OF BESOUBCESOF NATUBAL RESOURCES THENATURAL A PLAN THE PLAN FOR FOBPROTECTING PROTBCTING SPILLSI OIL SPILLS FROMOIL YAQUINA BAY, BAY, OREGON OBBGONFROM Sutherland Br uceSutherland by: b y: G. Bruce EnvironmentalQuality Oregon Department of Environmental Oregon Department QualitY 1982 August, August,1982 Impact Energy Impact CoastalEnergy theCoastal provided by by the projeet was The funding for this project wasprovided The funding for as Act Management Act as Zone Management Coastai Zone tire Coastal 308 of the Program under Seetion 308 under Section and Oceanieand Management, National Oceanic CoastalManagement, of Coastal administered by by the Office Office of Administration Atmospheric Administration Atmospherie ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ind_eOted to_Irving Irving W. W. Jones Jones of II am deeply indebted to of the the Oregon OregonDepartment Department of Fish Fish "Jn_._9_"_9plV and Wildlife and to Randall RandauW. and Wildlife w: Smith Smith of the United United States StatesFish Fisnand rVildlife anoWildlife Service for the technical technical help help and provided in andmoral Service for the moral support support they they provided in the the preparation of of this preparation this document. document. In the ODFW bDFW proviOeO In addition the provided aa boat and and equipment for field field surveys surveysand provided an equipment USFWS provided andthe the USFWS pilot ai airplane airplane and and pilot for aerial aerialreconnaissance. reconnaissanee. Without Without the the help of these thesetwo two individuals individualsand and the cooperation eooperation of respeetive agencies, of their respective ageneies, this this report would would never never have have b e e n completed. c o mp l e te d . been Thanks also Thanks also goes goes to Jon JonChristenson Christensonwhose stellar madethis this study stellar efforts made study pos.stple_, to Van VanKollias Kollias and andTom Tom Bispham Bispham who provided important possible, to important support, supportl and to Dr. Dr. Robert RobertHolton, Holton,Ed and EdQuan, and Olga Olga Sutherland S^utherland Quan, and reviewed the who reviewed the providedvaluable andprovided draft and valuablecomments. eomments. l11 t a TABLE TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS I. I. II. II. III. III. S IV. IV. V. V. Introduction .......................... Page Page . . Usage ........... Chart Usage Natural Resource and Protection chart Natural Resource and Protection 22 Introduet ion P ri o ri ti e s ResourcePriorities ....................... Re so u re e ProtectionMeasures ....................... Proteetion Measures . Response Physical Factors Affecting theSpill Oil Spill Response Affecting the Oil Physical Factors A.- Tidal Action . . A. River Florrrs B. Wind Patterns C. C. . . D. D. Air & Water Tcrperatures . . . E.. P r o p e r t i e s o f O i I E ........ TidalAction ........................ RiverFlows Wind Patterns........................ ....................... Air&WaterTenperatures .................. Properties of Oil ..................... \TI. vI. VII. V II. VIII. vIII. Recovery ............................ Cleanupandflaioval ....................... Cleanup and Rernrval . The Inpacts of Oil on the Yaquina Bay Estuary .......... The Inpacts of Oil on the YaquinaBay Estuary . A. A. B. B. The Inpacts on Living OrganisrsOrganisms .............. The Inpacts on Living GeneralEffects ..................... l. Cieneral Effeets . 1. Specific Populations Populations ............ E ffe cts o n on Specific 2. 2 . Effects Ef fects of Significance of Virrious Variousllabitats, Habitats, the Simif ieance of C. c. 2. 2. 3. 4. 5. XIV xIV. . p . xv. XV. AreheoloEieal Sites Center OreEonSiate Lhriversitv l\rlarineScience Cent l\tlarinas. . Water Intakes Recreation Iog Storage 44 5 5 77 7 7 11 t1 12 t2 13 l3 13 13 15 15 15 15 16 l6 16 l6 16 l6 17 t7 19 l9 20 20 21l 2 22 22 233 2 233 2 24 24 24 24 24 24 255 2 25 25 255 2 26 26 26 26 Potential for Spills A. A. R o a dS p i l tb B. B. S h i p p i i rgS p i l Is C. C. Spill Sites 27 2T 27 27 27 27 28 28 Available Equipmsnt and. Expertise .............. Available Oil Oil Equipnent and Bxpertise 28 28 28 28 29 29 29 29 Equiçz'rnt .......................... Expertise ......................... OtherResources ..................... Data Needs ........................... A.. A. B. C. C. B. . ShelteredRockyShores ................ Silt and Sand Beaches ................. cenWaters Waters ...................... . NaturalAreas ..................... Archeological Sites .................. Oregon State University Marine Science Center ..... State [hriversity $regon iViarinas ........................ Water Intakes ..................... Recreat ion ...................... Log Storage ...................... Potential for Spills ...................... Ioad Spills ......................... ShippinSpil1s ...................... Spill Sites ........................ 77.. xXII . XII. xII. XIII. XIII. Tidal Flats Shores Sheltered Rocky Shore Silt and Sand Beaehes Other Resources Inpacted by Oil .............. 66.. X. Tidal lMarshes TidalMarshes ..................... TidalFiats ...................... Qpen Other Resources Inpacted by Oi I 1. l. Natural Areas 2. 2. 3. q. 4. 4. 5. 5. IX. IX. Effects of Measures Oil UponThenr Thffn and Possible Cleanup Measures ........ Cleanup OiI lpon and Possible 1. l. I . . Reeovery 1 Equigrent E xp e rti se Other Resourees . . Data Needs . 29 29 Sunrary and Conelus ions SuinryandConclusions ..................... 30 30 Reccnnendations 31l 3 References 32 32 Appendiees . Available Oil Spill Ql inatological Da-ta 37 37 37 3? 40 40 Reccnnndations ......................... References ........................... 'nirponti Appendices ........................... Coast. Available Oil Spill Response Equipmsnt the Oregon Coast in'tne'oieion squiilni on A. A-.B. E. C. C. D. D. E. E. ClinEtologicalData .................... NaturalResourceMaps ................... Natural REsourcelVhps VulnerableResourceMaps .................. Vulnerable ResourceiVlaps ResourceProtectionMaps .................. ResoureeProteetion lVlaps t' iii Itt 44 44 50 50 57 57 I. I. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION appr95iT""t"Jl Oregonfoalir ttreOregon YaquinaBay Baylies liesininthe the mid-eoast mid-coast region of of the coast, approximately tne north and about 216 miles north of of the miles 216 about and River Columbia the 125 miles iouth south of the Columbia River l2b -Caf miles zonet the coastal eoastalzone, in the is the estuary in largest estuary the fourth f ourth largest It is iiornia border. California 1,353acres Wetlands encompass acres of eicompass1,353 mean high covering 3,9I0 3,910aeres acres at at mean high tide. !et^!a1ds of tidal aeres of 819 acres and819 flats and mud flats of mud aere"s of inetuOing 534 acres ar?a,' including this inis area, very is very bay is shallows, the bay of shallows, amount of extensiveamount of the extensive Beeause6f marshes. Because marshes. production and and primary production role in primary playing aa vital vital role important biologieally, playing important biologically, areas nesting habitats, and nesting areas and g-rounOs, eritieal providing nurr".f"r, nurseries, 5re"-ding breeding providing - grounds, critical salmon migratorysalmon substantialmigratory has aasubstantial Ia also also has ?or numerous num-erous for organisms. organisms. It numerous for resting area for numerous area resting and over stop over and important stop population and iJis an important population and m i g r ato ry waterfowl. w a te rfo w l . migratory major it one one of the major made it have made Bay area The natural natural amenities area have YaquinaBay theYaquina of the amenitiesof sights"glngt as Activities such as sightseeing, such Aetivities oo"it. the Oregon Orei;on coast. recreational eenters centers of the recreational pienicking, pleasureboating, boating, camping, clammiig, pleasure lithing, clamming, shore and boat fishing, -eamping,picnicking, the As a rresult, esult' the a extremely popular. extr e*gly.popular .. b i a e h eomUingnature a n dbeachcombing arear e vi e w i n g , and n a t u r e viewing, 3l Newport are all at Newport are developed state parfcs parks and and exteniive extensive tourist tourist facilities facilities at OevelopeOsta"t'e months' summer heavily used partieularly particularly in the the summer months. heavily used the settlers to the explorers.and early explorers These same natural resources attracted early and settlers resources attracted important an important into int-o development development its in resulted eventually-T oresulted and eventuatly area and area day comm er ei al lar ge commercial har bor sa large Newpor tharbors the city of of Newport e o m me re i a lecenter. e n te r. Today the commercial the at whereas, Toledo, at the Tol-edo, piantsr wherea'c, prodessing iisn processing plants, ,"u"rat fish fishing fleet fleet and several fishing Yaquina Bay Yaquina-.Bay "nd produets indust-ry. forestproducts industry. targeforest supportsaa large head of the treaO6f the bay, bay,- supports aquaeulture salmonaquaculture industry and and aa salmon oy-ster induitry eommereial oyster sustains aa commercial also sustains also industry. industry. it isis also also usage_r. reereationalusage, Baytscommercial eommercial and recreational In addition to Yaquina In YaquinaBay's complex complex This Center. Science Center. Marine Seience iniversity's Marine St"t" University's the site site of ofOregon OregonState the faeilities for researeh facilities oceanographie research proviOes extensive and oceanographic coastal and exteniive eoastal provides students. and students. scientistsand universityscientists federal, state,and anduniversity lederal, state, imagine for us usto toimagine is not diffieult for not too too difficult generalbackground, background, it is Given this general incident pollution spill or similar pollution incident similar or oil the consequeneesaa large oil disastrousconsequences the disastrous related resouree related and resource resources and natural iesourees the sensitive sensitive n6tural have on on the' could have could sueh disasters such disasters spill yaquina Names associated with oil spill associated with Bay. industries of Yaquina Bay. industries of scenes of dead dead MERCHANTbring ARGOMERCHANT as the and the ARGO bring to mind seenes AMOCOCADIZ CAOTZandthe as theAMOCO Oregonians to most Oregonians most abhor-rent all abhorrent fish, oiied birds, all anOoiled ieacnes, and devastatedbeaches, fish, devastated envir onm ent. p ri d e in their natur alenvironment. a rti e u l a r pride their natural who take w h o ' ta ke pparticular have traffie have limited oil oil tanker traffic and limited goodluck luek and of good To eombinationof To date, date, aacombination been of course, been eourse, have, There have, spared environmentior forthe themost mostpart. part. There JpareOOregon's Oregontsenvironment the incidents, documented incidents, the of the documented disasters. Of maior disasters. no major many oit oil spitts, spills, but but no oeeurred whieh occurred sp-illwhich MARU oil spill gallon TOYOTAMARU most gallon TOYOTA 26,000 mos[ extensive extentivewas wasthe the26,000 limited the spill caused limited caused spitt the Fortunately, Fortunately, in 19?8:River on the Columbia River in 1978. Columbia the of state of the state of attention of the thl attention foc-us -oui the did, however, Iowever, focus It did, apparent apparent damage. Oamage. It such natural resources to such resources natural Oregon on the extreme irufneraOifify-of our extreme vulnerability O";!il--d-IhA in to be be protected in are to areas are sensitive areas that ifif sensitive clear that It was was clear ineidents. It incidents. spill the occurrence of a spill of oecurrenc-e prior the to tormuf"i"O prior to the future, ptansmust be formulated must be f uture, plans the Department of OregonDepartment the Oregon consequence r the rather than during or aft"r. after. As a consequence, duri-ngor rather G0781 GO78l -1 -1 4 Environmental sought and Environmental Quality Quality sought and obtained federal funding funding to to develop develop aa proteetion resource protection plan for the Columbia River. the Columbia River. plin entiged,'An The plan entitled, An l99ogr9e Oil Spill Oil Spill Protection Protection plan Plan for for the Natural Resources Resourcesof the theLower LowerColumbia ColumbE anq Willamette wuramef te Rivers, and Bivers, was was completed completed in in 1979. 1929. It , identified sensitive ffiggested natural resources and suggested suitable suftable protection protection methods. me t h o d s . The sueeess judged by success of of that document, document, as as judged by its its favorable reeeption, reception, led the the State to seek seekfurther further funding State to to funding to iimitar do similar studies for the Oregon coast. the Oregon eoast. -highly Althougtt the yiquina Bay eoast is is highly vulnerable, Although the entire entire coast vulnerable, Coos Coos Bay Bay and andYaquina Bay were singled or1t protection plans f9. protection ptals because were singled out for beeausethey they are ari significant signifielnt deep oeei ports and, and, therefore, morClikely water more likely totohave haveshipping inipping ielated spills'. related spills. lY-qterports -therefore, Ultimately,. itit is is hoped Ultimately, hoped that proteetion plans will that protection will be be-d"uEtoped developed for for the entire coastal eoastal area. presentstudy The present studyof The ofYaquina YaquinaBay Bay is thus an extension extension of of the earlier earlier work work done the Columbia Columbia River system. done on the system. As previous wort<, with the previous As with work, the tne major major premise is that any premise any oil discharged discharged into the the marine marine or fresh fresh water water environment would environment wouldinevitably inevitablyaffec-t affect both natural natural and manmade manmaderesources. resourees. Consequently, the rapidity and Consequently, the rapidity and effectiveness effectiveness of of the the oil oil spill spill response responseis is of_prime importaneein of prime importance in avoiding potentially serious avbiding potentially seriousdamage. oamagei- The fcey to aa key r a s t response r e s p o n s e is fast i s ccontingency o n t i r g e n e y planning p l a n n i n g which w h i e h includes i n c l u d e s notification notif ication pro.eeduresr delegation of authority, persdnneland authority, procedures, delegation and equipment equipmentdeployment, tleploymenll - personnel and prior identification and identifieation of all potentially poientially affected affeefeo resources. resourees. As As suggested earlier, latter component eomponent is suggested earlier, the latter is often 6ften left left out of of contingency eontingeney plans and, the major major thrust plans and, therefore, the thiust of of this study study is to: to: l. 1. Identify and priority all by priority Identify and rank by allvulnerable vulnerable resources resourees in the in the 2. 