K. Long, 31 May, 2016
Precision and sensitivity:
The Neutrino Factory
– physics and acceleration concepts
Standard neutrino Model (SM)?

The observation of neutrino oscillations
implies:


Mass  0 and neutrino masses not equal
L and R present


and can interact
No conserved quantum numbers and mass  0
Dirac spinor
 Majorana spinor



CP violation
Neutrino could be its own antiparticle
Mass states mix to produce flavour states
0
0  c13
 e   1
  

0
     0 c23 s23 
   0  s
  s e -i
c
  
23
23 
13
0 s13ei
1
0
0
c13
 c12 s12 0   1 

 
  s12 c12 0  2 

 0
0 1  3 

Plan:

Neutrino oscillation – the physics frontier

Sources for era of precision & sensitivity

The Neutrino Factory accelerator



Overview
R&D programme
Conclusions
Motivation: understanding the mixing matrix

Present knowledge of the parameters:
Parke
Lisi


Presently unknown:

Sign of m223 – discovery

Precision determination of 13

Search for non-zero  – discovery
As important as study of CKM matrix …
Motivation: key issues in particle physics

The origin of mass

Neutrino mass very small

Different origin to quark and
lepton mass?
de Gouvea
Motivation: key issues in particle physics

The origin of mass

Neutrino mass very small


Different origin to quark and
lepton mass?
The origin of flavour

Neutrino mixing different from quark mixing

‘Natural’ explanation in ‘see-saw’ models?
de Gouvea
Motivation: key issues in particle physics

The origin of mass

Neutrino mass very small


The origin of flavour

Neutrino mixing different from quark mixing


Different origin to quark and
lepton mass?
‘Natural’ explanation in ‘see-saw’ models?
The quest for unification

‘Unified’ theories relate quarks to leptons

Generating relationships between quark and lepton
mixing angles
Motivation: key issues in cosmology

The origin of dark matter & dark energy


~96% of matter/energy is not understood
Neutrinos:



The absence of anti-matter

CP violation in lepton sector underpins removal of antimatter



Contribution as large as baryonic matter?
In some models neutrinos impact on dark energy
‘Dirac’ phase, , not directly responsible, but,
Relationship of relevant (Majorana) phases to  is model
dependent
Explanation of (absence of) large-scale structure


Neutrino interacts only weakly – possible means of
communication across large distances?
In some models, super-symmetric partner to neutrino
may be responsible for inflation
Motivation: the next generation
NOA
P.Huber et al.,
hep-ph/0403068
Motivation: timescales
Require 2nd generation facility
in second half of next decade
50
30
Mezzetto
20
Neutrino source – options:

Second generation
super-beam

CERN, FNAL, BNL,
J-PARC II

Neutrino Factory

Beta-beam
Super-beams: SPL-Frejus
Campagne
LSM-Fréjus
CERN SPL
Near detector
TRE

New optimisation: 4 MW; 440 kTon H2O


Energy: 3.5 GeV
Particle production


Horn/target
Decay tunnel
SPL-Frejus: performance
2yrs (+)
8yrs ()
Campagne
‘Old’ (2.2 GeV)
Rates
Rates and
energy
spectrum
310-4
T2K10, 5 yrs
Assumes 2%
systematic
uncertainties
Neutrino Factory: sensitivity


Neutrino Factory: 1021 decays/year; 50 GeV
50 kTon magnetised iron calorimeter
3000 km base line
P.Huber et al., hep-ph/0412199
Neutrino Factory: sensitivity
Synergy of
NuFact-II(3000 km)+T2HK
mass hierarchy
removed
2nd L at MB=Magic Base Line(7500km)
Beta-beam

Optimisation

Beam energy ()

Detector:
H2O Ckov
 TASD

considered
Super-beam/beta-beam/Neutrino Factory

Neutrino Factory offers best performance

Best sensitivity to 

Unless sin2213 is large



Best ‘discovery reach’ in sin2213
High- beta-beam competitive


NF optimisation for large sin2213 to be reviewed
 ~ 350 requires ‘1 TeV proton machine’
High-performance super-beam has   0
discovery potential if sin2213 is large


