New Physics in Heavy Flavours
LHCb Upgrade Workshop
Edinburgh – January 11, 2007
Yossi Nir (Weizmann Institute of Science)
New Physics in Flavour Physics
1/27
Theory Motivation at the LHC Era
The NP CP/Flavor Problem
1
2
• m2H ∼ (m2H )tree + 16π
2 ΛNP
To avoid fine-tuning of the Higgs mass,
ΛNP <
∼ 4πmW ∼ 1 T eV .
¯ d¯
• LNP ∼ Λ21 sds
NP
To avoid too large contributions to εK and to ∆mK,D,B ,
3−4
ΛNP >
10
T eV .
∼
New Physics at the TeV scale must have a
very non-generic flavor and CP structure
New Physics in Flavour Physics
2/27
Progress in CPV Physics
• 1964 − 2000
• |ε| = (2.284 ± 0.014) × 10−3
• Re ε′ /ε = (1.67 ± 0.26) × 10−3
• 2000 − 2006
• SψKS = +0.67 ± 0.03
• AK ∓ π± = −0.093 ± 0.015
• Sη′ KS = +0.61 ± 0.07
• SK + K − KS = −0.58 ± 0.13
• SD∗+ D∗− = −0.75 ± 0.23
• AK ∓ ρ0 = +0.31 ± 0.10
• Sπ+ π− = −0.59 ± 0.09
• AηK ∗0 = +0.19 ± 0.05
•
New Physics in Flavour Physics
3/27
Present and future of new flavor physics
Plan of Talk
1. “Closed” questions
• Is the KM mechanism at work?
• Is the KM mechanism dominant?
• Alternatives: Approximate CP? Superweak?
• Going quantitative: b → d, b → s
2. Open questions
• NP in c → u?
• NP in b → s?
• Is there new flavor physics at the 1-10% level?
New Physics in Flavour Physics
4/27
Present
Closed Questions
New Physics in Flavour Physics
5/27
SψKS , Sρρ , ADK ...
Is the KM mechanism at work?
• Assume: New Physics in tree decays - negligible
• Define rd2 exp(2iθd ) = hB 0 |Hfull |B 0 i/hB 0 |HSM |B 0 i
• Use |Vub /Vcb |, ADK , SψK , Sρρ , ∆mBd , AdSL
• Fit to η , ρ, rd , θd
• Find whether η = 0 is allowed
New Physics in Flavour Physics
6/27
SψKS , Sρρ , ADK ...
The KM mechanism is at work!
1
shaded areas have exclusion CL < 0.1, 0.68, 0.95
0.8
SM CKM Fit
0.6
0.4
α
η
0.2
γ
0
β
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
CKM
fitter
FPCP 06
-1
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2
0
ρ
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
1
SM tree level + NP in B 0 − B 0 mixing (∆mB , Sf , AdSL )
δKM 6= 0
New Physics in Flavour Physics
CKMFitter, hep-ph/0406184
7/27
β, α, γ
Is δKM the only source of CPV in meson decays?
1.5
1.5
t CL
da
> 0.
1
sin 2β
95
∆ms & ∆md
0.5
0.5
α
γ
0
β
α
α
εK
η
η
lude
γ
∆md
1
exc
excluded area has CL > 0.95
excluded area has CL > 0.95
γ
0
β
|Vub/Vcb|
-0.5
-0.5
εK
α
sol. w/ cos 2β < 0
(excl. at CL > 0.95)
-1
-1
γ
CKM
CKM
fitter
FPCP 06
fitter
FPCP 06
-1.5
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
ρ
ρ
CPC observables
|Vub /Vcb |, ∆mB , ∆mBs
CPV observables
ε, SψK , α, γ
Using CKMFitter package (Höcker et al., Eur. Phys. J. C21, 225 (01))
New Physics in Flavour Physics
8/27
SψKS , Sρρ , ADK
δKM is dominant!
SψK = +0.67 ± 0.03 ⇔ sin 2β(CKM fit) = +0.75+0.06
−0.04
The KM mechanism successfully passed
its first precision test
New Physics in Flavour Physics
9/27
SψKS , Sρρ , ADK
δKM is dominant!