2. Designate Designate speeifie specific areas proteetion and determine areas for protection determine how how physieal physical processes processes will will effeet effect their vulnerability, vulnerability, 3. 3. suggest Suggest suitable suitable protective protective and andcleanup eleanupresponse responsemeasures, measures, 4. 4. Map resource resource locations, locations, boom sites, sites, containment eontainmentareas, areas, and and access aeeess points, points, 5. suggest data needsand Suggest data needs and technical teehniealimprovements, improvements, and and 6. Supplement Supplement present present oil oil spill contingency plans. contingeneyplans. stu d y aarea, study re a , . The following The following narrative details detailshow how to use use the thedeveloped developednatural natural resource resouree ch?-tt proteetion chart, and^protection chart and ehart, deseribes describes the reasons-'for the reasons for ttriJ this approach, approaelr, outlines faetors outlines factors that will effect effeet the resource proteetion effort, resouree protection eff6rt, and relates how oil will will affect relates how oil affeet the thevarious variousnatural natural and "nd and manmade manmadecomponents of compone'nts oi YaquinaBay. Yaquina Bay. II. U. NATURAL RESOURCE RElOg&qE AND PROTECTION PROTECTIONCHART CHARTUSAGE USAGE Extensive mapping Extensive mappingofof the the natural natural resources resoureesof of Yaquina YaquinaBay Bay was was completed completed during the development of the during the development theYaguina Yaqui4+ Bay Natural Resouree l{rventory Resource Inventory in in ltlatural 1977 by Wilsey and Ham. 1977 by Wilsey Ham. Keproductrons Reproductionsofof these these maps are included ineluded in in GO781 GO?8l - 2-2- $ relatlT:lil_l;-- IA organism relationships. andorganism sitesand specific sites Appendix for reference reference to specific Appendix CC for oI complexrty of the extreme is the extreme complexity ismapping such witli such mapping major assoeiatedwith diffieulty associated m-alordiffIculty To To areas. areas. flat the tide the in particularly eommunity, particularly -in the biological biological -such community, detailed maps highly detailed qlpl irwolves-either highly represent comptexitf accurately involves represent such complexity suited "eiutately^ for obvious reasons, is suited reasons, obvious wnien, 6f mapi, neitherof which, or a large o? maps, neither number of or-a large number map resoureemap generalresource As aa result, aageneral responJesituation. As to an an emergency emergeneyresponse is ineluded This chart is included ehart team. respons_e spill was developed for use by the spill response the *"t- O"u"fop""Ofor uie Proteetion ResoureeProtection with a Resource along with report along tlie report of the poctiet at the UadXof in the back in the the pocket Chart. Chart. as areasas Yaquina Bay shows The Resource of Yaquina shows three^generalized.sensitive three generalized sensitive areas Map of ResourceMap shellfish eategories, The first two categories, shellfish two first patlerns. different patterns. indicated by three different indieated by self-explanatory. The fairly- self-explanatory...The beds fish spawningand andnursery nurseryareas, areas, are fairly 5!Ar and fiin those catch-all for those "nO a is is areas, areas, ndtural ieant natural significant component, sifnif third oorpon"ni, -eontain including inglu{i1g resourees of vulnerable r variety of vulnerable resources, locations which may contain a variety loeations wnien may -beds, juvenile fish ftsh organisms, juvenile benthie organisms, bebs, benthic grassbeds, shellfish shellfish beds, marshes, marshesr eel grass of other host and a host of other aand areas, f eeding resting and feeding areas, wa[er]owt reiting iiirrllriei, nurseries, waterfowl overlap' do overlap. and do can and eategoriescan biological entities. entities. The three categories biologicai be ean be so they can nunqberso by number identified by areidentified All areasare All the significant significant natural areas frranmade Likewise, all manmade all lifefrBe ttiJ-ctrlrt." , i"p ;f referenced to the the table table at at the top of the chart. ref ereneed to marinas, and boomsr,marinas-r log booms, suchas aslog oil such by oil structures whieh could be affected by struetures which $-nd the a l l the l i s t s all The table lists t a b l e T h e I e t t e r s . b -Viffia y letters.-ay i d e n t i f i e d by water are r e identified intakes a w a t e r intakes by distribution by distribution their and potentially sensitive their of Yaquina Bay resourees of sensitive resources fJtlntiafiy resource a t of The importance of particular resource, importanee river number, and letter. letter. mile, number, river mile, by the is indicated by the indicated sensitivity, juOgeO'Uy and eoneentrationand as by organism organismconcentration ai judged largest lower bay bay contains the largest the lower can been seen, seenr the As ean dot. As size of the size of the dot. susceptibleitems. concentration concentration of susceptible first one one There are are two onthe the right right hand hand side side of of the the table. The first two columns eolumns on for priority its and resource and sensitivity of aa resouree the seasonal seasonal sensitivity indieates indicates the particular second recommen-ds recommendsstrategy strategy for for proteeling protecting that -partig.ular proteetion. protection. The second these Sections ttl III and and IV IV frovide providedetails details as to how these organism or or structure. structure. Seetions d e te rmi n e d . criteria w e re determined. c r i t e r ia were diversion indicated boom sitesr- possible boom sites, Map are are indicated Protection Map On the Protection Pgssible diversion On the tide of tide and the location of location theareasr and aecessareas, road access locations, boat launches, road boat launches, loeations, 'ine the key key to referenced to numbers, letters, letters, and can be referenced symbols.ean andsymbols gates. The numbers, gates. point point eaeh contains information about each which coitait s information ehartwhich at ofofthe thechart top -iength the top it the boat sjze of boat the size and the currents, and of boom needed, tidal tidal currents, boom needed, such as, length of suetr as, is contained contained measures proteetiori the protection measures deseription of the OitaiteA description A detailed ramps. A ramps. in Section IV. SeetionIV. The on-scene on-seene plan. proteetion plan. theprotection of the The two two eharts charts are are the heart of the heart The obtain a and quickly obtain quiekly them and look at them coordinator (OSC) should shouldbebeable able to to look coordinator (osc) Numerous Numerous employ.. to employ. needto will need hewill measureshe general idea as to the ofmeasures the type typeof tidest winds, winds, tides, like: comprising like: variables eomprising consii6red, factors must be considered, be must factors conditions, weather gondi ti ons , spilled, weathel, am ount .spilled, oil, amount of oil, typ e of' sp i l l , type i o o "i i on of o f spill, location goes on. on' and the the list list goes equipment and cl'ean-up equipment and clean-up availability of'pr6teeiion of protection and problems so that so these. """ii"Oifitydealwith with these to deal attempt to The rest of report will will attempt rest 6t the tne-report ihe possible' as possible. expediently as as expediently appropriate decisions can be made made as deeisions ean appropriate 4 G0781 GO?8I --33- 4 M. HI. RESOURCE PRIORITIES RESOURCE PRIORITIES methodsemployed The methods employed to determine^the importance importanee and the to determine proteetion the protection priority of aa,resouree resource were were adopted gl9,ltly_of adoptedfrom from guidelines set fortfL Uy the ttre U.S. guidelines set forth by U.S. Envlronmental Protection Environmental Proteetion Agency Agency- anipublieation, publication, Handbook Handbook for Oil Spill Soill P r o t e e ti o n Clean-up C l e a n -u p Priorities P ri o ri ti es Protection by the theOceanographic b"" and by Institute of Washington's document entitled, d, An ivaluation of Oil Spill An Evaluation Spill Clean-i,p Clean-up Capabilities in the Columbia River Basin System. The important potentially potentially sensitive areas The areasof of Yaquina YaquinaBay Bay can ean be be divided divided into general into five general categories: eategories: l' 1. Natural eeosystems,which Natural ecosystems, whiehincludes: ineludes:critical critieal habitats, habitats,endangered endangered species, reproductiveand and rearing rearinggrounds, grounds,wildlife species, reproductive wildlife concentration concentiation a re a s, salt sa l t marshes, ma rsh esrand areas, andmud mud flats. 22. Resource management whieh includes: aquaculture sites, Resource managementareas, areas, which sites, w i l d l i . fe refuges, r - e fu g b s , historical wildlife h i s t o r i c a l locations, l o c a t i o n s , and and L t " " , used areas u s e d for f or edueational purposes. educational purposes. l'3. Consumptive usagewhich Consumptive water water usage whieh would include: inelude: industrial industrial process process fish rearing rearingsupplies, and cooling water, fish supplies,and andaquarium aquarium usage. usage. 4. Recreational areas, Recreational areas, which whieh include: include: parks, boat launches, parks, launehes, beaehesr diving diving areas, areas, boating beaches, boating areas, anO fisning and anOhunting nunting areas, and fishing sites sites. 5' 5. dependentindustrial Water dependent industrial and commercial eommercial sites such sueh as: ass log log storage, wastedisposal, disposal,marinas, storage, waste marinas,commercial commereialfishing fishing areas areas and ant beaehfront properties. properties. beachfront The overall overall sensitivity of The of an area to to oil oilcontamination eontaminationis an area is based basedon on four four -(ii complex and an9 . interrelated interrelated factors: (l) factors: environmental-ecoiogioar, (2) (1) environmental-ecological, a e s t h e t i e s(3) ,( B )economic, e e o n o m i c and ,a n d (4) ( 4 ) social. aesthetics, social.. An area which is An is important important for for all four four reasons reasonswould would obviously obviouslyhave have aa high high priority. priority. speaking,ecologically Generally speaking, ecologieally or environmentally environmentaliy important important areas need need the the highest highestprotection protection priority areas priority because because they have no nb ability aUirity to p r o t e e t themselves, th e mse l ve s, may protect ma y b e impaeteo f6r aa long longtime be impacted for per iod, and tim! period,, andsince sinee eleanup is usually usually not cleanup not feasible feasible or desirable. desirable. Recreational Relreatiorial facilities faeilities such sueh parkswhich as parks which could eouldprobably cleaned^ up be cleaned up after a spill after a spill given are given aa .probably p_li_ojil{; Industrial lesser priority. Industrial or eommercial or commercial facilities rac'nilies giiiir--irre u'oii,uv are usually given the l::.:::. r o w e s t protection p ro te cti o npriority p ri o ri ty because lowest "r"resources. b e eausethey are ar e not not natural natur al r esour cei. using the Using the above rational, the thefollowing following priority scheme proposed: sehemeis is proposed: -Priority 1I -- G0781 GO78l critieal habitats habitats important important for the Critical preservation of the preservation of a sp e e i e s. species. Endangered Endangered species species as as identified by by the the Endangered Bndangered Species Species Aet. Act. Reproduction Reproduction and rearing rearing areas areas for f or all all organisms. organisms. -4-4-- Priority 2 Priority 2 --- and feeding feeding resting and Wildlifeconeentration concentration areas areas sueh such as resting Wildlife sites. sites. Priority 33 -- fish suehas as fish Private/governmental aquaculture faeitities facilities such Private/governmentalaquaeulture stations. hatcheries researehstations. hateheriesand research Priority Priority 44 --Priority 55 -- Reereation faeilities Recreation facilities '-Msrinas. -Marinas. such as parks. storage. Water dependent dependent industries industries sueh such as log storage. or e o l l e e t i v e or e i t h e r aa collective Certain o n either s c h e m e on t h i s scheme c o u l d aalter l t e r this C e r t a i n ffactors a e t o r s could resouree e f f e e t resource iindividual n d i v i d u a l basis. c o u l d effect For F o r example, s e a s o n a l i t y could basis. e x a m p l e , seasonality rating priority two two rating A area could have aa priority could have A fish fish concentration eoneentration area the not threaten threaten the during the oil would would not during