c e to n e u tra liz e d growth media. This sp e c ie s
may, because o f i t s a d a p tio n t o a c i d i c t a i l i n g s , p erfo rm b e t t e r i n
s lig h tly a c id ic t a i l i n g s v ersu s t a i l i n g s lim ed to n e u tr a lity .
Agrostis alba
AKTPStls elb a was th e only sp e c ie s to have m ature in d iv id u a ls on
the unlimed treatm en t of s i t e 2.
I t s transform ed BAC mean was .009.
T h is s p e c ie s ' BAG ra n k e d f i r s t and was s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r th a n
th ree o th er sp e c ie s on the unlim ed trea tm e n t of s i t e I. S u p risin g ly ,
th e BAC on th e unlimed s i t e I was s ig n if ic a n tly g re a te r than th e BAC
on the lim ed trea tm e n t of s i t e 2.
T h is s p e c ie s d id n o t do a s w e l l, r e l a t i v e t o th e o th e r s p e c ie s ,
on th e lim e d t r e a tm e n ts .
On s i t e I , i t s BAC ra n k e d t h i r d , b u t was
o n ly 2.3 tim e s g r e a t e r th a n on th e u n lim e d tr e a tm e n t.
On t h e s i t e 2
lim e d tr e a tm e n t, th e BAC ra n k e d se v e n th and w as s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s
th a n two o th e r s p e c ie s .
I t s grow th on t h i s s i t e - t r e a t m e n t w as 8.5
tim es l e s s than i t s c o u n te rp art on th e lim ed trea tm e n t of s i t e I and
may i n d i c a t e a l a c k o f d ro u g h t to le r a n c e . Based on th e s e r e s u l t s i t
may be concluded th a t JL a lb a has a g re a te r to le ra n c e than most of the
o th er sp ecies to e le v a te d c o n c e n tra tio n s o f Hf and m etals i n so lu tio n .
I f th is sp e c ie s i s indeed more adapted to a c id co n d itio n s, i t may n o t
t o le r a te n e u tra liz e d t a i l i n g s a s w e ll as o th e r sp e c ie s i n t h i s study.
55
JL a lb a may also be r e l a ti v e ly le a s drought to le r a n t.
Poa compressa
On th e u n lim ed tr e a tm e n t o f s i t e I th e BAC o f £ s& com pressa
was not s ig n if ic a n tly g re a te r o r l e s s than any o th er sp e cie s.
On th e
lim ed tre a tm e n t of t h i s s i t e i t s BAC was s t a t i s t i c a l l y l e s s th an two
o th e r s p e c ie s .
On th e lim e d tr e a tm e n t o f s i t e 2 th e BAC of, t h i s
sp ecies was 5.7 tim es l e s s th an i t s c o u n te rp a rt on th e lim ed tre a tm e n t
o f s i t e I.
The d i f f e r e n c e i n grow th betw een th e two s i t e s may
in d ic a te a la c k of to le ra n c e to drought, or p o ssib ly elev ated Al and
Mn io n co n cen tratio n s p e r s is tin g i n the lim ed t a i l i n g s of s i t e 2. I t
may be concluded t h a t .Eoa c o m n re ssa , com pared t o th e o th e r s p e c ie s ,
h a s a m edian to le r a n c e t o e le v a te d l e v e l s o f H+ c o n c e n tr a tio n ; i s
i n t o l e r a n t o f e x c e s s m e ta l c o n c e n tr a tio n s a n d /o r a re d u c e d d ro u g h t
to le ra n c e .
Summary
Conclusions concerning th e r e l a t i v e success o f in d iv id u a l sp ecies
w ere based on i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f BAC d a ta com bined w ith p e rs o n a l
o b serv ations and a re summarized below.
Three s p e c ie s used i n t h i s s tu d y , L o tu s c o rn lo u la tu w r F e s tu c a
sx ln a , and JUopoourl a -Bratenals re q u ire d lim in g to near n e u tr a lity on
e x tre m e ly a c i d i c m ine t a i l i n g s b e fo re e s ta b lis h m e n t was p o s s ib l e .
These sp e c ie s may be adapted to v a rio u sly te x tu re d growth media, and
t o l e r a n t o f d ro u g h ty c o n d itio n s .
£siA com pressa and A lo o e eu ru s
-ar n n d ln a c e u s may be e q u a lly c a p a b le of e s t a b l i s h i n g on a c i d i c and
n e u tr a li z e d t a i l i n g s .
These s p e c ie s a ls o a p p e a re d t o be a d a p te d t o
v a rio u sly te x tu re d media.
