A study of the climatic conditions favoring the abundance of groups of cutworm moths (Phalaenidae)
by Ernest R Tinkham
A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in
Entomology.
Montana State University
© Copyright by Ernest R Tinkham (1928)
Abstract:
no abstract found in this volume A IRSBT Cf TB* CIIMWTIO OCBDITMBB BMORIBO
THS ASfHDJKS 07 MOWS
or
COTBOBMMOTHS (TMAIAHMiDAS)
Sr
#**#$ HL TIsMkANk
A Tk##l# PrawmtW I* pmrtlml TSlfmmamt af th# Ikaqpl
*****
af Mmatar a f Solaaaa
H 318
T4 9f
iWMKmWTIO#
Iw ty eptelee or grotip »f speolee has an area of optIaum Itfo
mon&Woas s ith ia It# ma*s Im mhioh &$ ##**», i*
---- # , i*
dostruallve nomhors. Thte paper attempts to show that the ellmatt#
oemAlttoms fa*#*!** A# a&smdmms* of Mffomat g oopo of motho la arses
oatolto this mono, opfoomsh * o mommel oomUtiomo ia tho optlmam of OaSh
**»
I MMP Io ooaprteoA of a oortoo of opooloo haring aimilar Ilf*
oosdltlone aad similar M otrlhailoa geographically^
* f s r e preeoeMn* farther the anther Mshoa to eapreee hlo
. " "
#ko lM M a ^ a MMMmmo m m lm d from DoetM
Willlem C Oeok. Ohe eaggeete* the theele ami mho hae MmMy gloom
,,I n te r . . . a anhaittod date a l l along the
of th . MM .,,p o rt glren hy Mr.
I.
isk m srlo ig ,..., i .
i . the p m p aratl* of
l i jk t trap reeorie. and hy Doetor J . MeDmsmsajh amd Mr. %. p.
Dnmse
end many others mho hare Madly eentrl hated Metrlhntlomal data.
I* haglsmlmg th is mask the l l j h t trap reeerda of emteeam
nothS of teetM d g sl Alhorta9 operated hy Mr. S. &• Bemsmse9 DeMntoa
Entomologist* and Doetor w, g. CooMs records from S s s e w 9 Mmslltom and
Ia rre 9 stations la Montana, were omsparod and the most Meirmhle IhalM M i
speolee eeperated.
The speolee were selected in the following manner*
I Tho shoadamoo of a apeele# at the l l j h t trepe at
Lethhrldge and Memtenm etatlens
2. Zconmslo lmportanoo of tho species
39098
-I -
3* # # ^eloireplo response of eadh species.
i l l epecies do mel ease Ie l l # t ml m l# | u m ile Ie lh e ir
mWker. f ly W i s Ibe fie ld .. # e w ,m * * * * * emWml. * * %. r e v
plentiful In the Aelde hut fee ere ever mllraeled to 11#1.
Only epeelee
coalng to lldbt In fa ir preporttoa to th eir ebeedemee Im the field were
«a e#Ne for I il,, Iheel,, with the pee.lhle e*oe*ie* of th e * l* # rla a t
eoeasmle eulwoaee . CbeHeewmet*. w l l l m r l, a ni.,
.
Deatwe:, Ceek'e a r e * p e a , n * * ? eelleetimg meerd. fro*
a r l o e , fleeerim* *1**. mad Artdw* eweb me ewafleeer, raMhlt hreA mad
ee*e brwA, were ,ee l tee,* Ibeee reeer&e I ed leketwed ehewimm e f veiwe I ,
Aie wee*.
*e ew *e* * e ewtwom * o * le , law group. geegm^leUly* I t
wae obvious that the range of e a * opeclos arusl f ir s t bs asoerlalnod la
so fa r a# possible.
fie main wears# books giving distributional data are*
Ikel*',: "Devlelea #f IHtei deeees igewtl.e. Pul. )*,
U^ted States Betleeal lluaeua. 1S90.
Sal Hits "Oatalsgae e f tee PesWdas found Ia Perte
WesiSa"* Bui.
United States Patlem l pusem. l f | l .
mellawd's "tee Pete Bewik*, Doubleday, Page & Oespesf,
lew Task. 1903.
Spar's * » e t ef Perth Werleea Lepldeptesa", Bel. 52,
Bhlted State# A tleaa l Museum. 1^)2.
Bupsoa *s "Catalogue ef lepldeptera Ihaluaae, B rltlte
Mmeu ef A tu ra l Btetery, Tele. XT, T. 1903, 1905.
TrinaMe d letriVationri data were obtained from Boetor J .
Chief DlTlelem of Syetematlo Datemelegy. Otteam, Camada. amd
Kr. x. PZ Tm Dasee, California leedemy of science#, Saa Praaelseo. Deeirable lafomatioa as to the range end aboriaace of epeotee la earleas epates
were reoelsed from the follorlagi X. s. Xrialey, forth Carollm) X. M. flag,
Saekatebeeaa, Gaaadat S. C. MeCa^pbell, Coleredoi A. I . Miller, Illlao iei
%,. P. Xodeeerd, Oregeei amd *, E. Xeemk, xebrmeka. *e*meerl,te -Zldht trap
reoordf of Boctaidae eao#t at the Dalwretty Pam, St. Pari, 1926, end l i s t
of Xeetridae la the Mlameeota eellectlaa gmoe additional iafometlom. Minor
fra ^ ea te were reeelwd throng oerrespoadeace with other otatee. Althea*
far fma being eoeplete, dan to Iagk of eelleetlmg threa+oat the mmtry,
the range of the different epeoieo Ie aeaely as eomplet# a# corid be expected
from the data aw llable.
