A study of the Vitamin C content of two varieties of potatoes as affected by winter storage
by Helen L Mayfield
A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Committee in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree
of Master of Science in Home Economics
Montana State University
© Copyright by Helen L Mayfield (1931)
Abstract:
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HBLiCT L. MAY#! LB
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im o B B O f io s
^ver s in c e th e p o t a t o h a s been d ev e lo p e d a s a fo o d c ro p i n aemy
c o u n t r i e s o f t h e w o rld , i t h a s been r e c o g n is e d a s a v a l u a b le a n t i s c o r b u t i c .
T h is i s n o t due to & hi<^i c o n te n t o f v ita m in 0 I n th e p o t a t o , b u t r a t h e r to
i t s e x te n s iv e u s e a s an a r t i c l e o f fo o d , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n r e s t r i c t e d d i e t s .
The e a s e w ith w hich p o ta to e s c o u ld b e s t o r e d d u r in g th e w i n t e r h a s a l s o
in c r e a s e d t h e i r v a lu e .
O onsideraX ile W tic h a s b e e n done w ith th e p o t a t o , by th e
h o r t i c u l t u r i s t , d e v e lo p in g new v a r i e t i e s , a d a p tin g them to d i f f e r e n t s e c t i o n s
o f t h e c o u n tr y , an d s tu d y in g v a r io u s s t o r a g e c o n d i t i o n s .
T h is h a s been
fo llo w e d b y d e te r m in a tio n s o f th e r e l a t i v e n u t r i t i v e v a lu e s o f th e s e
p o t a t o e s , su ch a s t h e i r p r o t e i n , c a r b o h y d r a te an d m in e ra l c o n t e n t .
In v e s ti­
g a t o r s and h o u se w iv e s h av e a l s o n o te d d i f f e r e n c e s i n th e t a s t e and c o o k in g
o u a l l t y o f v a r i e t i e s o f p o t a t o e s , an d M v e come to n - e f e r c e r t a i n k in d s f o r
s p e c ia l p u rp o se s.
h e v e r t h o l e s s l a a l l t h i s w ork, w r y l i t t l e a t t e n t i o n h a s been
p a i d to th e a n t i s c o r b u t i c f a c t o r .
Though i t s v a lu e Im s b een re c o g n is e d ,
no o n e h a s y e t d e te rm in e d w h e th e r a l l v a r i e t i e s o f p o ta to c a r r y e q u iv a le n t
am ounts o f th e a n t i s c o r b u t i c ; w h e th e r t h e p la c e o f g ro w th m akes a d i f f e r e n c e
i n th e o c c u r r e n c e o f th e f a c t o r ; and w h e th e r v a r io u s k in d s o f s to r a g e
a f f e c t th e a b i l i t y o f p o ta to to p r o t e c t from s c u rv y e i t h e r i n th e raw o r
co o k ed c o n d i tio n .
JUSTOHT
As e a r l y a s th e t h i r t e e n t h c e n t u r y , th e d is e a s e e c u n ry «a«
r e p o r te d a e o c c u r r i n g among th e a rm ie s o f t h e O ru e a d e re .
A f t e r th e d is c o v e r y
o f A m erica, lo n g voyage# w ore f r e o u e n t ly made an d c o n s e q u e n tly r e p o r t# o f
e c u rv y o u tb r e e k e w ere more m m e ro u e .
? r e e h f r u i t # an d v e g e ta b le # , e s p e c i a l l y
lesion mid H rae j u i c e , w ere d is c o v e r e d by c o r n e a e x p e r ie n c e t o b e e f f i c i e n t
a# re m e d ia l a g e n t s i n th e p r e v e n tio n an d c u r e o f e c u rv y .
H owever, i t was n o t
u n t i l 1912, when TTolet and F rU lic h o f th e U h iv e r s it y o f U h r l s t i o n i a f i r s t
p ro d u c e d e x p e r im e n ta l s c u rv y i n g u in e a p ig # , b y c o n f in in g t h e i r d i e t to
c e r e a l s , and showed t h i s c o n d i t i o n to b e th e a n a lo g u e o f s c u rv y i n man, t h a t
th e d i s e a s e was c o n s id e r e d a d i e t a r y d e f i c i e n c y ^ .
Tiirough f u r t h e r e x p e rim e n ta l work and o b s e r v a ti o n s , th e e a r l y
i n v e s t i g a t o r s drew th e c o n c lu s io n tlin t s c u rv y was due to th e a b se n c e o f a
c e r t a i n c h e m ic a l s u b s ta n c e from th e d l e t ^ 1 ) ,
L a t e r t h i s d i e t a r y d e f ic ie n c y
was a t t r i b u t e d to a I a i k o f a fo o d horm one, a n a c c e s s o r y fo o d f a c t o r , o r a
v ita m in and was
l n a l l y in c lu d e d i n McOoUuea1* a l p h a b e t i c a l te rm in o lo g y a s
*w a te r - s o lu b l e 5 M.
I n 1920 Urocmond s u g g e s te d t h a t t h i s f a c t o r b e c a l l e d
v ita m in J9 e c o m b in a tio n o f th e d e s ig n a t io n s p ro p o s e d b y f u n k an d NeOollum^a ) .
At th e p r e s e n t tim e t h i s i s th e a c c e n te d te rm in o lo g y th ough f r e q u e n t ly i t
taay b e r e f e r r e d to a s th e a n t i s c o r b u ti c v ita m in .
Uheraen^ ^ s t a t e s t h a t c a s e s o f w e ll m arked s c u r v y , r e s u l t i n g from
p r a c t i c a l l y c o m p le te d e p r i v a t i o n o f th e v ita m in , a r e n o t s e e n f r e q u e n t ly i n
t h i s c o u n tr y .
i n v ita m in 0 ,
e c o n s id e r s m ore im p o r ta n t to u s , th e r e s u l t s o f d i e t s low
P l i m m e r ^ a i r m a rl se e t h e i n d i c a t i o n s o f su c h a d i e t a s
r O llow ss " B e fo re d e f i n i t e symptoms o f s c u rv y a p p e a r t h e r e i s a p e r io d o f i l l
-3 -
h e a l t h , c h a r a c t e r i s e d b y c e r t a i n symptom# w hich may a l s o b e lo o k e d f o r I n
tlioe® *ho B is b ltn a lI y tslce to o l i t t l e v l t a r d n Ct th o u
p r e v e n t s c u t e s c u rv y .
th e y g e t (snouf'h to
T h ese eymptorne .are a s a llo w , nmddy co m p lex io n , l o s e
o f e a e r r y , f l e e t i n g p a i n s I n th e J o i n t s and lim b s , e s p e c i a l l y I n th e l e g s ,
u s u a l l y m is ta k e n
o r rh ew n atlsm * .
F e # s ( " ) h a s f r e q u e n t l y o b s e rv e d t h a t c h i l d r e n who show no d i s t i n c t
s c u rv y eytt ?toms, b u t who a r e I r r i t a b l e , l o c k in g In s ta m in a and more o r l e a s
r e ta rd e d In
ro w th , c a n be r e s t o r e d to b e t t e r g ro w th , h i g h e r s ta m in a , an d
b e t t e r g e n e r a l h e a l t h an d d i s p o s i t i o n b y th e f e e d in g o f a d d i t i o n a l v ita m in C.
H n d l ? : / - ) h a s d e f i n i t e l y p ro v e n t h a t a lo n g c o n tin u e d lo w i n t a k e o f v ita m in
C i n c r e a s e s th e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y o f I n f e c t i o u s d i s e a s e s .
D u rin g th e w ar th e
slo w h e a l i n g o f wounds m s fo u n d t o b e a s s o c i a t e d w ith s h o r ta g e o f v ita m in C.
E x p e rim e n ta l work b y R o w e ^ ) , Z U v a and W elle^ 9 ) f ^ejjo r (C)
D o lld o r f and Z a l l ^ 11 ^ h a s shown t h a t v ita m in O d e f ic ie n c y I e c l o s e l y c o n n e c te d
w ith to o th d e f e c t s .
i! § J e r I n M e work assu m es a v e r y s p e c i f i c re sp o n se o f
t e e t h to th e p r e s e n c e o r a b s e n c e o r v ita m in O I n th e d i e t .
T ita m ln 9 i s p r i m a r i l y s y n th e s is e d by p l a n t s , b e in g p r e s e n t In
f r e s h young l e a v e s , s te m s, b u l b s , r o o t s , f r u i t s and la rn a tu re and s p r o u tin g
eeed*^\
S h e r a a n ^ ) *qy8 th e r i c h e s t s o u r c e s o f v ita m in -I a r e o ra n g e s , le m o n s,
to m a to e s and raw c a b b a g e , and w h ile a r m ie s , b a n a n a s, c a r r o t a and p o ta to e s
do n o t c o n ta in a s h ig h a c o n c e n tr a ti o n o f th e v ita m in th e y a r e im p o rta n t
b e c a u s e o f th e l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s c o n su a e d .
’f e e s '8 ) , ( 9 )
e m p h a sise s th e
Im p o rta n c e o f t h e p o ta to I n t h e d i e t fo r I t s a n t i s c o r b u t i c pow er,
D ills and
M a c le o d ^ v ) c o n s i d e r "T h a t among r o o ts an d tu b e r s th e p o t a t o may be p la c e d
f i r s t I n p r a c t i c a l Im p o rta n c e n o t so m c h b e c a u s e o f I t s i n t r i n s i c v a lu e
-4 -
b u t b e c a u s e , ow ing to I t s c h e a p n e s s , ab u n d an ce and g e n e r a l a c c e p t a b i l i t y ,
l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s a r e r e g u l a r l y c o n e m e tl* .
s c u r v y f o llo w in g th e f a i l u r e o f th e
T hey r e f e r t o e p id w n lc s o f
o t e t o c r o p , e . g . i n I r e l a n d i n 1847,
Horway l a 1904, aiaeg o w , Ma e h e s t e r an d H e w c a a tle i n 1917.
M l e c o n s id e r a b le e x p e r im e n ta l worlc h a s h e m done to a s c e r t a i n th e
amemat o f v ita m in 3 p r e s e n t I n v a r io u s fo o d s su ch a s p o t a t o , a p p le , cab b ag e
an d c a r r o t s , n o t m n y h a v e u n d e r ta k e n to com pare th e v i ta ra ln C p o te n c y o f
d i f f e r e n t v a r i e t i e s o ' th e s e earns fo o d s ,
" a s s * 1 2 ) i n 1919 r e o r t s t h a t c a r r o t s
d i f f e r g r e a t l y I n t h e i r c o n t e n t o f th e a n t i s c o r b u t i c s u b s ta n c e , b u t d o es n o t
s t a t e t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e I s duo to v a r i e t i e s .
B racs w e ll, S i l v a and " p y l e ^ )
r e p o r t i n g on th e a n t i s c o r b u t i c p o te n c y o f s i x v a r i e t i e s o f a p p le s s t a t e t h a t
B rom ley*e J e o d lln g s ta n d s o u t m a rk e d ly a s th e m ost a c t i v e o f th e v a r i e t i e s
te s te d .
I n t h e i r work th e y h a v e d e f i n i t e l y p ro v e d t h a t d l f f e r o ic e s in th e
v ita m in 3 p o te n c y o f v a r i e t i e s a r e n o t d u e to such f a c t o r s a s d i f f e r e n c e s i n
t h e a g e o f th e t r e e , tim e o f p i c k i n g and r o l l on w hich t h e a p - l e e a r e grow n,
f h e y fo u n d t h a t t h r e e gram s o f raw B rom ley*# S e e d lin g g a v e am ple p r o t e c t i o n
t o g u in e a p i g s , w h ile i n e a r l i e r w ork H o ls t a n d H ro lic h ^ 1-') fo u n d t h i r t y gram s
o f raw a p p le I n s u f f i c i e n t f o r p r o t e c t i o n .
Among th o s e a p p l e s b e in g t e s t e d
th e B a b ln e tt was n e x t i n a c t i v i t y to B n im ley 1S S e e d lin g a n d was t h r e e o r f o u r
tim e s l e e s a c t i v e .
I h e e e r e s u l t s I n d i c a t e t h a t t h e r e may b e a masked
d i f f e r e n c e b etw ee n v a r i e t i e s I n t h e i r v lts m ln O c o n te n t,
At t h e p r e s e n t tim e t h e r e I r no a v a i l a b l e I n f o r m a tio n a s to w h e th e r
t h i s c o n d i tio n e x i s t b among th e v a r i e t i e s 0 ' p o t a t o e s ,
" o r e v e r , we a r e aw are
o f th e f a c t t h a t , among th e many ty p e s o f p o t a t o e s , we h a v e g r e a t v a r ia tio n ®
in c h a r a c te r is tic s .
C e r t a in ty p e s o f p o t a t o e s a r e Icaown to b e e a r l y i n
1
m a tu r in g , o t h e r s la te *
some a r e ro u n d o r c u b i c a l , o t h e r s o b lo n g o r m i n d l o -
eh ep ed ; some r a n g e I n Rhodes o f brow n, o t h e r s may b e o f a r e d d is h h u e .
In
r e c o g n i t i o n o f th e f a c t t h a t o n e ty p e o f t u b e r i s m ealy and a n o th e r waxy,
c e r t a i n h o u se w iv e s h a r e p r e f e r e n c e s a s to th e v a r i e t y th e y d e s i r e f o r s p e c i f i c
m ethods o f c o o k in g ,
O o ld th sn a ite ^ 2’4) h a s p r e s e n te d c o n s id e r a b le e m e r im e n te l
e v id e n c e to show m arked d i f f e r e n c e s I n th e c a r b o h y d r a te and p r o t e i n c o n te n t
among v a r i e t i e s o f p o t a t o e s , b u t no work h a s been done to d e te rm in e w h e th e r
t h e r e a r e v a r i a t i o n s i n th e v ita m in 0 c o n t e n t .
Hot o n ly i e i t p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e v a r i e t y o f a p o t a t o may h av e some
e f f e c t upon I t e v ita m in 0 c o n t e n t a t m a tu r it y , b u t i n a d d i t i o n , th e way I n
w hich th e p o t a t o i s h a n d le d d u r in g th e s t o r a g e o f th e c r o p may I n f lu e n c e i t s
p o te n c y ,
t h e p o ta to i s one o f th e few c r o p s t h a t c a n b e h e l d o v e r t v m o n e
s e a s o n to th e n e x t b y w in te r s to r a g e and th e p r o v ia lo n e f o r s to r a g e i n
I n d i v i d u a l homes and i n com m ercial s to r e h o u s e s d i f f e r g r e a t l y .
S t u a r t ^ 1 ’4 ) r e c o g n is e s te m p e r a tu r e , h u m id ity , l i g h t and a e r a t i o n a s
f a c t o r s t o be c o n t r o l l e d I n th e i d e a l e t o r a , ^ o f p o t a t o e s , f o r b o th c u l i n a r y
and seed p u rp o se s.
lie s t a t e s tluvt th e tts x p e r a tu r e f o r t h e f i r s t two weeks
s h o u ld h e h ig h e n o w * t o p e r m it o f etu b o rln a tio n o f wound i n j u r i e s , a f t e r
w hich i t s h o u ld b e no lo w e r th a n n e c e s s a r y to i n h i b i t g e r m in a tio n and p r e v e n t
undue l o s s o f m o is tu r e ,
f h l e w i l l ra n g e from
to ^iO0 I?.
The m o is tu re
c o n te n t o f th e a i r s hould b e su ch t h a t i t w i l l n o t c a u s e a n u n n e c e s s a ry l o s s
o f m o is tu r e th ro u g h t n m e p i r a t i o n , n o r so h ig h t h a t i t w i l l d e p o s it a f ilm
on t h e p o t a t o .
An am ple s u p p ly o f p u r e a i r I n th e s to r a g e h o u s e i s n e c e s s a r y
f o r th e p r o p e r r e g u l a t i o n o f te m p e r a tu r e and h u m id ity .
P o r c u l i n a r y p u rp o s e s
i t i s q u i t e n e c e s s a r y t h a t th e tu b e r s should, n o t be ex p o se d t o l i f i h t even
when m odlfl<ad.
^ t t i a r t c la im s t h a t tm dey erxxreure to U g9$t th e tu b e r becom es
g r e e n and a a a l k a l o i d te rm e d i1S o la n ln e 11 d e v e lo p s , which I n s u f f i c i e n t
SBOtaate m akes t h e consurrt- t l o a o f irach p o t a t o e s d an g e ro u s to th e Coneum er^lli) .