the fall months because because oil fall and and winter winter months first have aa first could have same area, area, however, however, could The same species. The of the species. existence of deseriptive On the descriptive priority rating in spring. spring. On seasonin priority rating during during the spawningseason thespawning on aa prioritized on areprioritized resoureesare chart,resources resoureechart, topofolthe theresource chart ehart at the the top priority. seasonalbasis. basis. seasonal which would would alter faetors which There may also be overriding and safety safety factors alter overriding economic eeonomicand life would would human life thieatens human An event which threatens event which priority strueture. structure. An the prioiity the might spill which which-might Similarly, Similarly, a spill certainly override faetors. override ecological ecological factors. certainly of Decisions priorities. Deeisionsof economicallyeripple cripplean an area area could eould change the priorities. economieally basis. this nature nature would ease-by-casebasis. would have to made on a case-by-case to be made IV. ry. PROTECTION MEASURES MEASURES PROTECTION prevention. The first Properly The Properly f irst line of spills is prevention. of defense defense against against oil spills inspection inspeetion rigorous systems, rigorous maintained equipment, equipment, adequate adequate cleanup systems, programs for ships, and faeilities and oil handling handling facilities ships, oil transport vehicles, vehicles, oil oil handle oil who handle programsfor individualswho industries, and for individuals industries, training programs and thorough thoroughtraining products prevention of oil spills. spills.of oil products all all make to the prevention make essential essential contributions eontributions to estimated hasbeen beenestimated measures,itit has In thesemeasures, In spite of the toimplement implementthese the efforts efforts to to percent of attributable to that indireetly attributable 75 percent directly or or indirectly that 75 of all all spills spilts are directly the of for Equipment failure or malfunction accounts for most of the iailure or malfunetion accounts error. Equipment human erior. the percent. The The obvious obviousimplication implicationofofthis thisisis that that even even ifif the other other 25 25 percent. could negligenee or from error error or negligence could technology was perfect, perfect, oil resulting from spills resulting oil spills teehnology was of movementof weeonsider considerthat, that, the themovement still threaten still thrditen the th-eenvironment. environment. When When we 15 to l0 from require may petroleum from the oil field to the consumer may require from 10 to 15 petroleum from the oil field to the eonsumer it becomes modes, transportation transfers and as many as 6 different transportation modes, it becomes transfers many as 6 different frequently. readily apparent oeeur so frequently. apparent why why spills occur defense. Protection Protection measures of defense. seeond line of important second measures are thus an important are thus endangered or endangered Sensitive environments, environments, particularly those which harbor rare or those which Sensitive possible. Although Although organisms, must must be be proteeted protected from from oil oil spills spills ifif at all all possible. are numbersare if its itsnumbers reeoverif not recover nature is remarkably flexible, aa species may not speeiesmay remarkabty flexible, nature g r e a t l y reduced. greatly re d u ce d . andmost mostdesirable desirableproteetion protection measure measure isis containment containment of of the the oil oil The obvious and oil, flow of eliminating the flow of the area, eliminating site by at the isolating the area, the spill spill site by isolating m os t The most l a ci n g bbarriers p reventmovement om the and/or placing from the site. The movementaway fr a rri e rs to prevent a nd/or p G0781 GO78l -5-5- eommon containment common containmentdeviee deviceisis the the oil oil boom, boom, but but other methodsinclude include othermethods Quick and air barriers. barriers. sorbent barriers, hosespray, spray, and barriers, air water hose air and and water Quiek responseisis required requiredtoto eontain containaa spill spill atat the spill spill site. In most most cases, eases, whieh systemwhich dynamieestuarine some or or most of the into the thedynamic estuarinesystem the oil oil will will escape eseapeinto makes proteetion protection of of the the environment environment the next next response responseaction. action. This is protection plan plan becomes useful. where a natural beeomesparticularly useful. natural resource resourceprotection As mentionedabove, above, three methods used to to proteet protect sensitive methodsare commonly sensitive eommonly used areas: areas: 1. l. Physieal deviees Physical devices sueh such as a boom. boom. 2. 2. Sorbent S o rb e n tbbarriers. a rri e rs. 3. 3. D i sp e rsa n ts. Dispersants. Booms can Booms canbe beused usedtoto seal seal off off a sensitive location by by ereating creating aa barrier barrier to in harmful in assumesthat that the the oil will lessharmful be less This assumes will be surface surface oil movement. This oil movement. gnly some other other area. area. The present day day oil oil boom, however, isisusually usuallyonly boom, however, two feet effective knot and waves less than two effeetive in currents lessthan and waves eurrents of of less thanone oneknot high. high. Whenthese these eonditions conditionsare are exeeeded, exceeded, the use boom useof diversionaryboom of aadiversionary diversionary boom boom is only alternative. alternative. The diversionary or a series seriesof of booms boomsmay may be the only usually deployed usually deployedatat some someangle angletoto the the eurrent current in aa diagonal, or diagonal, chevron ehevron or from aa away from method may maybe be used used to to divert divert oil oil away cascading easeadingpattern. This This method sensitive spot sensitive spot or or to divert divert oil oil into into aasuitable suitablecontainment eontainmentspot spot where where it pieked up with sorbent can be picked skimmers. sorbent materials materialsor or skimmers. Dispersantswhieh greatly increase Dispersants whicheause causethe thesurface surface area area of of an an oil oil film film to greatly inerease proteet shore resoureest aquatieresources, may be used to protect may be lines, reefs reefsorornatural naturalaquatic shore lines, such as fishing f ishing banks or or oyster beds. applying a beds. This is accomplished accomplishedby by applying dispersant on the the slick distant from from the the sensitive area to sensitive area dispersant on sliek sufficiently suffieiently distant avoid an effect from avoid an effect from either either the thedispersant dispersantor or aadispersed dispersedemulsified emulsified oil. no are no Although the technology of of dispersants dispersants has greatly improved improved and they are Although the generally longer as longer as toxie toxic to aquatic still generally aquatie life life as as they onee were, were, they they are arestill they once be rarely be A dispersant would rarely A dispersant would only useful in open ocean only useful ocean situations. situations. reeommendedfor drive recommended for use in in a confined confined area suehas beeauseitit would woulddrive asaa bay baybecause area such eomponents the toxic toxic components the oil oil onto onto sensitive sensitiveshoreline shoreline areas coneentratethe areasand and concentrate off tthe h e oil. o o i l . Other otect areas Oth e r ma te ri a l swhich from materials aree sometimes used to to pr protect whieh &r sometimesused ar easfrom burning floceulents, burning the sinking agents, the effect effeet of of oil spills spills include: inelude: sinking agents, flocculents, agentsr and and absorbent agents, absorbentmaterials. materials. All All of these havelimited limited application. applieation. thesehave but Sinking agents have have been been sueeessfully successfullyused usedinin deep deep water water situations' situations, but Sinking agents would would rarely rarely be useful useful in in an an estuary estuarywhere wheresinking sinking would would blanket important and generally technologically benthic Burning Burning agents teehnologieally and benthie habitat. agents are are generally environmentally environmentally unaeceptable. unacceptable. For small spills floeeulentsand absorbents spilts flocculents andabsorbents significant materialscause causesignificant may suchmaterials may be very useful, useful, but but large largevolumes volumesof of such problems. The retrieval and materials use of of any anddisposal disposalproblems. The use abovematerials any of of the the above benefits basisweighing weighing the benefits must be carefully carefully considered on aa case-by-case case-by-easebasis eonsideredon possible harmful against the possible harmful effects. of of the confined Beeauseof effeets. Because eonfined nature of are possiblyabsorbent Bay, itit appears absorbent materials materials are Yaquina Bay, boomsand appearsthat that oil oilbooms andpossibly proteetion devices. only feasible the only feasible protection deviees. 00781 GO?8l -6-6- With this protection plan With this in in mind, the plan represented the protection presentsa represented -Yaquina on the chart presents praetieal approach approaeh to the proteetionofofYaquina Bay's practical theprotection Bay'snatural natural resources. resources. C,onsideringthe Considering thefaet fact that that it is impossible impossible to to prediet predict all all situations, situations, the the pla_n represents ideal situation an ideal plaeeswhere situation by indieating all plan represents an booming byindicating allplaces wherebooming proteetion are and protection are desired. desired. In probability, it possible to In all all probability, it will witt not not be be possible boom all designatedsites sitesand anddecisions all the designated deeisionswill haveto will have to be madeaccording bemade according to actual aetual spill spill conditions eonditions as to as to priority areas to what what priority areas should should or or need to be be p r o t e e te d . protected. V. v. PHYSICAL AFFECTING THE OIL PHYSiCAL FACTORS AFFECTING SP&L RESPONSE OIL SPILL RESPONSE Oil Oil movement and behavior behavior in in an estuary estuary such suchas asYaquina Yaquina Bay Bay is controlled by a complex eomplex interaction by i n te ra e ti o n of physieal processes o f physical processesincluding: ineluding: tidal tidal activity, aetivity, local loeal winds, winds, seasonal flows flows of of the Yaquina Yaquina River River and and air air and and water water temperatures. temperatures. A. Tidal Action Aetion under Under most most eireumstanees, circumstances, the major major proeesses processes to be be concerned eoneerned with are the the tides with tideswhich whichcause eausesignificant signifieant surface surfaee currents eurrents in in many places in many in the estuary. estuary. The The tides tides are of of the mixed semithe mixed semidiurnal paired highs diurnal type type with with paired highs and duration and and lows lows of of unequal unequalduration and amplitude. a mp l i tu d e . The T h e mean ange at mean tidal tidal rrange at Newpor Newport 6.0 feet, feet, the t isis6.0 the d i u rn a l i is s 77.9 .9 feet, fe e t, and diurnal andthe theextreme extr eme is is 11.5 ll.5 feet. The tidal range increases increasesupstream upstream to Toledo range Toledo where the mean mean range is 6.8 6.8 feet. The time difference peak tides differenee between between peak atNewport Newportand and tides at Toledo is is about 50 50 minutes. minutes. The The head head of of tide tide is is at Elk Etk City city at river mile 26 and it river mile it has hasabout Newport. about aa two hour lag lag time time from from Newport. two hour currents resulting Currents resulting from from tidal action aetion range range from per from 4.0 4.0 feet per seeondat per second entranee of the second at the entrance the bay bay to about seeondat about 0.5 feet per Toledo. Maximum ebb eurrent Toledo. Maximum current velocities verocities are slightly slighily greater than than flood eurrent flood current veloeities velocities due due to to the effects effects of of river rivei discharge. diseharge. The maximum veloeities velocities oeeur occur in in the the navigation navigation ehannel channel and in in lhe the entraneesto to the thenumerous numerous entrances sloughs suchas sloughssuch ParkerSlough, Slough,Johnson Johnson asParker slough, and and McCaffrey's Slough, Mecaf freyts Slough. slough. Table Table r1 details detairs the th; available available information information on on the the tidal action YaquinaBay. action at atYaquina Bay. G078l GO?8r -7-7- Table Table 1I 4 40 minutes. minus 40 slaek: 6 hours plus or minus Low Slack: High High slaek Slack to Low e t, diur .0 fefeet, nal ?.9 a n 66.0 Tide Range: Mean diurnal 7.9 feet. feet. T ide R a n g e r Me 10 minutes minutes after after plus or or minus l0 minutes plus Newport: 30 minutes Time of of Slack Slaek Water at Newport: Time change. tide change. the tide plus120 I20 Toledoand andplus atToledo minutesat Ptus 50 50 minutes Loeational Time Differential: Plus Locational C i tY . E l k City. minutes att Elk m i n u t e sa E s t . distance distanee VelocitY Est. Maximum Current Current Velocity water bY water traveled by per traveled seeond in feet per second pareel parcel during River {uring 66 River Loeation Location eyele hour tide cycle hour tide flood flood tide (Main ebb tide Mile Mile Channel (Main Channel) 00 st. 3.9 est. 3 .9 e 4.1 e st. 4.1 est. miles 1 0 . 4miles 10.4 (a) Bridg" (a) Highway#101 Highway #l0I Bridge 1.0 1.0 est. 3.6 3 . 6 est. e s t. 3 . 2 est. 3.2 miles 8 . 