Background Readings
Background readings, supplementary to the recommended texts, are organized below by lectures, with
specified chapters and pages in the right column if applicable.
Lecture 1: Introduction
No additional background readings for this lecture.
Lecture 2: Normative Theory I: The City as Supernatural
Adams, R.M. "The Natural History of Urbanism." In The Fitness of Man's
Environment. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1968.
Eliade, M. Ch. 1 in The Myth of the Eternal Return. Translated by W. R. Transk.
New York: Pantheon Books, 1954.
Ellul, J. The Meaning of the City. Translated by D. Pardee. Grand Rapids,
MI: Eerdmans, 1970.
Jacobs, J. The Economy of Cities. New York: Vintage Books, 1970.
Pennick, N. K. The Ancient Science of Geomancy: Man in Harmony with the
Earth. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd., 1979.
Smith, J. "Madurai, India: The Architecture of a City." MIT Thesis, 1976.
Soja, E.W. Postmetropolis. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.
Weinberg, S. “The Missions of Astronomy.” The NY Review of Books, October
22, 2009.
Wheatley, P. The Pivot of the Four Quarters; a Preliminary Enquiry into the
Origins and Character of the Ancient Chinese City. Chicago: Aldine, 1971.
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Chapters I– II
pp. 18–26, 50–78
Chapter 1
pp. 411–453
Lecture 3: Normative Theory II: The City as Machine
Castagnoli, R. Orthogonal Town Planning in Antiquity. Translated by V.
Caliandro. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1971.
Doxiadis, C. Architectural Space in Ancient Greece. Cambridge: MIT Press,
1972.
Hughes, B. The Hemlock Cup. New York: Knopf, 2011.
Kostof, S. The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meaning Through History.
Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1991.
Miliutin, N. A. Sotsgorod: The Problem of Building Socialist Cities.Edited by
Collins, and Alex. Translated by A. Sprague. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1974 (orig.
1930).
Reps, J. Town Planning in Frontier America. Columbia, MO: University of
Missouri, 1980.
1
pp. 2–7, 56–64
pp. 3–24
Act I
Chapter 2
pp. 64–86
pp. 24–47
Lecture 4: Normative Theory III: The City as Organism
Beinart, J. “Between Nature and Design.” Athens, 2012 (in publication).
Cherry, G. E. ed. Pioneers in British Planning. London: Arch. Press, 1981.
Glikson, A. The Ecological Basis of Planning. Edited by L. Mumford. The Hague,
Nijhoff, 1971.
Gruen, V. The Heart of Our Cities, the Urban Crisis: Diagnosis and Cure. New
York: Simon & Schuster, 1964.
Howard, E. Garden Cities of Tomorrow. Edited by F. J. Osborn. London: Faber
& Faber Ltd., 1945.
Saarinen, E. The City: Its Growth, Its Decay, Its Future. Cambridge: MIT Press,
1965.
Stein, C. Toward New Towns for America. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1951.
pp. 46–71
pp. 1–16
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Chapter 6
Lecture 5: Descriptive and Functional Theory
Abu-Lughod, J. Cairo: 1001 Years of the City Victorious. Princeton, N.J.:
Princeton University Press, 1971.
Forester, J. W. "Systems Analysis as a Tool for Urban Planning." Readings in
Urban Dynamics Vol. 1, edited by Nathanial Moss. Wright-Allen, 1974.
Gordon, D. M. "Capitalism and the Roots of Urban Crisis." In The Fiscal Crisis
of American Cities: Essays on the Political Economy of Urban America with
Special Reference to New York. Edited by R. E. Alcaly, and D. Mermelstein.
New York: Vintage Books, 1977.
Henderson, J.V., Z. Shalizi, and A.J. Venables. “Geography and Development.”
Journal of Economic Geography 1, no. 1 (Jan 2001).
Meier, R. L. A Communications Theory of Urban Growth. Cambridge: MIT
Press, 1962.
Norberg-Schulz, C. Genius Loci: Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture.
New York: Rizzoli, 1979.
Lecture 6: Dimensions, Patterns, Agreements, Structure, and Syntax
No additional background readings for this lecture.
2
pp. 13–28
pp. 82–112
Chapter 2
Chapter 1
Chapters 4–6
Lecture 7: The Early Cities of Capitalism
Benevolo, L. The Origins of Modern Town Planning. London: Routledge & K.
Paul, 1967.