SψK = +0.67 ± 0.03 ⇔ sin 2β(CKM fit) = +0.75+0.06
−0.04
The KM mechanism successfully passed
its first precision test
+15 o
+5 o
α(ππ, πρ, ρρ) = 101−9
⇔ α(CKM fit) = 96−16
The KM mechanism successfully passed
its second precision test
New Physics in Flavour Physics
9/27
SψKS , Sρρ , ADK
δKM is dominant!
SψK = +0.67 ± 0.03 ⇔ sin 2β(CKM fit) = +0.75+0.06
−0.04
The KM mechanism successfully passed
its first precision test
+15 o
+5 o
α(ππ, πρ, ρρ) = 101−9
⇔ α(CKM fit) = 96−16
The KM mechanism successfully passed
its second precision test
+38 o
+9 o
γ(DK) = 60−24
⇔ γ(CKM fit) = 59−4
The KM mechanism successfully passed
its third precision (?) test
New Physics in Flavour Physics
9/27
SψKS
Is CPV in K → ππ small because of flavor?
SM:
• ǫ ∼ 10−3 , ǫ′ ∼ 10−5 because of flavor suppression
• Some CP violating phases are order one
Approximate CP:
• All CPV phases are small
• All CP asymmetries are small
New Physics in Flavour Physics
10/27
SψKS
Is CPV in K → ππ small because of flavor?
SM:
• ǫ ∼ 10−3 , ǫ′ ∼ 10−5 because of flavor suppression
• Some CP violating phases are order one
Approximate CP:
• All CPV phases are small
• All CP asymmetries are small
B Physics:
• SψK ∼ 0.7
=⇒ Some CP violating phases are indeed O(1)
New Physics in Flavour Physics
10/27
AK ∓ π± , A−+
ρπ
Is CP violated in ∆B = 1 processes?
SM:
• Indirect (M12 ) and direct (Af ) CP violations are both large
Superweak:
• There is no direct (Af ) CP violation
K Physics:
• ǫ′ /ǫ = (1.72 ± 0.18) × 10−3
=⇒ CP is violated in ∆S = 1 processes (s → uūd)
New Physics in Flavour Physics
11/27
AK ∓ π± , A−+
ρπ
Is CP violated in ∆B = 1 processes?
SM:
• Indirect (M12 ) and direct (Af ) CP violations are both large
Superweak:
• There is no direct (Af ) CP violation
K Physics:
• ǫ′ /ǫ = (1.72 ± 0.18) × 10−3
=⇒ CP is violated in ∆S = 1 processes (s → uūd)
B Physics:
+0.11
• AK ∓ π± = −0.093 ± 0.015, A−+
= +0.19 ± 0.05, AK ∓ ρ0 = 0.31−0.10
ηK ∗0
=⇒ CP is violated in ∆B = 1 processes (b → uūs, b → uūd)
New Physics in Flavour Physics
11/27
SψKS , ∆mB , Ad
SL
0
0
Is there NP in B − B mixing?
• Assume: New Physics in tree decays - negligible
• Define rd2 exp(2iθd ) ≡ 1 + hd eiσd ≡ hB 0 |Hfull |B 0 i/hB 0 |HSM |B 0 i
• Use |Vub /Vcb |, ADK , SψK , Sρρ , ∆mBd , AdSL
• Fit to η, ρ, rd , θd (or hd , σd )
• Find whether hd 6= 0 (rd 6= 1) is allowed
New Physics in Flavour Physics
12/27
SψKS , ∆mB , Ad
SL
Very likely, the KM mechanism dominates
180
shaded areas have CL > 0.05, 0.32, 0.90
100
140
50
120
fitter
FPCP 06
100
0
2θd
CKM
160
σd (deg)
(deg)
150
-50
80
60
-100
40
CKM
0 0
New Physics in B B mixing
fitter
Winter 2004
-150
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
rd2
7
8
9
20
shaded areas have exclusion CL < 0.1, 0.68, 0.95
0
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
1
1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
2
hd
For arbitrary phase, hd = |AdNP /AdSM | ∼ 0.2 ± 0.2
New Physics in Flavour Physics
13/27
B → Xs γ, B → Xs ℓ+ ℓ−
Is there NP in b → s transitions?