A p p a re n tly , t h i s c la im I s n o t b a se d on myr e x p e rim e n ta l w ork t h a t b e h a s d o n e,
b u t h a s been d e r iv e d from th e ,- o n e r a lly a c c e p te d I d e a t h a t when p o ta to e s t u r n
g re e n a s I n 1tS unburnlt^ ) & M f h e r p e r c e n ta g e o f s o la a ln e I s d e v e lo p e d .
J ^ p l e m a n ^ ) , I n h t s s t u d i e s on c h a n g e s I n p o t a t o e s d u r in g s t o r a g e ,
c a s e to th e c o n c lu s io n t h a t a S ta r u g e te m p e r a tu r e s l i g h t l y above f r e e z i n g I s
b e e t f o r se e d p o t a t o e s , b u t f o r c u l i n a r y p u rp o s e s a m o d e ra te ly d ry , w e ll
V e n t l l e 1-Od c e l l a r o r v a u l t w ith a te m p e ra tu re o f 38° to Ua0
i s p re fe ra b le .
A b p lem an ^'-') a l s o em p h asizes t h e f a c t t h a t th e p o ta to tu b e r I s a
l i v i n g t h i n g I n w hich p h y s ic a l and c h e m ic a l p r o c e s s e s a r e c o n t i n u a l l y g o in g
on.
I t i s fr e q u e n tly o b s e rv e d t h a t p o t a t o e s , e s p e c i a l l y I n a w arn, d ry
s t o r a g e p l a c e , e x h i b i t m arked s h r in k a g e , even b e f o r e s p r o u t i n g taikes p l a c e .
T h is s h rin k a g e I e due to l o s e o f m o is tu r e th ro u g h b o th t r a n s p i r a t i o n an d
re s p ira tio n .
The a c t u a l s h r in k a g e t h a t may b e a t t r i b u t e d d i r e c t l y to
r e s p i r a t i o n I s v e r y m a l l ne compared, to th e s h r in k a g e c a u s e d by e v a p o r a tio n ^ ^ u) .
T h ere a p p e a r to b e a t l e a s t t h r e e c h e m ic a l r e a c t i o n s in v o lv e d In
c a r b o h y d r a te tr a n s f o r m a tio n s i n a s t o r e d p o t a t o ^ .
( a ) The s t a r c h t o s u g a r tr a n s f o r m a tio n
( b ) The r j,g a r to s t a r c h tr a n s f o r m a tio n
( c ) The s u g a r to COg and HgO tr * n $ f o r m a tio n b y t h e r e s p i r a t i o n p r o c e s s .
C hem ical ch a n g e s "‘o llo w ln g s to r a g e o f p o ta to e s from O c to b e r 8 to
May 10 w ere I n v e s t i g a t e d b y Ooodssin an d M a r ti n ^ ® ) .
They fo u n d t h a t no
m asked d i f f e r e n c e o c c u r r e d i n th e c o m p o s itio n o f th e d ry m a t t e r u n t i l th e
7-
p o ta to a e Iasgan t o s p r o u t ,
At t h i s tim e th e y found t h a t th e p r o t e i n c o n te n t
g r a d u a l ly d e c r e a s e d , th e s u c ro s e c o n t e n t d e c r e a s e * r a p i d l y , b u t th e r e d u c in g
va-Z&rn te n d e d to I n c r e a s e .
H ie p e r c e n ta g e o f s t a r c h , c ru d e f i b e r and
p e n to e a e d id n o t c h a n # o o r ild a ra b ly *
"o w ev er, Apple
h is s tu d ie s
fo u n d t h a t I n s p r o u tin g p o ta to e s , th e s t o r c h , s u g a r and
r o to ln s a re ra p id ly
d e p le te d .
W hile th e s e ch a n g e s e r e g o in g on I n th e s t o r e d t u b e r , th e q u e s ti o n
a r i s e s a s to w h e th e r I t s v ita m in C c o n t e n t i s elwn u n d e rg o in g seme change*
I t l a o r d i n a r i l y r e c o g n is e d t h a t w here c e l l s a r e a c t i v e l y f u n c ti o n in g , a s
I n grow th o r s p r o u tin g , v ita m in C d e v e lo p s .
However, no w ork h a s b een done
to show any r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een th e a c t i v i t y o f r e s p i r a t i o n „nd v ita m in 0 .
essso n o v
(17i
h a s rem a rk ed t h a t M ic e fro m f r e s h p o ta to e s was mudh -nore a c t i v e
a s an a n t i s c o r b u t i c th a n from w in te r p o t a t o e s .
I t i s I n t e r e s t i n g to n o te t h e e f f e c t o f w in te r s to r a g e upon th e
v ita m in 5 c o n te n t o f some o t h e r f o o d s ,
W p e r tm e n ta l w ork by B e l f ^
in d ic a te s
t h a t w hole f r u i t s (o ra n g e s o r le m o n s ), o r tu b e ro u s r o o t s (s w e d e s), when
s t o r e d , r e t a i n t h e i r v ita m in C v a lu e a s Ion. • a s th e t la m ia I t s e l f re m a in s
liv in g ,
ICohmfiat ^ddy and C a r l s s o n ^ ^ fo u n d t h a t a p p le s h o ld I n s to r a g e from
O c to b e r to - a rc h h a d a m arked d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n th e v ita m in C c o n t e n t.
o f B tu d ie e by W M s e l e r , .Anderson end ' I B en b n rth
S e e n l te
tshov t h a t , w hereas i t
to o k 25 g r a n s o f J o h a th a n a p p le t o p r o t e c t g u in e a p ig s o r a l n e t scu rv y from
S ep tem b er to November, i t to o k %0 gram s fro m December to Mnye
In c o n t r a s t
t o th e ab o v e s t u d i e s I s th e r e p o r t fro m N ra o o w e ll, Z l lv a and I o y t e ^ s a y in g
t h a t t h e r e I s l i t t l e l o s s i n th e v ita m in 0 c o n te n t o f a p p le s s to r e d a t 1 * 0 .
-8 .
i n th e s i r o r a t IOe O. i n a m ix tu r e o f OOg, If and 0 f o r 3 m o n th s.
T b e ir
r e s u l t s showed t h a t g a s s t o r e d a p p le s u n d erw en t d e f i n i t e l y g r e a t e r
d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n th e a n t i s c o r b u t i c v ita m in th a n d id t h e s i r s t o r e d .
Kolmant Id d y an d C a r l r a o n ^ h a v e a l s o p r e s e n te d e v id e n c e t h a t
c a b b a g e l o s e s i t s a n t i s c o r b u t i c p o te n c y d u r in g s to r a g e i n th e raw s t a t e even
th o u g h o n ly t h e i n n e r c r i s p le a v e s a r e f e d .
D o u g lass an d M c h a rd s o n ^ 2 0 ^t i n & s tu d y o f th e e f f e c t o f S to n w je on
t h e v ita m in O c o n t e n t o f c a r r o t s , found t h a t s t o r a g e a t IsO0 S*. p r e s e r v e d th e
v ita m in 0 .
T h e ir r e s u l t s a l s o i n d i c a t e t h a t th e v ita m in C o f c a r r o t s s t o r e d
a t bO6 ? . i n a m o is t a tm o s p h e re I e n o t d e s tr o y e d b y c o o k in g to th e same e x t e n t
a s i s t h a t o f c a r r o t s s t o r e d a t $ 8 ° ? . I n a r e l a t i v e l y d r y a tm o sp h e re .
I M s l a s t r e p o r t p r e s e n t s th e a d d i t i o n a l q u e s tio n o f th e e f f e c t o f
c o o k in g upon t h e v ita m in 6 c o n te n t o f p o t a t o e s t h a t h a v e b een i n s to r a g e .
T h is i s o f r e a l in r^ o rta n c e f o r th e r e a s o n t h a t human b e in g s alw ay s consume
p o t a t o e s i n th e co o k ed form ,
r e p o r t s from e a r l y s t u d i e s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e r e
i s a l o s s o f a c t i v i t y o f v ita m in a when th e c o o k in g p r o c e s s i s a p p lie d to
f r u i t s and v e g e t a b l e s .
T h is l o s e v a r i e s w ith th e fo o d an d t h e tim e o f c o o k in g .
H e a tin g f o r o n e h a l f hem* a t IOO0C. was much l e s s d e s t r u c t i v e th a n f o r one
h o u r a t th e e a s e te m p e ra tu re ^ ^ .
G o r t n e r ^ ) s a y s flrChe a n t i s c o r b u t i c v a lu e o f co o k ed and conned fo o d s
h a s b een elio m t o b e d e te rm in e d by ( a ) t h e o r i g i n a l v ita m in c o n t e n t, ( b ) th e
h y d ro g e n io n c o n c e n tr a ti o n o f th e m a t e r i a l , ( c ) th e o x id a tio n p o t e n t i a l o f
t h e fo o d , b o th i n t e r n a l and e x t e r n a l , an d ( d ) th e te m p e r a tu r e and tim e o f
c o o k in g and p r o c e s s in g .
V ita m in C i s much m ore s t a b l e t o h e a t i n an a c i d s o l u t i o n th a n i n
s a a l k a l i n e o r n e u t r a l medium.
O v id a tio n d e s tr o y s v ita m in 0 , b u t i n th e C ase
-9 -
o f o r l d i t i o n b y c o n t a c t w ith a i r , th e d e s t r u c t i o n b e c o m e r a n ld o n ly on
b e a tin g .
W hether th e v ita m in 3 c o n te n t o f d i f f e r e n t v a r i e t i e s o f p o ta to e s
when s to r e d u n d e r c o n t r a s t i n g c o n d i tio n s w i l l be d e s tr o y e d b y c o o k in g to th e
same d e g re e i s y e t to be d e te rm in e d .
I n v ie w o f th e f a c t t h a t p o ta to e s form such a l a r g e p a r t o f f a m ily
d i e t s ; t h a t th e y o f t e n s e r v e a s th e c h i e f s o u r c e o f th e a n t i s c o r b u t i c v ita m in
a n d t h a t bo l i t t l e I e known a b o u t th e r e l a t i v e p o te n c y o f d i f f e r e n t v a r i e t i e s
when s to re d , and c o o k ed , i t h a s seem ed d e s i r a b l e to d e te rm in e ;
( a ) The o r i g i n a l v ita m in I c o n te n t o f two v a r i e t i e s o f
o ta to e s
( b ) The e f f e c t o f two c o n t r a s t i n g ty p e s o f s t o r a g e upon th e
v ita m in 0 p o te n c y o f th e two ty p e s o f p o ta to e s
( c ) The e f f e c t o f c o o k in g upon th e v ita m in 0 c o n t e n t o f th e two
v a rie tie s o f
x > to to e s , b e f o r e en d a f t e r s t o r a g e .
F o r t h i s at'ady two v a r i e t i e s o f p o ta to e s e o v n o a ly zrown i n
C la lla tin V a lle y w ere c h o s e n , nam ely , th e B l i s s T rlw rah and th e TMeset LMrbaak
o r N e tte d Gem.
J ia s e two v a r i e t i e s a r e c o n s id e r e d o u ts ta n d in g ty p e s i n
co m m ercial p o ta to d i s t r i c t s tto ro u ^ ie u t th e S t a t s a s w e ll n s i n th e Im m ediate
lo c a lity ^
.
The B i l e s Trium ph I s an e a r l y v a r i e t y grown f o r th e m arket and f o r
c e r t i f i e d seed .
I t i s c o n s id e r e d a v e r y d o c i m b l e v a r i e t y
’o r th e homo
sn .
I n s h a p e , th e p o ta to i s c u b i c a l end ro u n d ed w ith b l u n t e p i c a l and b a s a l e n d s.
On soma s o i l s i t r.-ty b e sm ooth and r e d o r m agenta c o lo r e d , w h ile on o th e r s i t
W
l i g h t l y n e t t e d and e o a e stm t p a l e r i n c o l o r .
The e y e s a r e medium In
number and r a t h e r sl-allo w ^2 2 ^
Ths s o t t e d Qem p o t a t o , grown b o th f o r m ark et and c e r t i f i e d s e e d ,
i s l a t e I n m a tu rin g and i s c o n s id e r e d one o f th e h ig h e s t q u a l i t y v a r i e t i e s .
I t i s somewhat s p in d le - s h a p e d w ith th e a p i c a l end b a s a l en d s r a t h e r rounded
and f u l l .
The s k in i s h e a v i l y n e t t e d o r r u e e e te d , th e d o ? m e o f r x is e e t in f
d e p e n d in g cm th e s o i l and th e a l t i t u d e a t w hich ,yrown.
d e s ira b le .
Heavy net*in,?* i s
n o st
Tiie c o l o r o f th e tu b e r i s p ro n o u n c e d ly in f l u e n c e d by s o i l c o l o r .
The e y a s a r e m ts s r o u s , e v e n ly d i s t r i b u t e d end s h a llo w , b u t I n d i c a t e s t r e n g t h ^
\
The p o ta to e s s e l e c t e d f o r t h i s a x p erlm en t w ere grown i n I 929 and
1 93°
th e H o r t i c u l t u r e D ep artm en t o f ’ o n ta n a S ta t e
T o lle :o, on i r r i g a t e d
le n d i n G a l l a t i n V a lle y , u n d e r s i m i l a r c o n d i t i o n s , w ith th e e x c e p tio n o f th e
two s e a s o n a l v a r i a t i o n s .
Two c o n t r a s t i n g ty p e s o f s t e r e g e c e l l a r s w ere ch o sen f o r th e w in te r
s to r a g e o f tht-i p o ta to e s u s e d i n t h i s s tu d y , (a ) c o ld and damp, (b ) warm and d a ./.
-1 1 -
Ifre s to r a g e c e l l a r ^ . I n t - I n e d by th e H o r t i c u l t u r e D eportm ent o f th e
C o lle g e v m ch o sen f o r th e c o ld and damp ty p e and r i l l be d e s ig n a te d I n t h i s
s tu d y a s s to r a g e A.
t o r th e c o n t r e a ti n ,? ty p e o f s t o r a g e , w n and d r y , d e s ig n a te d a e
s to r a g e B, a V e g e ta b le room I n th e b asem ent o f a p r i v a t e h o n e was u s e d .
T h is
room, was p a r t i t i o n e d o f f from th e main p a r t o f th e b asem en t by b o a rd s and
b u lld ln ,-' p a p e r and was e q u ip p e d w ith an o u ts id e v e n t i l a t o r .
C u rin g th e s to r a g e p e r io d sem i-m o n th ly r e c o r d s w ere k e p t o f th e
te m p e r a tu r e and h u m id ity o f th e two s to r a g e h o u s e s , A and I ,
The p o ta to e s w ere d u g th e l a s t w eeks i n S ep tem b er, 1929 end 1930,
p u t i n t o s a c k s h o ld in g a b o u t 95 pounds ea c h and p la c e d i n t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e
c e l l a r s f o r w in te r s t o r a g e ,
As i t Beemed d e s i r a b l e t o eeo w h e th e r th e t o t a l am ount o f s o l i d s
re m a in e d th e same, w ith th e c h em ica l ch an g e s
g o in g on I n th e s t o r e d tu b e r ,
m o is tu r e d e t e r m in a tio n s w ere ru n on th e two v a r i e t i e s a t t h e tim e o f d ig g in g .
an d a g a i n I n th e m id d le o f O c to b e r, a f t e r t h e two w eeks1 p e r io d o f ln te n a e
re s p ira tio n ,
D e te rm in a tio n * wore a l s o made on b o th ty p e s i n s to r a g e
A an d 3,
a t th e be,pin n in g o f th e s p r in g f e e d i n g an d a g a in a t th e c l o s e o f t h a t p e r io d ,
-'.'he m ethod u s e d was t h a t re o ea n u n d ed by io ld th w a ite
(pit)
,
A t th e cn -o t i n e th e p e rc e n t o f w a te r l o s t by e v a - o r a t io n was r e c o r d - .4.
I n th e f a l l a t th e tim e o f s t o r e go, a b o u t ** pounds o f e a c h v a r i e t y o f p o ta to
w ere w eighed nnd p la c e d I n s - u s ll, h e a v y c o tto n c o r e , b u t le o e e -w e a v e , baps,
T hese b a g s wore th e n p la c e d I n th e c e n t e r o f t h e s a c k s o f p o t a t o e s t o be
s t o r e d I n c e l l a r s A and # , and a t I n te r v a l® o f th r e e m onths th e y w ere rem oved
o n ly lon<
enouf^i t o r e c o r d th e w e ig h ts o f t h e p o ta to e s *
The ch an g e s I n h y d ro g en io n c o n c e n tr a ti o n o f th e p o ta to e s i n s t o r a g e
-1 2 -
\
v e r e fo llo w e d by th e u e e o f th e "C o o led g e C o lo r C o m p a rato r", d e s ig n e d f o r
t h l * p u rp o s e
* *
Brom c r e a o l p u r p le was u s e d a s th e I n d i c a t o r .