Xlaotoea opecieo of oatwom mtho were choeea for th is work.
They belomg to the eabfamlllooi Agrotlari, Xadealaah and Aereayotlaam of
the family Phalaanldae (sootridae) and eomprleee nine genera, elx of nhloh
contain may epeotee of eeahario lmportaace. When the approximate range
of the different opecieo wan mapped oat m aeearately as the data weald
allow, a oarofri eeaparteea of th e ir dletrlbriloa showed that the different
epooioe fo il arb itrarily Into flw groups.
They are a# follows 1
A*
Qmt
I . # ee* *eee*Tla Marrle
-3-
The Dadh Sided Catwenm.
2. BlI I I i
Ilk , The Blmgy Cmtveia,
3. Peltla vemeratlllm wik.
5« Hlfttledee W deM m Cram, fern te rlle lte .
5E 2BSed Bmehed Catvemm.
7. aim * Mvmm# * * .
# MSlkS
Mtm
mmd fern, A s ||e ^ .
* . BeMyCM**
!I' m B M U i IitteM lle Peek.
##%* WeeteM Ope*
io TMWmrMls MT i Tmrss # *
11. OmrmdMmm
Wlk.
*?—
Iheelte:* PlMme (hreme
-v *
.
--
'
,
'
'
I* TiMSWMIs mmSMSli Mem
y . Bsasi
A# I el,, Weetera Cateemu
am.
ieamtmla PmMft. * n w
15 *JkSSi JSSZBIftk Sm.
■16. BKSi awm Sm. md fora eerrlmem.
^
1«. M lm ItMttrn Wlk.
19. HIMm JjMgiwegeaele CM.
BakAlb" idUWidi. titahmtle.
»1« croup 1« truly Ieotom In Mpoot, I BStgoaono to the Costml
Mleeleetppl Triley rectos. In the Meet the d letrltn tle e Ie m etrteted to
the Ieoky Meostelse Md the Coeet rsscoe, ee Ie eleerly depleted hy the
e»P of trie creep.
I , the Ieet the resge fellow the SppaiIeehUs
' - aH
eosth to the Cerollnee. Thte creep Ie eheest th » o # eo t the e sttte A ort
creee plelse rectos f r o Ae southern tip of Alherte to Mee Mexlee ee
records eoold lndteete. The sees ennui precipitation of 10-15 leehee of
t t *** *U1“ "
th ,t a * c0ftjItleae ere prehehl, toe a r il for the c ro p .
In the lrrleated d istric ts of the plelse Ae rushers of A is creep ere
ueurily present, for s ite lrric e tle s the condition* ere — v
h * ld ,
end M moh em t r ite .U l U r te to . eo riltlew « d . t l H I . to . MtMleripri
T rilv . Morto « d .M t of t o . . . «eel-arid , I r i s , the rain fall In c re ,..,
to . condition, em Ow Ortune - the c ro p ItoaM tlnc to . (toadies peal rise and
the lone CIS., ,re tr ie s extoedlsg f r o to . Metem h r if of the SriatM te
QkltoMe end SMt toreudheut toe Mississippi Tolley.
Meedleee to Uy to ri toe hot dow n Md erid plain. m ei» *
• f to . Interior putoen. ooopri.lng p art, of Arl.ona, OaUfornlet i .u d e ,
Ctto1 Omconl Idtoe sol MMhinetM, am Molded ee toe eendltlme ere onto
tb&t the group could not p o ttlb lj oxltt.
Aa sA rosIlw perusal of a ll an d lablo economic literatu re re tsa l.
tho fact that the groatsst eoacoatratioa of outbreaks of the A w species of
the group is watered la the esstsra h alf of Rebraeka, la Iowa, Missouri,
Illin o is, Iadiaaa, Chio and tho Southern part Cf Michigan.
Apparently this area indicate* the area of greatest abundance,
or the cptisms for the group.
A ollmaemph M Pfw eati.* th . mw* w nthly * # * , , . * * . * *
p m lp lla lle a eoatltleas for tele section wwld ladieste tee feetore meet
feeorakle for tee
* . **
*** t
Twentyeix weather stations were selected as typleal ef tele
area and the mesa takes as tee mamal e f eptlmam eemdltleae fo r this greap.
*o aeeertala whether the ellmatie ,Waterea a , tee ,e re fawerlm*
tee ahondanee ef tele group of Phalaemlde Im an area wetaide tee optimum,
approach tee optliasa for tee group, a comparison of the relatlwe ahtmdance
from lldht trap eatdbae meet he made.
the favorable y a re selected were*
letkkrld* . I # , 19%, i * y .
Peeamsa + 1919, I * * . I * * , 1927.
Unfavorable yare*
Ietebrldge - 1)21, 19*2. ig & , y * .
Pesmmem - I**;, 19*9.
D»t*» ladidaie ext rest** in flight far the lig it trap y##*#.
1 W a*,
I wemarmblllm
% m am a
I . n * W f*
Lethbridge
July 7 . Bept A
Asg S - BSpt *6
fa ir 7 - sept. 19
Jteg. I * Sept. 7
Jams * ). Am* I*
Jely 17
Jely 10
July 3
July i f
JSme A
* Sept.