8 miles 8.8 N e w p o rl (d ) Newport' I1.5 .5 1.9 1.9 iles 4.8 4.8 m miles center(c) Scieneecenter(c) Marine Marine Science Yaquina(a) Y a q u i ns(a ) 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 4.3 4.3 st. 1.8 est. 1.8 e est. 1.7 l . ? est. miles 4 . 6 miles 4.6 2 1 (b ) B o u y 21(b) Bouy 5 .0 5.0 2.3 2.3 1 .8 1.8 miles 5 . 4 miles 5.4 Bend(d) sn 6 (d ) River River 3 54 5.4 1.4 1.4 miles 3.6 3 . 6 miles Entrano"(a) Bay Entrance(a) YaquinaBay Yaquina () Poole's Slough Poolers Slougn(c) (b) Bouy 29 (b) 6.5 6.5 t1.7 .7 Bouy 29 7 .6 7.6 1.4 1.4 Nuters Slough(C) Slougn(e ) Nut&s 9.8 9.8 1.3 1.3 (b) Bouy Bouy a5 (b) 11.0 11.0 1.1 1.1 Toledo(d) 1s1"6o(d) Elk ct(d) nu< city(o) miles 5 . 4 miles 5.4 miles 4.4 4 . 4 miles 1.0 1.0 miles 3.2 3 . 2 miles miles 3.4 3 . 4 miles 0.8 0.8 2.6 miles 2 . 6 miles 13.0 l 3. 0 0.5 0.5 1.6 I .6 miles m i l es 26.0 2 6.0 0.8 0.8 miles 2.2 2 . 2 miles also were also number were obviously limited The above measurements which are are obviously limited in number The above measurements which considerable variation variation can tius considerable stages, thus tide stages, taken at different and tide times and different times taken at shows h o w e v e r , shows t r e n d , however, o v e r a l l trend, The g i v e n time. T h e overall time. b e expected e x p e e t e d aat be t any a n y given Toledo. proeeeds upstream one decreasing current velocity as one proceeds upstream to veloeity deereasing current 1981 Tables1981 Tidal Current CurrentTables (a) Tidal ( b ) After 1966 N e a l ,1966 (b) A f t e r Neal, ( c ) Unpublished l98l D E Q '1981 D a t a ,DEQ, U n p u b l i s h e dData, (e) ( d ) After l9?0 G o o d w i n '1970 (d) A f t e r Goodwin, G0781 GO?81 -8-8- pareelcould The estimated distance a water water parcel eouldmove moveupstream upstreamor or downstreamduring downstream duringthe the time time between slaek slack waters, was was calculated ealeulated from the the following following formula: formula: zVT = .YI horizontal horizontal displacement displacement= ilTI where: where: V = maximum tidal V = maximum tidal current current in feet/second feet/seeond = T in hours T = time in hours from from low low slack slaek to high high slack tide II = = 3.14 3 .1 4 T h u s i if f the th e tidal persecond ti d a l velocity Thus is 3.0 veloeity is 3.0 feet feet per seeondand and it it iis s 6o hours between between slack waters, horizontal waters, the be: horizontal thecalculation ealeulationwould wouldbe: displaeement== 3.0 feet persecond feet per displacement secondXX 3600 3600seconds seeondsper hour hour X X 66 h o u rs X X 22 divided ar e d i vi d e d by Ther e are hours X 5280 feet feet per mile. by 3.1416 3.1416X m ile. There obvious limitations obvious limitationstoto the the use of this First, since this equation. equation. First, since tidal current tidal eurrent velocity veloeity decreases computed travel decreasesupstream, upstream, the the computed distance distance upstream upstream will will be more more than than the theactual aetualmovement. movement. Likewise, the the estimated less then estimateddownstream downstreammovement movementwill will be be less then the a ctu a l movement. mo ve me n t.Second, Seeond, windis actual wind and isnot notconsidered eonsider ed andmoderate moder a teto p r o n o u n e e d eeffect s t r o n g winds w i n d s ccould strong a very o u l d hhave ave a f f e e t on oil v e r y pronounced o n oil movement. Third, movement. tidal currents Third, the tidal eurrentswill will vary daily according varydaily aecordingto the the tidal tidal cycle. cycle. Nevertheless, the will Nevertheless, the use use of this this equation equation will give the oil oil spill spill response responsecoordinator give far eoordinator a general idea of how how far upstream or downstream upstream downstreamoil may between tide changes. ehanges. may move between period between The change in in current velocity velocity over the six over the six hour hourperiod between (Figure1) plotted on graph(Figure curve slack waters can ean be plotted this curve on aa graph I) and and this ean then then be used used to to estimate can at aa estimate the the tidal tidal current eurrent velocity velocity at given given point point during during the the cycle. For example, at one cyele. For onehour hour before before slaek water, water, the percent of and after after slack thecurrent currentwill will be beabout about50 of 50 percent the maximum. maximum. At At two the before and and after after slack two hours before slaek water, the will be about pereent of current will about 90 90 percent of the themaximum maximum velocity. ( F i g u r e 1), On O n this g r a p h (Figure t h i s same s a m e graph I), o one e a n also n e can a l s o determine determine approximately how parcel of approximately howfar far a parcel of water waterwill willmove moveduring during a six six h o u r interval. hour i n te rva l . Thus, T h us, with a maximum m aximum cur current velocity qlof 3.2 3.2 feet r ent veloeity p€r second, second,one per the one can eancalculate caleulateusing using theequation equationHD Hp ==-2JT that -be ]tne spill the horizontal displacement displaeement will the horizontal will be 8.2 If 8.[ miles. miles. tf TIthe occurred two occurred two hours after slack hours after slaek water, distanee itit moved moved water, the distance (u si n g th g.2 -- 2.0 g ra p h ) would (using thee graph) would be 8.2 m iles. Obviously, z.o or or 6.2 6.2 miles. obvious l y , these values values are upstream these are very veryrough roughsince sincewind windand deereasingupstream anddecreasing current velocity are not not considered. eonsidered. The givenlocation The strength strength of of the tidal location will will also also tidal currents currents for for aagiven vary aecording toto the vary according the height height of of the the tide, with spring tides with spring tides greater currents Figure 2 eausing causing much mueh greater Figure 2 neap tides. tides. eurrents then neap demonstrates the type of of variations the type variations in in velocities be velocities which whieh can ean be expected. The difference between betweenaa 10 10 foot foot tide tide and and aa 4 foot expected. The differenee foot ti d e can ca n be b e more persecond mo re than tide 3.0feet than 3.0 feetper seeondand m ean the andcould eould mean the d i ffe re n e e between difference b e tw e e n the success suecessor failure failur e of of an oil boom. boom . an oil G0781 GO?81 -9-9- Figure1: Figure l: parcel of distaneefor aa parcel Current veloeities velocities vs. vs. travel distance of water water Distance in Distance in Miles Miles 3.5 zn 3.0 2 .5 2.5 ccurretit urrent velocity velocity ffeet/sec. eet/sec. 2.0 a.v 11q.5 1l n .0 0.5 0 00 r 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 6 5 Hours from from slaek slack water water Figure2: Figure 2: Variations of ranges of current current veloeity velocity relative relative to selected selectedtidal tidal ranges a H w y. 101 1 0 1Bridge. B ri d ge. att Hwy. 'l C ffoot oot 10 foot 8 foot foot 6 foot 5 /+ ffoot oot 4 flood ... . , IS. S . S S 555 S . 2 '.' ..1 a S S 'S d 7 'I 1 S.. 9 10 ass' S S .k foot ebb ebb 55 5 S 1 S I 5 6 Velocity, Velocitv. feet/se6' feet/sec GO?8l G078l -l 0-10- S. . 6 foot 5 S . S Adapted from: Tidal Current Adapted from: Tidal Tables, !S1. TE6]Ssl-T98r ,I 5 S 2z 3 Hours Hours 11 Sfoot S 1 O foot 10 foot S Using prediction Usingthe thechart, chart, the equation, equation, and and the graphs, raphs, aa fair fair prediction made of can be made of how how tides tides will effeetoil movementsin inYaquina Yaquina will effect oflmovements Bay. Bay. The response response team The team should should also also be be able able to to use use this information plus information plus the current current measurements measurementsat boom at the thevarious variousboom sites to determine determinehow how effective effeetiveoil sites to oilboom boomwill will be beand andduring during what what times it times it will will be be most most efficient. effieient. Considering that that the strongest strongest boom will boom will lose lose its its effectiveness at at currents eurrents of over per over 1.5 feet per seeond, it graphthat second, it isis apparent apparent from from the the first first graph thatwhen whencurrents eurrents strong, the periodof theperiod of effective are strong, ef feetiveusage usagewill will only only be be about abouttwo two hours around eaeh each tide change. ehange. In an area area with with strong currents, euments, responseteam teamwill will have the response diversionary havqtotoconsider eonsider diversionarybooming booming or so me oother some th e r form fo rm of response. r esponse. The The tidal tidal currents eurrents of of Yaquina YaquinaBay Bay will wilt cause eausesignificant signifieant oil spill problems whieh response problems spill response which will will have have to to be evaluated very very be evaluated carefully by the the on-scene on-seenecoordinator carefully by eoordinator on a case-by-case ease-by-easebasis. basis. In some some instances, instances, the value plaeing an in be boom may may be value of of placing an oil oil boom negated by amount of by the the amount of time time itit will will be effeetive and be effective and by by the the fact that that the fact theboom boomwill witl have six hours. have to tobe movedevery hburs. bemoved every six Difficult decisions Difficult deeisions will have to be will have be made. made. The information information provided here provided here isis meant meant to help faeilitate those help facilitate decisions,but thosedecisions, but n o t make m a k e them. not them. B. River River Flows Flows If tidal and basin basin characteristies characteristics are ignored ignored or or considered considered constant, eonstant, river prineipal factor river discharge then be the diseharge would would then faetor the principal affeeting the the hydrographic hydrographiesystem affecting systemof YaquinaBay. of Yaquina Bay. During the summer and summer and early early fall, the volume of the salt intrusion volume of salt water waterintrusion (tidal prism) substantially substantially exceeds the (tidal prism) the volume volume of of fresh fresh water water discharged in t o tthe Under discharged into h e estuary e s t u a r y from f r o m the t h e river. river. U n d e r this this eondition' forees mixing mixing of condition, tidal tidal action forces of the fresh and and salt water water the extent givencross extent that to the thaton onaagiven seetionthrough estuary, crosssection through the the estuary, the salinity is essentially essentially constant the salinity eonstant from from top to to bottom. bottom. With with this flow flow regime, general slow regime, there this there is aa general slow net drift drift of of water water depthsmeasured measuredat outward at at all depths at about one-tenth one-tenth of a knot. knot. The The back and forth tidal tidal motion superimposedon this slow, outward motionis is superimposed outward drift. d rift. During the winter when During the winter when river river discharge diseharge is is high, high, fresh water water flowing flowing downstream downstreampartialty partially overrides overrides the the more more dense saline dense saline water forced inland by water by the tides. tides. Although Although salinity salinityisis least least at greatest the surface surfaee due due to the the dilution dilution from from fresh water water and and is greatest the bottom, bottom, salinity salinity changes near the ehangesin the the vertical vertieal direction direction are are gradual. With usually usuqlly gradual. With this this regime, regime, there is upstream there is upstreammovement movementof water at the saline water the bottom bottom with with a superimposed superimposedbaek back and forth movement and a downstream tidal movement movementatat the the surfaee. surface. downstream movement G078l GO?81 --11-ll- flow of the the Yaquina YaquinaRiver going to The flow River is is going to influence influeneeoil oilmovement movement (EPA) some extent. Anequation to some extent. An has been developed by Calloway equationhas been developedby Calloway(EPA) predict the to predict the extent extent of to of salt saltwater waterintrusion intrusion as aa function function of of river discharge. discharge. This equation reads: equationreads: L S= LS = 32.2 3 2 .2 _ 2.9 logQ tog"e where: w h e re : LS == the salinity intrusion intrusion in in miles miles = per second second Q = river flow in cubic meters river flow in eubie metersper a The river flow ranges ranges from The river flow in late from 1.3 cubic cubie meters per second seeond in prism per second summer to to 87 cubic eubic meters meters per secondin winter. The tidal prism will thus range from will range from 27 2l miles miles upstream upstreamduring to 20 20 during low low flows flows to miles upstream river miles upstream during during high flows. It is apparent high flows. apparent that river flows will flows will not not effect effeet oil greatly, but oil movement movement greatly, high but during during high winter winter runoff runoff there will fresh water dense salt will be fresh water overriding overriding the dense water and and this this will water will increase inereasedownstream downstreamoil oil movement rnovement in the the Yaquina River. Yaquina C. lYind Wind Patterns Patterns y a q u i n a Bay g e n e r a l l y sheltered T h e generally The s h e l t e r e d nature n a t u r e of bee o f Yaquina B a y will will b In advantageousfor advantageous for dealing meehanisms. In dealing with with oil oil spill spill response responsemechanisms. the narrow narrow upper particularly, winds upper bay particularly, windswill will be factor. be a minor minor factor. up or On the the broad broad expanse of the lower expanseof lower bay, either up bay, winds windsblowing blowing either down bay could problemswith eouldcause down the bay eauseproblems with boom boomdeployment and deploymentand be significantly signif ieantly affect ean be In general, general, it