Vision and Eye Movements
Peter H. Schiller, 2013
Motion perception and
pursuit eye movements
1
Topics:
1. The responses of neurons to motion in various brain regions.
2. Mechananisms for creating motion-selective neurons.
3. The effects of brain lesions on motion perception.
4. Structure from motion.
5. Apparent motion.
6. Metacontrast and brightness masking.
7. Optokinetic nystagmus
8. The accessory optic system
9. Summary
2
Neuronal responses to motion in cortex
3
Method for stimulating V1 RFs with moving targets
Moving bar
Photocell
A
D
L
L
D
B
L
D
L
D
C
D
L
D
L
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
4
Response of an S1 cell in striate cortex to drifting bars
UNIT 78-4-12.30
2
1o
RF
30sp
1
L
D
L
D
D
L
D
L
2
RF
2
Spatio-temporal organization of receptive field
3
D
.4
.2
.3
.1
DEGREES OF VISUAL ANGLE
.5
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
5
Response of an S2 cell in striate cortex to drifting bars
UNIT 72-8-13.55
1o
10sp
1
D
L
L
D
2
D
D
L
L
Spatio-temporal organization of receptive field
L
3
.1
.2
D
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
DEGREES OF VISUAL ANGLE
6
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
Response of an S2 cell in striate cortex to drifting bars
UNIT 91-1-22.27
1o
1
L
D
L
D
20sp
2
D
L
D
L
Spatio-temporal organization of receptive field
L
3
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9 deg
D
7
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
Summary of cell types in V1
s1
s5
D
D
L
.1
.2 .3 .4 .5
DEGREES OF VISUAL ANGLE
.1
.3
.2
.5
.4
.7 deg
.6
L
D
s2
L
D
s6
.1
.2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7
DEGREES OF VISUAL ANGLE
.1
s3
.2
.3
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.8
.9
s7
D
L
L
.1
.2
.3
.2
.4
L
s4
.1
1.1 deg
deg
D
L
1.0
D
L
L
.1
L
D
.8
.5
.6
.7
D
.8
.9
1.0 deg
L
D
.3
.4
.5
.6
deg
CX
D
L
D
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1.0 1.1
1.2 deg
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
8
Neuronal responses to motion in MT and MST
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.
Please refer to lecture video.
9
The effect of picrotoxin on direction selectivity in retina
CONTROL
PICROTOXIN
RECOVERY
+
_
+
_
null
+
_
+
_
preferred
+
_
1.5o
Picrotoxin acts on GABA receptor channels. For mechanism of action
see Newland and Cull-Candy, J. Physiol; 1992, 447, 191-2132.h
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
10
Simple inhibitory model with spatial specificity
spatially specific
inhibition
11
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
A conceptual scheme for types of motion
PLANAR
RIGHT
DOWN
CIRCULAR
COUNTERCLOCKWISE
UP
RADIAL
CLOCKWISE
100 deg
100 deg
100 deg
100 deg
100 deg
100 deg
100 deg
100 deg
100 deg
100 deg
100 deg
LEFT
100 deg
100 deg
100 deg
100 deg
100 deg
IN
OUT
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
12
Neuronal responses in MST to various types of motion
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.
Please see lecture video or Figure 4 from Duffy, Charles J., and Robert H. Wurtz.
"Sensitivity of MST Neurons to Optic Flow Stimuli. I. A Continuum of Response
Selectivity to Large-field Stimuli." J Neurophysiol 65, no. 6 (1991): 1329-45.
13
Specificity of directional attributes in MST
40% of the cells respond to all three types of motion
30% of the cells respond to two types of motion
20% of the cells respond to one type of motion
14
Neural mechanisms of
directional specificity
15
The effects of lesions on
motion perception
16
Motion detection
17
Motion detection in in intact, V4 and MT blocked regions
Motion Detection
100
90
Normal
80
70
Latencies:
Normal = 318ms
MT Lesion = 362ms
60
50
40
Percent Correct
30
20
V4 Lesion
10
6
Eager
8
10
12
100
90
80
Normal
70
60
MT Lesion
50
40
Latencies:
Normal = 234ms
MT Lesion =278ms
30
20
10
Zeno
6
8
10
12
14
Zeno
Percent Luminance Contrast
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
18
19
20
Flicker detection in in intact, V4 and MT blocked regions
Flicker Detection
Peachy
90
Green Flicker
80
Percent Correct
70
60
50
Red/Green Flicker
Normal
40
30
V4 Lesion
MT Lesion
20
10
0
5
8
10
Flicker rate (Hz)
15
20
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
21
Structure from motion
22
23
24
Apparent motion
The jumping disk
25
26
27
THE BASIC BISTABLE QUARTETS DEMO
28
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.
Please see lecture video or Display 1a from Schiller, Peter H., and Christina
E. Carvey. "Demonstrations of Spatiotemporal Integration and What they
Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521.
29
30
31
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.
Please see lecture video or Display 1b from Schiller, Peter H., and Christina
E. Carvey. "Demonstrations of Spatiotemporal Integration and What they
Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521.
32
THE INFLUENCE OF GEOMETRY AND SIZE ON
THE PERCEIVED DIRECTION OF APPARENT MOTION
33
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.
Please see lecture video or Display 2 from Schiller, Peter H., and Christina
E. Carvey. "Demonstrations of Spatiotemporal Integration and What they
Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521.
34
THE INFLUENCE OF RED/GREEN COLOR ON THE
PERCEIVED DIRECTION OF APPARENT MOTION
35
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.