- sept.
*> Sept.
. Sept.
- sept.
15
*1
16
16
13
Umdmm flight approximately Jnly 1$ • Jtapwt 15.
Tot favorahle and tmfaverable years, the cllaatlo coalitions
during the life of the s#th were need. Tot examples At heeemex, 1924,
fe ltia Aseeme Sheeed ea imereaee e f 99 epeelaeme ewer ewer 19*3 eaptmree.
However, 1$A w ether conditions would met eerreetly show the weather
feetore faweiimg mm lnoreaee, a» the adult moth ef ingest, IftH, began
lie life from ea egg oviposited hy a moth ef the preceding generation
In Jtagaat IftJ . Heneo I t Ie eeeemtlel to oaaaider the lif e conditions
for each speeiot of moths. A elimegsm# of mean monthly conditions
tmm August, If*), to July, I f A , weald clearly exhibit the dlm atle
features during this gsmeratiam ef awths. Be# graph* (b) and (e) whhdh
ere elimegragh# for the six unfaworable years and seven favorahle years
for the group respectively.
Onqph A (e) Shows clearly that the rainfall fer the five summer
months eppreeches the eonditiens existing in graph (d), the optima.
May atal Peptestaer rainfall are pulled far toward the optimum conditions
ef the group.
I t is readily seen that a May ra in fall ef U Inehee at SOeF.
as exhibited in graph (e) is approximately egaivalent te a May ra in fa lll
of H.*S lnehoe at 62®?. where evaepratlen. Sue te h i # e r temperature, Ie
greater, *• la graph (fi).
i. eeefarteoa of graph (•) (maaa eooMaed con*!Itloaa of Beeemm
and LethTsrldge) with grajhi (I) and (c) (eafavoraUe and farorahle
eeafiltleae reepeatieely) Aew B a t graph* (a) rod (h) are alike la
many reepeete. Ter B le reaeea B le group w ill merer he abundant, a#
B e wsgarerakle years are nearly Idemtlwl with B e sem al eeedltleee
for Beee tee etatleae, The epiiag rainfall (graph (e) favorable yearn)
Ie aroB greater them In graph (a), and hence as abmdamee of m#B# of B i t
grewp earn be eipested la year# wetter than Be sem al.
Bereal la distribution B le group inhabits B e merBesm
agricultural areas ef B le eeatlaeat confined principally wlBla the
Canadian bouadrlee. Bearly every year W Bed-Backed Outworn, Bsmea ■■
edhreanatar Ba.. and Ite aeeeela&e, the Barly Owtwena, Buxea * ^ ^ ^ 0
Merr., tske a heavy te ll ef B e grain ereps ef Western Cauda.
In 1925
Beee two epeelee were eepeeially deetraetlve In Beekntehawaa, doing m&lllam ef dellnre worth ef dean##. The dlntr&bntlennl me# shew# the
region B ere members e f B is group have occurred la eutbresk forms.
Chls region w ill represent the optimum for B e group, forty-six weaBer
Btatlons sere eeleeted as typical ef B is region end graph I (d) represents
B e mesa combined condition#.
ji#P retards
LSthbrldgB
!• WteiMlfX
rBsdwe&sll#
iliieralle
19«
18
75
I
59
37
309
I
19*1
1923
19*
S
m
0
0
m
a.
&
19%
1925
1927
5
3
I
1
I
B
O
O
101
1
sd
53
Sg
*h# 19** **#**&# a*# *#** a# #h# Iljkt # # * tag#* a* %h* a m t *f Amgaat
'7*.
maaamaa
1919
19*3
19*
192)
19*6
19*7
FatoraUa yeara far gmvQ • (9 years)
XatkkrU*. 19*3,19**, 19*5, 19*7
amaaamm - 19*&, 1925, 19*7
Tkrae FOAa .
1926
W atoraM e years for group - (7 years)
le th trld # . 19*1, 192*. 19*6
IN""""*1919, 19*3. 19*6
Three Fofks - 19*5, 19*7
AArmaa date records for lljk t trap years.
leth trld #
Jalf 10 - Be,*. I l
Jhaa # - sept I*
J#w 5 - Sppt I )
Jon# 7 • JM f P
Sosomaa
Jsiy 10» Sept. 17
Jama 17 - Sept 1#
haas 6 * Se* *2
Mey 31 • Aag, 6
Mka toe Paetara repreoeatatltee, toe period of flight for too
»«®Mro of too Traae-Sortoera grstp la quit# sim ilar, paoalMy a lljk tlf
•a rlla r. 6ua to toe tmrlaM llty of the ssesons and since too oarlloet and
Iatoet eeptmrea of each apoelea tor too years 192kl9*7 *t M toM dgs and.
Bememaa ham keen used, toe dates extend star a greater period of time
than would pertain to the flight ef each specie* during a single season.
EovtTtr, for Ie B gretps B t maxima f U # t eecurs B r e t # J tly and
early August, and for th is reason B e group-year Is considered Be erne
M In group A.« namely, Angeit to B e folleelng July.
A glaace at B e AlmegreaBe of B e Trans-EorBtrn group, on B e
following page, Bevs that Be g ra # of fsTorahle conditions, graph I (e),
approaches Be optima conditions of the group ftraffe B (d).