Hunt, T. Marx’s General. New York: Henry Holt, 2009.
Kropotkin, P. Fields, Factories and Workshops. Harper and Row, 1974.
Lynch, K. A Theory of Good City Form. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1982.
Marcus, S. “Reading the Illegible." In The Victorian City: Images and Realities.
Edited by H. G. Dyos, and M. Wolff. Boston: Routledge, 1973.
Ruskin, J. The Complete Works, Vol. 6: Unto the Last. New York: Bryan, Taylor
& Company, 1894.
pp. 20–38, 85–147
Chapter 2
pp. 121–168
pp. 25–36
Chapter 1
Essays 2–4
Lecture 8: Transformations I: London
Dalal, P. "Residential Fabric as Memorable City Form." MIT Thesis, 1991.
Chapters 1–2
Jenkins, S. Landlords to London: The Story of a Capital and Its Growth. London: Part One, pp. 9–146
Constable, 1975.
Olsen, O. J. The City as a Work of Art. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982.
Rasmussen, S.E. London: The Unique City. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1967.
Lecture 9: Transformations II: Paris
Dennis, M. Court and Garden: From the French Hotel to the City of Modern
Architecture. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1986.
Evenson, N. Paris: A Century of Change, 1878-1978. New Haven: Yale
University Press, 1979.
Geipel, F. and G. Andi. Grand Paris / Métropole Douce. 2009.
Jordan, D. Transforming Paris: The Life and Labors of Baron Haussmann. New
York: The Free Press, 1995.
Loyer, F. Paris, Nineteenth Century: Architecture and Urbanism. New York:
Abbeville Press, 1988.
Sutcliffe, A. The Autumn of Central Paris: the Defeat of Town Planning, 18501970. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1971.
3
pp. 1–14
pp. 15–75
pp. 231–372
pp. 11–42
Lecture 10: Transformations III: Vienna and Barcelona
De Sola-Morales, M. The Lessons on Barcelona. Barcelona: Col-Legi
D'Arquitectes de Catalunya, 2008.
Fernández, A. “Cerda and Barcelona: research and plan.” MIT Thesis, 2008.
King, G. "A Century of Urban Development in Rome." MIT Thesis, 1979.
Loukopoulos, D., and P. Kosmaki-Loukopoulos. "Athens 1833-1979, the
Dynamics of Urban Growth." MIT Thesis, 1980.
Sitte, C. City Planning According to Artistic Principles. London: Phaidon, 1975.
Tafuri, M., and F. Dal Co. Modern Architecture. New York: Abrams, 1976.
Waissenberger, R. Vienna 1890-1920. New York: Rizzoli, 1984.
pp. 141–159
pp. 191–197
pp. 9–30, 65–97
Lecture 11: Transformations IV: Chicago
Cronon, W. Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. W.W. Norton,
1991.
Gilbert, J. Perfect Cities. University of Chicago Press, 1991.
Larson, E. The Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic, and Madness at the Fair
that Changed America. New York: Crown Publishers, 2004.
Maniera-Elia, M. "Toward an Imperial City." In The American City. Edited by G.
Ciucci, F. Dalco, M. Maniera-Elia, and M. Tafuri. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1979.
Miller, R. American Apocalypse: The Great Fire and The Myth of Chicago.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.
Tafuri, M. "The Disenchanted Mountain." In The American City. Edited by G.
Ciucci, F. Dalco, M. Maniera-Elia, and M. Tafuri. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1979.
pp. 141–159
pp. 431–482
Lecture 12: Transformations V: Panopticism, St. Petersburg and Berlin
Egorov, I. A. The Architectural Planning of St. Petersburg. Translated by E.
Dluhosch. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1969.
Foucault, M. "The Eye of Power." In Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews &
Other Writings, 1972-1977. Edited by M. Foucault, and C. Gordon. New York:
Pantheon Books, 1980.
Foucault, M. Discipline & Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Pantheon,
1973.
Helmer, S. D. Hitler's Berlin, the Speer Plans for Reshaping the Central City.
Ann Arbor,MI: UMI Research Press, 1985.
Massie, R. K. Peter the Great: His Life and World. New York: Knopf, 1980.
Pundt, H. Schinkel's Berlin. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972.
4
Part 3, Chapter 3
pp. 25–29, and Chapter
4
Lecture 13: Utopianism as Social Reform and Built Form
Sennett, R. "Our Heart Belongs to Daddy." In New York Review of Books.
May 1980.