S ta n d a rd
d i r e c t i o n s w ere f o llo w e d , a s g iv e n by C l a r f c ^ ) #
D u rin g p r e li m i n a r y work In th e la b o r a t o r y I t was n o ti c e d t h a t th e
f l a s h o f th e p o t a t o e s k e p t i n a c o ld , damp s to r a g e o f t e n tu r n e d a g r e e n is h
c o lo r.
T ills c o l o r I g
in p o t a t o e s ^ ) .
-m o r a lly a s s o c i a t e d w ith th e d ev elo p m en t o f s o ln n ln e
A tte n tio n h a # a l s o boon drawn to t h e f a c t t h a t th e a o la n ln e
c o n te n t o f ; o ta to e a I n c r e a s e s upon s p r o u t i n g - - ') .
Ab p o t a t o e s c o n ta in in g
s o le n l n e , i n s u f f i c i e n t e n e rm t, arm b e l ie v e d t o b e I n j u r i o u s to th e o o n e u m o r ^ )
and a s th e q u e s tio n a r i s e s w h e th e r a h ig h c o n c e n tr a ti o n o f t h i s a l k a l o i d
m l ^ t a f f e c t th e v ita m in O p o te n c y o f t h e p o t a t o , a o la n in e d e te r m in a tio n *
» e r s made.
-Cheefl w ere r u n Ce) on th e im m ature p o ta to e s fro m b o th v a r i e t i e s ,
d u r in g th e month o f A n g u st, (b ) a t th e tim e o f d ig g in g , t h e l a s t week in
S ep tem b er, (o ) a f t e r a two w eeks' p e r io d o f s t o r a g e , (d ) d u r in g th e m id d le
o f th e dorm ancy p e r io d , J a n u a r y 1$, on b o th ty p e s from s to r a g e A. aaft B, Ce)
and a g a in '-'ay I , to w a rd s th e d o e s o f th e s p r in g f e e d in g p e r io d .
The m ethod re c o --mended b y S sh m led eb erg and M e y e r e ^ was n e e d , and
I n c a s e s w here no d e f i n i t e d i r e c t i o n s w ere g i v e s f o r a d d in g r e a g e n ts o r
m a n ip u la tio n , c a r e w m ta k e n t o e s t a b l i s h u n ifo rm p r o c e d u re # th ro u g h o u t eac h
o f th e t e s t s .
The m ethod I e no f o l l o w s t
Mix 969 g r a m o f f i n e l y g r a t e d p o ta to w ith IgO c . o , o f w a te r end
p r d s e o u t th e l i q u i d ,
A o n e q u a r t h a n d p r e s s was u s e d f o r t l e
Becumt th e l i q u i d fro m t h e d e p o s it o f s t a r c h .
n rp o s c .
A gain n ix th e s t s r c h w ith
gO c . e . o f w a te r , end d s c a n t when th e s t a r c h h a s s e t t l e d .
N e u t r a l i s e th e
e n t i r e l i q u i d w ith am nnnla and e v a p o r a te to th e c o n s is te n c y o f an e x t r a c t .
” l x th e p r e s s cak e w ith 2g9 c . c . o f b o 11In ,- a lc o h o l and k e e p h o t In a w a te r
-1 3 -
b » th f o r ?. h o u r e ,
P r e s s o u t th e
mice a n o th e r eutih e x t r a c t i o n ,
"’l i t e r th e com bined a l c o h o l i c e x t r a c t s and wash th e r e s i d u e upon th e f i l t e r
w it] ' h o t a l c o h o l .
Ua@ th e a l c o h o l i c f i l t r a t e to e x t r a c t th e r e s i d u e f r c ' th e
A gueeus e x t r a c t an d cise ln f i l t e r .
% e h th e l n e e l u b l e p a r t w ith h o t a l c o h o l .
The a l c o h o l i c f i l t r a t e a f t e r h a l f b o o r u s u a l l y d e p o s i t s c r y s t a l s o f a s p a r e r d a e .
S e p a r a te th e sniper n a t a n t l i q u i d from th e s e c r y s t a l s and e v a p o r a te upon a w a te r
o a t:, to to e c o n s is te n c y o f an e x t r a c t .
D le e e lv e thr- r e s id u e Ir. y x ) c . c . o f e
s o l u t i o n o f HoS0l| I n e a t e r and e a tli tw ic e M t h 50 0 . 0 « o f th e same s o l u t i o n .
Warm th e c l e a r l i c u l d v e ry g e n tly t o 50 * 0 ,
and s e t M ld e f o r 3O t o Uo h o u r s ,
S a tu r a t e w ith ammonia
C o l l e c t th e c r y s t a l s on a w eighed
nd wash th o r o u g h ly w ith w a te r and th e n w ith e t h e r .
a t IOOeO,
-nd wctl^tu
vs-» em ployed.
.c .)
filte r
)ry to c o n s ta n t w e ig h t
fIh e c r y s t a l s -ire e o l a n ln e .
The e x p e r im e n ta l a n im a ls c o n s is te d o f y e u n r m iln e a s ip s r a n g in g
I n &m fro-a s i x to e l # t w eeks.
They w ere k e p t I n I n d iv i d u a l ca g e s and f o r
th e f i r s t f a l l f e e d i n g p e r io d w ere f e d OTior^on1S b a s a l d i e t , t h a t h a s been
fo u n d t o be f r e e f r o - v ita m in 3*. w hich i s a s f o llo w s t
' T o e h ty g ro u n d w hole o a t s .
B aked skimmed m ilk pow der.
k itt@ r f a t ............................ ....
T a b le s a l t . . . . . .
. .
,
.
.
.
The eGdlmned i l l k pow der was boJced i n open t r e y s a t 27,9*?. f o r t h r e e
H ours t o d e s tr o y any p o s s i b l e v ita m in G w hich m ig h t be p r e s e n t .
th e b u tt e r
f a t was r e n d e r e d f r e e o f v ita m in 0 by m e ltin g In d r y in g d r a w e r s , m ix in g I t
tk o ro w p ily w ith an e q u a l p o r ti o n o f w a te r , a llo w in '- i t to s o l i d i f y and
rem o v in g I t from th e w a te r .
I n th e s p r in g o f 1930, I t seemed a d v is a b le t o a d o p t Hddy1@
m o d i f ic a t io n o f tb-n B e rn e r, d i e t , r b l a h I r *
t o l l ad n e t s ( g r o u r . a ) ................... 29 «‘",'
B ra a (v A > e a t)............................ .... . 2 9 ,5 f
B aked e k ls tta d i l k .powder . , 30 , 0 "
B u tte r f a t
..................................... 9,0'"
lo d L iv e r o i l . . . . . . . .
1 ,0
T a b le s a l t ..........................................1 ,0 '
The above b n e a l d i e t wae p r e p a r e d I n th e s a v e nannev a s wee t h a t
of
Jhernan**.
Ito r te e tlw g th e v ita m in O c o n t e n t o f th e S l i e s TrlteNph end R e tte d
Oese p o t a t o e s and th e e f f e c t s o f two ty p o # o f s to r a g e and o o o k in g t^pen t h a t
f a c t o r , g u in e a p ig s w ere g iv e n 5 and 10 ,g rm d a i l y s u p p le m e n te o f raw and
cooked !p o ta to .
The raw p o ta to was t h i n l y p e e le d ana c r o s s w is e s e c ti o n s
re-covoc f o r f e e d i n g .
w e ig h in ':.
I i e s o w ere f e d In m a l l aluminum p a n s Im m ed iately upon
The p o t a t o , a s p r e p a r e d f o r t h e cooked s u p p le m e n t, was r e e l e d , c u t
i n t o on# in c h cu b e# , d ro p p e d i n t o b o i l i n g , u n s a l t e d w a te r and cooked f o r
29 m in u te s .
wore co o lo :
A fte r d r a i n i n g , th e steam was allo w e d to p a ss o f f end th e p o t a t o e s
'
>
•
f o r two d a y # 1 f e e d i n g .
c o v e re d
.
The p o ta to # # w ere eodfced I s s u f f i c i e n t amount
The amount f o r th e f o llo w in g day was p la c e d i n e
-I- s# d is h I n th e r e f r i g e r a t o r .
As th e p o t a t o may ch an g e in w e ig h t d u r in g c o o k in g , sam ples o f eac h
v a r i e t y o f p o ta to from s to r e g e # A and B worm r e t r i e d b e f o r e and a f t e r c o o k in g ,
t o d e te rm in e th e we W i t o f th e cooked p o t a t o su p p lem en t t h a t would b e
e q u i v a l e n t to th e row f e e d i n g d o s e s ,
u rln
th e f e e d i n g e x p e rim e n t th e u s u a l C a ta w a s r e c o r d e d .
The
an im a l# w ere w eighed th r o e tim e s & w eek, t h a l r w eakly fo o d co n su m p tio n waa
n o te d
nd th e y w ere cl eo'-od f o r s c u rv y symptom s.
At th e end o f th e f e l i n g
e x p e r t a n t t h e a n im a ls w ere a u to o e ia d end tl .s d e g re e o f s c u rv y r e c o r d e d .
R eco rd s o f in d i v i d u a l an im a l# a r e g iv e n i n t h e a p p e n d ix , w h ile c o m p o site s o f
t h e a n im al b w ith i n eac h fprovx> a r e v r e s e a te d I n t h e r e s u l t s .
r e p r e s e n t th e e o m o a l t e o f fm ln s I n
T he g ra p h s
-rowth o f th e a n l m l e w ith i n each g ro u p .
-1 5 -
WSBfcfS
Ae t h i s PtiadS' o f th e v ita m in 0 c o n t e n t o f th e two v a r i e t i e s o f
o ta fc o ee,
l i e s Trium ph and W etted Gen, u n d e r s to m p s c o n d i t i o n s A and B, r a s
c a r r i e d on f o r two c o n s e c u tiv e y e a r s , s a d a s s e a s o n a l d i f f e r e n c e s smy c a u s e
v a r i a t i o n s I n th e c o m p o sitio n o f f r u i t s en d v e g e t a b l e s , I t s e n s e d a d v is a b le to
o b t a i n EOBie d a t a a b o u t th e c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s o f th e two ''ro w in g s e a s o n s .
The
f a c t o r s which seem m ost l i k e l y t o a f f e c t th e c o m p o sitio n o f th e n o t a t e , and
o s a l b l y I t 1S Irita m in O p o te n c y a r e th e a v e r a g e ra n y e o f te m n e m tu r e , amount
o * r a i n f a l l , an d t h e r e l a t i v e lro m id ily f o r t h e g ro w in g non t h e .
t o o b t a i n t h i s d a t a from th e m e te o r o lo g ic a l s t a t i o n a t
TAWM I .
ok m
an.
A1BBASS TW dHAOTW , TOTAL Mf^lHTATlON ASD IKT ATIVS WtoiXDITT
mm fas mmim wusom o? 1929 and 1930
.. A ntnatze T em p eratu re ? .
Maacfcsaa Mlnlimm Mean
Y ear
Month
IF I
May
Ju n e
J u ly
M g.
s e p t.
-tiYO.
61.2°
70.7
82.9
64.7
62.8
72.3
36.0°
44.2
49.9
52.7
37.1
44.0
Mey
a.3
74.6
81.4
79.2
70.1
73,9
36.4
42.8
51.4
W
M
H
ft
H
1930
N
W
N
M
H
I t im e p o s s i b l e
June
J u ly
Atig.
S e n t.
Avo.
5 2 .9
42.0
49.5
48.6»
57.5
G6 .2
68.7
49.9
56.2
51.3
58.7
66,4
66,0
56.1
59.7
T o ta l
p re c lp l.. t a i i o a I n .
R e l a ti v e
h a u id lty
1.9«
53.06
2 .2 4
5 4 .3
1.42
.54
•57
7.65
&7.G
4l.2
65.3
52.3
0.72
0.89
1.64
2.13
49.2
4o.o
47.3
52*9
51.5
1 .0 5
6.39
4 8 .2
-1 7 -
The two v a r i e t i e s o f p o ta to e s w ere p la c e d i n two ty p e s o f s to r a g e
c e l l a r s , A zmd
s to ri^ e
p e rio d s .
, f o r a p e r io d o f e i g h t m o n th s, Surin#* ea c h o
th e two
D arin g th e year 1930-1931, temperature an-- humidity r e a d in g s
w ere ta k e n tw ic e f month i n e a c h c e l l a r .
Tlie d a t a i s p r e s e n te d In T ab le I I .
TABL.:.; I I . RSiA Tiva m i DITT ASD W M R A S tnB EiAD Ihas O- T i T-O STORAHl
COLLARS, A A:m B, TOR VTA STORAOh PRRIOD 1930-1931
R e la tiv e
i o / s /30
10/ 15/30
u /i/3 0
OS. 30
,3 .2
1)8.3
11/ 15/30
12/1/30
1 2 /1 5 /3 0
#
.
sto ,
3/2/31
P
'
A verage
U1 .0
3 9 .2
33.1
37.6
38.1
39.%
S :f
1*6.7
US.I'
U0 .5
39.%
I .1
37. U
36.3
37.4
33.1
Ul. 5
4 1 .0
39.%
U i. G
1:1
U7.I
U2.6
82.%#
82 .0
«9.%
91.%
9%. 2
89.8
91.6
93.6
90. %
93.6
90.2
96.0
91. %
95.%
93.8
91.0
62. U0
U1 .0
37.2
55.U
59.0
59.0
57.2
55. U
59.0
GO.8
Go.8
GO.8
55.U
51.S
55.%
56.7
U3.20
3 .7
UG.*
UU.G
1)7.3
U7.3
Up. 5
UU.G
UG.U
US. 2
50.0
43.2
44.G
42.S
44.6
i : . o>
.s
U5.3
U3.6
U3.2
U3.2
U1.2
U3.S
39.6
41. G
U8.8
U1.6
U3.8
50.0
39.6
42.6
DtiriBg the e to to g e p erio d i n c e l l a r A, where th e c o n d i tio n s w ere
c o ld and damp, both v a r ie t ie s o f p o ta to e s allowed on ly a very a l i ^ i t sig n o f
sp rou tin g a s l a t e as l ey I .
from the o u tsid e th ere was no e v id e n c e o f
s h r iv e lin g In e it h e r v a r ie ty , both r e ta in in g the same appearance as th ey had.
in th e f a l l .
In c e l l a r B ,th e B lis s T rlm ph began to sprout by January 15#
th e N etted Gem, A pril 1 5.
The sprouts from the B lis s T rlm ph were very
-IS -
s tu r ti y , otyrae b e ln ^ h a l f an In c h I n A la n o ta r t W hile th o e e o f th e N e tte d Oera
w ere lo n g an d s le n d e r .
In J a n u a r y , th e B ll e e Teitraph a l s o showed d i s t i n c t
e ig n e o f s h r i v e l i n g , w h ile t h e N e tte d Oero d e la y e d I t s s h r i v e l i n g u n t i l
A p ril,
T h is seem s to show a c l o s e a s s o c i a t i o n betw een s p r o u t i n g and
s h riv e lin g .
The two v a r i e t i e s o f p o t a t o e s d id n o t a c t th e same u-?on
s h r i v e l i n g , a s th e N e tte d Gea r s n a in e d r o t h e r f irm s a d c r i s p , w h ile th e
B l i s s Trium ph becam e v e r y s h ru n k e n and r a t h e r f la b b y .
The .:vct m l ch an g es I n W eifdit t h a t to o k p ie c e In t h e s to r e d
o ts to e e ,
h a v e been c a l c u l a t e d f r o : t h e w e l^ m d p o ta to e s t h a t w ere p la c e d i n sm a ll b a g s
i n each o f t h e s to r p p e l o t s .
.
---------- 1
D ate
T a b le I I I .
.
.
:
n o V>%S?m Q3M POTATOES IS ST09AG3 (HaLUSS A ATJD B
ho. o f
p o ta to e s
P o ta to
s to ra g e
e ig h t
grsas
T o ta l Change
In w e lf/it
—&xam_
iol sfy
1/12/30
3/17/31
V23/31
10/8/30
1/12/31
m
i
10/8/30
1/12/31
«
10/3/30
1/12/31
3/17/31
Vzs/31
N
It
8
#
*
W
7S
It
#
10
it
N
«
10
It
K
l
H
It
H
B .T .(A )
H
H
M
H
H
«1
b. t .Cb )
it
(I
It
H
It
M
ii.G .(A )
rt
It
»
rt
H
H
.G .( )
it 11
I
2099
1909
1906
1937
175U
1259
1705
1W2
165G
1719
1599
1^
1U32
133&
T o ta l p e r c e n t
eliange In
----- j . w ejti& l . . ..