The rem aining two sp e c ie s, A rrn a ti* te n u is
56
and JL. A lkSi
may be c a p a b le o f e s t a b l i s h i n g on e x tre m e ly a c i d ic
t a i l i n g s and may be t o l e r a n t of e le v a te d m e ta l c o n c e n tr a tio n s .
The
grow th of both A g ro s tis s p e c ie s may have been h in d e re d by d ro u g h ty
co nditions and po ssib ly by growth media lim ed to n e u tr a lity .
Species were evaluated f o r t h e i r a b i l i t y to adapt to a subalpine
c lim a te on lim e d a c i d i c t a i l i n g s t h a t v a r i e d i n t e x t u r e ,
a v a i l a b l e m o is tu re , and e le m e n ta l i o n ic c o n c e n tr a tio n s .
p la n t
Based on
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n and e v a lu a tio n of p la n t gro w th p a ra m e te rs i t was
determ ined t h a t Fectuca ovina and Alopeourua p ra te n a la were th e most
s u c c e s s f u l b ecause th ey had th e g r e a t e s t BAC on b o th s i t e s and w ere
a p p a re n tly
t h e m o st d r o u g h t t o l e r a n t .
F o r a s p e c i e s t o be
su c c e ssfu l, however, i t must be ab le to compete su c c e ss fu lly f o r l i g h t
and w a te r among o th e r s p e c ie s and e n d u re a l l p o s s ib l e e x tre m e s and
changes i n c l i m a t i c and e d a p h ic c o n d itio n s o f th e s i t e . T h e re fo re ,
th ese p relim in ary r e s u l ts may not in d ic a te th e p o te n tia l fo r success
o f any of th e s p e c i e s , o v e r tim e . N e v e r th e le s s , F e a tu c a o v in a and
A lopecurus p r a t e n s l a would be s u i t a b l e com ponents o f a r e c la m a tio n
seed mix designed fo r environm ental co n d itio n s s im ila r to th ese and
sh o u ld a t a m inim un p erfo rm w e ll d u rin g t h e f i r s t few y e a r s o f s i t e
r e h a b ilita tio n .
57
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
R e clam a tio n o f many h a rd r o c k m ine s i t e s lo c a te d I n f o r e s t e d
a re a s a t h ig h e le v a t i o n s i s made d i f f i c u l t b ecau se o f a v a r i e t y of
e n v iro n m e n ta l f a c t o r s and t h e l a c k o f c o m m e rc ia lly a v a i l a b l e seed .
Extremely a c id ic and n u t r i e n t - d e f i c i e n t g ro w th medium i s a p rim a ry
lim itin g fa c to r.
I t i s presum ed t h a t e x tre m e ly a c i d ic m a t e r i a l
re q u ire s lim in g before p la n t e sta b lish m e n t i s p o ssib le .
SeVen a c id t o l e r a n t p la n t s p e c ie s w ere p la n te d on lim e d and
u nlim ed a c i d i c m ine t a i l i n g s from th e Champion m ine, i n D eerlodge
County, Montana.
The o b je c tiv e s o f t h i s study were to : I) determ ine
whether lim in g i s re q u ire d f o r the e stab lish m en t of these sp e c ie s; and
2) compare r e l a t i v e sp ecies success.
Two se p ara te t a i l in g s p i le s were prepared f o r seeding, f e r t i l i z e d
w ith N and P, and l a b e le d a s s i t e s I and 2.
and no lim in g , w ere a p p lie d t o each s i t e .
Two tr e a tm e n ts , lim in g
Seed o f s i x g r a s s and one
leg u m inous s p e c ie s was sown i n each tr e a tm e n t.
T re a tm e n t-s e e d
a p p li c a t io n s w ere r e p l i c a t e d t h r e e tim e s on each s i t e .
ta ilin g s
M u ltip le
sam ples were c o lle c te d from each s it» -tre a tm e n t com bination
and used fo r chem ical and p h y sical a n a ly sis.
Seedling emergence was
counted and p la n t growth was measured by counting b asal area cover and
h e ig h t of the t a l l e s t in d iv id u a l.
The r e s u l t s o f th e t a i l i n g s a n a ly s is rev e ale d im p o rtan t te x tu r a l
d i s s i m i la r it i e s between s i t e s .
s ite
2 w as a s i l t y
c la y
S ite I was t e x t u r a l Iy a sandy loam;
lo a m .