I t Ie of
Interest to note B a t Be mean normal conditions of LsBhrldge and Bossman
combined, graph (a), lie somewhat HWeen the unfavorable and favorable
conditions for Be group, gssghs (b) and (c). By comparing B e nemal
(y
precipitation of LeBbrldge A th B e eunsssr conditions determining Be
relative abundance of g. ochrometer a t LeBbrldgel B e dates would appear
to corroborate B le etatement.
I In lnehea♦
Eoimal for
26 years
192:
1927
Apr.
1.05
2.57
1.48
Mey
2.55
#9
732
Jem#
1.01
1.87
1.6©
July
1.50
2.30
1.90
C.W66 '
2.31
Sept.
1.72
%.86
Tetel
11.43
938
» .4 7
MeBe
captured
M
BAmfall appears to be a deciding factor in abundance for B ie
epeclee. When the m in fA l Ie below normal, email captures eem be ex­
pected; when above nomal large w h e re A l l be taken. As f . . Wwemnster
is representative of B e group, B e abundance of the respective member#
of B ie group A l l correspond likewise. The average weather conditions
are such B at Beee moths A l l always W present In fA r numbers at
Beseaan and Lethbridge.
This group is c espeeed of Wo specie# - GarmdAna extlmm Wlk.
/^onth/y
*y>ihatn
Identical, IA aM tins the plains east of the loddee from Central AlWfta
to Colomde and extending w et aoroee the pm lriee of SaeWWheeaa and
the Ihekxetewe Ike WaeiteW seed aemtsml Mlnmeeeta . Cam trln a
Meaee
eperlngly west of the Divide la B rltlA CelnaMa and tha Paeifle Ceaet
Bangee
Pretaxretie alvei semeea 1# a Iaee aWndeat epaelw and Maeede
w e t e f the BeAiM fewer. Only east of the BeekiM are they normally
plentiful Md A le region would indicate the options for the Beetb Weetara
Thirty-elm etatleme were Aaaaa M representative ef th is range.
Map C. Orsjh C (d) lndieatee A t mean conditions for th is area.
WAhrldge
f.
&. egHm
IM
9^
1939
1922
128
913
%923
199
630
i
I
I
IeAbrldge 1922 recorde incomplete.
S S S T -
1919
1923
19*
1923
xS
^7
O
*36
118
12
Three IhAa
19^
& faUaa
2.83
1926 . 1927
IQ
13
3U
ll
1925
1926
1927
meAe per hear
2.53
3.02
1.31
Perlad e f f llA t .
P. alveiveneea
I-
laA W ld#
JMy 9 • Ag. 25
Jam 5 * Oct. SSi
Jana 30 • Sept.I
JaM JO - Sept.J l
I t Ie ohvieue that different veaAer faotere govern Ae abundance
e f *h#*# t*@. QAMdHzm WAimm mpp#m*#d la mmalmmmflight at Waamma 191)
mad ImthMd* 1921, tmth aaxy day yaara. Pamtamxvtia
la th#
mama years occurred only la alnlmaa namWrs. £. WAlmm ia mlao double
lirooded, occurring la continmma flight from Juae u n til late la the fa ll,
for these reasons these two species «111 W dealt with individually under
group 6 »
1» the f l l # t of
almelvenaaa corresponds to those of the
preceding group, lie moth-year w ill he from August to July, the maxima
flight of JB,. aatima occurs la July sad early August, altiieugh double
brooded, mad w ill he dealt with as i t s associate.
PTMwwamMa
or*.
Psvorabls years
Lethbridge * 1922, 1923, 1924* 1925
Bosmnaa -
1924, 1927
Chfavomblo years
Lethbridge - 1921, 1926* I927
Beeemma -
1919, 1923, 1925, 1926.
Cmrsdrlnm
Psvorsbls years
Lethbridge - 193fi 19*^, 1926, 192?
Beeemaa .
three Witoi •
19&3, 19*4, 1925. 1*27
19^f* '13 H-
Onfavorabla year* •
Lethbridge . 19*1, 1922. 19*5
M M ra Thr.. M ib -
W 9 , 19*6
1 9 * , 19*5, 19*6.
-12-
A, comperison ef Ifcs gw ## for g. slm lrsiiiss (see following;
page) Sfcsw that farorafcls years for this species Aopead apoa Ifce emaat of
Sttiafall la May and Sepleafcer. # e a the rainfall la these two months
decrease as clearly depleted la graph C (e), an increase occurs and the
ellmegrs# Ie eery much akin to that of the normal Aietrlfcution of this
group.
(Graph d).
Graphs (c) and (d) are very much alike In early earner rain fall
and the lata summer condition# of these two are not far divergent from the
earn# conditions la graph fc. Seme#, this spade# could fce expected In fa ir
tromfcere every year a t Istfcfcridgs and Beeeeaa. The light trap record# show
' . .
.
...
'
/
teat tela 1# tee ease. Only In years when tea late summer precipitation
Io far fceyond tee normal can a decrease fce expected. Graph (fc).
£. extIma Ie even a hotter example. Graph (fc) shews teat tea
summer months, May, June, July and September, Vear much Sn tee abundance e f
tele specie#* This species la double brooded end conditions favoring i t s
Increase would vary someofcat from alveivenosa, then, however, the rainfall
-I
■
in May, June end September is h i # e r than the normal (graph d) unfavorable
conditions exist.