Thompson, E. P. William Morris; Romantic to Revolutionary. New York:
Pantheon, 1977.
Le Corbusier. The Radiant City. New York: Orion Press, 1964.
Tafuri, M. “The Crisis of Utopia: Le Corbusier at Algiers.” In Architecture and
Utopia: Design and Capitalist Development. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1979.
pp. 641–698
pp. 200–319
Wiebenson, D. Tony Garnier: The Cite Industrielle. New York: Braziller, 1970.
Lecture 14: 20th Century Realizations: Russian and Great Britain
Carr, E. H., and Davies. "Social Policies: Housing." Foundations of a Planned
Economy, 1926-1929. New York: Macmillan, 1951.
Baburov, A. The Ideal Communist City. Translated by R. N. Aatkins. New York:
G. Braziller, 1971.
Miliutin, N. A. Sotsgorod: The Problem of Building Socialist Cities.Edited by
Collins, and Alex. Translated by A. Sprague. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1974 (orig.
1930).
Starr, S. F. Melnikov. Princeton: University of Princeton Press, 1978.
Tafuri, M., and F. Dal Co. The Sphere and the Labyrinth. Cambridge: MIT Press,
1987.
Heraud, B. J. "Social Class and the New Towns." In Cities in Modern Britain.
Edited by C. Lambert, and D. Weir. London: Fontana, 1975.
pp. 651–662
pp. 149–170
Lecture 15: City Form and Process
On making decisions
Banham, R., et. al. "Non-Plan: An Experiment in Freedom." In New
Society, March 20, 1969.
Faludi, A. Planning Theory. New York: Pergamon Press, 1973.
Fishman, R. "The Anti-planners." In Shaping an Urban World. Edited by G. E.
Cherry. London: St. Martin's Press, 1980.
Journal A. I. P., Nov. 1965.
Ferguson, F. Architecture, Cities and the Systems Approach. New York:
Braziller, 1975.
On relying on a super-figure
Caro, R. The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York. New York:
Vintage Books, 1975.
Chapman, J.M. & B. Chapman. The Life and Times of Baron Haussmann.
London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1957.
5
pp. 131–185
pp. 243–252
pp. 74–95, illus. 1–26
pp. 1–21
On redressing social imbalances
Lupo, A., Colcord, and Fowler. Rites of Way: The Politics of Transportation in
Boston and the U.S. City. Boston: Little Brown, 1971.
Pyrgiotis, Y. "The Case of Advocacy Planning." MIT Thesis, 1972.
On educating citizens
Educational Facilities Laboratories. A College in the City: An Alternative. New
York: E. F. L., 1969.
Illich, I. Deschooling Society. New York: Harper and Row, 1971.
Parnass, H., and M. Lincourt. Metro/Education. Montreal: Universite de
Montreal, 1970.
Ashley, Myer, and Smith. City Signs and Lights. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1973.
Wurman, R. Making the City Observable. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1971.
On confronting the system
Goodman, R. After the Planners. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1971.
Kropotkin, P. "The Expropriation of Dwellings." Anarchy 106 (Aug 1969).
Unger, M. "The Politics of Urbanity." MIT Thesis, 1982.
On developing a collective memory
Alexander, C. The Timeless Way of Building. New York: Oxford University
Press, 1979.
On designing a utopia
Maccoby, M. “The Social Psychology of Utopia: The Writings of Paul
Goodman.” Journal of the American Institute of Planners 28, no. 4 (1962).
Manuel, F. E. "Toward a Psychological History of Utopias." Daedalus (Spring
1965).
Myerson, M. "Utopian Tradition and the Planning of Cities." In The Future
Metropolis. Edited by L. Rodwin. New York: Braziller, 1960.
On helping yourself
Turner, J. F. C. Housing by People. New York: Pantheon, 1976.
Ward, C. "Self-Help," and "Direct Action." In Housing: An Anarchist Approach.
Freedom Press, 1976.
On revolutionizing society
Engels, F. The Housing Question. New York: International Publishers, 1935.
Marx, K., and F. Engels. Manifesto of the Communist Party. Part III. Translated
by S. Moors. New York: International Publishers, 1962.
6
pp. 9–111
pp. 121–132
pp. 1–43
pp. 72–97
pp. 171–213
pp. 325–348
pp. 3–24, 133–158
pp. 98–103
pp. 352–353
Lecture 16: Spatial & Social Structure I: Theory
Appleyard, D. "The Environment as a Social Symbol." Ekistics 278 (Sep/Oct
1979).