• Rare b → s processes consistent with the SM predictions
=⇒ New Physics contributions to certain operators are strongly
constrained (Z-penguin, magnetic)
=⇒ New physics contributions to other operators are still very
weakly constrained (chromomagnetic, dim-6)
New Physics in Flavour Physics
14/27
SφKS , Sη′ K , Sπ0 K ...
S
S
Is there NP in b → s transitions?
Cf 1
{´f Sf = SÃKS
0.8
0.6
0.4
¼ 0 ¼ 0 KS
K+K{K0
0.2
0
f 0 KS
Cf = 0 ¼ 0 KS
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
'K0
´¶K0
KSKSKS
!KS
-0.8
-1
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
{´f Sf
1
Kirkby and Nir, PDG
No evidence at present
New Physics in Flavour Physics
15/27
∆mBs , ∆ΓBs , AsSL
Is there NP in Bs − B s mixing?
• Assume: New Physics in tree decays - negligible
• Define rs2 exp(2iθs ) ≡ 1 + hs eiσs ≡ hBs |Hfull |B s i/hBs |HSM |B s i
• Use |Vcb |, ∆mBs , ∆ΓBs , AsSL
• ∆Ms = (∆Ms )SM rs2
• ∆ΓCP
= ∆Γs cos 2θs = (∆Γs )SM cos2 2θs
s
s SM
• AsSL = −Re(Γs12 /M12
) sin 2θs /rs2
• Fit to rs , θs (or hs , σs )
• Find whether hs 6= 0 (rs 6= 1) is allowed
New Physics in Flavour Physics
16/27
∆mBs , ∆ΓBs , AsSL
Very likely, the KM mechanism dominates
2
180
CKM
160
fitter
FPCP 06
1.5
140
σs (deg)
r2s
120
100
1
80
60
40
0.5
20
shaded areas have exclusion CL < 0.1, 0.68, 0.95
0
0
2
0
2
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
1
1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
2
hs
2 s
Grossman, Nir, Raz, PRL97:151801 (2006) [hep-ph/0605028]
• For arbitrary phase, hs = |AsNP /AsSM | <
∼ 0.5
• 2θs ∼ π/2, 3π/2 - disfavored
New Physics in Flavour Physics
17/27
Closed Questions
Conclusions (I)
• The KM phase is different from zero (SM violates CP)
• The KM mechanism is the dominant source of the CP violation
observed in meson decays
0
• The size and the phase of NP contributions to B 0 − B mixing
and to Bs − B s mixing are severely constrained
• Complete alternatives to the KM mechanism are excluded
(Superweak, Approximate CP)
• No evidence for corrections to CKM
New Physics in Flavour Physics
18/27
Future
Open Questions
New Physics in Flavour Physics
19/27
Open questions
Unitarity Triangles 2006
1.5
1.5
1.5
L>0
at C
1
∆ms & ∆md
5
.95
> 0.9
sin 2β
ded
γ
t CL
1
∆md
da
1
excluded area has CL > 0.95
lude
γ
γ
exclu
excluded area has CL > 0.95
exc
excluded area has CL > 0.95
sin 2βs-penguin
0.5
α
α
α
γ
0
β
η
εK
η
0.5
γ
0
|Vub/Vcb|
α
β
η
0.5
γ
0
-0.5
β
|Vub/Vcb|
|Vub/Vcb|
-0.5
-0.5
_
K+ → π+νν
εK
α
-1
sol. w/ cos 2β < 0
(excl. at CL > 0.95)
-1
γ
CKM
fitter
FPCP 06
γ
CKM
Tree and s → d
fitter
FPCP 06
-1.5
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
ρ
s→d
ε, B(K + → π + ν ν̄)
γ
CKM
Tree and b → d
fitter
FPCP 06
-1.5
-1
sol. w/ cos 2β < 0
(excl. at CL > 0.95)
-1
Tree and b → s
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
ρ
2
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
ρ
b→d
∆mBd , SψK , Sρρ
b→s
∆mBs , Sb→ss̄s
There is still much to be learned from future measurements
Höcker, Robert, Monteil, T’Jampens (06)
New Physics in Flavour Physics
20/27
Questions not yet explored
Is there NP in c → u transitions?