Graph# (e) compared with graph(d) shows clearly teat
•V
favorable years occur only In the years dryer then the normal. A glance
a t the light trap records w ill verily te le . The years August IglGJuly Iglg at Boseman and August 1920- July Ig tl a t Lstebridge wore very
dry years and the catch during these two years were the highest on record.
p.
Ihle grasp 1# oswpeeed e f three apeoles - Pereeaaretic erteeaeaia.
13-
UNITED STATES
NQRTH-WESTLRtlGrto
T m n J ilf ■»«S*0* *- * Slml»
■m - m i k
(IcMJtlt «
] mmr-j
*az#m
aa&
iNIMI&UMlUL * * fom#* *### ***## &#
**#&#* #*####&*#. P.grthoponl*. A# Pml# WWwm OmWwam, ##»#*## A#
#*& ##**#&## #p#*&*#Ay **#l Wk*w# JkxdLlMMiNk *# OmlifwmWi MM* 9%*.
& jW^&gaBUl ##«*## AiMM# Wkii Amrt gmm## pWm* w gim ##*$ #f A#
WMidiMI %m» Ui IdLiwi fmmmi mmmmMimmmlly *##% MiTA# Beddme Im Ailke, *%*,
"5 '
Ckklifemeia ieei BxMLtWki Oelemkim g, agU&kdJU A e Weekerm jkmey OmAeme,
e##m*e tm kme# a mi&er mme*. IAmkitimg Mee A eet gem## peedLeW# #f
PetA Jkeeeiiie meat mf the XkietdLem, amt i# ml## Aieiki la ZWLetwi, 9 tA ,
leimemm, Aemim ami ekdami# iem* take Oemel Memmt A m Pemge lie Omllfeemim.
Ite northern I W t eggmmem te A kmemml • erne record fWem Mmepamt, ilmeka, ,
ami i t kme AetmiAy mmmA merm XeedKkeem eemge them Ilee iiMeir Ieme iee It /
Ie ccBBA la the Vmm BI re reread P reirlc rcglm cf Iorthem Jklkertm. -,
An AamiBatlon cf the economic dietrlkatiea, where the greatest
nemkee e f eAkreahm ham occurrel (### map) A A Amt th#A Aeec epeeles
am ImiipemeA te the Aert grace plaint mglea. ■In A le fannal regiem
from Southein Alkerta to IerAerm Mm MemWe, e##t e f the IeddA in a
mteip of plmiA rmeying JTekkk MO te PCX) Aim# in elLith, IKkii memdltleA #A
each A at A#A A rea epeelee am almaya present. A w e plain# mm thm
nmrmml emmgm mf thaae mpaelem ami ZQL mtatleA mere Almmtei to mpmeemt
IHke kptlbeiki JPexr A le geemp. (BA map).
WAkrliA
Ifi
B B 1S mS hS H 11B
s
■$ >£
d
s
sr-
s
E W
T
theme BeAm___ 19#L
-3^Ot- H6 14
12
»»
S S ln
I
1925 __ 19*6
Moths per hour
8.9
? .t
63.6
15.1
11.4
7.8
AS*
4
u
4
UR.
u5
19*1
I:!
IfcroraMe years for the group (8 years)
LsthMid # ~ 1)21, 1*2*, 1*25, WaS
***** -
1*1*, 19*6
three Ifcrla •
larre »
19*5
19*1'
Unfarorable years for the group (10 years)
Lsthbrldge - 192k, 19*5, 19*7
aeeeme* -
19*3,19*. 19*5, 19*7
Three forks *
B an e'»
19*6, 19*7
19**
js d d L a fjU d & L
Leagset f l l # t e during years 1919-19*7«
Ly 29 ♦
•
Jroe 8 Aag. 13 Mg* I
Sept.
Sept. 28
July 23
Sept. 11
m t. ib-stvt . i i
Aag. 11-Sept.13
Jfcly 2 *Cct. 5
Aag.ia-Sfcpt.13
Jeme SlmTfcly 19
Aag. IM ept.]*
the rarlaM ltty of eeaeons extend those f U # t ported# ever a
greater member of day# than would actually occur daring on* generation.
C. ao x lllartt usually appoare early In June continuing Ite f l l # t hmtil
15-
mWat July 20. The maxima f llg it eecare ueaally Im early July. Cmrlaf
the het eemther very lew ere Ihmml eetlve* the majority are aeetlmatins
ta le r eoter. Ahemt mld-Aagmet with cooler teapemturee. matlag ocemre
mad etc laying proceeds mat 11 September. Angoet to Jmly following wee
meed te represent the life period for tele gromp.
Am examination of the grmshe B (e), (h) and (d) on tee following
page rereala the fact that May rain fall Ie tea great controlling faster
for tele gromp. Darlag tee year# 1) 19*22 %.
%. TlAMTT"*i#
were In omthmflc form a# evidenced by the hage capturea IWm Havre. tea
approximate center of outbreak, and economic Ilteretm fe. OrapJf (#) exhibits
May rain fall below nomel. Smte conditions are the most favorable conditions
possible. Horaal conditions are favorable far th is groups * rainfall Ieaa
team normal tends toward outbreak ferns, end precipitation greater than
normal brings tee specie# down te a very email member*.
Grate (a) shows teat normally the number of motes of those two
species at Zatebrldgt and Boseman could net be expected to be large, as
tea rainfall In May la too heavy.