M a t r ic p o t e n t i a l
co n cen tratio n s were r e la te d to th ese te x tu r a l d iffe re n c e s.
and m e t a l
Based on
58
t a i l i n g s c h em ic al a n a l y s i s and l i t e r a t u r e review i t was determ ined
t h a t both s i t e s may have p o s s e s s e d H+ c o n c e n tr a tio n s i n h i b i t o r y to
p la n t growth. PhytotoxLc m etal co n ce n tra tio n s may have been p resen t on
s i t e 2 ta ilin g s .
Phosphorous co n cen tratio n s may have been lim itin g on
both s i t e s d e s p ite f e r t i l i z a t i o n . Lim ing re d u c e d a c i d i t y and m e ta l
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s on b o th s i t e s . L im in g may n o t h a v e i n c r e a s e d
a v a ila b ility of NO^ and P f e r t i l i z e r n u tr ie n ts on e it h e r s i t e .
P lant d a ta in d ic a te d th a t growth of a l l sp e c ie s was su p e rio r on
s i t e I com pared t o s i t e 2.
I n f e r i o r grow th on s i t e 2 may have been
caused by h ig h n e g a tiv e w a te r p o t e n t i a l and e le v a te d Al+++ and Mn++
le v e ls which p e rs is te d , d e s p ite lim in g .
lim in g on both s i t e s .
P lan t growth was enhanced by
The growth in c re a s e s on s i t e I were r e la te d to
in c r e a s e d pH.
The in c r e a s e d grow th on s i t e 2 may have been a r e s u l t
o f in c r e a s e d
pH and a l l e v i a t i o n
o f m e ta l t o x i c ! t i e s .
It
was
d e te rm in e d t h a t lim in g was n e c e s s a ry f o r th e e s ta b lis h m e n t o f a l l
sp e cie s i n the study.
P r e lim in a ry
re s u lts
of
s p e c ie s
a d a p ta b ility
to th e s i t e s
in d ic a te d th a t, f sc tu ca SYina and A lopecuria a r a te n s ls were th e most
s u c c e s s f u l. F u th e r e v a lu a tio n i s needed t o d e te rm in e i n d iv i d u a l
sp ecies s u i t a b i l i t y over tim e.
59
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60
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W h ite, R. R. 1970. E f f e c t s o f lim e upon s o i l and p l a n t Mn l e v e l s i n
a c id s o i l . S o il S c i. Soc. Amer. P roc. 34: 625-629*
W ik lan d e r, L. and E. A ndersson. 1959. K alkens m a rk e ffe k t. I I I .
Kemiska u n d e rso k n in g a r av e t t l a n g v a r ig t k a lk n in g s f o r s o k pa
s k i f t e IV v id Lanna. G ru n d fo rb a ttrin ^ 12:1-40. (Dutch).
W illia m s , C. and D. H. Y aalon. 1977. An e x p e rim e n ta l i n v e s t i g a t i o n
of reddening i n dune sand. Geoderma. 19:181-191.
W interha ld e r, K. 1983. The use of manual su rfa c e seeding, lim in g and
f e r t i l i z a t i o n i n th e rec lam atio n of acid m etal-contam inated lan d s
i n th e Sudbury, O n ta rio m in in g and s m e ltin g r e g io n of Canada.
1983 EnvI r . Tech. L e tte rs . 4:209-216.
W in te rh a ld e r, K. 1984. The use o f cem ent k i l n d u s t a s a lim in g
m a t e r i a l i n th e r e v e g e t a t i o n o f a c id , m etal-contam inated land.
I n : Proc. C anadian Land Rec. Ass. N in th Ann. M eeting, C a lg a ry ,
A lb e rta 1984.
70
APPENDICES
71
APPENDIX A
S t a t i s t i c a l A nalysis o f P lant Growth V ariables
72
Table 15. A nalysis of v ariance fo r the transform ed seed lin g
emergence d ata.
F-Value
Source
D.F.
M.S.
M. S. E.
(I)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
I
4
I
I
4
6
6
6
6
24
24
115.71
11.12
176.57
0.57
5.27
13.20
6.41
5.18
1.62
1.75
2.45
11.12
10.41*
5.27
5.27
33.47*
0.11
1.75
2.45
2.45
3.66*
2.11
0.66
S ite
R ep(Site)
T rt
S ite x T rt
T rt x Rep(Site)
Species
S ite x Species
T rt x Species
S ite x Trt x Species
Rep x S p e c ie s(S ite )
T rt x Rep x S p e c ie s(S ite)
A sterisk ( • ) in d ic a te s sig n ifig a n c e a t p = .1 .