can aff eet oil movement. In movement. anticipated anticipated that winds per hour winds in excess exeess of of 20 20 miles miles per hour will generate generate waves high enoughtoto negate negate the value of oil waves high oil booms. booms. Winds winds of aa lesser lesser velocity velocity may may also significantly alter oil also signifieantty movement. movernent. Weather are records indicate indicate that that winter Weather records winds are winter winds predominantly from from the pereent and the east, east, 38 38 percent l? southeast, 17 and southeast, percent. percent. Easterly winds wilt the will push oil oil towards the mouth of the mouth of bay and and against againstnorthern northern shorelines. shorelines. In the summer, summer, the thewinds winds predominantly from pereent and the are predominantly from the the north, from the north, 27 percent and from n o rth w e st, 25 p e reentwhich 2 5 percent whieh move oil northwest, oil to to the southern souther nside of the the bay. bay. At the the mouth mouth of prevailingwinds of the the bay, At bay,prevailing winds and and currents currents will will cause eause oil drift north and oil to drift north in inthe southin thewinter winterand andsouth inthe thesummer summerand impaet beaches (seeAppendix beaehesin in these theserespective impact respeetivedirections direetions(see B for for AppendixB weather data data). ). GO?8t G0781 -12-12- D. D. Air and Temperatures and Water Water Temperatures Air behavior in the thebehavior Both Both air air and water temperatures can play play a part in temperatures ean the i n e r e a s e the w i l l High air temperatures will increase t e m p e r a t u r e s H i g h a i r oil. s p i t l e d o i l . of spilled of -the an oil and and of an components of evaporation rate of the volatile volatile components volatile lighter r more volatile the lighter, Since the volume. Since decrease decrease its total volume. oil of the the oil parts are toxicity of the toxicity lif e, the more toxic toxie to to aquatic aquatie life, parts are more remains which remains oil which heavier oil decreased. The heavier will will be significantly signifieantly decreased. benthie andimpact impaetbenthic hinderrecovery reeoveryand will sink sink faster and will mayhinder and this this may fauna. fauna. help and help movementand oil movement mayslow slowoil Cold air air and water temperatures temperaturesmay and water Extreme effeets. Extreme toxic effects. prolong the protection efforts protection efforts but prolong the oil's toxic will however, cold temperatures temperatures which result in ice formation, however, will iee formation, which result physieatly hinder responseand eleanup physically hinder the the response cleanup efforts. The climate mild and rather mild and The climate of the markedby by rather the Newport Newport area area is is marked in temperature The average temperature in aver-age fairly uniform temperatures. fairly air temperatures. uniform air ( seeAppendix B) . AppendixB). 5P F (see Augustit it isis58° in August January Ja n u l ry iis s 4350 4 3 .5 0FF while whilein probably major a not be As As a consequence, ebnsequence,air temperatures will probably not be a major temperatureswill some in some result in usually result will usually factor but will eircumstanees,but faetor under most circumstances, under most eons tant, Likewise, water temperatures are fairly constant, ar e fair ly tem per atur es e va p o ra ti o n . L i kewise, evaporation. summer late in bay in upper normally in the low the upper bay in late summer exeept in the low 50's 50's except normally in on oil oil behavior. behavior. have little little impact on and should have E. E. Properties of Oil Oil Propertiesof in the the itsmovement movement in The properties effect both both its The properties of of an an oil oil will will effect The estuary. The the estuary. resources of the estuary and and its its impact the resources impaet on the estuary to be be very gasolineand very kerosene tend to light distillates, such light suehas and kerosene asgasoline short significant short havesignificant toxic will have quiekly, so so they they will toxic but but evaporate evaporatequickly, and the the term effects but fuel and few long term but few long term term effects. effeets. Diesel fuel in the the will persist in heavy fuels will and will rapidly and not evaporate evaporate rapidly heavy fuels wiII not heavier fuels problems. The heavier fuels may may environment eausing causing long-term problems. environment The organismsand sink causing coating of of fhe the benthic organisms andsubstrate. substrate. The eausing eoating following tabte following table provides information information about about the various various kinds of oil i mp a ets. o i l and a n d their th e i r impacts. 00781 GO?81 -l -1 3- 00 H I I I | aJl .rf ol .dl Xl -91 t-rl I I | o Q) O.a d6 A& rh oc 5c) atu "tl Ol g +rl ]A E] ql .-l F. ho1l I tC bod+r >r .d O+r O).d t{., C) ti C) piO.d.d r. lrtt X O.a tr O )9.r+r .co o hr. tr bO I go t cd=li P soo) Esc .Ft.d o >r-O d 6 E.a bOA .r d .G > o O.J Ea d I -d O O+r () O * O.r E +, 0D O O {-rtF{ >rtr .dr}{E O : O Osr Flqt -o) 3d O etO E.a b0& .d C, >g oo oo >E tOrOOeO lJ)rO(OOO bo O hl fr b0 oror.o :! rJ? t,o O ulroooo >.-O s> o -o H cd o o o .d t{ d oe o€) oo I o 6Ooa | | FtF{LOee . o 6a 6a r$d,{ OOl.)eo 6a 6A C{ Fl '-{ '-r|.rtu? I . . (o sl. rJ? ooe F o I ro coo@ u, c) 6 u) A CT' Fl od tr(t)tr highly variable highly variable variable o 6l Fl 20-1000 o o o o I o Or o ,r I 300-3000 300-3000 10 10 A 0) C\l .o cJl .dlro .F{ >l .r +rl e).dl o>l O.dl r/)Jll o srl did d6 tiC) O.r tr'H O'* ftGa a 6 O I | 50 I Esg .r5Q) Ol dtr4.a An -HOO.hJd€ ulPL t.tl ro <tt I o r @ tJ? OD d .g o g , = O o tr o rr?to oo ooo)o)o) tr d.jc;dc; v) q) O -t4- 62228 5 (D6r<r(0O pd u, A 6 Heavy Distillates Diesel No. 2 No. 4 No. 6 Bunker g) t- o) 1979 tq b0 o u = d Fingus et al. g. q-l E fran: little chenical effect, serious physical interference 30 30 25 0.85 0.85 0.9 0.98 0.98 5-40 0.8-0.95 Crude Oil Crude indirect toxicity very low degree 55 55 60 80 80 15 15 50 -40 4-10 Light Distillates Gasoline Jet Fuel Kerosene Flash very high direct and very high degree 55 55 1.5 1.5 0.8 0.8 60 48 0.65-0.75 Toxicity Substrate Penetration Point C Viscosity API Gravity Specific Gravity General Classification Type Properties of Oil Table 2. G O 7 8 t .2 0 VI. RECOVERY RECOVERY proteetedt Once an oil Once an has been eontained and sensitive areas are protected, oil spill spill has been contained eseape to escape anopportunity opportunity to hasan it has the before it reeoveredbefore must be oit must be recovered containeCoil the contained various this involves eombinationof various environmentagain. involves a combination into the the environment again. Usually this inelude: Theseinclude: methods depending dependingon onthe the situation. situation. These physical methods t. 1. Skimmers as the the name name im implies, aree used usedto skim oil oil off off the plies, ar S ki mme rswwhich, h i e h , as shapes of shapes large variety variety of come in in a large They come water. They surface of of the water. surface and sizes machinestoto large large selfunmanned maehines sizes varying from small small unmanned varying from propelled propelled manned mannedaPParatus. apparatus. 2. 2. ald process of absorption and the process Sorbents whieh through the Sorbents which aet act through -from 3. 3. be can GBllbe pte . rakesr etc. shovels, rakes, Manual removal buekets, shovels, Manual removal using buckets, is there is semi-solid oil provided there visdous or semi-solid resorted to for viscous resorted too adequate labor labor available availableand andthe the quantities quantitiesofof oil oil are are not too adequate large. large. be These ean can be adsorption to to selectively remove remove oil oil from water. These adsorption praetical in in small small only practical natural naturbl or or synthetic but are are usually usually only synthetie but problems. disposalproblems. and disposal of recovery recoveryand areas the expense expenseof becauseof the areasbecause discussed Aswill will be bediscussed Any Any methods methodsused usedmust mustbe be environmentally environmentallyaeceptable. acceptable. As removal will andremoval eleanupand wher-e instanceiwhere in cleanup areinstances next section, thereare seetion,there in the the next proeesses. degradeby natural processes. cause harm than leaving leaving the the oil eause more harm oil to degrade VII. Vil. 11 AND REMOVAL REMOVAL CLEANUP AND and eontainedand It is eompletelycontained is rare rare when eanbebecompletely oil spilled on water when oil spilled on water can Cleanup of of the the Cleanup shoreline. the shoreline. reaehes the recovered before some of of it reaches reeovered before tt-ta! eonsuming shoreline more difficult and time consuming than diffieult and time shoreline areas is more is considerably considerably shouldbe emphasized emphasizedthat water. It should operationson water. containment recovery operations containment and recovery in r_e_sult physical removal may result shoreline the physical of oil from some types of shoreline may in of from some types removal of oil oeeur would whieh that ecological and/or damage far in excess of that which would occur physical in excess far damage ecologieal and/or The decision to to initiate proeesses. The decision if oil removal removal were if oil wers left to natural naturalprocesses. left to -oil should shore areas cleanup and restoration activities on oil contaminated shore areas should on eontaminated cleanup and restoration and aesthetie, and soeial, economic, eeonomie, aesthetic, be based based on careful evaluation of social, eareful evaluation ecological faetors. factors. ttign of high populated &rea areas -of area or or areas polluted beaches When oil has a populated has polluted beaehes in a the from the differ from may differ pressuresfor recreational use, priorities and eleanupmay for cleanup andpressures use, priorities recreational If aa If priorities associated areas. coastline uninhabited priorities with remote or uninhabited coastline areas. remote or associated with time of length then the length of time public, then the heavily used by the public, the used by shoreline area isis heavily lhoreline area proeessmay maybe beunacceptable unaeceptable-and necessary naturalprocess necessary for the and the removal removal of of oil oil by by natural ecological p o s s i b l e e e o l o g ieal possible its i t s despite required despite will bee required ccleanup l e a n u p action ill b action w sensitive impliealions. Under most circumstances, implications. however, biologically sensitive however, biologieally cireumstanees, and priority for for protection given the highest highest priority shoreline types should be given should be shoreline types -protectionand and types and habitat types Yaquina Bay's Bayrs habitat cleanup measures. me-abures. Detailed Detailed accounts aeeounts of Yaquina B' VtrI given in Seetion appropriate cleanup measures are given in Section VIII B. appropriate cleanup measuresare G0781 co?8l -l 5-15- VIII. VM. ESTUARY BAY ESTUARY THE THE IMPACTS OF OIL THEYAQUINA YAQUINA BAY OIL ON ON THE A. A. Organisms The Impacts on Living Organisms The on Living wide in aa wide living organisms Oil Oil and its various impaet living organisms in various components components impact inelude: Possible direet direct effects eff eets include: variety of ways. ways. Possible variety l1.. General G e n e r a l Effects Effects a. a. Death by by coating and and asphyxiation, asphyxiation, b. Death Death by by contact eontaet poisoning, Poisoning, c.. e Death by by exposure to water solublecompounds, compounds, water soluble d. d. Death by exposure or hypothermia. hypothermia. Possible indirect indirect effects include: include: a. a. reduction' Food f f o r t reduction, F o o d aand e e d i n g eeffort n d ffeeding b.. b Contamination, Contamination, c.. e Habitat displacement, Habitat and crowding and displacement, thereby causing crowding thereby causing predationt increased vulnerability to predation, to vulnerability d. d. R e p r o d u c t i v e ffailures, Reproductive ailures, e. and Physical, ehanges, and behavioral changes, Physical, chemical and behavioral chemical and f. Incorporation of Incorporation of sublethal sublethal amounts amounts ofof oil into tissues tissues oil into to organism to the organism reduced resistance resistance of the resulting resulting in reduced infeetion o infection orr stress. stress. The The eomplex complex biologieal biological structure structure of Yaquina Bay isis sueh such that that Yaquina Bay variety wide variety could affect affeet aa wide one or all above factors factors could one or all of of the the above perhaps destroying Such of of organisms organisms -- perhaps webs. Such destroying entire entire food food webs. it predict, but reactions be impossible to accurately predict, but it to accurately reactions would impossible would be project plankton not difficult diffieult to is not project how the destruction of plankton of to how the destruetion larval the larval affect the populations by populations by oil, would affeet for example, example, would oil, for plankton, the f ish and fish feed on on the and shellfish shellf ish which the adult adult whieh feed the plankton, marine andmarine fish larvae, and andwaterfowl waterfowl and fish which which ffeed eed on the the larvae, m a m m a l s wwhich Fortunately, mammals h i c h f feed F o r t u n a t e l y , biological biologieal e e d oon n tthe h e fish. fish. overeome systems are are remarkably ultimately overcome flexible and may ultimately systems remarkably flexible disasters Recovery be disasters sueh such as as this Recovery will will be this and and regenerate. regenerate. are whieh are slow, speeies or or habitats habitats which slow, however, however, and for those those species and for few in in number number regeneration It is It regeneration may may be beimpossible. impossible. therefore essential that these resourees be given all p o s s i b l e pprotection. roteetion. possible therefore essential that these resources be given all GO781.l G O ? 