Castells, M. The Urban Question. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1977.
Gordon, D.M. "Capitalist Development and the History of American Cities." In
Marxism and the Metropolis: New Perspectives in Urban Political Economy.
Edited by W. K. Tabb, and L. Sawers. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.
Harvey, D. Social Justice and the City. London: Edward/Arnold, 1973.
Logan, J. Urban Fortunes. Berkeley: University of California, 1987.
Sandercock, L. Towards Cosmpolis. New York: Wiley, 1998.
Soja, E.W. Postmetropolis. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.
Bahat, D. The Illustrated Atlas of Jerusalem. New York: Simon & Schuster,
1990.
Beinart, J. "The Mediated City." In Harvard University Seminar in Jerusalem.
Edited by Ardalan, Bohigas, Eisenmann, Gehry, Legoretta, Mckinnell, and
Podrecca, et. al. July 1985. (unpublished).
Benvenisti, M. Jerusalem, The Torn City. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota
Press, 1976.
Christofidou, E. "Nicosia, the Divided Capitol of Cyprus." MIT Thesis, 1986.
Kabbani, O. "Beirut-the Arena of Conflict." Harvard G. S. D. Thesis, 1988.
Lukas, J. A. Common Ground. New York: Knopf, 1986.
pp. 115–128, 437–471
pp. 159–284, 302–314
pp. 149–170
pp. 152–239
Lecture 17: Spatial & Social Structure II: Bipolarity
Chrisholm, M., and D. Smith, eds. Shared Space, Divided Space: Essays on
Conflict and Territorial Organization. Taylor & Francis, 1990.
Hennessy, A. The Frontier in Latin American History. Albuquerque: University
of New Mexico Press, 1978.
Herzog, L. A. Where North Meets South. Austin: University of Texas, 1990.
Miller, T. On the Border. Harper and Row, 1981.
Weisman, J., and J. Dusard. La Frontera. San Diego: Harcourt, Brace and
Jovanovich, 1984.
Western, J. "Autonomous and Directed Cultural Change: South African
Urbanization." In The City in Cultural Context. Edited by Agnew, Mercer, and
Sopher. Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1984.
7
pp. 54–109
Chapter 2
Lecture 18: Spatial & Social Structure III: Colony & Post-colony
Beinart, J. "Culture Contact and the Form of Cities." Spazio e Societa, no. 14
(1981).
De Bruinje, G. A. "The Colonial City and the Post-Colonial World." In Colonial
Cities: Essays on Urbanism in a Colonial Context. Edited by R. J. Ross, and G. J.
Telkamp. Boston: M. Nijhoff, 1985.
Eckstein, S. "The Debourgeoisment of Cuban Cities." In Cuban Communism.
Edited by I. L. Horowitz. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Books, 1977.
Metcalf, T. "Architecture and Empire." History Today (Dec 1980).
Nilsson, S. European Architecture in India: 1750-1850. London: Faber, 1968.
pp. 39–92
Rex, J. Race, Colonialism and the City. Boston: Routledge, Kegan and Paul,
Part I
1973.
Lecture 19: Form Models I: Modern and Post-modern Urbanism
Colquhoun, A. "Twentieth-Century Concepts of Urban Space." In Modernity
and the Classical Tradition. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1989.
Collins, G. R., and C. C. Collins. Camillo Sitte and the Birth of Modern City
Planning. New York: Random House, 1965.
Giedion, S. Space, Time and Architecture. Cambridge: Harvard University
Press, 1941.
Hilbersheimer, L. The Nature of Cities. Chicago: Theobald, 1955.
Newman, O. CIAM 59 in Otterloo. London: Tiranti, 1961.
Tafuri, M. “The Crisis of Utopia: Le Corbusier at Algiers.” In Architecture and
Utopia: Design and Capitalist Development. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1979.
Habermas, J. "Modern and Post-Modern Architecture." GH, no. 4 (1982).
Harvey, D. The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of
Cultural Change. New York: Blackwell, 1989.
Jameson, F. “Postmodernism, or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism.” New
Left Review 146 (July 1984).
Rowe, C., R. Koolhaas, et. al. "Postmodern Urbanism." Design Book Review,
no. 17 (Winter 1989).
Soltan, M. "Architectural Follies." RARITAN- A Quarterly Review 7, no. 3
(1988).