Multi-megawatt class proton source
Megaton scale H2O Cherenkov
The challenge: time-scales

Optimum schedule
Era of
Era of
sensitivity & precisionsensitivity &precision


Challenge:


Science driven
PotentialIncremental
match to
funding window
To make the case!
International
scoping study


1-year study of
Neutrino Factory and
super-beam facility
… a step on the way?
Neutrino Factory – concept
500 m
Neutrino Factory
Target:
Surface
Decay channel:
50m, surface
Phase rotation:
50m, surface
Cooling:
100m, surface
FFAG 3-8 GeV:
64m , surface
FFAG 8-20 GeV:
160m , 15m below ground
FFAG 20-50 GeV:
400m , 30m below ground
Race-track storage ring:
Leg to Gran Sasso
503.5m
Leg to Soudan
563.7m
Findlay ‘four-straight’ storage ring:
Leg to Gran Sasso
100m
Leg to Soudan
500m
Leg to SuperKamiokande 1000m
[ 900–1000 m
below ground ]
Return leg
To Soudan
(500 m)
To G Sasso
(100 m)
To Super-K
(1000 m,
projection)
Return leg
(vertical)
3 × FFAGs
3–8 GeV
8–20 GeV
20–50 GeV
To Soudan
3 GeV linac
Cooling
Phase rot.
To G Sasso
Target
Super-beam to Gran Sasso
Injector linac:
Synchrotrons:
~10 GeV synch.
+ booster + linac
To G Sasso
100m, surface
50m and 100m 
Surface
Extraction line: 50m, surface
Target:
Surface
Decay channel: 100m
Points to Gran Sasso
Neutrino Factory R&D: highlights

Proton driver

Comment on front end

Target and capture

Cooling


MICE
Acceleration
The proton driver
Proton driver & its front end

Proton labs all have proton-driver plans


… too much detail to cover here!
Importance to inject ‘good’ beam:

Parallel front-end developments (in Europe):
Intermediate
Acceleration
High Energy
3 MeV test
place 3 MeV test
Injector place; Linac 4; SPL
 CERN:
SuperConducting Elliptical Cavities
SC or NC
(352 MHz)
CERN
Resonators
(5-cell 704 MHz)
CCLRC: Front-end test stand; 180 MeV linac
 CEA: SPES-1
 INFN: Incipit
SPES-1
Legnaro
 CNRS, IPN,
IN2P3, Eurotrans:
PDS-XADS
CW or Pulsed
Superconducting main linac
TRIPS HIPPI
 Eurisol,
LINACRFQ
EUROTRANS
 …


Synergy!

Medium Beta
=0.65
High Beta
=0.85
500 MeV
Low Beta
=0.47
200 MeV
100 MeV
CH - DTL or
QWR - Spoke
RFQ
5 MeV
100 keV
SOURCE
MEBT
FETS
Breadth of applications is a great strength
RAL
600 MeV
XADS
1-2 GeV
EURISOL
Target and capture
Emphasis on target work, but
significant progress in phaserotation and bunching schemes
pion/muon rates vs proton
energy etc. etc.
Target and capture

Two schemes:


Horn: good match to super-beam
Tapered solenoid: possible to capture + and simultaneously (US Study IIa)
2.2 GeV protons
At 4MW
Current of 300 kA

Protons
B=0
B1/R
Hg Jet
CERN
Study II
Target: evaluation of options

Solid target:


Lifetime: beam-induced shock leads to fracture
Irradiation tests:
Exposure of various candidate materials to pulsed
proton beam at BNL and at CERN
 Annealing of target material through ‘baking’ also
being studied
Bennett


Shock test (UKNF):
Current pulse to
simulate heating
 Thin (tantalum wire)
 Numerical models
(LS-Dyna) being
studied
heater
insulators

to pulsed
power supply
to pulsed
power supply
test wire
to vacuum pump
water cooled vacuum chamber
Schematic diagram of the test chamber and heater oven.
Target: evaluation of options