8 l .r -16-16- 2. 2. Bffeets SpeeifiePopulations Populations on Specific Effects on a. SPecies Endangered EndangeredSpecies or known rare no known are no In the Bayarea, area, there are rare or Yaquina Bay In the Yaqulna also There are also species. shellfish endangered fish fish oi or shellfish species. endangered one There is one speeies. There rare, endangered plant plant species. no no rare, stream inhabits whieh Vole, mammal, the White-footed Vole, which inhabits stream the White-footed not likely likely but itit would wouldnot banks and and is is considered rare, but considered rare, of number a are In addition, there are a number of oil. tn addition, by oil. affeeted by be affected of residents part full time or birds whieh whichare are either either part or full time residents of birds the inelude These These include the rare. eonsideredrare. areconsidered the area area and and are f ollowing: following: (l) (1) upper in the pair is feed in the upper known to feed is known Bald Eagles Eagles - a pair Bald (2) (2) April from April foundfrom befound eanbe Osprey -- considered eonsideredrare, can October . to October. (3) (3) not rare, but not Snowy Snowy Plover Plover - considered rarer Oregon known the percentof of the known Oregon endangered. Six percent endangered.Six (about loeated are 100 nests) nesting population, (about nests) located nestin! Bay' the of mouth the mouth of the Bay. in the sand dunes near the sanddunes unknown. siteisisunknown. nest site bay. Their nest bay. (4) in May, May, oeeurin rare, occur consideredrarer Tern - considered CaspianTern (4) Caspian Oetober . September, S ePtem ber and ,and October. I the inelude the peripheralor unknown status or unknown Other status include other birds of peripheral the the Common CommonEgret Horned Grebe,, the Pelican, the Egret,r the fhe Brown Peliean, HornedGrebe Martin. PurpleMartin. Rhinoceros Aukiet, and the Purple RhinocerosAuklet, b. Birds DependentBirds Water Dependent Waterfowl and Water assoeiated 11?water associated are117 there are In the Yaquina Bay area area there Yaquina Bay In as is estimated estimated that as given day, day, itit is on aa given speeies. On bird species. for-res-ting estuary for use many as 30,000 birds may may use the estuary resting many as 301000birds -Particularly llte during the the late purposes. Particularly during feeding purposes. and feeding and quitehigh iigh populationsare are quite fall populations months,bird bird and winter winter months, fall and .migratory as such as waterfowl such due of migratory waterfowl influxes of large influxes to large due to protectedshallows shallows The protected Canadian Geese and and Black BlackBrant. Brant. The canadian Geese provide Slough-prolide KingtsSlough andKing's Flats, and of Sally's Idaho Flats, Sally's Bend, Idaho of have thus frequently have and thus areas and stopover areas excelleht stopover excellent waterfowl' concentrated numbers of waterfowl. numbers of eoneentrated or on or Aquatic birds which which spend spendmost most ofof their their lives on Aquatic birds suseeptible to are particularly susceptible surface are near the water water surface ne&r af fec-ted visibly affected mostvisibly themost often the oil and are often spilled and are spilled oil loss in the the loss Oil on on their their feathers results in organisms. oil organisms. by followed by proofingand bouyaneyfollowed andbouyancy of natural weather weatherproofing of'natural Indirect effects Indireet drowning. pneumonia or death by pneumonia or drowning. by death eyele r e p r o d u e t i v e cycle t h e reproductive include w i t h the i n l e r f e r e n e e with i n e l u d e interference the of the survival of low survival and low loss and egg loss high egg resulting in high yo u n g . young. co?8l.l G0781.l -17-17- e. c. Fish Fish Yaquina Bay and Bayeontains contains 35 35 harvestable harvestable speeies species of of fish and of suseeptibility of speeies. The susceptibility numerous non-utilized non-utilized species. the various types types of primarily on their of fish fish depends dependsprimarily the various their spawning and feeding Those which habits. fish which pelagic fish and habits. Those pelagic feed near near the the surface surfacesuch suchas asherring herringand andanchovies anchoviesare are p a r t i e u l a r l y l likely i k e l y tto a n d be be i n j e s t floating f l o a t i n g oil o injest o i l and particularly adversely affected. Other fish f ish which depth whieh remain at depth mueh less are much less likely likely to during to be beharmed harmedby by oil oil except exceptduring juvenile stages their juvenile stages when when their larval forms forms are part their their larval planktonie population. of the oceur Most larval fish occur of the planktonic population. Most larval fish during the spring spring making making itit the most most sensitive sensitive time for Yaquina Bay. fish the fish of Yaquina Bay. Effects of of oil on fish the Effects inelude ehanging gills include changingmetabolic metabolicrates, rates, coating coating of of the gills poisoning, loss and food and and subsequent loss of of food subsequent suffoeation, suffocation, poisoning, habitat alteration. d. d. Shellfish Shellfish Yaquina Bay Yaquina Baycontains contains eommereially commercially important important populations populations crab, shrimp, of crab, shrimp,clams, other elams,and andoysters oystersand andnumerous numerousother of non-utilized shellfish whieh are non-utilized shellfish which are very very important important to to the estuarine food food chain. During their ehain. During all estuarine their larval larval stages, all shellfish are highly suseeptible effeets of oil oil shellfish are highly susceptibletoto the the effects population serious damage and serious damage could to the done to thepopulation could be be done s h o u l d aa sspill should p i l l occur o c c u r during d u r i n g tthe h e spring s p r i n g or o r early early summer. The adult stages summer. stagesof of crab freeswimming eraband andfree swimming shrimp are likely to to be be affected shrimp are not not as likely affeeted but but clams, elams, oysters, and due burrowingshrimp oysters, andburrowing shrimp are arehighly highly vulnerable vulnerabl'edue their filter-feeding filter-feeding habits. to their habits. High eoncentrations concentrations of oil will eause will death and lower concentrations coneentrations will cause death andlower eausebehavior behavlor and reproductive disorders cause disorders and and taint taint the the flesh flesh so so it is unusable. unusable. Cage Cage and rack culture of and rack culture of oysters could eould be oysters be seriously seriouslydamaged. damaged. e. e. Marine Mammals Marine Mammals California and California and Stellarts Stellarrs Sea Lions Lions and and Harbor Harbor Seals Seals in Yaquina YaquinaBay. yeararound occur in Bay. Harbor Seals around Seals are year residents while while the sea sea lions are are most mostcommon eommonduring during Oetober through through May. May. Although October Although mortalities mortalities in in these these species species from from the the effects effeets of of oil oil are are rare, rare, it can ean affect affect their ability ability to their to forage forage and may may cause chronic eause other other chronic p ro b l e ms. problems. GO78l.l G078l.l - l 8-18- f. f. BenthieOrganisms Organisms Benthic dwellingshrimp, shrimp, bottomdwelling Aside from from clams, oysters oystersand andbottom other of other wide varie-ty Yaquina Bayalso also supports supportsaa wide variety of Yaquina Bay no they have no Although they dwelling organisms. organisms. Although bottom dwelling amphipods wormsramphipods suehas asworms, commercial importance, animals such impoitanee, animals food overall food in the the overall and are very important important in isopods are very and isopods -signiiicant. whieh Those species which quite significant. Those speeies chain and thus ttrus quite to vulnerable to espeeially vulnerable inhabit intertidal intertidal areas areas are are especially inhabit the oil as the long as foi as as long affected for eould be affected and could oil and ea. remains in the ar area. re ma i n s in g. Organisms Planktonic Organisms Planktonie zooplanktont p o p u l a t i o n includes i n c l u d e szooplankton, p l a n k t o n i c population The T h e planktonic and fish and of.many stages of phytoplankton, and and tne the larval many fish larval stages phytoilankton, Becausethis this group grouplives livesatat thp the surfaee-rsurface, it 3neUtisn. shellfish. Beeause mortalities and mortalities oil and flolting oil susceptible toto floating highty susceptible is highly the in the quite high. high. Alterations -in be quite expeeted to be can be bl expected profound impact impaet very profound have a very planktonic population would would have planktonie population whiehdepend depend theBay Baywhich on the rest organismsininthe rest of ofthe theorganisms food ' group for food. this group directly on this indireetly on direetly or indirectly B. Them uponThem Oilupon The Effects Effeetsof ofOil Significance of Various Habitats, Habitats, The Signifieanceof and Possible Cleanup Measures be will be assoeiated habitat will The shoreline types types and and their their associated The various various shoreline for Table 3 for sensitivity (see Table of sensitivity described in descending deseendin!-order of deseribed in re l a ti ve values). va l u e s). relative Estuaries in Oregon's OregonrsEstuaries Typesin Habitat Types Values of Habitat Table 3. 3. Relative Values Coastal Submerged Coastal Submerged Tide Lands Lands Lands Lands very small small Area Relative Area non Renewable or or Nonrenewable Renewable Nonrenewablenon high very high Vulnerability fair Resileney Resilency high very high Diversity Diversity Social Social Importance: Importance: moderate l1)) Commercial moderate C o mme re i a l high high very Recreational 2) 2) Recreational variable Vulnerability Vulnerability of Animals Animals variable high very high Diversity of Species Speeies p 1974 from Ham, 1974 and Ham, Wilsey and from Wilsey GO?81.1 G0781.l -1 -199- small very small non non high very high poor poor high high moderate moderate very high high very high high high very high EEl EEl Grass Grass Coastal Coastal Marsh Salt Salt Marsh very small small renewable renewable very high very high small very small good high low high high high very high non non high very high poor poor moderate moderate low low high very high high high l1., Tidal Tidal Marshes Marshes a. a. Deseription Description The tidal tidal marsh marsh vegetation The vegetation type type isis composed eomposedof those those semi-aquatic aquatie and and semi-aquatic communities of vaseular, eommunities vascular, aquatic vegetation rooted poorly drained, poorly aerated vegetation rooted in in poorly aerated drained, poorly salt soil, which which may contain varying varying concentrations coneentrationsof salt may contain which occur inland to the and which occur from from low low or or high water inland the line of nonaquatic nonaquaticvegetation. vegetation. In Yaquina Bay Baythe the major major marsh marsh areas areas are found in in the and Poolers and inelude Poole's middle middle and and upper upper estuary and include estuary and McC a ffe r yr sSloughs ea 1.9 McCaffery's Sloughsand andan' an ar area 1.9 miles m ilesdownstream downstr eam are Toledo on marshes are from Toledo Minor marshes from on the south south shore. shore. Minor found Fisher and andJohnson JohnsonSloughs found at Fisher Sloughs and major major diked diked Sloughs. found along Nutersand Boonets marshes are found marshes Sloughs. alongNute's andBoone's These are located loeated on on the These the vegetative vegetativemaps mapsin inAppendix AppendixC. C. b. b. Importance Importance Tidal marshes marshesare produetive area Tidal are usually the most most productive area in in produetionsupplies plant production supplies estuary. The extensive the estuary. extensive plant food material material to to much much of of the food thebay bayand andsupports supportsaa wide wide polyehaetes range of organisms organismssueh andpolychaetes range such as elams, clams, crabs erabsand are food food for fish,birds which in in turn are for fish, birdsand mammalswho andmammals who feeding, a l s o use u s e the f o r nurseries, also t h e same s a m e areas a r e a s for n u r s e r i e s ,feeding, p ro te cti on, and nesting. protection, andnesting. c. c. Effects Oil Effeets of of Oil Oil ean cause eausesevere problemsin severeproblems Oil can in marshes marshesby adhering by adhering plantsand the directly directly to the the plants alsoby bycontaminating eontaminating the andalso sediments. Beeause sediments. Becausethere there isis little little or or no noflushing flushins in in yearseffectively these areas, oil these areas, oil may may remain remain for effectiiely for years destroying the most most important primary production destroying important primary produetionareas areas of the bay bay and and impacting impacting all the terrestrial and terrestrial and aquatic organisms organismswhich aquatic use the marsh. whieh use marsh. d d.. Cleanup Cleanup T he m The a r s h e s of marshes o f Yaquina Yaquina B Bay p o o r water a y have h a v e poor water accessibility aeeessibility whieh which will will make cleanup diffieult. eleanup very very difficult. If eleaning cleaning is necessary, neeessary, the best method method is is low low pressure water flushing flushing conducted from boats during eondueted from boats during high tide. Under certain high cireumstanees,hand certain circumstances, hgnd cutting eutting of oiled be possible but but it of oiled vegetation usually vegetation may may be it is usually reeommended beeause not recommended because of of the the severe severedisturbance disturbance causedby trampling. caused trampling. G0781.l G O78l.l -20-20- If there are If are large rarge aeeumurations accumulations of of oil, oil, trenching trenehing may may be necessaryto be necessary to drain drain the the oil oil back out-to out to the the recovery ree:overy area. ndonothing area. If If accumulations aeeumulations are small, small, the "do nothing a l te rn a tivg" is pr obably the alternative" is- probably least-damaging damaging the least to the the -be to system. system. A A trained trained biologist biologistshould shouldalways alwaysbe consulted lonsulted before any action is taken. takeh. 