Whittemore, A. The Crisis of Leftist Urban Theory in Postmodernism. MIT
Thesis, 2004.
Beck, U., W. Bonss, and C. Lau. “The Theory of Reflexive Modernization.”
Theory, Culture and Society 20, no. 2 (April 2003).
Lootsma, B. “Rem Koolhaas, In Search of the New Modernity.” Domus no. 800
(Jan 1998).
8
pp. 16–33
Part IX, pp. 717–765
pp. 192–286
pp. 80–97
pp. 125–149
Lecture 20: Form Models II: Open-endedness and Prophecy
Banham, R., et. al. "Non-Plan: An Experiment in Freedom." In New
Society, March 20, 1969.
Bishop,J. et. al. "Place debate: Milton Keynes." Places 1, no. 4 (1984).
Dal Co, F. "Notes on the Dialectic Nostalgia/Hope." Annual Report. Milan:
I.L.A.U.D., 1979.
Fawcett, W. “Investing in Flexibility: the Lifecycle Options Synthesis.”
Projections 10 (Feb 2011).
Llewelyn-Davies, et. al. The Plan for Milton Keynes. Vol. 1 and 2. Milton
Keynes Development Corporation, 1970.
Perez de Arce, R. "Urban Transformations." Architectural Design (April 1978).
Weeks, J. “Indeterminate Architecture.” Transactions of the Bartlett Society,
no. 2 (1963–1964).
Zafeiriadou, M. “In the Quest of an Adaptable Built Form: Studying
Transformations in the MIT Campus.” MIT Thesis, 2006.
pp. 9–27
pp. 74
Volume I, pp. 22–70
pp. 83–106
Lecture 21: Form Models III and IV: Rationality and Memory
Bombil, A. ed. Projetto Bicocca. Milan: Electa, 1986.
Bonfanti, E, et. al. Architettura Razionale. Franco Angeli, 1973.
Conzen, M.P. "Town-plan Analysis in an American Setting: Cadastral
Processes in Boston and Omaha, 1630-1930." In The Built Form of Western
Cities. Edited by T. R. Slater. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1990.
Crow, D. Philosophical Streets: New Approaches to Urbanism. Washington
D.C.: Maisonneuve Press, 1990.
Gandelsonas, M. The Urban Text. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1991.
Lawrence, R. J. "Architecture of the City Reinterpreted: A Critical
Review." Design Studies 6, no. 3 (July 1985).
McLeod, M. "The Architecture of the City: Aldo Rossi." Design Book Review,
no. 3 (Winter 1984).
Ceccarelli, P. "Requiem for Moro," and "Nostalgia for the She-Wolf." Space
and Society, no. 4 and 18 (1982).
Fellingham, K. "To Continue." S. M. Arch. S. MIT Thesis, 1998.
Freed, J. I. "Lecture." In Technology, Place and Architecture. New York: Rizzoli,
1998.
Katsavounidou, Garyfallia. “Invisible parentheses: maping (out) the city and its
histories.” MIT Thesis, 2000.
Halbwachs, M. On Collective Memory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1992.
Nora, P. "Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de la Memoire."
Representations no. 26 (Spring 1989).
Schama, S. Landscape and Memory. New York: Vintage, 1995.
Yates, F. The Art of Memory. London: Routledge and K. Paul, 1966.
9
pp. 113–132
pp. 128–157
Lecture 22: Cases I: Public and Private Domains
Arendt, H. The Human Condition. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1965.
Beinart, J. "The Public Building: Form and Influence," and "Architecture,
History and Memory." In Technology, Place and Architecture. Edited by K.
Frampton. New York: Rizzoli, 1998.
Glenn, D. J. "The Mall Society: Illusion, Exclusion, and Control in the Urban
Center." MIT Thesis, 1989.
Jackson, J. B. "The Discovery of the Street." In The Public Face of Architecture.
Edited by Glazer and Lilla.
Lewis, J. V. "Rhetoric and the Architecture of Empire in the Athenian Agora."
MIT Thesis, 1995.
Scruton, R. "Public Space and the Classical Vernacular." In The Public Face of
Architecture. Edited by Glazer, and Lilla.
Aries, P., and G. Duby, gen. eds. A History of Private Life. Vol. 1 to 5.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987-1992.
Virilio, P. "The Overexposed City." In ZONE. New York: Zone, 1986.
Weintraub, J., ed. Public and Private Thought and Practice. Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 1997.