Please see lecture video or Display 3a from Schiller, Peter H., and Christina
E. Carvey. "Demonstrations of Spatiotemporal Integration and What they
Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521.
36
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.
Please see lecture video or Display 3b from Schiller, Peter H., and Christina
E. Carvey. "Demonstrations of Spatiotemporal Integration and What they
Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521.
37
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.
Please see lecture video or Display 7 from Schiller, Peter H., and Christina
E. Carvey. "Demonstrations of Spatiotemporal Integration and What they
Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521.
38
THE INFLUENCE OF SIZE ON THE
PERCEIVED DIRECTION OF APPARENT MOTION
2 to 1 diameter ratio
A.
39
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.
Please see lecture video or Display 8a from Schiller, Peter H., and Christina
E. Carvey. "Demonstrations of Spatiotemporal Integration and What they
Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521.
40
THE INFLUENCE OF SIZE ON THE
PERCEIVED DIRECTION OF APPARENT MOTION
3.5 to 1 diameter ratio
B.
41
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.
Please see lecture video or Display 8b from Schiller, Peter H., and Christin a
E. Carvey. "Demonstrations of Spatiotemporal Integration and What they
Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521.
42
THE INFLUENCE OF COLOR, BRIGHTNESS, SHAPE AND
SIZE ON THE PERCEIVED DIRECTION OF APPARENT MOTION
43
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.
Please see lecture video or Display 9 from Schiller, Peter H., and Christina
E. Carvey. "Demonstrations of Spatiotemporal Integration and What they
Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521.
44
THE INFLUENCE OF PROXIMITY
45
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.
Please see lecture video or Display 12b from Schiller, Peter H., and Christina
E. Carvey. "Demonstrations of Spatiotemporal Integration and What they
Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521.
46
Why we see wheels rotate
backwards in the movies
47
A wheel rotating slowly
13
12
11
10
1
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
48
A wheel rotating rapidly
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
1
49
Slow rotation
Frame 1
Frame 2
50
Frame 3
Rapid rotation
Frame 1
Frame 2
51
Metacontrast
Disk-ring sequence
52
53
54
Simultaneous presentation
55
56
Sequential presentation
57
58
59
Disk and ring and disk alone side
by side shown four times
16ms
16ms
time
60
cycling disk and ring with
equal cycle times
61
Brightness masking
62
Brightness masking
2
1
63
64
65
66
Brightness masking and metacontrast
1. Effect declines with increasing interstimulus interval
2. Does not occur interocularly
3. Mostly due to differential conduction velocity in retina
magnigtude of effect
Brightness masking
50
100
150
interstimulus interval in ms
1. U shaped function
2. Continues to occur interocularly
3. Physiology unclear but linked to motion perception
magnigtude of effect
Metacontrast
50
100
150
interstimulus interval in ms
67
Schematized RGC cell response to brightness masking
Mask alone
spikes
Target alone
50
50
Target and mask with two interstimulus
intervals
ISI
ISI
68
time
Optokinetic nystagmus
69
Optokinetic nystagmus
fast phase
1
slow
phase
2
3
70
Optokinetic nysgtagmus induced in the left and right eyes of a rabbit
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.
Please refer to lecture video or Knapp, A. G., M. Ariel, et al. "Analysis of Vertebrate Eye
Movements following Intravitreal Drug Injections. I. Blockade of Retinal ON-cells by 2amino-4-phosphonobutyrate Eliminates Optokinetic Nystagmus." Journal of
neurophysiology 60, no. 3 (1988): 1010-21.
71
Optokinetic nysgtagmus after APB injected into the right eye
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.
Please refer to lecture video or Knapp, A. G., M. Ariel, et al. "Analysis of Vertebrate Eye
Movements following Intravitreal Drug Injections. I. Blockade of Retinal ON-cells by 2amino-4-phosphonobutyrate Eliminates Optokinetic Nystagmus." Journal of
neurophysiology 60, no. 3 (1988): 1010-21.
72
The effect of APB on optikinetic nyustagmus in monkey
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.
Please refer to lecture video or Knapp, A. G., M. Ariel, et al. "Analysis of Vertebrate Eye
Movements following Intravitreal Drug Injections. I. Blockade of Retinal ON-cells by 2amino-4-phosphonobutyrate Eliminates Optokinetic Nystagmus." Journal of
neurophysiology 60, no. 3 (1988): 1010-21.
73
Optokinetic response in normal and immobilized eye
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.
Please refer to lecture video or Knapp, A. G., M. Ariel, et al. "Analysis of Vertebrate Eye
Movements following Intravitreal Drug Injections. I. Blockade of Retinal ON-cells by 2amino-4-phosphonobutyrate Eliminates Optokinetic Nystagmus." Journal of
neurophysiology 60, no. 3 (1988): 1010-21.
74
Motion analysis in the
accessory optic system
75
Prime axes of the retinal ganglion cells of Dogiel
that feed into the accessory optic system
2
1
Ant
3
The axons of the cells of Dogiel
project to the terminal nuclei
76
Major Pathways of the Accessory Optic System
(AOS)
Velocity response of AOS neurons = 0.1-1.0
deg/sec of AOS RGCs in rabbit = 7K out of 350K
Number
2
1
Cortex
Cerebellum
Ant
3
climbing fibers
Prime axes of the cells of Dogiel
NOT
Inferior Olive
Semicircular
canals
D
1
M
2,3
Vestibular
Nucleus
L
rate code
BS
BS
2,3
Terminal
Nuclei
vestibulo-ocular
reflex
77
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9.04 Sensory Systems
Fall 2013
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