2. 2. (s helter ed) Tidal F l a ts (sheltered) Tidal Flats B. a. Description Description Tidal flats include inelude that that area area of of land landcovered eovered and and uncovered by daily tidal uncovered by the the daily tidal cycle. eyele. Tide flats consist eonsist of sediments, sediments,primarily primariiy gravel, gravei, sand, silt, and of and clay, elay, washed into washed into the the estuary by by the coastal eoastal rivers rivers and and the the sea. sea. In Yaquina Bay, In Yaquina Bay, extensive flats occur oecur in the in the Sallyrs the area Sally's Bend Bendarea, area, and the areabetween betweenthe theMarine Marine point, and Science and Hinton Hinton Point, Science Center Center and Kingrs Slough. andKing's Slough. Minor flats oeeur along plae-es. the bay bay and and many many other places. Minor flats occur T h e most r n o s t iimportant m p o r t a n t - ppart art < The ofj f these t h e s e flats i t a t s are a r e the the extensive eelgrass extensive beds of eelgrass beds of Sally's Sallyts Bend Bend and those those adjacent the Marine Marine Science adjacent to the ScieneeCenter. Center. b. Importance importance yaquina Bay The tide flats of Yaquina The Bay support support significant signifieant populations responsible algal populations responsible for primary primary production, produetion, and as as mentioned mentioned above, above, extensive and extensiveeelgrass eelgrass beds beds in in some locations. loeations. There large numbers numbers of There are large of benthic benthic invertebrates such sueh as invertebrates as clams, elams, worms, woims, and shrimp in the the tide tide flat flat areas. areas. The variety of of organisms organisms increases -greater increases in eelgrass eelgrass areas areas because because of ,5r the greater stability stability and and - protection. populations support Invertebrate populations Invertebrate support grazing both birds and fish grazing of of both fish and and are aie seasonally seasonallyvery verv juvenile' fish. important for migratory migratory waterfowl important for waterfowl and juvenile The flats flats are The are also alsoimportant important as haul haul out out areas areas for for se a Is. seals. c. C. Oi l Impacts Imp aets Oil oil can have have long term persistence Oil persistenceon tide flats due due to to lack of of waves the lack waves and and currents. eurrents. It can can also beeome alsobecome ineorporated sediments and have incorporated into into the sediments have long long term term deleterious effects on on the theburrowing burrowing invertebrates invertebrafesand and the many many organisms organisms that directly direeily or oi indirectly indirectly deped deped on them on them for for food. food. In Yaquina In Yaquina Bay Bay the the biological biological diversity and exposure of diversity and exposure of th; the flats flats will will make these t-hese areas susceptible susceptibleto any areas any kind kind of oil oil intrusion. intrusion. GO781.l GO?81.1 -21-21- d. Cleanup Cleanup The of Yaquina Yaquina Bay partieularly hard Bay will The tide tide flats of will be particularly hard proteet and andclean eleanup up due dueto to wind, wind, to protect their exposure to their exposureto waves and and eurrents. currents. In some eases, cases, tidal tidal currents eurrentsmay may be sufficient sufficient to it carry oil flats where to carry oil back back off off the the flats where it e a n be b e collected. can eolleeted. I f cleanup e l e a n u p is i s needed, n e e d e d ,heavy If heavy equipment and large crews should be avoided ot erews should beeauseof avoided because the damage damage sueh the such aetivities activities ean can inflict inflict to to the the fragile fragile pressurewater ecology. Instead, low ecology. low pressure with water flushing flushing with small crews erews would be be most desirable. desirable. Once again do nothing best nothing approach may Once again the do may be be the best alternative and consultation consultation with alternative and with aa trained trainedbiologist biologist is mandatory mandatory before before any any aetion action is taken. taken. 3. Sheltered Rocky Shores Shores Sheltered Rocky B. a. Description Description Sheltered roeky Sheltered rocky shores shoresare are inter-tidal inter-tidal areas areas of of rocky roeky paralleling the substrate paralleling the edge of of the bay. bay. In Yaquina Yaquina B a y , most m o s t of o f the t h e open o p e n shore Bay, s h o r e line l i n e on o n both b o t h sides sides e x e l u d i n g t h e excluding the sloughs s l o u g h s is i s composed or c o m p o s e d oof f riprap r i p r a p or naturally occurring naturally occur ring rock. b. Importanee Importance Becauseof Because of the the protection protection afforded by the cracks eraeksin the roeks, these providing a rocks, thesecan eanbe bevery veryrich richecologically, ecologieally,providing good many macroinvertebrates good habitat habitat for many substrate maeroinvertebratesplus substrate for algae algae and and attachment sites for barnacles attaehment sites and barnaeles and mussels. The rocky mussels. rocky shores s[ores in in the the lower lower bay bay are are partieularly particularly important important for for this reason. reason. e. C. Oi Oill E Effects ffe ets oil habitat can physieally smother Oil in in this habitat eanphysically smother the the numerous numerous plants and animals attached plants and animals and result in removal in the theremoval of natural natural habitat of habitat for for new newcolonizers. colonizers. Without wave wave aetion, persistfor the oil periods. action, the oil can canpersist for long longperiods. d. Cleanup Cleanup Although it is possible possible to sand blast to sand blast or or steam steamclean elean rocks, r o c k s , tthese h e s e methods m e t h o d s should s h o u l d be b e avoided a v o i d e d unless unless absolutely neeessary great damage absolutely necessary beeause because of of the great damageto any any organisms. If surviving organisms. If cleanup eleanupdoes doesseem seemnecessary, neeessary, low pressure flushing is the low pressure water flushing the recommended reeommendedmethod. method. GO781.l GO?81.1 - 22-22- 4 4.. Silt and SandBeaches andSand Beaehes a. Description Description These beaehareas areasoccasionally These eonsist consist of beach occasionallyinundated inundatedby by tides. They tides. They are in Yaquina Yaquina Bay, are rare in Bay, but, but, of of course, eourse, common commonon onthe the ocean ocean side side of of the the bay entrance. entrance. b. Importanee Importance Beaehesare usually usually not produetive since not highly highly productive Beaches sineespecies species quite low. diversity and density density are quite low. The major diversity major value value public usage. is for for public usage. However, However, there there are some important are some important elam beds beds as noted noted on on the clam the Resource ResourceChart. Chart. Likewise, Likewise, beachesnear nearYaquina YaquinaBay the beaches Bay entrance entranee are used used by the Snowy Plover, rare shorebird shorebirdspecies Plover, aa rare speeiesin in Oregon. Oregon. e. c. Imp a cts Impacts Usually m inimal to Usually minimal to aaquatic q u a t i e life, l i f e , but b u t can e a n cause eause problems to those signifieant problems significant those species speeies present and and impaet impact important important recreational areai. areas. d d.. C leanup Cleanup probably best It is is probably not to to cleanup best not eleanup here here unless unless the the public demands demands it. it. Large tar balls ballscan beremoved removedby by eanbe hand, and small small accumulations aecumulations ean hand, and can be raked. raked. Earth Earth m o v e r s and a n d bulldozers b u l l d o z e r s should movers s h o u l d be b e avoided a v o i d e dunless unless absolutely absolutely necessary. neeessary. 5.. 5 Open Waters Open Waters a. Deseription Description Open waters consist Open consist of of those parts of those parts of the the estuary estuary continuously continuouslyeovered coveredby by water water and and inelude include those parts of the the sloughs sloughsnot exposed exposedduring during low low tide. b.. b Imp o rta nce Importance In In Yaquina Bay, Bay, the open populations of open waters support support populations phytoplanktonn, phytoplanktonn, zooplankton, zooplankton, fish, marine mammals, mammals, feeding feeding waterfowl, and and are are an an important important migratory migratory route route for several severalkinds kindsof of anadromous anadromousfish. C. c. Imp a e ts Impacts On On open water, water, the the oil oil could eouldcause eausesignificant signifieantdamage damage planktonie organisms and to planktonic and this this in turn turn would would affect affeet many fish species. speeies. Waterfowl, Waterfowl, sueh such as raptors raptorswhich whieh feed on the fish fish could eould also also be be impacted impaeted as as could tould other waterfowl waterfowl which which depend dependon onthe the estuary estuary for for resting resting and and feeding. fe e d i n g . GO? 81.1 co?8 1 .1 - 23-23- d. Cleanup Cleanup Cleaning methods Cleaning methodsare are limited limited but but corralling corralling oil oil and and pieking itit up most useful. useful. picking up with with skimmers skimmers may be the the most protectthose technique is to The best technique to protect thosebays bayswhich whiehcan ean will be boomed assume the the tidal tidal and river currents boomed and assume currentswill earry the remaining remaining oil place where carry oil to to a place it can where it ean be be collected eollected or where naturally disperse. disperse. where it will will naturally C. c. ResourcesImpacted Impactedby Other Resources by Oil OiI 1. l. Natural Natural Areas Areas Several significant significant natural natural areas have have been identified by by been identified the the Nature NatureConservancy. on the have been been located Conservaney. These have loeated on Resource Inventory maps Resource Inventory mapsin in Appendix Appendix C. sloughs indicated on this The sloughs map;Winant, Winant,McCaffery's McCafferyrs , this map; Poolers, Boone, Boone, and partieularly sensitive Poole's, Nutetswould and Nute's would be particularly sensitive to the the effects here to effeets of of oil, oil, because oil oil could could be trapped trapped here for extended extended periods, resulting for resulting in in long-term long-term damage damage to the the tidal marshes tidal marsheswithin. all sloughs For this with For within. this reason, reason, all sloughswith s i g n i f i e a n t wetlands significant w e t l a n d s aare priority r e identified i d e n t i f i e d for f o r first f i r s t priority protection. protection. All All eelgrass eelgrass beds are identified identified as as extremely extremely limited limited eeotypes ecotypeson on the the maps, maps, and and,, therefore, therefore , are are also also p r i o r i t y protection. proteetion. candidates e a n d i d a t e s for In f o r ffirst i r s t priority I n reality, reality, however, however, proteeting protecting eelgrass eelgrass beds beds will will be very very difficult diffieult (basking) because because of of their exposed character. Seal exposedcharacter. Seal haulout haulout (basking) ssites ites a ass well w e l l as p i g e o n aareas a s band-tailed b a n d - t a i l e d pigeon r e a s are a r e also also protection eonsidered priority protection considered unique uniqueand andtargeted targeted for for first first priority p o ssi b l e . iiff possible. 2. AreheologiealSites Archeological Sites Fifty-six Yaquina Yaquina indian indian villages villages are are believed believed to have have existed on Yaquina Bay, existed on Yaquina Bay, largely concentrated concentrateddownstream downstreamof Elk City. At Elk At present there therb are are two two recorded recorded sites in the the area, one one at atthe MarineScience the theMarine ScieneeCenter Center and and one near the south Highway Highway #101 south bridge approach. #101bridge approaeh. No detailed detailed surveys surveys have been done and no no other sites sites are are known, known, although although they surely exist. surely exist. It appears It appears that pose that oil oil spills would would not pose significant significantdirect direct threats threats to are to these these sites sites because beeausethey are upland of of the high tide tide line. Efforts Efforts to reach reaehcontaminated contaminated a r e a s could p o s s i b l e erosion c o u l d cause areas e a u s e trampling of t r a m p l i n g and a n d possible e r o s i o n of important sites, however, however, and important and itit would would be be valuable valuable to to have have more aeeurate accurate information information regarding their locations. locations. GO78l.l GO781.l -24-24- 3. 