Because tee Western Any Cutworm, £. emaillari».hibernate* as
am adult mote during tea hot summer montoe, and tea lanme are nearly
mature In the f a ll, the above statements are not to applteable to tela
species a# to J>. prteaaamla and $. nalliaemnle Whose larvae hatch usually
from tea ova# In early spring and are more aaaaaytlbla to Miaturo
conditions. However, It Is clear teat favorable condition# for tee group
certainly are very close to the optima# conditions as shewn by grate#
(c) and (d), and teat unfavorable years wing away from tea optim a as
Z
x
i
r
I
■
iT
"
ik
H
.
M
/
"X '
r
I
I'
I .
UNITED STATES
WesternFlAiNiGfi
---- O---- O p tim u m "ZmrG
——• — ^IoVifTtom P iite n l
, L £ ) . I ( . , f NMl
■*----- n e r I r m i m C lV r n t
e^" C
\
p u k i I to r li
Qutbfggh
I!
L5 "? p Ok I hoyonio
'W/W///
C a u H ilians
L p -J Hipcnnii
Z -?
x*
I
Xi
t
p"
<5
/ 1m
oy r ap h I
L
C ^/im ny • <*fjh o f
y Zf"
oh)
c % ■ ..J O .p l.
* T•e h
'- ' V /
; -"I
x cr
*4
I k
xh
J— I ---------T
5
r>
X
V” S
rV f
-
L
V !
;
Li
/ V e*<7 / /
Q cu ^
/V e o n
r
C
\
^vi
O r v i E lJrf'
\
U
k
Jr
IJ I
(
T
I/ V
r ~
y
X Q
Z
/
o '
I
Xl
A m
/
—
/y ? * n t h / y
I
_ L
-
fo r -9 c
I'
y
—
I O
3----- ' -----
Z
//7
r r r » / /% <
/K
t
/
V
X
O a r r d ttn
S te tta n .
V .H Q
—
L
A T ...
S - ( I ) J a u o n o 6 /e
yA \
/L
4 I
^
n P/o
XI
i x
■• ( r 1
) " c a rs
I
6
.
V
't>rrl/,/'OrfS
/* / % * " ( ~
(/O ) u n f a i'O ra b /e
-J
—/ j */A
M/e3
Z *0
n c A e i?
.
Z
y
/ e
A l* (PM** ##*prl*l*g f it#
*#*m am& P*lia
A m * iaUMLta. *#*#*& #*&
hat# wualjr 10*# ##a# ai#tM%#*l#m, Wimg ###*##
#la tM mountadn* of Meataaae Iiaiio, S rlttA OolamWa oai Oxtoadlag loam
tho Poolflo Cooot roogo to Collformla. %. ronooooorooolo ho# a rom#0
ollgatly mere extoneleo, Wlag fooM oa the pralrlee of Soettarm AlWrta.
I t w ill W eoaildorod oaporotoly la B le group.
1926 Maalltom wooordo arm lmoeaploto oa tho llgkt trap *a# WoeoaHemo*
oa Aagoot 17» and Bo catch act mo large M i t othorwloo weald hew Worn.
Pmwrohlo yomro for *. ooemoo. IatMta.
Sooomma . 1919. 1 9 * . 19*5, 19*6
Momlltoma. 19*6.
Unfawrmhlo yoaro
Soommma * 19*3. 19*7
Saolltoa - 19*5, 19*7#
I
M&hA#*
Bam.tr.iMAt>
i B 8&
E- S & l
jd k r ii .# # * . a
Wly 16 * ###. 1#
Jmly U #«#. *
* * f l l # t (MT%&### Wmr
ad* ) - * # )
AAy 1# * #«#$. U
Jtilar * - #my$ *
1# mamAy IWmWmml. IBkwm
year was IaStoim i r e Jayaet Ie the fellowlas Jmly• .
V * * 7 ^ " j0
$m & yr
The aelh year wm Iaieia the same me far the ether epeetee.
' ; Am grm#m e i Am MmmmlmlmPaclile gremy mm A t Wllmmlmg # # e Wmm
clearly that thm mamrnmr condllleas Wwerahlm ie r Aim group ewlag toward
the optIzma condition* ie r Ihle group.
' I t Im remaxtahlm A al Am optimum
1» #e cloeely approximated hy A t condition* la Wwerahlm year*, Wr Am
precipitation features east and meet e i A# MeAlmm arm wmmtly different.
11 Ie xmreaseaaSble Im mapeel A al Iha winter conditions w ill over swing
ever Ie Aeas e i graph (d), as We entirely different climatic regions
are Involved. " la A s Pmmlflm Coast region west e i Ae MeAlmm, Ihm
Berlmam precipitation comes la A t winter bob As, Mevmmher Ie Pehrmmry
mad MmrA* mmd la thm MmAy Mtommtmla raglmm Mhm mmaltomm prmmlpltaAlma
eomes l a Meye Jmm m i Mrnptmmhmr
Thm aomml conditions e i Am %m
mIalloaaf Mmsmmaa and H«slllea, appear Ie A much A al Aey are favorable
UNITED STATES
/^Q/ Aon., f o f
/L t» o
rp n O ' S p « n s a , /o /r t/o
O n J ''c /'O s / m /o
— —
—
Q c c o 3/or/a/ f t o + j e
X—— A Z o r - O io / Z Z o o q e c f
trOrtCmnoor/ru
Z3
-x^
Irtrr-Qye"
Z^Ofmrrrort
QZorre/;/ro n s f e ^Zrr -n 'He -/ JSy- /
Q onJ//f errsf~*r- Qmi
O u n f on
3 f n o o . ir t/r , t o
ZrZoe
»-y ^ h o j / n c l m
Z ooooo b Ie Ymooa
/le a n
C or’ d i h e n s f
or
J 9 S fo f/tr r t
re p n e sm n t "rj N oom el Ra*j e o f G oeup
1Z a r r j . t / e h e f o -
G o m p ir C
S tm ir
t# *hl# g m * . ,,.w h a t #W lar t* th* **tlmm* MmUtl**, **,#«1*11?