Table 16. A nalysis of variance fo r the transform ed cover d a ta .
Source
D.F.
M.S.
M.S.E.
F-Value
(I)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
I
4
I
I
4
6
6
6
6
24
24
0.1019
0.0018
0.1535
0.0369
0.0005
0.0035
0.0027
0.0043
0.0012
0.0010
0.0350
0.0018
55.79*
0.0005
0.0005
323.25*
77.88«
S ite
R ep(Site)
T rt
S ite x T rt
T rt X R ep(Site)
Species
S ite x Species
T rt x Species
S ite x T rt x Species
Rep x S p e c ie s(S ite)
T rt x Rep X S p e c ie s(S ite )
A sterisk (■) in d ic a te s sig n ifig a n ce a t p = .1 .
0.0010
0.0001
0.0001
2.60
2.98
0.84
73
Table 17. A nalysis of variance fo r the transform ed heig h t d ata
Source
D.F.
M.S.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
I
4
I
I
4
6
6
6
6
24
24
66.04
2.39
371.01
0.05
1.40
19.29
4.46
14.95
2.50
1.44
0.82
S ite
R ep(Site)
T rt
S ite x T rt
T rt X Rep(Site)
Species
S ite x Species
T rt x Species
S ite x T rt x Species
Rep x S p e c ie s(S ite)
T rt x Rep X S p e c ie s(S ite)
A sterisk ( • ) in d ic a te s sig n ifig a n c e a t p =
. 1.
M.S.E.
F-Value
2.39
27.63*
1.40
1.40
264.47*
0.03
1.44
0.82
0.82
3.09
18.27*
3.05
APPENDIX B
R esu lts o f T ailin g s and P lan t Growth A nalysis
75
Table 18.
T extural a n a ly sis by s i t e .
S ite I
2
3
I
I
4
S ite 2
2
3
4
Sand $
46.8
62.8
70.8
34.8
8.8
10.8
12.8
12.8
S ilt %
40.0
30.0
20.0
44.0
52.0
52.0
52.0
52.0
Clay %
13.2
7.2
9.2
21.2
39.2
37.2
35.2
35.2
Table 19.
Percent m oisture by w eight, on d ates a s shown (1985).
Site 2
Site 1
Sample
5-29
7-7
9-3
5-29
7-7
9-3
0-20
I
2
3
21.1
21.1
17.4
14.1
13.9
9.0
13.6
5.1
8.0
24.5
23.7
24.2
5.0
14.9
15.1
15.1
16.1
14.1
>20
I
2
3
26.9
19.2
24.6
16.8
21.0
15.2
21.9
21.1
20.4
23.7
18.9
21.0
18.8
19.2
20.0
24.0
19.4
21.1
Depth (cm)
Table 20.
Depth (cm)
R esults of pH by s i t e , treatm ent and depth.
Sample
S ite I
limed
unlimed
S ite 2
lim ed
unlimed
0-20
I
2
3.4
3.5
7.5
7.4
3.2
3.3
7.4
7.4
>20
I
2
2.8
3.1
3.3
3.5
3.1
3.5
3.6
3.9
76
Table 21.
R esu lts of conductance measurements by s i t e ,
treatm en t and depth (mmhos/cm).
S ite I
unlimed
Sample
Depth (cm)
S ite 2
u n iImed
limed
lim ed
0-20
I
2
0.67
0.50
2.84
2.27
1.82
2.36
2.52
2.32
>20
I
2
0.94
0.30
1.21
0.40
1.58
0.71
1.74
1.13
Table 22.
Metal
S o lu b le m eta l c o n c e n tra tio n s i n t a i l in g s by s i t e ,
trea tm e n t and depth (mg/L).
Depth
(cm)
Site 2
Site I
unlimed
lim ed
unlimed
lim ed
Al
0-20
>20
7.20
18.0
4.00
1.60
1.60 <1.00
16.00 3.60
42.40
31.60
54.00
9.80
1.40
19.60
<1.00
12.40
Mn
0-20
>20
1.61
9.40
0.27
0.23
0.37
11.30
0.09
1.45
30.10
18.20
49.40
10.10
0.20
25.10
0.55
18.00
Zn
0-20
>20
0.51
0.92
0.44
0.46
0.17
0.99
0.08
0.40
1.70
1.33
2.07
0.62
0.84
1.09
0.37
1.28
Cu
0-20
>20
0.14
0.46
0.16
0.08
0.07
0.21
0.04
0.12
0.82
1.04
0.84
0.23
0.04
0.31
0.04
0.38
77
Table 23.