Liquid-mercury jet:

To date, have tested:
Effect of beam on jet without magnetic field
 Development of jet in a solenoidal magnetic field


Progress in modelling results
Lettry/Robert: laser  water jet
Samulyak
Cavitation, surface ripples
High-power target experiment
Proton
Beam
Solenoid
Beam
Attenuator
Hg Delivery
System
MERIT: preparations

Magnet:

LN2 Operation
15 T (5.5 MW pulsed
power)
15 cm warm bore
1 m long beam pipe



nTOF11: schedule

2005





nToF11 approved
solenoid construction completed
solenoid tests
construction of Hg system
2006





March
Spring
Summer
Winter
April
June
autumn
December
solenoid test finished
solenoid shipped to CERN
integrated test at CERN
fully ready for beam
2007

April
final run at PS start-up
Emphasis on MICE, but
important progress on new
cooling schemes: ring coolers,
FFAG 6D coolers, helical coolers,
…
Ionisation cooling and MICE
Ionisation cooling
Principle
Practice
Large emittance
close to a focus
MICE:

 Design, build, commission and operate a
Acceleration
2
realistic section of Liquid
coolingHchannel
 Measure its performance in a variety of
modes of operation and
beamemittance
conditions
Small
i.e. results will allow NuFact complex to be
optimised
MICE collaboration
Universite Catholique de Louvain Belgium
INFN: Bari, Frascati, Genova, Legnaro, Milano, Napoli, Padova, Trieste
ROMA TRE university, Italy
KEK, Osaka University Japan
NIKHEF The Netherlands
CERN
Geneva, PSI Switzerland
THE MICE COLLABORATION
3 continents
7 countries
40 institute members
140 individual members
- Engineers & physicists (part. & accel.)
Brunel, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Liverpool, Imperial, Oxford, RAL,
Sheffield UK
Spokesman:
A.Blondel (GVA)
Deputy:
Proj. Man.:
M.Zisman (LBNL)
P.Drumm (RAL)
ANL, BNL, FNAL, JLab, LBNL,
Universities of Fairfield, Chicago, UCLA Physics, Northern Illinois,
Iowa, Mississippi, UC Riverside, Illinois-UC
Enrico Fermi Institute, Illinois Institute of Technology USA
MICE on ISIS at RAL
MICE Target

Concept:

Target dips into
halo of ISIS beam
On demand
 1 – 3 Hz operation


Engineering:

Require to
separate vacuum
surrounding
target mechanism
from ISIS machine
vacuum
MICE Hall: hydrogen-system R&D
Non return
valve 0.1 bar
Simplified PID
Vent manifold
RV21
H2
H2
Extract hood
H2
P
VP01
CV17
RV10 0.5 bar diff
PG01
PV18
CV04
P
PV19
PV02
P
BD09 0.9 bar diff
PV03
Buffer
vessel
HV08
Metal Hydride
storage unit
(20m3 capacity)
Heater
/
Chiller/He
Chiller
ater Unit
T
TS1
RV06
PV05
1 m3
PV01
1 bar diff
PV14
PV07
Argon jacket
PG02
P
PG03
PV15
P
P
RV13 0.5 bar diff
P
P
Hydrogen
supply
BD12 0.9 bar diff
TS3
T
HV11
P
Absorber
volume
Test absorber module
PV20
Nitrogen
supply
T
Helium
supply
Temperature
sensor
Out
In
Coolant
P
Pressure
gauge
P
Pressure
regulator
Valve
Pressure
relief valve
VP02
Non-return
valve
Bursting disk
VP
Vacuum pump
P
MICE Hall: hydrogen-system R&D
Hydrogen inlet and outlet
He inlet and outlet
Radiation shield
Level
sensors
Condenser
LH2 dummy absorber
Cu bottom plate
with heat exchanger
Dummy absorber and cryostat
Cryocooler SRDK-415
1.5 W @4.2K
35/45 W @50K
Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment
Spectrometer: solenoid
LBNL
Iron Shield Brackets
Coolers
Lead Neck
Vent Stack
4 K Cooler
Condenser
Iron Shield
Fill & Vent Neck
He Gas Tube
Lead Neck
Liquid HeCooler
Tube Neck
Radiation Shield Space
Drawing by S. Q. Yang
Cold Mass Support
Cold Mass Support
Tracker MagnetThe
Stand
50 K shields are not shown.
Spectrometer: tracker