la ls t« r wmm*t gra$x* (a) aad (d)* Jb4» Ita t would appear te be eerreet,
ta a glance a t the l l ^ i t trap records Show that each year the#* species
eooar la rather large mashers.
. Uagr# Jem and September rainfall appears to regulate the
"k«*A"»*e ef a
1 Wttt pmelyltat&ea im *iy smA #e,tstaer
eetae to ta- unfavorable, while a Mey and Septtabor rtan fall identical with
that la th# eptlaaa aad a wet Jan# ftaer th# sbataans# of t&e #*#*&##
Graphs (b), (e) and (d),
l a t h i s respeet the favomble conditions diverge
AMSi the eptlmms. i t is title faster that asks# %.
**
lshabltamt #f Htarta stars 19*# smalms* rslafall eecars ia tag ata A s*.
I t is too much tc asnmte that the weather Ssatmree ef these stations Mbat
have totally different climatic Siatmrss from that ef the Paeific Ceeet,
wemld oleaely approadb thee# eendltiene eaistlmg ia the sptlmsm
#1*
s*re date, am this apeele, Ite ram* may ta Smsad Iws ta mars aataaalve
Md them may not appear to Ssll in th is group.
Bewswwr, the Somr other spool os of this giew® easellently
Hlmstmta that the summer eaaditlons in the optImta and dmring Sammbla
years are very aash tain.
-19-
maul,
A «iiort sympeie of
dlfferoat gro-ups s i l l » * m Io
rammarlsO this paper.
A. IhiolMi:* #*#**# '
. tilh Iho old of cllmographs llltuitrating the *mf*oorohlo and
favorable ooadllions a t the stations ta Meataas and Alberta, i t has
boas Shams that the eea&itieaa s##ortsa# forth# hbamaamseef asm#
of this grss# STPrsmh the meaoal oesdltles# sssspllfled la the
appears to be a deelding faster la the
of th is group. Ths graphs elearly eA ib it a Jams preelpitatlea la
favorable years w ar that of the saw month l a the optima.
Ia
unfavorable years i t is not so, and accounts for the small
of th is group. She normal coaditiens at Lethbridge and Passmsm haw
a lew Juw rainfall and th is w ill only W abundant In years with Jw s
abnormally wet.
She graphs Wly lllw tr a te that favorable year* clossly
approximate Be optima. A heavy rainfall In May and September
depict unfavorable climatic feature#, especially referable to
OsrWmm
# 1 # la abundant in absemmlly dry seasons. The
normal conditions s f Lethbridge sad Beesmaa are such that these two
species, particularly Oansdrinn extIma. w ill w ver be abundant la
avers# years.
-80-
**r ralmftll ##pea** ** t* * #
ft#*#* TT#1#*1*g * #
*%Baa«m of thlo gmo# of moth*.
iliewn that U r ralnfaU for fmwom%lo *##*# Ie eeaAjr Identical with
•th* mmaX.rain fall ■In the optlans*. unfavorable'years SiatMm a H r
yreolpltatlea greate* than three lsohaa. A s aaseal aeadlt&eae of
Lethbridge and Bosesan are e W la r to theae In unfavorable yean*
aM hence th is group w ill be abundant only In eeaeone w i# a dry
spring.
'
•
A ls is a fine example' Illustrating thh purpose of B le paper.
v>
A s elteatio features during favorable eeseese diverge Snr from the
Btmel conditions of Bosowsa and Hamilton, and very closely approach
the normal in the optimum for Wo group. A ls Io rather etrlking M
We optlama Ilee la We Pacific type of preelpltatlem, wlW Wo rain­
f a ll mohlmme la winter. While Boeomam hae the manlmnm In the spring.
A a t Wo conditions favorable for W lt group at those two stations
Ie similar te the nermel la We optimum,,Is aaipla proof Wat Wo
favorable conditions for a group outside We optimum sons approach
We normal In Wo optImes s f Ws group.
. I study s f sssh group has revealed the fast Wat Ws years
fevering am lnsrssss In the species s f eaSh group tend toward Wo memel
conditions la We optimum.
mimuomuMT
1832» P ilate, 6. B« Met of IepiAepiera Sefcea Sm and aretmd Degriem,
Okie* W i l e * ; # . ? ! .
1883* PWoolA* 0* 1« MeS of Uoctuidae taken in Orono, MeAwel and
vielattj* Papilie }tZl-2}.
1895* ■
OISe. . Lies ef Owlet ewtfce Sefcem on eagmr aS SI. Wfceey
Peak. IeS Am*. BepS. MSaSe Me*, ef Mlmau pp. Itjkl*?*
1901» MeefceeeeMlier. Mm. DeeeeipSlve eeSeleg e f KSwe MeeWA meSTie e—
eimim go milee e f M.Y. msy. w.Am. Mae. Mfc&.*laS»l*i*77.)09.