Lecture 23: Cases II: Suburbs and Periphery
"The Periphery." Architectural Design 108 (1994).
Beinart, J. "The American Downtown: Stories for the Present." Institute for
Urban Design. 2001 (unpublished).
Calthorpe, P., and W. Fulton. “The Regional City: Planning for the End of
Sprawl.” Washington: Island Press, 2001.
Duany, A., and E. Plater-Zyberk. "The Disappearing Suburb." Design Book
Review 26 (1992).
Fogelson, R.M. Bourgeois Nightmares: Suburbia 1870–1930. New Haven: Yale
University Press, 2005.
Jackson, K. T. Crabgrass Frontier. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.
Lemann, N. "Naperville: Stressed out in Suburbia." In The Atlantic. Nov 1989.
MacBurnie, Ian. "The Periphery and the American Dream." JAE (Feb 1995).
Rowe, P. Making a Middle Landspace. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1991.
10
Part 3
Lecture 24: Cases III: Post-urbanism and Resource Conservation
Alexander, C. "The City as a Mechanism for Sustaining Human Contact." In
Environment for Man: The Next Fifty Years. Edited by W. R. Eward. Jr.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1967.
Beinart, J. "A Tale of TV Cities." Space and Society, no. 26 (1984).
Blake, P. "The New Rural Society." Space and Society, no. 18 (1982).
Gaspar, J., and E.L. Glaeser. “Information Technology and the Future of
Cities.” Journal of Urban Economics 43 (1998).
Hall, P. "The Disappearing City." Working paper 506. College of Environmental
Design, Berkeley, 1990.
Mitchell, William J. City of Bits: Space, Place and the Infobahn. Cambridge MA:
MIT Press, 1995.
Moyer, J. A. "Urban Growth and the Development of the Telephone: Some
Relationships at the Turn of the Century." In The Social Impact of the
Telephone. Edited by I. de Sola Pool. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1981.
Shostak, A. "Seven Scenarios of Urban Change." In Cities in the 21th Century.
Edited by Gappert and Knight. Beverly Hills: Sage Pub., 1982.
Commission of the European Communities, The State of the Environment in
the European City. 1990.
———. “Report on the 1st International Ecocity Conference.” 1990.
Meier, R.L. Ecological Planning and Design. Berkeley: University of California,
1987.
Singapore Institute of Architecture. "Kampong Bugis Development." Oct 1990.
Walter, B., L. Arkin, and R. Crenshaw. Sustainable Cities. Los Angeles: Ecohome Media, 1992.
11
pp. 342–370
pp. 69–93
Lecture 25: Cases IV: Hyper and Mega-urbanism
Bale, and Drakakis-Smith. The Third World City. New York: Methuen, 1987.
Brugmann, J. Welcome to the Urban Revolution. New York: Bloomsbury Press,
2009.
Caminos, H., and R. Goethert. Urbanization Primer. Cambridge: MIT Press,
1978.
Instituto Diadema de Estudos Municipais. Diadema and the Informal City.
Diadema, São Paulo, 2011.
Dogan, M., and J. D. Kasarda. "How Giant Cities will Multiply and Grow" In The
Metropolis Era. Edited by M. Dogan, and J. D. Kasarda. Vol. 1. Sage, 1988.
Gilbert, A., and J. Gugler. Cities, Poverty and Development. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1982.
Neuwirth, R. Shadow Cities. New York: Routledge, 2005.
Peattie, and W. Porter. "Ciudad Guayna: The Social Issues of City
Design." Space & Society, no. 26 (1984).
Renaud, B. National Urbanization Policy in Developing Countries. New York:
Oxford University Press, 1981.
Epstein, D. G. Brasilia, Plan and Reality: A Study of Planned and Spontaneous
Urban Development. Berkely, CA: University of California Press, 1973.
Federal Capital Development Authority. The Master Plan for Abuja.
Massie, R. K. Peter the Great: His Life and World. New York: Knopf, 1980.
Nilsson, S. "The New Capitals." Scandinavian Institute of Urban Studies
Mimeograph, no. 12 (1973).
Vale, L. "Designing National Identity." MIT Thesis, 1988.
Lecture 26: Conclusion: Towards a Theory of City Form
No additional background readings for this lecture.
12
Part 3
pp. 162–197
pp. 12–95
pp. 26–105
Chapters 1, 4
Chapters 27, 46
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4.241J / 11.330J Theory of City Form
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