Prototypes:
Brunel, Edinb’gh,
FNAL, Gva,
IIT, light!
Imperial,
First
KEK, Liverpool, Osaka, Riverside,
UCLA
Spectrometer: tracker; electronics


Two VLPC cassettes
borrowed from D
Prototype AFE II boards
borrowed from D


Cryostat design/built
for MICE


Some MICE specific
interface boards
Cryocooler for
refrigeration
Commissioning of AFE
II – FNAL experts:

Require expertise in
tracker team
Upstream Cherenkov
Mississippi
Time-of-flight/trigger
Milan/Pavia
ToF/trigger

Prototype development/performance tests

Issues:


50 gauss
Rate (especially ToF0)
Operation in magnetic field
1 MHz
1 MHz
Downstream Cherenkov
Louvain
Muon calorimeter: development


Base line design
complete
Testing of
components
underway
Rome III, Trieste
Focus-coil module:

Focus-coils:




5T
Field flip
(focus)
Conceptual
& now
detailed
design of
magnets
Safety
analysis
KEK, IIT, FNAL, RAL,
Oxford, Missippi
Cavity prototype: MuCool
JLab
FNAL
 E-beam welding
 Ports
 Water cooling lines
• Couplers assembled first time
(mid-April-2005)
• First low power measurement
• frequency ~ 199.5 MHz
• coupling ~ 5 (max)
• Q ~ 5000

Now, preparing to condition in MTA at FNAL





Step I: Spring 2007
Step II
Study
Systematically
Approved!
Step III
In preparation
Step IV
Step V

Step VI 2009?

Rapid acceleration


Large aperture


Reduce constraints on
cooling channel
Favoured scenario:


Muons decay
Fixed field alternating
gradient (FFAG)
accelerators
Storage ring:

Concept development (US)
Accel & store
FFAG R&D

PRISM: culmination of Japanese scaling-FFAG
R&D

Built on success of
POP machines

International activity
developing ‘EMMA’:
non-scaling FFAG
concept

Electron model:

POP machine for
non-scaling FFAG
Comments and conclusions

Several studies at the turn of the century




established feasibility & R&D programme
R&D programme is now maturing:




US Studies I and II
ECFA/CERN Study
NuFact-J Study
International Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment –
MICE
International high-power targetry experiment - MERIT
International rapid acceleration (FFAG) programme EMMA
In parallel, continued concept development
Desirable timescale
Super-beam
Neutrino Factory
Beta-beam
Concept development
(design studies)
leading to consensus
programme
Build
Next generation facility
Era of precision and sensitivity
Desirable timescale
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Neutrino Factory roadmap
ISS
NuFact06
IDS
Neutrino Factory consortium formation
Build
Physics
Key decision points
Seek to instigate IDS
Seek to host FP7 DS and/or I3 bids
IDS mandate at Nufact06
Submit FP7 bids
Form Neutrino Factory consorium
Initiate build phase


♦
●●●●●●●●
♦
♦
♦
♦
♦
♦
Next five years a crucial period
UK Neutrino Factory and MICE-UK collaborations


Beginning now to define second phase programme
Schedule ‘a match’ to domestic and EU FP7 funding
opportunities
Conclusion:

Clear programme:

Present experiments to:


Next generation of experiments to:



Tie down 12, 23, m122, m232
Make first measurement of 13 (or set limit)
Begin search for leptonic CP violation
Energetic programme of R&D by which to:


Arrive at a consensus programme for the era of precision and
sensitivity
Options:



Second-generation super-beam
Beta-beam
Neutrino Factory
alone or in combination

A fantastic programme!