-9/05
-9.19
-7.71
-190
-193
-1 6 2
W
W
W
-181
-350
-U95
wsww
-1 3
-10.31
-19.95
-2 8 .2 2
mm
- O.76
- 2.87
+ 0 .8 5
W
W
S
- 5.9G
- S.lU
: S
-93
-127
-223
-1U .30
-
—19—
The p e r c e n t o f m o is tu r e d e te rm in e d f o r th e two v a r i e t i e s , a s
a f f e c t e d b y s to r a g e c o n d i t i o n s , a r e " iv e n i n T a b le IT .
t h a t one s e t o f m o is tu r e d e te r m in a tio n s e a a a l s o
I t w i l l b e n o te d
uade on sam p les o f cooked
p o t a t o , f o r a c o m p a riso n o f th e t o t a l s o l i d s o f th e raw an d cooked, o t a t o e s .
TABta i f .
D ate
9 /2 9 /3 0
1 0 /1 5 /3 0
1 1 /3 /3 0
3/1G /31
3/1 G /3 1
5 /9 /3 1
5 /9 /3 1
5/7/31
5 /7 /3 1
m
r s s c m o? u o im m m m
b l is s m w a m b s s m o
POTATOES m m DIGOING MD 1% STORMB A AND B
P o ta t o
s to ra g e
5 0 .0 2
itaw
W
H
W
S
H
*
Cooked
*
B .T . p e r c e n t
m o is tu r e ..........
(A)
CA)
(A)
(B )
(A)
(3 )
(A)
(B )
31.19
8 2 .1 #
SO. IjO
79 . W
79 .%)
7 7 .3 3
7 5 .6 7
76.23
H .O . p e rc e n
____E o e l e t j A p e —
79.50
78.
U19
79.
^2
7 7 .1 #
7 8 .9 0
73 .6 1
7>23
7 7 .1 9
7 5 .1 9
-2 0 -
HscoiSJilalng th e fa c t th at the decree o f a c id it y o f the potato .night
be a s so c ia te d w ith i t s vitam in 0 potency, hydrogen Ion co n cen tra tio n s were
determined, f o r the two typ es o f p o ta to e s in the Immature c o n d itio n , upon
d ig g in g and l a t e r in storage# A and B,
In Table V w ill be found th e pH read ings
taken from th e c o lo r compare t o r used in t h is experim ent.
However, th ese
readings were checked fo r accuracy by means o f a p oten tiom eter.
TABLM V.
RTflHOO.5H IOTi OOMOTffTRATI0S3 OR TFB BLISS TRIUMPH Mfl WSfBTSQ
6BM POTATOES, BBPOHii AMD DfrRIHO STORAOM, A AHD B
Date
Potato
3 / 27/30
9 / 29 / 3O
10 / 10/3 0
B. T.
s
W
*
S
W
10/ 15/30
1/22/31
5/10/31
S/27/30
9/25/30
10/10/30
?I. 0.
#
H
W
1 0 /1 5 /3 0
*
1/22/31
5/10/31
H
pH sto ra g e
G.6
pH sto ra g e
U r r ........
6.2
6.0
5.6
11
1:1
5. B
6 ,0
5.9
5 .3
Ii
2'*
6.0
I n the year I c Sf? and 1930, the f le s h o f the le tte d Gem, when sto red
In th e c o ld , Aaswp etore^** h ou se, became q u ite y e llo w ish -g r e e n in c o lo r and
developed a very b i t t e r , a c r id fla v o r .
The B ile s Triumph, In th e same season
and stored under id e n t ic a lly th e same c o n d itio n s developed n e ith e r th e c o lo r
nor th e a c r id t a s t e .
The f l e s h o f th e B l i s s Triumph and R etted Osm p o ta to e s.
In sto ra g e 3 , (which has co n sid era b ly more l i g h t than A, but la warmer and
d r ie r ) , remained very w hite and did not develop any d isa g r ee a b le fla v o r .
During the storage year 1930-31, th e R etted Qem, in storage B1
developed th e same
reen c o lo r and b i t t e r t a s t e , as in th e -ireceding season.
-2 1 -
P ow ever, th e f l e s h o f th e B ilg e T rium ph, u n d e r th e same e t o r e ^ e c o n d i tio n s ,
bsea-ne d e c id e d ly y e lle w ls h a g r e e n , c o n t r a r y to I t s a c t i o n th e
re v lo ie y ear.
However, w ith t h i s y e llo w is h - -T e e n c o l o r , th e B ile s T r im p h d id n o t h av e th e
v e ry a c r i d f l a v o r , c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f th e R e tte d Gem, b u t I n s t e a d a pro n o u n ced
p o ta to f la v o r .
In s to r a g e
), th e f l e s h o f b o th ty p e s o f p o t a t o e s r e g a in e d
v e r y w h ite and no d l s a p r e e a b le f l a v o r d e v e lo p e d .
The v ite m ln O c o n te n t o f th a two v a r i e t i e s o f p o ta to e s was d e te rm in e d
by c o n d u c tin g f e e d in g e x p e r im e n ts , a c c o r d in g to m ethods p r e v io u s ly o u t l i n e d ,
r e e d i n g w as b eg u n a s s e e n a s ' th e p o t a t o e s w ere dug i n th e f a l l and th e
e x p e rim e n t e x te n d e d o v e r n p e rio d o f e i g h t w o k s .
A f te r $*lx months* s to r a g e
i n tlie two c e l l a r s , A nnd B, each v a r i e t y o f p o ta to was a g a i n t e s t e d f o r i t s
v ita m in p o te n c y .
In T a b le s 71 end f i l l w i l l b e found th e a r m a r y o f th e
r e s u l t s o b ta in e d by th e f e e d in g o f B l i s s Trium ph p o t a t o e s , I n th e f a l l and
a f t e r s i x m onths1 stom .-ne,
i n T a b le s V II nnd IX ,
S im ila r d a t a f o r P e tte d Gen p o t a t o e s i s p r e s e n te d
B eoorde o f t h e I n d iv i d u a l a n im a ls f r o .- w hich th e s e
sum m aries a r e d e r iv e d e r e g iv e n I n th e A p pendix.
W hile th e T a b le s g iv e th e
g a in I n w e ig h t and th e d e g re e o f s c u rv y d e v e lo p e d f o r each
ro u p o f a n im a ls ,
a d d i t i o n a l In f o r m a tio n a b o u t t h e i r r a t e o f grow th may be g a th e r e d from
f i g u r e s I , 2 , 3» ^ and 5 w here c o m p o site s o f p a in s In w e ig h t a r e r e p r e s e n t e d
by g r a p h s ,
f i g u r e s 6 and ^ com bine th e r e s u l t s o f th e t w
s e a s o n s , by show ing
c o m p o site g ra p h s made u p fro m th e c o m p o site s o f eac h y e a r , p r e v io u s ly
p re s e n te d .
-2 2 -
au;iMAzir of ihsolts or
tsBM v i.
v s i m b l is s r a itr -w
WNTRS1 STOMM
Q rm p
No,
Y ear
S eason
I
2
?
U
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
1929
#
«
H
ft
F a ll
H
1930
H
H
W
#
#
H
If
P o ta t o
fe d
vtfhnr. c rs®i$?o ^xt nr-TiTs 1929.30,
po ta to es , in
D a lly
floee
-.,s m s .
w.
n
*
if
a
»
Sprlivs
#
« A*
” A
" A
“ 3*
* B
* B
(to m a to )
raw
#
Cooked
#
W
(to m ato )
raw
W
Cooked
raw
M
Cooked
sirs
Number
a n im a ls
6
5
10
5
10
.
6
5
10
10
5
10
2
2
3
3
2
3
2
2
3 '
2
3
2
2
10
4
fall and
x r t m s ix '
Ave, t o t a l
,sain w t.
gram s
D egree
of
Sonrvy
- 9 7 .5
4-109.5
4.I 23. I
4> .•
¥ ’-.0
4.
-1 8 2 .
H *7.
- 5 1 .3
»17 .5
4. 52.
4.
4. 215.5
» ■5 .5
M oderate
None
T rao e s
iJo u b tfn l
V oderate
D oubtful
S ev ere
Kone
M oderate
None
M oderate
S lig h t
None
voderati
A*- C o ld , damp e to r a g e
B * . -Iarm, d ry s to r a g e
TABLS V I I .
SVKURY OV RRSOLTS OV VITAMIN C F
V i m NSTTSD 0 » POTATfflM, IN TffS FALL AND AfTSR SIX
MONTHS1 STOWS
Croup
No.
T ear
15
IG
17
IS
19
20
21
22
23
24
1929
*
H
a
1930
#
#
W
N
M
Season
F a ll
*
H
S
S p rin g
H
If
M
H
M
P o ta to
fe d
D a lly
d o se
.,,.ja m
Haw
M
Cooked
H
1 Haw
I n
1 Cftoko 1
I Haw
I "
i Cooke I
5
10
5
10
5
10
10
5
10
10
Number
an im a l a
A r e ,to ta l
g a in wt*
___AEflSS-
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
3
» 7 8 .3
» 95. ;■
f 3G.1
4- 5 7 .2
» "0.1
4.13 V
+ lo g .r
»
.
4-1 .5
+ '"0.2
D egree
of
seurvrf
S lig h t
s lig h t
T ra c e s
"Doubtful
M oderate
T ra c e s
S lL g h t
S lig h t
Wane
S lig h t
-2 3 -
TMLrJ V III*
Oroup '
Ho.
2P
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
3C
37
36
39
«0
IOffltiUHf OF WSS
''JT " T
"PS
TJSIH3 BLISS TRimTH FOfATOlS, IN TPl FALL A3® AFTSt SIX
9OKTHS* SfOHAdl
fear
Saaeon
1930
F a ll
«
H
H
M
0
W
n
ft
1931
K
#
M
H
#
H
#
#
W
H
0
»
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"
rt
rt
A
A
A
A
H 3
HB
'• I
" 3
P otato
fe d
Tomato
Hkw
Il
Cooked
M
«•»
Tomato
Haw
Il
Cooked
#
Haw
ff
Cookod
H
P a lly
does
aram#
«,
5
5
10
10
15
~
6
5
10
5
IO
5
10
5
IP
i-------—
Humber
anim ale
2
2
2
Ii
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
3
3
3
Ave. t o t a l
f a in w t.
crane
Hefr e e
of
BCiinrz
-1 7 7 .5
H
.
I- % -]/
4.7
«- ‘
t- 103.'
4- ' 3. I
+ 9 .5
+15 .
+ ).o
+
.0
+17 .o
+ ..
+1 .
+ 0 .
Severe
Hone
Hone
Hone
None
None
Severe
None
Federate
TTacse
Federate
Doubtful
Traces
D o u b tfu l
Severe
Boubt f t t l
,
tabl3
ix. mown c
ay n
i -'3^-31,
USIBG HOTS) 0 # POTATO"3, IB T H FALL ABU ASTBR SIX "
MOeilltB* STORAGE
Group
iTo.
T ear
Season
P o ta t o
fe d
Ul
U2
1930
H
P a ll
ft
1«
1*
ft
Raw
*
K3
UU
U5
UG
SI
Ug
ug
50
gi
52
53
ft
#
ti
1931
rt
Il
H
*
*
n
A
A
If A
A
* a
H B
N B
* B
ft
M
Booked
Raw
Cooked
#
Haw
*
Cooked
#
D ally
d o se
verscne
5
10
15
10
15
5
10
9
10
5
10
5
10
HonflMHP
anl-neELe
2
3
I
2
2
2
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
A r e ,to ta l
f n i n w t.
D egree
Of
scu rv y
- lh c .5
-2 3 3 .0
- 262.0
- I 9G.0
- 2IO.3
- 1 7 0 .J
-IUl. 6
- 7 6 .3
- I 7U.0
- 25c . 0
-209
-Ir . g
-1 5 0 ,0
1J one
Bene
Hone
Wene
Kone
T ra c e s
S litfrt
lfOdarate
T ra c e s
D o u b tfu l
D oubtful
D o u b tfu l
Wone
-2 5 -
t
FI GUHZ I , - Com posites o f f a in s in .growth o f the groups o f an im als fe d
B l i s s Triumph p o t a t o e s , raw and co o k ed , from sto r a g e
c e l l a r s A and B , 1 9 2 9 -1 3 3 0 .
- 26-
FIGTJRE 2 . C om posites o f g a in s In growth o f the groups o f an I n a ls fe d
R e tte d Gem p o t a t o e s , raw and cooked, from sto r a g e c e l l a r s
A and B, 1 9 2 9 -1 3 3 0 .
-2 7 -
FALL
FALL
p o s itiv e i
FIGUIt_ 3 .
C o m p o sites o f g a in s i n g ro w th o f th e g ro u p s o f a n i m a ls fe d
B l i s s Trlam ph and N e tte d Gera p o t a t o e s , raw and co oked, f a l l
of 1930.
-2 8 -
1280
FI0UH2 U.
C om poaitas o f g a in s in g ro w th o f th e g ro u p s o f a n im a ls fe d
B l i s s Trium pn p o t a t o e s , raw and co oked, fro m s to r a g e c e l l a r s
A and B, S p rin g o f 1931.
-2 9 -
PIGUHE 5»
C om posites o f g a in s in growth o f the groups o f a n ln a ls fe d
N e tte d Gem p o t a t o e s , raw and cooked, from sto r a g e c e l l a r s
A and B, S p rin g o f 1931.
-3 0 -
FI3UH3 6 ,
C om posites o f g a in s in growth o f the groups o f an im als fe d
B l i s s Triumph p o t a t o e s , raw and co o k ed , from s to r a g e c e l l a r s
A and B, made up from th e co m p o sites o f the two y e a r s .
-3 1 -
IGUHS 7 .
C om posites o f g a in s in growth o f th e groups o f a n ln a ls fe d
L e tte d Gem p o t a t o e s , raw and cooked, from sto ra g e c e l l a r s
A and B, made up from th e co m p o sites o f the two year*=
R s s a l t e from th e an im al f e e d i n g e x p e rim e n ts
I n d ic a te d
t h a t th e B i l e s T r liitp h and K e tte d Oera p o t a t o e s d id n o t b ehove In a s i m i l a r
m a m a r, r # , w
» t r v ita m in 0 p o te n c y .
She B l i s s T-
o f f e r e d m ore
p r o t e c t i o n a s a raw su p p lem en t th a n when f e d i n e q u i v a le n t m o u n ts In s
cooked c o n d i tio n .
The F a t t e d Gen, h o w ev er, gave c o n t r a s t i n g r e s u l t s e r the
3d sam p les gav e more p r o t e c t i o n th e n t h e i r e q u i v a le n t s I n th e raw fo rm .
T h is l e d to a s tu d y o f d i f f e r e n c e s i n th e two v a r i e t i e s , which m ight h e lp
to e x p l a in th e ab o v e c o n d itio n * .
Two o u ts ta n d in g d i f f e r e n c e s wore th e
a c r i d f l a v o r and y e llo w !e h -(p re e n c o l o r , d e v e lo p e d In the M atted Oem when
k e p t In a c o ld , damp s t o r a g e .
As th e a l k a l o i d , s c l e n t n e , Ie g e n e r a lly
a s s o c i a t e d w ith th e a p p e a ra n c e o f a ,green c o l o r i n p o t a t o e s a s I n 11s u n b u rn " ,
and w ith a p e c u l i a r h i t t e r f l a v o r (7 ) , (lU ) , (3 0 ), (3 1 ) „ i t seemed p o s s i b l e
t h a t a h i g h e r c o n c e n tr a ti o n o f t h i s f a c t o r m ig h t be p r e s e n t I n th e N e tte d
Gom p o t a t o .
H ie c o n j e c tu r e was o f f e r e d t h a t e o lrm ln e t i g h t eliow an
i n h i b i t i n g e f f e c t upon v ita m in 0 , riie n I n th e raw form and a c t a s a
p r o t e c t o r o f th e v ita m in d u r in g th e c o o k in g p r o c e s s .
Onon b o i l i n g , t h i s
f a c t o r n ig jh t e i t h e r p a s s I n to t h e w a te r o r l o s e I t e i n h i b i t i n g a c t i o n upon
th e v ita m in G p r o s e n t .