Base catio n c o n c e n tra tio n s In t a i l i n g s by s i t e ,
treatm en t and depth (mg/L).
Metal Depth
(cm)
S ite I__________
uni Imed
lim ed
_________ s i t e 2________
unlimed
lim ed
Ca
0-20
>20
55.1
48.9
16.8
12.6
876.0
199.0
642.0
38.3
119.0
171.0
176.0
54.3
686.0
342.0
666.0
146.0
K
0-20
>20
22.2
32.2
15.6
17.6
95.4
24.5
73.5
21.4
49.5
61.5
56.4
69.4
89.1
62.9
75.4
40.8
Mg
0-20
>20
11.9
44.3
4.4
3.7
70.4
59.8
23.8
8.6
149.0
117.0
176.0
54.3
103.0
134.0
105.0
81.0
Table 24.
N u trien t
C oncentrations o f f e r t i l i z e r n u trie n ts i n s o lu tio n
on s i t e I (mg/kg).
Depth
(cm)
P re -treatm ent
Unlimed
NO3
0-20
>20
P
0-20
>20
Table 25.
C oncentrations of f e r t i l i z e r n u tr ie n ts
on s i t e 2 (mg/kg).
N u trien t
Depth
(cm)
NO3
0-20
>20
P
0-20
>20
2.3
1.9
3.1
2.1
10.0 7.3
20.0 11.4
P re -treatm ent
1.4
1.0
2.1
1.2
8.4 11.9
13.5 16.2
2.3
1.3
2.5
0.9
10.3 17.9
10.3 23.3
Unllmed
1.8
1.5
Limed
3.6
1.4
3.2
1.0
9.8 17.9
10.3 7.1
in so lu tio n
Limed
1.5
1.4
1.9
1.4
2.4
1.3
6.9 8.9
8.7 10.0
18.8
8.4
11.5
10.5
78
Table 26. S e e d l i n g e me r g e n c e c o u n ts by s i t e ,
and re p lic a tio n .
treatment
Species
S ite 2
S ite I
lim ed
Agal
Agte
Poco
Feov
Alpr
Alar
Loco
47
8
16
38
68
34
36
Table 27.
unlimed
51
23
11
21
97
21
24
31
27
35
114
44
21
50
50
3
O
O
12
21
O
2
I
5
13
29
I
O
29
4
4
16
51
39
10
18
14
O
47
51 '
33
89
O
O
O
43
24
6
4
55
44
26
31
74
88
7
Table 28.
O
I
O
O
O
O
O
2
O
O
O
2
O
O
62
53
39
41
75
94
16
lim ed
unlimed
62
44
35
42
76
99
23
34
60
0
O
O
O
O
BACa i n percent
Species
48 31
35 16
15 19
O
4
16
7
O
2
2
O
47
37
21
28
71
64
6
50
50
18
4
62
48
8
O
O
O
O
2
O
O
on
CM
1.4
2.2
2.1
3.8
2.0
2.7
2.0
2.9
3.2
3.9
5.7
1.6
1.4
20
27
31
6
67
51
10
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
23
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
S ite 2
unllmed
5.6
0.0
1.1
4.5
9.1
2.1
0.7
unlimed
by s i t e , treatm en t and r e p lic a tio n .
S ite I
lim ed
a N = 27
O
2
2
6
19
16
4
S ite 2
S ite I
lim ed
Agal
Agte
Poco
Feov
Alpr
Alar
Loco
unlimed
Heights (cm) of the t a l l e s t in d iv id u a ls by s i t e , treatm ent
and r e p lic a tio n .
Species
Agal
Agte
Poco
Feov
Alpr
Alar
Loco
lim ed
0.1 0.9
0.3 <.1
<.1 0.1
0.0 0.1
0.0 0.3
0.0 1.4
0.0 0.0
0.1
0.4
0 .2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
lim ed
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
0.0
0.3
<.1
0.1
0.1
0 .2
0.2
0 .9
0.3
0.1
unlimed
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.6
1.3
1.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
79
Depth
0
710T33
"I
3
BarS(Semi-Iog)
Fi gure 3.
Soil m o i s t u r e t e n s i o n by d a t e and d e p t h for s i t e 2
32 -
Oeplh
0-20
Moi s t ur e % by we i g h t
>-20
.10 .33
Bars
Figure
2.
(Semi-log)
Soil moi s t ur e t e n s i o n by d a t e a n d d e p t h for s i t e
I
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