Theory motivation: SUSY as an example
• U(3) models (a.k.a. MFV; think Gauge Mediation)
m̃21 = m̃22 = m̃23
(Almost) any deviation from the SM will exclude also MFV
• U(2) models (a.k.a. non-Abelian flavor symmetries)
m̃21 = m̃22 6= m̃23
=⇒ No sensitivity in K, D physics
=⇒ B physics ideally suited
• U(1) models (a.k.a. Alignment)
m̃21 6= m̃22 6= m̃23
Phenomenology (∆mK , ε) tells us that δds ≪ sin θc
=⇒ δuc ∼ sin θc
=⇒ D physics ideally suited
New Physics in Flavour Physics
21/27
aKπ , aKK , aππ
Is there NP in c → u transitions?
Experimental roadmap: Where to look for NP in D decays?
• Rates or CP Asymmetries?
Dominated by LD =⇒ Large uncertainties for rates
Dominated by lightest 2 gen’s =⇒ SM contributions are CPC
• CP violation in mixing
Use DCS (D0 → K + π − ), SCS (D0 → K + K − , π + π − )
• CP violation in decay
CPV NP loop contributions to c − u − gluon vertex can be large
=⇒ aK + K − , aπ+ π− at 1% highly interesting
Grossman, Kagan, YN, hep-ph/0609178
New Physics in Flavour Physics
22/27
Hints in present data
Is there NP in b → s transitions?
Theory motivation: SUSY as an example
• U(1) models
Naive estimate: δsR bR ∼ (ms /mb )/Vcb ∼ 1
The only FC coupling expected to be of order one
• GUT models
δsR bR related to Uµ3 = O(1)
RGE effects enhance δsR bR
Experimental motivation: ∆Sf ≡ −ηf Sf − SψKS
• ∆Sf (b → s) = O(0.1) not excluded
A hint for ∆Sf (b → s) = O(0.1)?
New Physics in Flavour Physics
23/27
SφKS , SBs →ψφ , B(Bs → µ+ µ− )...
Is there NP in b → s transitions?
fCP
Experiment
NF∗
QCDF∗∗
SU(3)∗∗∗
φKS
−0.28 ± 0.18
+0.02 ± 0.01
+0.02 ± 0.01
0.2
η ′ KS
−0.06 ± 0.07
+0.01 ± 0.02
+0.01 ± 0.01
0.1
f0 KS
−0.25 ± 0.17
π 0 KS
−0.34 ± 0.21
+0.06 ± 0.04
+0.07 ± 0.04
0.18
ωKS
−0.19 ± 0.24
+0.06
+0.19−0.14
+0.13 ± 0.08
(K ∗ K)†
ρ 0 KS
−0.47 ± 0.56
−0.26 ± 0.30
−0.08 ± 0.12
(K ∗ K)†
KS KS KS
−0.16 ± 0.21
0.4
K + K − KS
−0.09 ± 0.13
0.14
π 0 π 0 KS
−1.51 ± 0.71
∗ Buchalla et al., hep-ph/0503151; ∗∗ Beneke, hep-ph/0505075
∗ ∗ ∗ Grossman et al., hep-ph/0303171; Raz et al., hep-ph/0505194,0508046,0509125
† Available once B(K ∗ K) is measured
New Physics in Flavour Physics
24/27
Accurate data base
Is there new flavor physics?
A worthy goal: better than 1% precision on flavor physics
• Alternatives to CKM:
O(1) effects - excluded by present data
• Subdominant new sources of flavor/CP violation:
O(10%) effects explored at present (hints for b → s?)
• Minimal Flavor Violation:
O(m2W /Λ2NP ) ∼ 1% effects
Where is theory better than 1%? SψKS ...