I n view o f t h i s p o s s i b i l i t y d e te r m in a tio n s w ars
made o f th e s o ln n ln e c o n te n t in th e two ty p e a o f p o t a t o e s ,
f e a t s w ere ru n
on p o t a t o e s t h a t w ere im m atu re, * su n b u rn e d * , j u s t m a tu re , and s to r e d f o r
v a r i o u s a e r l o d e I n th e two s to r a g e c e l l a r * .
T a b le X1
H ie r e s u l t s i W
sh o rn In
$ABM X
D ate
7/10/y)
8 / 2 0 /3 0
9/22/50
10/8/50
10/22/30
m fi r m w f o f s o M H ir ■; i n b l i s s taim iF H m > x w s m a m
POlAiTO1NS, IN VAfIIOOS STAJiS OP OHOWlB AND STORAOi
l e n g th
of
___StflP&H, _
10 TO.
**
S to ra g e
' so lK n in e
...j a w ? ......... ^
CD*
.ObUlU
eke.
1 / 1 5 /3 1
3 ' IX).
5/1/31
1/15/31
5/1/31
7
y aw.
7 ase.
(A)
(A)
(A)
(D)
(3 )
.02(
o o tn to
. U.
.031CU
.00764
.D '25f.
2
^ s o la n in e
T,
.
.05150
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. 0351-9
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. 11 v
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.O5I8U
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.01376
. 0 .". <0
* P o ta to e s u s e d 7 / W P * » ra ^ r o m in 1929
** Im m ature p o ta to e s
+** P o ta t o e s greened, by e x p o s u re to l i g h t f o r 2 m onths
-3 ^
DISC03SI0N
A o o ^ a r l s d n o f th e e l l o i a t l o c o n d i tio n s f o r th e two s e a s o n s ,
1929 cad I S ip , d u r in g w hich th e p o t a t o e s w r e grown f o r t h i s e x p e rim e n t,
shew th .'-t th e average maxi mm, m in i mam and mean te m p e r a tu r e s for I 93D w ere
• l i g h t l y h ig h e r th a n f o r th e p r e v io u s s e a s o n ,
At th e same tim e th e t o t a l
m o u n t o f r a i n f a l l a s w a ll re the r e l a t i v e h u m id ity f o r 1930 # ae s l i g h t l y
lomo"’ then f o r 1929 ,
W hila th e t o t a l a mount o f r a i n f a l l f o r
t'
e se a so n
1 9 .- was o n ly 1.24 In A es l e s s than f o r the p r e c e d in g m e, i t w i l l b e n o te d
th : it th e m onths i n w hich t h e r e was h e a v i e r
r a o l p l t a t l o n a r e a lm o s t r e v e r s e d ,
I n 1929, th e f i r s t t h r e e m o n th s. May, J u n e and J u l y , showed r e l a t i v e l y high
p r e c i p i t a t i o n , w h ile th e two f o llo w in g m o n th s, A ugust and Septem ber,
i n d i c a t e d r a t h e r low m o u n t a .
However, i n 1930, p r a c t i c a l l y th e r e v e r s e
i s t r u e , w ith May end Ju n e h a v in g low p r e c i p i t a t i o n , and the n e x t th r e e
m onths, r e l a t i v e l y h i g h .
Aa i t i s r e c o g n is e d t h a t s e a s o n a l d i f f e r e n c e s nay
c a u s e cdMuagee I s th e c o m p o sitio n o f f r u i t s and v e g e t a b le s f 3 S )f th e
v a r i a t i o n s i n c l i m a t i c c o n d i tio n s d u r in g th e s e two y e a r s s h o u ld b e c o n s id e r e d
i n d i s c u s s i n g th e r e s u l t s o f t h i s s tu d y ,
"h e td b e r e o f b o th v a r i e t i e s o f
p o t a t o e s , B l i s s Triumph en d S e t t e d Gem, grown i n I 929 , w ere on th e a v e ra g e
l a r g e r th a n th o s e from th e f o llo w in g s e a s o n .
Wowwrer, t h e tu b e r s l a 1930 ,
w ith th e l a t e seaso n ed r a i n s made t h e i r r a p i d grow th d u r in g th e l a t t e r
m onths o f th e g row ing p e r io d .
A co m p ariso n o f th e two s to r a g e c e l l a r s , T a b le T I, e m p h asises
t h e f a c t t h a t s to r a g e A, w ith an a v e ra g e te m p e r a tu r e o f Uat G0F . a n
an
S V erepe r e l a t i v e h u m id ity o f 91 % was c o ld and damp, w h ile S to ra g e B,
w ith an a v e ra g e te m p e r a tu r e o f 56 . 7° f * and a n a v e ra g e r e l r t i v o h u m id ity
-3 5 -
o f U,,;.
t-QR c o m p a ra tiv e ly »,<am and d r y .
In v l 9» o f th e c o n tr a s tin g : t m p e r a t u r e e and h m l d l t i e ® o f th e
two etoM-’-o c e l l a r s , i t I s o f I n t e r e s t to n o te th e c h a n g e i n w e ig h t, o f th e
two ty p e s o f m ta to a * s t o r e d in e a c h .
In e to r :...$ A, th e B lle e Trlnmnh
p o t a t o , on A p ril 2 6 , showed a t o t a l l o s s I n w o l^ it o f 7 . 7 1 ’ , w h ile th e
h o t t e d Oem h a d a t o t a l g a in I n w e ig h t o f OmESf,,
In t r a c i n g th e change i n
w e ig h t t h r o w n th e s to r a g e p e r io d i t w i l l bo seen t h a t b o th th e B llo e
T rln e p h an d th e B e tte d Qess p o ta to e s hnd under,gons a s te a d y l o s e I n weight"
u p to
a rc h
17, en d t h a t d u r in g t b s f o llo w in g month th o n o ti o n was r e v e r s e d
and t-.e y nagnn to ^ aln i n w e ig h t.
The M 1-Jteet p e re o n ta g o l o s s o f th e U s e
T rium ph was 9»l 9g» f o r th e H o tte d Gem 2 .8 7 ? .
Trluaaph ad v an ced to
w eight b y 0 .8 2 ? .
-7*71
1«
g a in , th e B i l e s
w h ile th e H o tte d Gem# ex ce ed ed t h e i r o r i g i n a l
I n r e f e r r i n g to th e h u m id ity re a d ln g o ta k e n f o r t h e p erio d
d u r in g w hich t h i s I n e r e n a a i n r e l g l t t w ould b e te.ld.ng p l a c e . I t w i l l b e se e n
t h a t th e y a r e Q '. 0 , 31 . ’ r n d 9 5 .^
r e s p e c t i v e l y , th e am ernge b e i n ’
c o n s id e r a b ly h ig h e r th a n f o r th e p r e v io u s p e r i o d .
I t was a l s o n o te d , a t
t h i s tim e o f in c r e a s e i n w e ig h t, t h a t th e p o ta to e s w ere ehnwlmr t h e i r f i r s t
s ig n s o f g e n d n a t i o n , w hich may h a v e b e e n a p a r t i a l c a u s e f o r t h i s c h an g e .
I n s to r a g e B, th e B l i s s Triumph end B e tte d Q m p o ta to e s showed e.
s te a d y I o s - I n w e ig h t.
la tte r iH .p
,
The fo rm er re a c h e d n t o t a l l o r
o f 2 *22 , th e
=h e l a r g e r l o s s I n w e ig h t o f th e B ile s Trlnm ph x sto to
w ould be e x p e c te d , f o r th e y s p r o u te d v e r y v ig o r o u s ly , and s p r o u ts w ere
Fe1SOVed tw ic e d u r in g t h i s p e r io d .
The l o s s in w elrfht o r th e
i t le t' Qom,
th ro u g h s p r o u tin g was v e ry l i t t l e *
P ith th e s e v a r i a t i o n s i n th e w e ig h ts o f th e s t o r e d t u b e r s , i t
m ig h t be e x p e c te d t h a t ch a n g e s i n th e p ercentage o f m o is tu r e , would be fo u n d
K s tu d y o f T ab le IV shows o n ly a v e r y e l i c i t d e c r e a s e i n th e m o is tu re
c o n t e n t o f th e p o tato # ® upon e to r > - d I n e i t h e r c e l l a r ,
k d is c u s s io n o f th e
c a r b o h y d r a te t r a n s f o r m a tio n s , w ith th e aooom oanylng r e s p l t r a t i o n p r o c e s s , I n e
s t o r e d p o t a t o , may th ro w some l i g h t on th e r e a s o n sh y t h e m o is tu re c o n te n t
re m a in s a b o u t th e same, even th o u g h th e p o ta to ha® l o s t c o n s id e r a b le m o is tu re
th ro u g h e v a p o r a tio n .
O o r t n e r g i v e s th e s e r e a c t i o n s a s fo llo w s ?
(a ) The s t a r c h - s u g a r tr a n s f o r m a tio n
(b ) The s u g a r - s t a r c h tr a n s f o r m a tio n
(c ) The s u g a r - c a rb o n d io x id e and w a te r tr a n s f o r m a tio n
( th e r e s p i r a t i o n r o c e s s ) ,
h e s e r e a c t i o n s e x p r e s s e d by neo n s o f form ula® a r e :
( a ) (CfjH10O5)X
- (H2O)x
(b ) (OgHl 2 O g)x
(C) (OgH12Og)X - 0
(OfH12Og)X
(OgH10 O5)X .
(Hpp)X
S(Ct 2 )X - G(H2O)X
The f r e e w a te r p r e s e n t a f t e r th e l a s t r e a c t i o n i e s i x tim e s ,g r e a te r th a n a t
th e b e g in n in g .
Honce I t w ould seem p o s s i b l e t h a t th e w a te r c o n te n t o f th e
p o t a t o w ould re m a in a b o u t th e essa#, o r ev en become g r e a t e r , d u r in g s t o r a g e .
I n th e w in te r s to r a g e o f TMbbard s q u a s h ^ ^ i t was fo u n d t h a t th e m o is tu re
c o n te n t a c t u a l l y in c r e a s e d
due to c a r b o h y d r a te tr a n s f o r m a tio n ? .
The
s l i g h t v a r i a t i o n s n o te d from tim e to tim e i n th e exp ert ’"-ent, m ig h t b e
tr a c e d to d iffe re n c e ® i n i n d i v i d u a l t u b e r s .
CToldthw aite (
\
i n r s tu d y
o f th e c o m p o s itio n o f C o lo rad o p o t a t o e s fo u n d r a t h e r wide v a r i a t i o n s i n
th e m o is tu r e c o n te n t o f i n d i v i d u a l t u b e r s o f th e asms v a r i e t y .
Mhen th e s e p o t a t o e s w ere co o k ed , sam ples showed o n ly a v e ry
s l i g h t lo o s i n iTOlatxire c o n t e n t, com pared w ith th e raw .
T h is f e e t I n d i c a t e s
t h a t i n f e e d in g e x p e rim e n ts th e a n im a ls f e d th e cooked p o t a t o sup p lem en t
-3 7 -
»r® r o o e lv i a g p r a c t i c a l l y th e same A aeu n t o f s o lid * o s a r e th o s e on th e
raw su p p le m e n t.
The p e r o e n ta # ^ o f m o ls to re o f th e B l i s c Trium ph p o t a t o i s somewhat
h i g h e r th a n o f th e I 'e t t a d
'a n .
T h is c o r r e s p o n d s f a v o r a b ly w ith th e work
done by S o ld th w al Se ^ * 0 ^
r e s u l t s shown i n T a b le 7 , e x p r e s s in g th e change* i n h y d ro g en io n
c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e two v a r i e t i e s o f p o ta to e s i n s t o r t - e c o l l a r s 4 and Bf
I n d i c a t e t b - t th e
il ls * Trium ph i s l o s s a c i d , pH 6 ,6 , i n th e im m ature
c o n d i t i o n , s a d t h a t i t g r a d u a l ly in c r e a s e * f o r two m onths u n t i l I t r e a c h e s
a pH o f 5*S rh'UPe i t re m a in s c o n s ta n t u n t i l th e s p r in g m onths, Then i t
a g a i n shows l e s s a c i d i t y , pH 6 .2 .
J u s t when t h i s ch an g e ta k e s p la c e was
n o t d e te rm in e d , a s t e s t a w ore n o t ru n b etw een J e i u a f y and h a y .
v ery l i t t l e
Tvvjre i s
d i f f e r e n c e sh o rn In th e a c i d i t y o f th e B l i s s T riu m ih p o ta to e s
fro m c e l l a r s A end B,
Ir, J s n u a r y th e y cere th e same, b u t i n ' a y , th o s e from
A, show l e s s a c i d i t y .
The S a l t e d 6 e a p o ta to beh av ed I n a s i m i l a r m anner.
T h ese r e s u l t s do n o t c o rre s p o n d w ith th o s e o f
th e o r i g i n a l pH o f p o t a t o was I .
-
.
B
u
r g
e r ' e
^ 3 )^
f ounigi t h a t
a f t e r h a r v e s t and re a c h e d th e v a lu e
o f ' .3 -u .U a f t e r 2 t o 3 w eek s, m d th e n r e f i n e d c o n s t a n t .
Tow evsr, th e
a b s t r a c t o f B u r g e r 's w ork d o es n o t s t a t e th e v a r i e t y o f p o t a t o u s e d , th e
c o n d i tio n s o f
Tow th o r th e ty p e o f s t o r a g e em ployed.
TMriw? th e e x p e rim e n t i n 1 929-30 th e f l e s h o f th e B e tte d Bern
p o t a t o » s t o r e d i n th e c o ld , deny c e l l a r , d e v elo p ed a y e llo w is h - g r e e n c o l o r
• n - became a c r i d i n t a s t e , w h ile th e
d e v e lo p e d no f l a v o r .
l i e s Triumph r e g a i n e d w h ite and
"Hieee o b s e rv a tio n s; in d i c a to r t h a t t h e B e tte d .tern p o ta to
m ig h t h a v a some q u a l i t y t h a t was l a c k i n g I n th e B l i s s T rium ph, and t h i s
C O SL itin:: Cyo-TOStdd & "' W i e r / o r c e n t , ,.'d o f 'T-Ianln,-..
^ n y , , v Ir. th e
Tdllovitt;". y e a r , 195®*31» b o th th e ? @ tted ^ cn and T ilia s T r tw r d i p o ta to e s
L ovoloped th e y e l l o w l s h .g r eon c o lo r b a t o n ly th e S e t t e d Sem bed th e v e ry
a c r i d f l a v o r , th e B l i s s B rlu n p h h a v in g m erely a
ren o u n ce d p o ta to f l a v o r .
At i n t e r v a l s d u r in g s t o r a g e , i n 193®-31» ( f a b l e x ) th e p e r c e n ta g e s o f
e o la n ln e w ere d e te rm in e d f o r b o th v a r i e t i e s from s to r a g e c e l l a r s A and B»
By * ay I , th e r o la n ltte c o n te n t b ed I n c r e a s e d c o n s id e r a b ly i n th e t* o
v a r i e t i e s and to th e Sc ~n& t a g re e i n b o th ty p e s o f s t o r a
.
i s b o th
v a r i e t i e s o f p o t a t o e s , I n s to r a g e B (warm and d ry ) ro --a in e d v e ry w h ite
a n c d id n o t d e v e lo p any c o l o r , o r u n d e s ir a b l e f l a v o r , t h i s in d i c a t e d t h a t
th e p r o d u c ti o n
th e y o llo w ic h - g r e o n c o l o r , and th e a c r i d f l a v o r , a r e
a s s o c i a t e d w ith a h ig h e r p e r c e n ta g e o f e o la n ln e I n th e t u b e r «
B t u a r t '^
c la im s t h a t i n o r d e r to p r e s e r v e th e g a & llty o f p o ta to e s f o r c u l i n a r y
p u r p o s e s , I t i s n e c e s s a r y to e x c lu d e a l l l i g h t from th e s to r a g e h o u s e , a s
I W i t , e v e n when m o d ifie d , c a u s e s g r e e n in g o f th e tu b e r s and th e d ev elo p m en t
o f t- o la a in e ,
how ever, i n t h i s s tu d y j u s t th e r e v e r s e h a s b e e n found to b e
t r u s t th e p o ta to e s s t o r e d In a warm, d ry c o l l a r , i n m o d ifie d l i g h t , re m a in e d
v e r y w h ite end r e t a i n e d a d e s i r a b l e f l a v o r , w h ile th o s e I n th e c o ld , damp
s t o r a g e . In th e a b se n c e o f l i g h t , d e v e lo p e d a g re e n c o l o r and i n th e c a s e o f
th e ’ e t t e d
'em, « p e c u l i a r u n d e s ir a b l e f l a v o r .