ISO*. Dper. Mfcerlmea *, Mfce Lepldaptera ef Sfce MeeSemei BlateleS e f
MelSlSfc OalmeAia. Bee. U .:. MfcSl. Mmeemm *7*#U*S**.
1918. Mmeaer, M. M Memmle LeplAepteea e* ll*fct txmpe. Jeeat Age.
. . Me 1**135. 1*9. .
1919. Meeaee. Memmetfc, AmmeSateA efcedfc lie s e f tfce MmeeelWAepterm
ef Alberta, AlSerSa Mat. MleS. Bee, efWA Beer,
■ If*).. Teaaert I . B. LeplAepSera a t light trap#. Jeer. Age. Bee.
!UbtTfJWl.. .
I f a . SSricTdaM, I , I . Blelegiaml mete# ea parasitee ef pW eie
eutmome. Oemeda Dept. Age. TeAfc. Del. 26 MS.
: 192*. Cook. w. c. Tfce AieSeiSuSiom of Sfce Male teeterm emteeem, ■
Moreeegretie orthojonia Vorr. a. atady Im pfcyelrel ecology,
Meelegp 5:**»1, 60. 69.
1926. Cook, w. c, leather relation ef W e TeeSem cutworm, a
prelladmaiy eSady. Ecology f t m .1 . j f - h f ,
1927. ' geek, V. 0. SSWlee Im She seelegy e f Memteam emteexa,
SfcalmmmiAwe. Zoology Si Be.2, 158-173.
1928. LemamaA, Meatlmmr D. Llat ef lmeeete ef Mee Tfcefcu M.Y. State
Ceil. Aga., Oeemell, Mameia 101*6^6A .
,
1569. BlUfl Charles T. U t Amu Ept. State M t. of Missouri, pp 67-S7,.
1#*2. UmtMf, A. U t. AM. **t. Stmt# a * . *f*e* *# * . *p 99-110.
1SSS. U atM fl A. Utt Ana. Bpt. m the InJarloua and other laieeto of
the State of Bev York, pp
1#*#. BeMwe,*. A. IG ttB pt. State Bmt e f l l l l a a l e . p , *.101,
1896. H etdierl James. ' Rpt. Bat. and M tta ie t, Canada Dept. Agr. p *7»
1900. Itfbes, S. A* The economic entomology of the sugar te s t.
Agr. Bap. S t^ 1*1. (OiUUgJg*.
Ill,
1905. Mfbeei 5. A. Q r i Bpt. State M t. of Zlltnele. pp 17-51«
1905« Fletchor» James. Bpt. Sat. and Botanist, Canada Dept. Agr. P 169«
1910- 1922. Cooley, R.JU 7 # to 19th Asm. Bpto. of State M t. of Moatana.
1911- 12. #eoak, Myrom 5. Bui. State M t. of Bohraokm 1:22*1.
1912. Cltaoa, Arthur. Cutwome end mmy worms. Cenada Dept. Agr, M l. JO
19lU. Clbeon, Arthur. A new destructive outworn of the genua Poreeagrotlo
occurring In Western Canada. Jour. Boom* M t. 7*201-20).
1912- 17. ZEewetti 0. Gordon. M t. Dominion M t. 1912 p. ITTl 1915 P-20:
1916 pp 31, 59 62, I n 1917 P 10.
.
'
, i ■
1913-14. Beoott, C. Gordon. Bpt. Dlv. of M t. 1913 P 506% 1914 p 86l.
1915. Gibson, Arthur. Gmtwomoo and th e ir eeatrol. Dem. of Canada
BdL. 10.
1916. Strickland, X. H, Ths army outwork, Cherleagretie aastliarlo .
Canadian Dept, Agr. Bul.lJ.
1916. Cooley, R.
Moat.
'■
1919-20. Clheon,
A. and Parker, J . B. The army cutworm la Montana.
Agr. Mp. Sta. Clreular $2.
■■• ■ ' ‘ : • • '
■
.
Arttur. Bpt. Doalmlom M t. pp 7-11.
1 9 a . Parker, J . H., Strand, A I . and Seamans, H* I . the PaU Weettm
cutworm, (ioroeagrotte orthogonla Morrison). Jour. Agr. Bee.
22* *e.6. 2*9- 322.
19*1-27. Iw eet feet Surrey Bulletin*.
19*2. Hyelep, J. A. Somosry of Iw w t condition* throughout the
M te a State* la 19*1. H.S.B.A. Sol. 1103»19-21.
1 9 # . Ieiwterl I . L. end A lw lle, C. X. Th* FMe Veetera cutworm la
Verth Dakota. X. D. Agr. O elle* Del. 179*
19*6. Seaaan*, X. L. Th* Fela Vwtera esteem .
4gr. F ee# l# t7 1 , X.S.
19*6
Meg, Keemetk M. Tke ael XaWW e# # em aa* Ite eeatrel la the
prm&rl# pvevlmeee, OemeAlaa Dept, ef Ag*. Feagklet 69, X S
.
19*6*
Canadian Dept, of
-
-
'
-
)
-
-
XateeaatlemM Great FlMae Crop Foet Oeamlttw
DetkkrlAge, Aegaet 19*6,
B378L
T495
fbWMQmula*
39093
X
I
A
/
K