• Measure γ via B → DK modes
• Measure/improve B, ACP , AFB for B → Xs γ and B → Xs ℓ+ ℓ−
• Measure KL → πν ν̄
New Physics in Flavour Physics
25/27
ADK
Is there new flavor physics?
Measure γ from interference between b → cūs and b → uc̄s
• SM tree level processes
• Uncertainties from subleading decay amplitudes at m4c G2F
0
0
• Largest uncertainties: from D − D mixing ∼
2
x2D +yD
8
Grossman, Soffer, Zupan, hep-ph/0505270; Silva, Soffer, Zupan, hep-ph/9912242
=⇒ Theoretical uncertainty: smaller than O(0.001)
New Physics in Flavour Physics
26/27
Open questions
Conclusions (II)
• The O(1) questions have been answered
The O(0.1) questions are being explored
The O(0.01) questions pose a worthy goal
• Corrections to CKM are possible
• Charm (and top?) may provide NP surprises
aK + K − , aπ+ π−
• b → s has always been a suspect
improved accuracy can reveal NP
• γ from B → DK can stregthen our tests
• There is still much to be learned from flavor/CP physics
New Physics in Flavour Physics
27/27
SφKS , Sη′ K , SKS KS KS ...
S
Is there NP in b → s transitions?
fCP
∆S
C
φKS
−0.28 ± 0.18
+0.01 ± 0.13
η ′ KS
−0.06 ± 0.07
−0.09 ± 0.06
f0 KS
−0.25 ± 0.17
−0.02 ± 0.13
π 0 KS
−0.34 ± 0.21
+0.12 ± 0.11
ωKS
−0.20 ± 0.24
−0.21 ± 0.19
ρ 0 KS
−0.47 ± 0.57
+0.64 ± 0.48
KS KS KS
−0.16 ± 0.21
−0.23 ± 0.15
K + K − KS‡
−0.09 ± 0.17
+0.15 ± 0.09
π 0 π 0 KS‡
−1.5 ± 0.7
+0.27 ± 0.54
‡ Not a CP eigenstate
=⇒ How good is ≈ ?
New Physics in Flavour Physics
28/27
b→d
Experimental status of CP asymmetries
fCP
−ηCP S
C
ψπ 0
+0.68 ± 0.25
−0.11 ± 0.20
D+ D−
+0.29 ± 0.63
+0.11 ± 0.35
D∗+ D∗−
+0.75 ± 0.23
+0.12 ± 0.14
π+ π−
+0.59 ± 0.09
−0.39 ± 0.07(0.23)
π0 π0
−0.36 ± 0.33
ρ+ ρ−
+0.06 ± 0.18
−0.11 ± 0.13
ρ0 π 0
+0.15 ± 0.71
+0.45 ± 0.47
New Physics in Flavour Physics
29/27
∆mBs , ∆ΓBs , AsSL
Important News: Bs − B s mixing
1. CDF: ∆MBs = 17.77 ± 0.10 ± 0.07 ps−1
• The first upper bound on ∆MBs
• SM: ∆MBs = 17.8 ± 4.2 ps−1
−1
2. D0: ∆ΓBs = −0.15 ± 0.10+0.03
−0.04 ps
• Sensitivity starts to be interesting for theory (also for CPV!)
• SM: ∆ΓBs = −0.07 ± 0.03 ps−1
3. D0: ASL = −0.0044 ± 0.0040 ± 0.0028
• Sensitivity starts to be interesting for theory (CPV)
• SM: AsSL < 10−4
New Physics in Flavour Physics
30/27
AsSL
Is there new CP violation in Bs − B s mixing?
ASL
=
x2d
fd 1+x2 AdSL
d
x2d
fd 1+x2
d
+
x2s
fs 1+x2 AsSL
s
x2
s
+ fs 1+x
2
s
≃ 0.6AdSL + 0.4AsSL
=⇒ AsSL = −0.008 ± 0.011
Grossman, Nir, Raz, PRL97:151801 (2006) [hep-ph/0605028]
A first significant probe of CP violation in Bs − B s mixing
New Physics in Flavour Physics
31/27