As i t I s e v id e n t t h a t th e d ev elo p m en t o f a P tO en ish c o l o r end an
a c r i d f l a v o r d o e s n o t c o in c id e w ith a h i g h e r e o la n ln e c o n te n t i n th e tu b e r ,
th e q u e s ti o n a r i s e s a s to w hat
C f th e c o l o r .
my b e th e p o s s i b le s o u r c e f o r th e p r o d u c tio n
Two c o n je c tu r e ? a*-a o f f e r e d .
The H r s t I r b a s e d on th e
d e m o n s tr a tio n o f th e p r e s e n c e o f a f le v n n e g lu c o e td e In p o ta to e s by th e
m ethod recommended by O n s lo w ^ 1^
A p o r t i o n o f p o ta to t i s s u e h e l d o v e r
-
3
r -
v a p o r t u r n s a b r i g h t y e llo w , th e c o l o r d is a p p e a r in g a g a i n on n e u t r a l i s e ,
t i o n w ith a c i d .
P la n t c h e n ls te ,
(31)» (3^), (35),
an d
(36)
hav e su& s a t e d
t h a t th e p r e s e n c e o f f la v o n e d e r i v a t i v e s o r g lu c o e ld e e , may p o s s e s s an
ln ro o rta a t p h y s i o l o g i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e In a b s o r b in g th e u l t r a v i o l e t r a y s o f
s u n l i g h t , th e r e b y p r o t e c t i n g th e p l a n t a g a i n s t t h e i r i n j u r i o u s a c t i o n .
It
h a s b een d e m o n s tra te d t h a t A lp in e p l a n t s grown a t lo w e r a l t i t u d e s , w here
u l t r a v i o l e t l i g h t i s l e s s i n t e n s e , do n o t c o n t a in a s ntuch f la v o n e a s th o s e
grown i n th e .Alps.
P r e li m in a r y w oik, m e a s u rin g th e u l t r a v i o l e t l i ^ i t p r e s e n t
i n O a l l a t t n V a lle y , showed a l a r g e am ount.
I t eeeme t h a t w ith th e h ig h e r
a l t i t u d e , c o n s id e r a b ly m ore f la v o n e may b e p r e s e n t i n l o c a l l y grown p o ta to e s
th a n In th o s e from lo w e r a l t i t u d e s .
TJhder norm al c o n d i t i o n s o f g ro w th t h e f la v o n e s do n o t show c o l o r
b u t u n d e r c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s c o l o r may d e v e lo p .
H l c e ^ U , i a B paaklng o f
th e fla v o n e g lu c o e ld e e , s t a t e s t h a t c o l o r ch a n g e s I n p l a n t p ig m e n ts a r e
f r e q u e n t l y b r o u g h t a b o u t Iqr o x id a tio n o r r e d u c t io n , and a l s o b y c h a n g in g
th e r e a c t i o n o f th e medium i n w hich th e c o l o r i s fo u n d .
I n a p p ly in g t h i s th e o r y to th e p o t a t o , th e f a c t t h a t th e
a p p e a ra n c e o f t h e g r e e n is h c o l o r i n p o ta to e s k e p t i n a c o o l , damp s to r a g e ,
o c c u rre d a t th e e r n e tim e t h a t p o ta to e s I n s t o r a g e B b eg an to s p r o u t, m ig h t
show am i n h i b i t e d n a t u r a l te n d e n c y , c o n e e o u e n tly some ab n o rm al ch em ical
a c t i o n s I n th e p o ta to e s from s t o r a g e A.
The a d d i t i o n a l f a c t t h a t th e B lle e
Trium ph p o ta to I n s to r a g e A rem ain ed w h ite th e f i r s t y e a r , h u t tu rn e d g re e n
t h e seco n d y e a r , m ig h t b e e x p la in e d b y t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f e a r l i e r s p r o u tin g
i n th e fo rm e r c a s e .
The s e c o n d c o n j e c tu r e i s t h a t t h i s dev elo p m en t o f c o l o r m i # t h e
d ue to th e p r e s e n c e o f c h l o r o p h y l l .
Ho e x p e rim e n ta l work w as done to
d e m o n s tra te th e p r e s e n c e o f c h l o r o p h y l l I n th e g re e n e d p o t a t o e s h u t I t h a s
b e e n s t a t e d t h a t th e p y r r o l e n u c le u s an d magnesium a r e t h e f a c t o r s t h a t
d e te rm in e th e g r e e n c o l o r a t i o n o f p l a n t s ^ ? ) .
Magnesium i s found In th e
p o t a t o ^ ) , h u t no m e n tio n h a s b een made o f th e p r e s e n c e o f p y r r o l e .
H ic e ^ l)
s a y s t h a t p y r r o l e i t s e l f i s a p o is o n an d i s n o t 'o u ad a s su ch i n l i v i n g
t i s s u e s , b u t t h a t many s u b s ta n c e s d e r iv e d from p l a n t and a n im a l l i f e y i e l d
p y r r o l e on d e c o m p o sitio n .
Among th e s e a r e th e p r o t e i n s , a l k a l o i d s , c h l o r o p h y l l ,
• hem oglobin, and th e b i l e p ig m e n ts .
AnplemarA^' m eat I one a d e c r e a s e in
p r o t e i n upon s t o r a g e .
A l l e n ’ s Com m ercial O rg a n ic A n a ly e i s ^
s t a t e s t h a t p y r r o le i s w id e ly
d i s t r i b u t e d i n n a t u r e , s in c e c h l o r o p h y l l , t h e g re e n p ig m e n ts o f p l a n t s , a n d
h e m o g lo b in , th e p ig m en t o f b lo o d , a r e d e r i v a t i v e s o f p y r r o l e .
To id ia t d e g r e e a l l o f th e s e ch an g e s i n th e two v a r i e t i e s o f p o t a t o e s ,
k e p t i n two s t o r a g e p l a c e s , may a f f e c t c e r t a i n n u t r i t i v e f i n a l i t i e s , i s th e
p r i n c i p a l m e e t io n i n t h i s s tu d y ,
from th e r e s u l t s of a s e r i e s o f f e e d in g
e x p e r im e n ts , w here th e v ita m in 0 c o n te n t o f th e p o ta to e s h a s b een t e s t e d ,
comes th e in f o r m a tio n t h a t may s e r v e t o a n sw e r t h i s q u e s tio n .
The c r i t e r i o n u s e d to d e te rm in e the u r e s e n c e o r a b s e n c e o f v ita m in 0
i s th e d e g re e o f th e d i s e a s e s c u r v y , fo u n d upon a u to p s y o f th e e x p e rim e n ta l
a n im a ls a t th e c l o s e o f an e i g h t w eek s’ f e e d in g p e r io d .
SherroaiA3) s t a t e s
t h a t the u n i t o f v ita m in 0 rasy be c o n s id e r e d as the amount when fe d a s a
d a i l y a llo w a n c e , t h a t J u e t s u f f i c e s to a f f o r d c o m p lete p r o t e c t i o n from
s c u rv y , to a e ta n d a r d g u in e a p ig .
d o m in a tio n o f T a b le 71, eliow ing th e r e s u l t e o f th e v ita m in 5
f e e d in g e n e r l n n e n te , I $ 29- 30 , shows a c e a ip e rle o n o f th e a n t t s c o r b u tic v a l u e
o f th e B l i s s Tritmanh n o t a t o , In th e f a l l sn d a f t e r e l * m onths* s to r a g e , i n
c e l l a r s A rmd I.
O roups I an d 7 i a «8ilch th e a n im a ls w ere fe d
o n ly
th e
b a s a l d i e t i n d i c a t e t h a t b y th e dev elo p m en t o f s c u rv y a n d e a r l y d e a th , th e
d i e t was v ita m in O f r e e .
G roups 2 end 8 , iS hen fe d a d a i l y su p p lem en t o f
6 ,grams o f to m ato r e c e iv e d c o m p le te p r o t e c t i o n from s c u rv y .
I n th e f a l l o f 1929* 10 grume o f
ra w
B l i s a Trium ph p o ta to d id n o t
o f f e r c o ts p le te p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t s c u rv y a s t h e r e w ere a few d o u b tfu l c a s e s .
I n t h e s o r in g , ho w ev er, p o t a t o e s from b o th s to r a g e c e l l a r s A mid B,
f u r n is h e d c o m p le te p r o t e c t i o n when f e d on a 10 grata l e v e l .
When th e p o t a t o
was f e d i n a co o k ed c o n d i t i o n , th e 10 gram l e v e l i n th e f a l l p ro d u ced one
d o u b tf u l c a s e o f s c u r v y , b u t i n th e s p r i n g , from b o th s t o r a g e s A and B,
m o d e ra te c a s e e o f s c u rv y d e v e lo p e d on th e same l e v e l .
I n th e e a s e f a l l , 10 gram s o f raw N e tte d Gem p o ta to d id n o t 'u r n l e h
a s much p r o t e c t i o n a s th e B l i s s Trium ph, f o r s l i g h t s c u rv y d e v e lo p e d .
In
th e s p r in g , J te t te d ('em p o t a t o e s from b o th s to r a g e h o u s e s showed more p o te n c y
th a n th e y h a d i n th e f a l l .
H owever, more
p o t a t o e s from e to ram* B th a n from A.
p r o te c tio n was f u r n is h e d by th e
When f e d In a cooked c o n d i tio n , th e
Io gram l e v e l i n th e f a l l o f f e r e d d o u b tf u l p r o t e c t i o n , w h ile i n th e s p r in g ,
-ilTom b o th s t o r a g e s , 4 and B, s l i $ i t c a s e e o* s c u rv y d e v e lo p e d on th e same
le v e l.
I n th e f o llo w ln
f a l l o f 19 3 0 , ev en 5 gram s o'* raw B il e s T r l w p h
u o ta to f u r n is h e d c o m p lete p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t s c u rv y .
H ow ever, i n th e
s p r i n g , p o t a t o e s "rom s t o r a g e A, th o u g h f e d on & t o gram l e v e l , p ro d u ced
t r a c e s o f s c u rv y ; th o s e from s to r a g e B, g av e d o u b tf u l p r o t e c t i o n .
I n th e
-4 2 -
f a l l when t h e co o k ed o o ta to was fa d , th e 10 gymm l e v e l o f f e r e d co m p lete
p r o t e c t i o n , b u t I n th e a p rln r;, p o t,;to e s from b o th e t o r ... :e c e l l a r e , A r,nd
B, ehen fe d on th e same l e v e l , o f t e n produced e l i c i t c a se s o f scorvy.
The J e tte d Q m t i n th e same f a l l p ro d u c e d s i m i l a r r e s u l t s .
C om plete
p r o t e c t i o n Q ppdnst s c u r r y was f u r n is h e d b y th e d a l l y f e e d in g o* 5 grams o f
raw l e t t e d Qem
o t& to .
I n th e s p r i n g , h o w ev er, p o t a t o e s from s to r a g e
c e l l a r s A and S , p ro d u c e d s l i g h t and d o u b tf u l s c u rv y , r e s p e c t i v e l y , when
f e d on a 10 gram l e v e l .
I n th e f a l l ao s c u rv y d ev elo p ed on th e 10 g*w6
co o k ed s u p p le m e n t, w h ile I n th e r - .r l n g , p o t a t o e s from s t o r a g e A, p ro d u ced
t r e e s o f s c u rv y ; th o s e from etorokgo D o f f e r e d c o m p lete p r o t e c t i o n when fe d
on th e same l e v e l .
At o n ce I t i s s e e n t h a t th e r e s u l t s o f th e v ita m in Q s t u d i e s , made
on th e two p o t a t o e s d u r in g th e two s e a s o n s , a r e n o t s i m i l a r .
I n I ^ 2% 10
gram s o f e i t h e r raw B ile s Trium ph o r n e t t e d Oeen -^ o ta to , was v e r y c lo s e to
th e b o r d e r l i n e 0 * p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t s c u rv y , w h ile i n 1950 ev en 5 grume o f
raw X)tv.to from e i t h e r v a r i e t y a f f o r d e d am ple p r o t e c t i o n .
I t i s e v id e n t
from t h i s t h a t th e v ita m in 0 c o n t e n t o f th e two v a r i e t i e s o f p o ta to e s grown
i n 1920 was much h i g h e r th a n o f th o s e r a i s e d In 1929.
T h is m ight be t r a c e d
to th e s e a s o n a l d i f f e r e n c e s a s re c o rd e d i n T a b le I , tl
t show 1929 a s h a v in g
e a r l y r e i n s and l a t e d r o u th , w h ile 1930 h ad e a r l y d ro u th an d l a t e r u i n s .
F o llo w in g th e s e r a i n s came a l a t e p e r io d o f r a p i d g ro w th .
As v ita m in G
seem s to b e a s s o c ia te d , w ith a s t a t e o f r a p i d g ro w th , t h i s m ig h t acc o u n t f o r
t h e h i g h e r c o n te n t o f v ita m in 0 i n th e 1930
;o ta to e e .
G oreparing th e B l i s s Trium ph an d U e tte d Gem p o t a t o e s i n 1929, 10
gram s o f th e B l i s s Trium ph when raw , f u r n is h e d b e t t e r p r o t e c t i o n th a n th e
-
»«ne faaouat o f M etted Oera n o t& to .
a b le ,
43
-
I n 1930, no d if f e r e n c e * w ere d i s t i n g u i s h ­
Hhen th e s e two v a r i e t i e s o f y -o tato es w ere k e p t f o r 5 m onths in
• t o r a f o A, th e 1929 l o t showed an I n c r e a s e i n th e p o te n c y o f v ita m in 0 ,
I n b o th k in d s o f p o ta to e s , w h ile th e l$ J 0 l o t showed a v e r y d e c id e d d e c r e a s e
i n th e p o te n c y o f b o th v a r i e t i e s .
T h ere i s no a p p a r e n t e x p la n a tio n f o r th e
g r e a t d e g re e o f d i f f e r e n c e , shown i n th e e f f e c t o f th e c o o l , damp s to r a g e
n n en th e v ita m in 0 c o n te n t o* th e two v a r i e t i e s o f r o t a t o e s , d a r in g th e two
eeaso n e.
o ik done i n t h i s l a b o r a t o r y , on th e
r e tte d G m p o t a t o , c-rev io u s
to 19 2 9 , i n d i c a t e s t h a t th e te n d e n c y f o r v ita m in 0 to i n c r e a s e upon s to r a g e
i s more u s u a l .
A pym rently th e v ita m in l o s s i n 1930 m e t b e a t t r i b u t e d to
some s e a s o n a l d i f f e r e n c e d u r in g grow th.
When th e two v a r i e t i e s o f p o ta to e s w ere k e p t f o r 6 m onths i n
s t o r a g e B, th e 1929 l o t showed a n ev en g r e a t e r g a in i n v ita m in CS p o te n c y
th a n d id th o s e i n s to r a g e A.
Oera.
T h is was p a r t i c u l a r l y n o t i c e d i n th e N e tte d
The 1930 l o t h ad l o s t c o n s id e r a b le o f th e v ita m in 0 p o te n c y t h a t was
p o s s e s s e d i n th e f a l l , b a t was m ore no t e n t th a n th e l o t k e p t i n s to r a g e A.
I n s tu d y in g th e e f f e c t o f c o o k in g upon th e v ita m in 0 p o te n c y i n
b o th v a r i e t i e s o f p o ta to e s , t h e r e a p p e a rs t o b e no l o s e d u r in g e i t h e r o f t h e
f a l l f e e d in g p e r i o d s .
T h is c o r r e s p o n d s w ith th e g e n e r a l t r e n d o f p r e v io u s
w ork by G ivene and K c S l u g a g e ^ ) , w1l0
gram s ©f p o t a t o , cooked i n
w a te r a t IOO0O, f o r 15 m in u te s , s u f f i c i e n t to p r o t e c t a g a i n s t sc u rv y f o r
129 d a y s .
They s t a t e t h a t t h e r e i s no a p p r e c ia b le l o s e o f v ita m in 0 p o te n c y
i f u o t a t o e s a r e co o k ed i n w a te r a t IOO6O1 f o r 15 m in u te s .
P o ta t o e s u s e d
i n t h i s s tu d y w ere b o i l e d f o r 25 m in u te# a t 9 5 ° 0 .
S h e r n a n ^ ^ 1« i n c l i n e d t o b e l i e v e t h a t v e g e ta b le s l o s e some o f
t h e i r v ita m in O upon c o o k in g .
He r a te * raw p o ta to e s a s g o t c o m p a r e d
w ith o ra n g e J u i c e a s 100, and cooked p o ta to e s 10 to 30.
I n t h i s s tu d y ,
l o s s e s i n v ita m in I due to c o o k in g w ere o n ly found a f t e r th e s i x m o n th s'
s t o r a g e , i n b o th s t o r a g e c e l l a r s .
The o n ly e x c e p tio n to t h i s g e n e r a l f i n d i n g
was th e l o t t e d Om* n o t# to t h a t h a d k e e n s t o r e d i n a w arn , d r y c e l l a r d u r in g
1930.
So f a r th e d is c u s s io n h a s I n c lu d e d o n ly symptoms o f s c u rv y , n o te d
a t th e c o n c lu s io n o f th e f e e d i n g e x p e r im e n ts , I n w hich B l i s s Triumph s a d
n e t t e d Oecs p o ta to e s Iiad b e e n fe d raw , an d I n th e cooked c o n d i t i o n , i n th e
f a l l and a f t e r s i x m o n th s' s t o r a g e .
TJpon e x a m in a tio n o f th e g ra p h s , F ig u r e s
1 - 7 , i t w i l l a l s o b e n o te d t h a t some i n t e r e s t i n g g row th c u r v e s accompany t h e s e
I n d i c a t i o n s o f th e p r e s e n c e o r a b s e n c e o f v ita m in 0 .
f i g u r e s 6 and 7 p r e s e n t
t h e c o m p o site o f two y e a r s ' g ro w th r e c o r d s f o r th e g ro u p s o f a n im a ls fe d
e .ch o f th e two v a r i e t i e s o f p o t a t o e s .
g a i n s i n g ro w th Hhon u s in g th e
D u rin g th e f a l l e x p e r im e n ts , th e
H l e e Trium ph p o ta to w ere v e r y s i m i l a r f o r th e
5 gram end 10 gram l e v e l s , when raw .
F o r th e N e tte d Oem, th e r a t e o f g ro w th
on 10 gram s o f raw p o ta to was b e t t e r th a n on th e 5 gram l e v e l ,
h e n c o o k ed ,
10 gram s o f B i l e s Triumph x>toto gav e b e t t e r growth th a n d i d th e N e tte d Gem.
A f t e r G months* s to r a g e I n c e l l a r s A and B, 5 a M 10 gram raw
su p p lem en t# o f b o th p o t a t o e s , a f f e c t e d an im a l
ro w th I n a s i m i l a r way.
Those
from s to r a g e A, w here I t was c o o l and dome, -gave l e s s g ro w th th a n d id th o s e
from s to r a g e B, w here i t was worm and d r y .
Hien th e su p p le m e n ts w ere f e d In
a cooked c o n d i t i o n , g row th on 10 gram s o f B i l e s Triumph was s i m i l a r from b o th
s to ra g e c e l l a r s .
I n th e c a s e o f th e
e t t e d Gem, 10 gram s o J cooked no t a t o
from s to r a g e B, g av e l e s s g ro w th th a n d i d th e same amount from s to r a g e A.
I n r e f e r r i n g b ack to T a b le s V I, V I I , V III an d IX, an d f o llo w in g t h e
a v e ra g e t o t a l g a in s i n w e ig h t, t o g e t h e r w ith th e d e g re e o f s c u rv y , I t w i l l be
-45-
®®eQ t'o a t th e two do n o t p a r a l l e l each o t h e r .
m a n if e s t, b u t s c u rv y I s a l s o p r e s e n t .
p l a c e , a lth o u g h s c u rv y I s a b s e n t,
I n many c a s e s , good, g ro w th I s
I n o t h e r s , v e r y p o o r growth ta k e s
:2om« o f th e
I n o r v a r i a t i o n s aa^v be
e x p la in e d th ro u g h I n d iv i d u a l te n d e n c ie s o f g r o w t h ^ ) .
I t seems t h a t o t h e r s
n a y be a c c o u n te d f o r b y o b s e r v a ti o n o f th e f a c t t h a t s c u rv y symptoms a p p e a r
I n d i f f e r e n t o r g a n s i n v a r io u s a n im a ls .
Ih e n s c u rv y h em o rrh a g es o c c u r I n
c e r t a i n p la c e s th e r e s u l t s seem to b e m ore d i s a s t r o u s th a n o t h e r s .
For
i n s t a n c e i t h a s b een n o ti c e d t h a t a n a n im al may d e v e lo p a v e r y s e v e r e c a s e
o f s c u rv y , m a n if e s t o n ly i n th e h in d J o i n t s , end c o n tin u e to e a t n o rm a lly
a n d grow .
A gain to a l l o u tw a rd a p p e a ra n c e s a n an im al may e x h i b i t no s ig n s
o f s c u rv y , and s t i l l d ie o f th e d i s e a s e .
h a s fo u n d s i m i l a r r e s u l t s .
H e e e ^ i n w o rk in g w ith I n f a n t s ,
T h ese o b s e r v a ti o n s w ould i n d i c a t e t h a t g ra p h s
o f a n im a ls , u s e d f o r th e t e s t i n g o f v ita m in Ot s e r v e o n ly a e a n a i d I n th e
I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f th e f i n a l r e s u l t s .
I n r e f e r r i n g to th e a p p e n d ix i t w i l l a l s o b e s e e n t h a t f r e q u e n t ly
t h e r e i s c o n s id e r a b le v a r i a t i o n I n th e d e g re e o f s c u rv y w ith i n o n e g ro u p .
H o e s’ ^
b e l i e v e s t h a t I n hum ane, t h e r e l e a p r e d i s p o s i t i o n t o s c u rv y , a s
t h e r e p ro b a b ly i s to e v e r y n u t r i t i o n a l d i s o r d e r .
Among B a i l o r s , t h e r e was
a c e r t a i n num ber t h a t d e v e lo p e d s c u rv y on t h e same r a t i o n w hich d id n o t harm
o th e rs .
I t seem s v e r y
o s e l b l e t h a t t h i s th e o r y may h o ld t r u e i n g u in e a
p i g s a s w e ll .
A f te r th e e x p e rim e n ts I n 1930, t h e r e w ere i n d i c a t i o n s t h a t some o f
th e u n u s u a l c h a n g e s i n th e v ita m in C c o n t e n t m ight be a s s o c i a t e d w ith th e
developm ent o f a g r e e n is h c o l o r and a h i g h e r p e r c e n ta g e o f s o la n in e I n th e
o t u t o ; t h e work I n 1930*31 h a s q u i t e c l e a r l y shown t h a t no r e l a t i o n s h i p
c a n b e re c o g n iz e d o s e x is tin g : b etw een v ita m in 0 and th e s e o t h e r f a c t o r s i n
th e p o ta to .
A g e n e r a l euronsary o f th e two y e a rs * work, on b o th v a r i e t i e s o f
p o t a t o e s , i n d i c a t e s t h a t when g e m i n a t i o n I s a llo w e d to ta k e p l a c e , a t th e
n a t u r a l tim e , an d i s n o t I n h i b i t e d a s i n th e c o o l , damp s t o r a g e , b e t t e r
g ro w th was o b ta in e d , and th e v ita m in 0 showed more p o te n c y th a n i n th e f a l l ,
o r I n p o t a t o e s from s to r a g e A.
-Uy-
amtoiHX
1.
The B llee Triumph and Netted 9sa potatoee used I r t h i s study, v ere pieced in
t '"o ty-nee o f etc rag# c e lla r s ‘"or a period of s i r r^athe.
2.
The .'lie s Trimph potato i s <m early maturing, red-altlnned variety; the
Betted Oem, a la te -aaturtng and rusaet-skinned variety.
3.
The two types o'* etorayee used mire A, a cool, dem c e lla r , «remge
te-zuernture to. Gcf . and ,• vero
&
dry c e lla r , average temperature
r ela tiv e humidity pl.Ot; and B, a warm,
$ j,T ° T ,
and average r e la tiv e humidity
U 2 .6 1
U.
Indications from fa ll feeding experiment* were, that the B lis s Triumph
potato, when fed raw had a l i ^ t l y m re vitamin 3 notency than an
equivalent amount o f the
etted Oea potato.
When fed in a cooked con­
d itio n , the "attod Oea gave s lig h tly more protection against scurvy than
did the H liss Triumph.
5.
Tall feeding experiments Indicated that the Bllee Trlirnh potato pro­
duced b etter growth In the experiments! animals than did the Metted Oem
o ta to .
6.
hon fed in & cooked condition, the same held true.
In the spring, a fte r s ix Tamfiis1 storrige in c e lla r A, there was no
apparent difference in the vitamin C potency o f the B llee Trtomph and
etted Gm potatoes, When fed raw.
there was again no difference noted.
hen fed in a cooked condition,
A small lo s t in vitamin 3 potency
was apparent in both type# o f potatoes, When compared with the fa ll
potency.
7.
In the spring, the B lis s Trlwzph potato# from storage A, fed in the raw
condition produced s lig h tly better growth in the animals than did. the
-4 8 -
raw netted Oon.
there was no apparent difference in the amount o f
animal growth resu ltin g from the use o f the two potatoes when cooked.
I n the raw condition, the B lis s VrWspb potato produced b etter mlr-al
growth la the f a l l than I t did In the spring, a fter being kept In a
co o l, damp storage.
d.
fIhe esno Is true o f the Hettwl Oea potato,
In the s p rin g , ufter s i x months In storage c e lla r B, there was p r a c tic a lly
no difference In the vitamin O potency o f the B liss Tfiweph and Hotted
ihm potato'.-;e, shea raw.
In the cooked condition, the Betted Dem showed
s lig h t ly more x)tency than did the i ll e s Triumph.
cooked rOrms, the
etted Dem and l i e s Crluraph potatoes showed
p ra ctica lly no lo se in Vltaml
9. In the spring, the
In both the raw and
* compared with i t s potency In the f a l l .
l i e s Trlwagh potato, fra a storage B, produced b etter
animal growth than did the Vetted Gem potato from the same storage.
When cooked the B liss Triwaph potato from storage 8 , again gave better
growth than did the Betted Den.
However, both the B iles Trlxraph and
.etted Dem potatoes gave better animal growth, In the spring, from
storage 3, than they gave In the previous f a l l.
10.
The resu lts o f th is study indicate that the vitamin O content of the t@o
v a r ie tie s o f notntoes varies with seasonal differences that occur
during the growing periods.
11.
In storage c e lla r A, where i t Is cool und damp, both the B llee Triumph
and etted Bern potatoes developed a yellowish-green color, during
stor, ga, but It was only the Vetted Gem potato that became acrid in
ta ste .
12.
In storage c e lla r B, where It Is warm end dry, both v a r ie tie s of
i*,o*,atoe« shriveled and epronted dariag storage, but remained white in
color end developed no nr.dneirBblo flavor.
13.
' oth v a r ie tie s Or* -otatoes In botli store,.:® c e lla r s A and 3, showed an
Increase In the percentage o f saltmine by the f ir s t o f Fay.
The
developnient o f a yellowish-'Teen color in the potatoes from storage A,
did not serve ae
lU.
m
Index to » high percentage of eol-mine.
Tom t- is study, therd are no indications that ; ,
percentage
a *
so l anise has a deleterious e ffe c t upon the vitamin C content of potatoes.
-5 0 -
OOHOLtTSI OIfS
1.
The result* o f th is study indicate that the B llse Triumph potato
has a e ll ^ i t l y higher vitamin 0 content, than does the Betted Oesi
notftto.
2.
The v ltm ln C content o f both v a r ie tie s o f potato ee#sns to b e affected
by the clim atic conditions that occur during the growing period o f the
potato.
3*
in ter storage, in a warm, dry c e lla r , seems to cause p ra ctica lly no
lo se in the vitamin 0 content o f the two v a r ie tie s
U.
potato,
Winter storage, in a cool, darm? c e lla r , seems to cause a small lo ss
In the vitamin
0
content o f the two v a r ie tie s o f xit&to.
i6 * ie« L E B 6 am a* ii
The w riter wishes to express her appreciation to Doctor J essie
.. Hchardson and Mlet iorothy Douglas a, o f the Department o f Rome
Economics o f the Montana Experiment Station, for the ^suidsnce and
ea&'ostions given her during the time th is study was carried on.
-5 1 -
B im io m A P m r
(I)
vCRollwn 1 .V, -me I ........ ?, .
19 2 5 .
."he " e - e r Knowledge o f N u t r i t i o n . % , 3 .
The 'e c l l l n n Ronnnny 1 1fTer Y ork.
( 2)
S h e rn a n 1 K.C, and . - I t h 1 . L.
15 2 2 . t h e V ita m in s . W U l• The C hsm leal C atr
One eSdlgtm A v em e, Wer Y ork.
. .
1 9 2 f.
(3)
k
(Ii)
o ra ,
. I,
1920 .
. Ilv a 1
( 6)
m a y , w, h .
1930 .
( 8)
D o r tn e r 1 ’. a.
19 2 9 .
(1 0 )
D e ss, A.V.
1918.
( 12)
Y f e c t o f S c o r b u tic ' l e t s on th e T o o th .
b 2 , 56 -90. V.A. lU , IgUU.
D e n ta l Oosmoe
An Im provem ent i n th e Q u a n ti ta ti v e A ssay o f th e
A n tis c o r b u t ic V itam in C, # . Jo tx r. P u b .H e a lth
l i , 1309 . 2 0 .
O u tli n e s o f d o o h e m le tr y .
Ksw Y ork.
Jo h n W iley f
o n e, I n c .
S curvy P n s t aw P r e s e n t . '3d.I ,
P h i l a d e l p h i a , P e n n s y lv a n ia .
J.
• . TA - n ln c o tt A C o .,
<?. A,. ' a . J L ,
Holes o f * n t l s c o r b u t i c s I n Oar D le to r y .
S&1-3. C.A. I P , Pf-IO.
rI H s , O a rlo to n and V aclo od , A nnie t»
1922«
(11)
% # WWMllIgm
'- e s s , A.
1920 .
(9 )
' i t r l f l o n . 'A l. 3 .
-rk .
. . nd s e l l s , V .
1 9 1 9 . C hances I n th e T e e th o f D aln ea P ig s P roP uocd b y a
S c o r b u tic D to t* P ro c.H o y . S ee.(L o n d o n ) °0 B, 509*12.
C.A. 1J» 17 2 7 .
<5)
(7 )
C h em istry
ry , '
-pany. I n c ,
Vltnl ' -ctorr In *0o6 #« '>1.1.
^oetrand, Sew York.
O o lld o r f , o . and Z a l l , O e lta
197 n # T o o th GrowtP in "xper I -Rental ’o a r v y .
5 2 , 5 7 . c . a. PU, ‘4 3 3 0 .
J.
"ed.
r o ss ,
19 1 9 ,
" 'f f o c t o f Ag*. H eat and R eact I on on A n tis c o r b u tic P o o d s.
J. . 0 . 1 _, 233. 303 ,
O.^ U , 172' .
-5 2 -
(13)
B radew ll, ' . , < .llv a ,
1930.
(lU )
S ttie r t,
.ind ; - v i e ,
fJ h e A n tie tc o rb u tlc P o te n c y o f A p p le s.
Jlo ch era. J r .
( I ) C2,
,.
193-•
Potato
lor . j .-:-nd itcrapr-r : u-
Faonierei u l l e t l n “o . 8U7 .
A g r icu ltu r e ,
D^partiriaot o f
( 15 )
Appleton, : . 0 .
1912 . Changes in p o ta to e s urln Jtora^oe
;;r. % . :tr. .m l. 0 , 167 .
(IS )
aoediifln,
( 17 )
(1 3 )
. .ond 'a r t l n ,
.
192$ . 1,08898 on tor;" A o f i'ar-n Orope . P o ta to o e,
J . -oath ; a t o m " v . O o ll. iV s , le n t.
1 9 8 -9 . C.A. 2 4 , n o ? .
B ezasonov, " ,
1922.
Kohm--H1
1*324,
o .2 5 ,
I n f lu a n e e o f O x ld o aee on th e R ap id O a e tr u e tlo n
o f A n tin a o r b u tto h ib e ta n c o .
su l. $0 0 . 9 , 537-4."'.
C.A* l £ , 1604.
Cddy, . . &r» C a rle so n , ? .
The V lta s d n C ,D e s t r u c t i v e V aeder i n A p p le s ,
I n d e C1T.- h r . ' V l e t r j , i f , " 0 , 1 2 , 1 ,"' " I .
(1 9 )
V te s e le r,
A n d erso n , H.
and 'lW H U barth, ",
1 9 3 0 . V itr- -in S tu d ie s i n " 0 . J o n a f h - n I d e n ,
.
.
I a ti e x t R e c o rd .7 9 0.
(2 0 )
Tio-uglnse,
and n tc b y rd s o n , J , '.
19 3 0 . Che if f a c t o f i t o r e g e end O aonlng on th e V lta a ln
A, J and
'o n te n t o f C a r r o ts . J o w . o f . .'3.22,
659- 60.
(2 1 )
(22)
(2 3 )
S tu a rt, *.
1939.
f e t t e r , O .E.
1930*
r o t a t e i r e 1n o t i o n i n th e Par • e a te r ? •
F a rm e rs 1 P u l l e t l n 16?
v to s.
I d e a l Types f o r C o lo rad o tn n d a rd T o ta to V a r i e t i e s .
Ool
n r .C o lle g e . C o lo . ;x. .
o r t C o llin s .
Ih a C ooledge C om parator f o r th e D e te rm in a tio n o f 15.Io n Concent r a t i o n s .
C e n tr a l S o l t m t l f i c Company, 4 6 o , ’. Ohio s t r e e t ,
ChI e r v o , I l l i n o i s ,
-5 2 -
(2^)
Cioldtiiimlt e , >. .
1925.
Variation* In the Composition o f Colorado Potatoe*,
iole, Y
'htp, S ta ,, Pome Seenomloe octlen ,
'r .p t C o l i t n - ,
( 25)
Clar' ,
( 26 )
( 27 )
. Memsfleld
1922 . The Determination o f Hydrogen Iene, Second Idi tlon,
Hi® 91111am* S Wllklne Company, Baltimore, fJ
. .
1928.
’ e lf,
C e le ro lo .
. .
1925.
Kimbrough, w.P. and Smith, c. .
Phyetolo-Ilcal -TkrlnScazre of Potato#? Ir Storage.
•
Influence of Storage on the Antiscorbutic Value of
"r-Mlt - • r.C
Able Jtilcse,
1 ^ 1- 52 . J . % 1 2
1729 .
(28)
Aut nrleth, W, nd rrr^n. .
1921. Detection of oloone.
P. Iilrfdlsten1S on ' Co,, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
( .;)
io een au , ’ , J .
Preventive Medlclna
.
I to .
- , , fx-r Prr .
(30)
Ciehre. A, smu f realm, r.
1919« Colaulae Content of Potato®*,
Chem. 2tf:. Ug,. 593, c.A. 12, 32U9,
( 31)
v ic e , v . .
1927 •
Orr* :•ilc I1:erl fit-/.
•A-Hlll Book Co, I n e , , Bew T o r .
(32)
>Jt ' Inpe, ". Emd Jgn V. , , ,
1925 . IyUbhard Ceiaeh In
torage.
Vermont A er, *;!rn ,
(33)
t a . , B u r lin g to n , V erm ont,
Bxxrpsr, J .
19?8.
'Cxrmlnatlonp- of the Assylaeo of Potato.
n-yt-" Che-. V olyA lrat ]U , I CO. % %
( 3U)
(3 3 )
Onslow,
^TH .
, hole '-Io
1920. Tlrnt vioc’ 0 -Irtry .
Tambrldjse, University YYos-.
h l b n t r . P. end
1917.
le h ld -,
.he Oocnrronco acdPhysioleglct-l rIy n lfltIconce of
Slavons Derivatives Sn Pl.-mtr.
. B io l.
2 8 , 9 > 108 . C .A ,
n , UGG.
( 36)
.o SRiihel":, < .
1919.
Biochemical dhsagae daa to Environment.
-Iocha . Jotr. K , ::>5.
i j , lli ' .
(37)
Ottdo, B, end o llo c c l, 0.
1920. the Xafltwmee of the pyrrole Baeleue In the formation
o f Chlorophyll.
Ooa», Cham. l t a l . 50. 5^-70.
C.A.
2#4.
(38)
JrBmson, I. and Boyle, C.
1920, Industrial end >hi.trltive V alue of t!>-$ rotate In Ireland.
' . t; . TC. ] a , 829 . C.A. lU, 27 U.
(39)
H eaddoil,
n,
1S-27.
(' )
(
hi)
(12)
(43)
cr ,90,
.
1931.
Leffman, H.
1)17*
: r . in,
. :.
192^.
.
T fects of 1TltTRtee on Composition of the rotnto.
Colo. •>:. tv.., "ort Celllr..1, Colo^d^.
Baton, h. .
Oonette Growth lffer en tln tlo n in Guinea f ig s .
r?. .
riOChnlcrl B u lletin %o.222.
Superintendent of “ocumentc, WneMn ton, -.5 ,
Allen’ s Co-Tirrclrl Cr,panic 1Ji8Iyale.
P. Ulftki aton* s Son 1 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Pootl Products. 1Iovlsod 'ti.
IaC tillen Compmy, 'Sew York.
Clvena, ' .H. and cOlugme, ■. .
I 99O. An heporlmentel Study of '-'aw and Brlrd
j,
. .
u 91. 919 . 1. A. i d . 31
.
otatoee.
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1929
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I n ltla
w eight
I araas ,
Total
gain
315
25b
253
250
197
220
312
276
272
19S
28b
272
-9 1
flOU
4-109
4-123
4. 96
+IS!
+ 90
+
+ 7b
+127
+ 2b
— 16
4V
4 S
- 12
-17b
-I^O
+zbb
+109
-1 3 5
4
35
97
23
26
58
58
99
59
59
99
99
59
59
59
99
59
59
27
2b
58
5-3
5b
58
56
306
3bo
326
%b
51b
629
|^ 5
b fab
552
Ubs
S l l ^ i t . . . . 3»
M o d erate . . . S l t
S e v e re , . . . S m 1
Degree
of
scurvy
3« •*
S"
O
O
S’
O
O
S T
O
S I
S*»
S”
8 ?
O
O
3111
3”
O
O
S ’ ”
O
S l i t
X IG M W
Tear
i
Grout]
Xo.
0 ? I f M V l X J A L A S I U M 1S
h
HiSCHIXi
Group
0.
T ea r
Season
A nlnal
nunber
- J a a . ___
10
1930
A
11
W
1930
#
S p rin g
ft
S p rin g
*
ft
M
253 ?
25U?
2727
2737
275?
263?
264?
265 ?
267?
280?
281?
2 S2 ?
283?
216?
217?
218?
219?
220 ?
221 ?
228?
229?
230?
231?
232 ?
12
ft
13f§
W
ft
#
16
#
If
#
ft
#
ft
F a ll
ft
ft
ft
ft
17
#
rt
#
ft
ft
is
#
#
IU
15
N
19
1929
#
1930
ft
ft
% rin g
ft
ft
S g
2U5?
246?
Supplem ent
O a l l j *V o.':? s a l
d o se
diet per
j& e m . d ay g r a n s
.............w I '-" -* 1
Be* . (A)TRWe 10
ft
ft
* ( a ) coo;: 10
M
B
B
ft
ft
ft
ft
. .( }
H
ft
B
. . raw
ft
ft
ft
B
ft
.
.
C
ft
ft
ft
ft
O '-
.".( A)T rW
B
tt
*(&} Cold, deatp stera g a
*(B ) Ss p -;, d ry *tw a@ »
5
ft
10
B
10
ft
B
5
ft
ft
10
B
Ii
5
B
ft
ID
5
B
ft
2 ^ .9 6
2 1 .7 7
1 2 .0
2 1.89
?". *
1 9 .4 3
2 5 .9 8
2 5 . 1s
21.9G
1 5 .5 1
1 8 .0 0
1 5 .3 5
I .7 1
2 0 .5
1 5 .4 5
16.03
2 0 .0
15.25,
1 9 .4 7
1 6 .0
17 . 2s
1 2-37
19.&7
1 6 .7
2 0 .3
2 2 .5 5
1 5 .3 7
16.05
In itia l
w e l# i t
AWWMl
5db
446
503
659
422
538
572
3U2
518
4gl
460
427
426
227
274
363
255
343
202
342
240
338
438
306
302
520
553
374
T o ta l
ra in
gram s
TlfP
T l: 3
-222
T ill
i ? "7
T 80
T ill
Tl7S
- 21
TlOh
+1
T :
+ 07
+ si
+117
T a
T 0
+14
- 37
*10:
+ 10
* I+ 36
+ 82
Bays on
e x n e rlment
58
58
58
58
58
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
59
59
59
59
59
59
38
59
59
59
59
59
5S
58
58
Ba-TTee
of
s c a rv ?
0
0
StM
S
0
8 *t
s*
0
0
3» 11
0
s* 11
3*
s*
SM
3«
3*
S»
S
S
0
S
O
0
ST
S
•5 1 1
3»*»
Orotip
i'vO.
Year
Senson
AzxlsttiL
rartber
20
#
H
21
#
IV
22
1930
Spring
2U7?
2W
2U92
2697
2?0?
271?
256?
257?
25^
260?
2777
278?
2797
2889
289?
2909
291?
292?
N
M
If
#
*
*
»
#
■
H
ft
t*
tf
U
ft
23
M
2U
H
M
ft
H
ft
W
#
fa ll
ft
25
*♦
26
#
ft
9
rt
#
tf
«
H
«
W
27
t*
28
g
#
H
tfl
ft
»
If
29
#
30
#
M
•
#
«
4
H
M
ft
31
f#
32
M
*
ft
ft
1931
ft
Spring
it
ft
a
#
W
t#
* -
294?
S
297?
W
306?
307?
308?
%
314?
31K
316?
Sttpplomont
( a) raw
M
»
. . (A)
’
e
#
• .( ) 0e
c o o
N
N
. . ( -)coo>
M
N
Bone
#
Tomnto
*
♦ . rat?
#
W
0
«
i
B.T. cook
#
#
M
D olly
done
10
•
#
10
*
N
5
«
10
»
10
#
#
w
6
6
5
5
10
#
N
N
10
#
15
■
Bone
M
Tcranto
#
6
#
OBnSQ-TptlOB n o t dgto r-aln d d
A ve.basal
d ie t per
23.95
22.08
25.48
2 4 .0 6
15.96
18.91
18.48
2 5.15
1 9.59
2 4 .5
1 4.6
17.25
1 4 .2 9
13.2
2C.2
1 .7
2 6 .3
22.23
13.54
2 3.94
24.42
20.3)4
23.37
20.51
1 3 .5 3
13.5g
20.
1 2.09
20.20
*
2 2 .0 5
In itia l
w eig h t
JHRisma
512
450
379
426
457
520
508
35?
452
UlC
676
286
393
316
377
398
280
377
Uoo
333
350
374
541
a?
286
T o ta l
g it n
^Tsw
Se
ti&
+215
4200
+ 1
41
+ t
+:. J
+125
*240
+ 53
+ 12 ’
- 25
* 1V
4207
+220
+14
+208
+209
+326
+264
4.19s
+215
+295
+199
+187
44:23
-lUU
-103
+26'
+224
Boys or
e x p e rl.
5«
56
56
58
58
58
56
58
56
58
58
58
58
37
a
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
g%
3%
56
56
De=Tree
of
$♦»
O
O
S
S
8« H
311
s*
O
O
s»
s*
SM
SM
S«M
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
0
O
O
O
S*M
SM*
O
O
•x)
I
Oroup
I. 0 .
33
T aor
1931
H
35
M
36
W
a
e
#
W
m
37
#•
32
*
K
39
150
#
H
Ul
%2
D
H
#
H
»
H
e
1930
#
a
w
a
M
8
8
H
a
Fall
#
8
rt
H
%
44
#
*
8
#
ft
ft
#
341$
3U2 ?
B1 Te (B ) r m
32%
330?
331 ?
34>
350^
351 *
35»
#
298*
300 $
301*
302?
303*
30I**
309 *
310?
ft
ft
ft
It
. .
ft
ft
ft
a
?'•
. rLsW
n
ft
M
•.
It
ft
. CVVC
a
B e lly
d o se
CTET-S
5
a
10
ft
5
a
U
10
ft
ft
I
ft
10
«
a
5
ft
ft
10
ft
ft
5
a
10
a
**
15
10
ft
* - -h7lOOd cone impt ion not da t e n ! nod
y .
d ie t per
day CTaras
;:2 . #
U M
18.76
21 .Cn
2 7 .1 0
1 9 .7 3
1 3 .7 3
19.35
*
2 2.67
25 , 1s
2 2 .3 5
22.U0
2 0 .6 9
2 7 .k k
17.75
2 1 .7 5
I S . 31
20,2*+
22.0%
2 1 .7 5
2 0 .0 3
1 9 .6 7
0 0 .3 7
2 0 .8 0
2 3 . 6%
2 3.01
2 0 .5 S
1 6 .1 1
In itia l
w eight
ATems
330
370
365
32 S
3%Q
29%
19%
315
282
320
329
235
36%
3 %o
373
300
#
%%s
3U0
373
29%
316
2%%
5%0
39S
330
2%7
T o te l
s a in
CTOUS
-1 5 9
+137
>
+p?
*225
*177
*235
+25%
* 2%0
*237
+ ICT
*296
*21
*269
+12'
+129
+ 75
+015
+311
+293
+ Ir
+105
*200
+250
+250
+ ":
+21h
+1?
Bays on
e ^ p e rim eat
53
56
56
56
56
M
56
56
1
56
56
56
56
1
%
56
56
56
56
56
Be T e e
of
GCUTTf
gf I
S«m
ST
s»
s»*
3“
s*»
0
SI
s
ST
S
S
ST
3?
SM*
S**
s* 11
S
0
St
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
APflffflIXt Cor?t*d
AnlT="! S u p p l.'n e n t
number
-SS3-----% r in g
. . (A )fa r
31%
M
M
318*
8
a
320?
#$
321*
#
. .
33^
33 8 ;
S eason
STOVSp
Season
A ni^iai
number
Sox
1*5
1930
«1
F a ll
1931
H
t*
W
H
#
«
«
#
H
*
Il
H
S p rin g
ft
#
«
B
W
311?
3129
3%
1*6
1*7
#
Ug
H
#
1*9
H
H
50
*#
51
#
#
52
H
H
53
H
#
H
H
H
it
#
#
H
«1
#
B
W
B
B
H
ft
H
*
*
11
ft
ft
ft
ft
I#
ft
0
325?
3269
s*g
3U6 /
%
}!»es
%
333#
33*'
335<
33®
Supplem aait
$ ,» * co o k
*
. .'
ft
ft
#
a
XeOe (A) co o k
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
KeO* (B) raw
ft
H
#
W
. .
357?
35»
3 #
3609
ft
ft
»
*1
ft
lo lly
in s«
c ra n e
19
#
5
H
10
«1
If
5
a
9
10
*
#
5
##
10
■I
I#
5
it
I*
10
*
ft
" .
- '
diet per
d r r cram s
2U.58
1 7 .0 5
26.26
2 1 .9 5
25.63
1 5 .1 2
24 .US
1 7 .7 3
1 3 .0 0
1 S.U 2
20 .U 7
20 . 1 U
1 5 .1 S
2 8 .7 3
2 2 .6 9
1 9 .5 5
2 3 .1 0
16.65
2 2.02
1 9 .5 9
1 5 .3 6
21.2U
20.57
22.89
In itia l
w eig h t
CTree
337
262
39U
g
367
*79
2
#
262
302
37U
322
S
265
362
326
390
27 s
301
320
T o ta l
mean
^rama
+21
+157
♦ is u
*327
- 73
+171
+ 65
+ 33
+117
+ 1^1
+23)t
+ 9U
+25%
+ 25 s
+206
+230
+190
+235
Bays on
e x p e rtment
56
56
56
56
53
56
#
56
56
I
+2UU
56
56
Bs
56
56
56
56
56
56
+1 U7
+ iu g
56
+119
+125
d e c re e
of
SC '.T V " /
0
0
3*
SI
ST
$iii
s?
5’
S 1»
$ 1«
S’ 1
S
0
S
0
ST
S
0
s?
ST
0
0
0
0
APF vT 3IX, C onV d
Y aer
BO*
M3 7 8
M**5 s
cop. 2
DATE
M a y fie ld , M rs. H elen L
A s tu d y o f th e
V itam in C c o n te n t
o f tw o v a r i e t i e s o f
p o ta to e s a s a f f e c t e d by
w in te r s to r a g e __________
IS S U E D TO
N
3 1 S
f A H S s
0 0 p' A
A