3. Oregon State State University Center University Marine Marine Science Scienee_Center This This unique uniquefaeility facility and and the the natural adjacent to to it natural preserve adjacent are highly highly important important to to the the state and to to the city state of of Oregon Oregon and Newport. There of Newport. of is aa definite There is having aa definite advantage advantage to to having f a e i t i t y ssuch u c h aas s tthis facility h i s near near a a spill s p i l l site, s i t e , since s i n e e highly highly trained trained scientists be available to do seientists would related do spill spill related would be available to studies. studies. On the other On other hand, hand, a spill spill could eould also also cause eause tremendous tremendousdisruption disruptiontoto the the center by by contaminating eontaminating its supply of of bay bay water water thereby threatening threatening the existence existenee of the perhaps ruining various marine marine aquaria aquaria and and perhaps various laboratory projects. Experiments projects. Experimentsbeing condueted conducted in in the bay could could also also be threatened. threatened. The loss loss of money and time time assoeiated associated with a money and disaster could spill disaster eould be very substantial. substantial. 4. 4. Marinas Marinas A number of boat boat marinas A number marinasexist existalong alongYaquina YaquinaBay Bay ranging ranging from the extensive several from along the the bayfront extensive complex eomplex along bayfront to several small boat basins. small basins. There There is question but is no question but that that oil in oil in these basins basins would require would affect affeet many wouldrequire many boats boatsand andwould extensive cleanup. extensive cleanup. In the case easeof ofSouth SouthShore ShoreMarina Marina and and Newport Harbor Marina, booming the entrances entraneesas asrecommended reeommended ro te et the boats mi g h t pprotect might boatswithin. within. With W ith the the other other m marinas, ar ina s , it it p r o t e c t their appears a p p e a r s that t h a t llittle i t t l e ccould their o u l d be b e done d o n e to t o protect fa e i l i ti e s and facilities a n d customers. eustomer s. 5. 5. Water Water Intakes Intakes There are aa limited limited number There numberof ofindustrial industrialand commereial andcommercial purposes. The The ventures which which use bay bay water for various variouspurposes. water for Marine Seience Marine Science Center Center uses uses bay bay water water for for the the aquarium aquariumand and projeets. The for the the maintenance maintenanceof The for of various various experimental experimental projects. drawn off the water is drawn the bottom bottom and andfiltered throughthe filtered through thesand sand problems to some some extent. Spills of light noproblems tight oil oil would wouldcause eauseno for this this system, system, however, however, aaheavy for heavysinking sinking oil oil could eould create ereate some problems. 48 problems. The The Center Center has to store storeabout has the ability ability to about48 to 72 72 hours hours worth of water. Longer worth of Longer shutdowns shutdowns would cause cause problems. serious problems. serious Oregon Aqua Aqua Foods, Foods, Ia commercial eommercial salmon rearing venture, venture, draws its rearing rearing draws water water off off the the bottom of the for its bottom of the bay bay for facilities adjacent adjaeent to the the Marine Science Seienee Center. As Center. As problem, but with the oils would not be be a problem, with the MSC, MSC, light oils but would not heavy sinking sinking oils oils could enter the system eould enter system with with severe severe no more more At present, they eonsequenees. At by for for no consequences. would get by they would than a few few hours hours without without fresh bay water. GO781.l GO?81.1 -25-25- The Undersea Undersea Gardens, Gardens, a eommercial commercial aquarium aquarium venture, venture, isis in a ina bottom' similar situation. intake is is located on the the bottom, situation. Their Their intake loeated on but could get by for eould be impacted impaeted by heavy for heavy oils. They could get water. no more than 6 hours hours without without obtaining fresh bay water. Georgia Paeifie Pacific at at Toledo also also has a water intake, intake, however, however, intrude. it isis fresh freshwater, water,dammed dammedso so that water cannot eannotintrude. that bay bay water It assumed,therefore, therefore, that It isis assumed, that oil oilspills spillson onthe thebay baywould would problems here. cause here. eauseno problems eurrently three growers on the threecommercial There are currently eommereialoyster oyster growers would bay. bay. As with oil would As with the the above aboveenterprises, enterprises, sinking oil probably ruin probably ruinthe the oyster oyster beds beds and and itit appears that little little appears that the of the could be done done except except to to divert divert oil oil from the area of could be from the beds. generally exposed beds. The generally exposedsites sites would makediversion diversion would make rnadeto difficult, difficult, but but all toaccomplish accomplish all efforts efforts should should be be made partieularly in the this, particularly the case easewhere floating rafts rafts are where floating are utilized. u ti l i ze d . 6. 6. Reereation Recreation Recreational aetivities activities such such as fishing, clamming, as fishing, elamming, boating, boating, usage could could be be severely impaeted impacted by by a major and beach usage major spill on the bay. bay. The economic consequences consequencestoto the the area area with with respect to tourist respeet tourist trade term tradecould disastrousand long term eouldbe bedisastrous and long if resourcesremain remain unusable if resources unusableor unsightly. unsightly. Some Some businesses businesses Unfortunately, little little would very would very likely likely be be forced forced to to close. elose. Unfortunately, eould protectionand could be be done except to ensure ensurethat that protection andcleanup eleanup proceed as efficiently possible. activities proceed aetivities effieiently as as possible. There are two state parks at There are two state parks at the the entrance entrance to to the the bay, bay, Yaquina Bay Beaeh Yaquina BayState State Park Park on the SouthBeach the north north side sideand andSouth Park on the south State Park south side. A A large spill spill on on the ocean oeean at the bay entranee or bay entrance or on on the severelyimpact impact the bay bayitself itself could couldseverely parks by by making making the those parks unusable thebeaches beaehes unusablewhich whiehwould would further impact further impaet the tourist tourist industry. industry. 7. 7. Log Storage Storage From From about about river river mile 11.3 to to about about river river mile mile 15, 15, there there are (see Resouree extensive extensive rafts of stored Resource Chart stored logs logs (see Chart in pocket). Oil these logs Oil eould could eoat coat these logs and and would would have to be be cleaned eleaned off before before they incurring they could could be used, used, thus incurring eonsiderableexpense. considerable expense. Little Little could to protect protect them, eould be done to protective oil but the oil the log log booms boomsthemselves themselvescould eould be used used as protective other areas booms and and thus thus proteet protect other areassuch DepotCreek suehas asDepot Creekand and 011ala Creek. Ollala Creek. G O78l.l G0781.l -26-26- IX. IX. POTENTIAL FOR SPILLS SPILLS POTENTIAL A A.. Road Spills R o a d s pparallel arallel m u e h oof f tthe h e bay Roads much b a y and p o s s i b i l i t-eould y for a n d the t h e possibility f or transportation present. Such spills could transportation aeeidents accidents is is always always present. severely severely impaet impact loeal local areas areas sueh such as the marshes adjacent to to the marshesadjacent roads. roads. Cleanup and measurescould and proteetion protection measures eould be be employed employed on a more more local loeal basis basis using using the resource proteetion charts resouree and and protection eharts presentedhere. presented here. The yaquina River and road spill spil occuring The possibility possibility of of a road oecuring in in the theYaquina and then washing into then washing into the the bay also exists, and in fact andin faethas hashappened happened past. In in the past. in In most cases, eases,the thelower lower river river isisslow slowmoving movingand and presents good oil prospects. If presents good oil booming boomingprospects. If the the response response is fast fast enough, significant signifieant problems problems might be avoided enough, avoided by containing eontaining the oil before it it reaches reaehesthe themore moresensitive sensitive resources oil before resouiees of of the the bay bay i tse l f. itself. B. B. ShippingSpills Spills Shipping In the the last last 44 to to5 5years, years,little In Iitileshipping shippingactivity aetivity-ships oecurred has occurred in Yaquina Yaquina Bay. Bay. Aside some Aside from from 22 or 33 large large lumber lumber ships and and some lumber lumber barge movement, most activity aetivity has hascentered centeredaround around the the eommercial fishing extensive commercial fishingboat boat traffie. traffic. There have beenno no have been eommercial oil shipments for years meaning meaning that commercial oil shipments for several several years that the the size size o! an an oil oil spill spill ininYaquina YaquinaBay Bay is is limited of limited by by the thefuel fuelcaçiacities eapacities the various variousships of the shipswhich whieh utilize the the area. area. The largest largest fishing fishing boats and tugboats tugboats have fuel capacities 101000 eapaeitiesthat that range rangeup uptoto10,000 gallons and lumber ships gallons and the lumber ships have have capacities eapacities of ol up to to 50,000 50,000 gallons; The majority gallons. majority of of the boats, boats,however, than500 500 however,carry earryless lessthan gallons. gallons. During During the the last last 20 years, there there have havebeen beenno no major major spills but but minor minor spills spills usually usually associated have with refueling refueling have assoeiated with been been - fairly fair^ly frequent occurrences. oeeurrenees. Environmental damages dCmages Environmental thesespills spills are resulting from these documented. arenot notdocumented. A signifieant ehange A significant change inin this this pattern of of activity aetivity is is anticipated antieipated by the Port of by the Port ofNewport. Newport. In In June, 1982, is the first first of 1982, the of what what is planned to be semimonthly semimonthly log planned to be log shipments shipmentsleft left Newport Newportharbor. harbor. These ships These ships are are about feet in about 550 loads 550 feet in length length and have fuel fuel loads and have mayexceed exeeed50,000 that may gallons. Should 501000gallons. should this beeome a regular this become regular p l a n n e d , the a e t i v i t y as p o s s i b i t i t y oof activity a s planned, t h e possibility f a a large l a r g e oil o i l spill spill oeeurring in Yaquina Bay occurring in Yaquina Baywill willbe be somewhat somewhatgreater greater than than itit has has previously. been previously. passage will Still the low low frequency frequeney of of passage m i n i m i z e tthe p o s s i b i l i t y of h e possibility minimize o f collisions e o l l i s i o n s or o r other o t h e r accidents. accidents, Furthermore, Furthermore, since since no no refueling refueling of of these ships ships will the will occur, occur, the ehancesof chances of a major oil oil spill spill aecident accident are are still still fairly fairly low. Iow. G078l.l GO78l.1 --2727- The for shipping shipping in The future future for is uncertain. in Yaquina Yaquina Bay Bay is Both the uneertain. Both possibilities Newport and of Newport Toledo are looking at variouspossibilities Ports of and Toledo are looking at various for developing developing increased inereased shipping traffie. for traffic. Under consideration consideration grain terminal are aa grain eargo are terminal and aa terminal for refrigerated cargo terminal for vessels. Shoulddevelopments vessels. Should passageof developments oeeur occur whieh which increase increase the passage large ships ships in in the spills will large Bay, the the_.Ba_y, for large lalgg oil spills the chances ehances for increase eorrespondinglyand plan increase correspondingly andthe the needs needs identified identified by by this plan on increasing inereasingsignificance. will take on significance. will c. C. Spill Sites pill Sites port of The The log log ships described describedabove abovewill willbe be docking dockingatat the the Port of NewportrsTerminals about Newport's TerminalsI 1and and22loeated located on on the the north north shore at about Mile 2. River Mile 2. Presumably spills spills would would be be most most 1ikely likely to occur oeeur in the dock doek area and in the in front front in area from the turning the area from the turning basin basin in of the terminal wharves downstream to moulh of the Bay. of the terminal wharves downstream to the mouth the Bay. The and spill and The lower lower Bay Bay would wouldthus thusbe be impaeted impactedf first by a spill irst by response respo*se aetivities activities will will be concentrated there. concentrated as Areas such as Sally's Sallyfs Bend partieularly susceptible Bend would would be be particularly under these these suseeptible under circumstanees. Dependingon circumstances. physieal on the the various climatic andphysical elimatic and conditions associated possible that it conditions assoeiated with the the spill, it is possible would be would be more more appropriate appropriatetoto try try to contain contain the the oil oil in inSally's Sallyfs r o t e e t tthis B e n d rrather plan a t h e r tthan h a n pprotect sensitive a t h e plan Bend area h i s sensitive a s the r e a as suggests. A suggests. deeision of this type could only be made A decision of this type could only be made after after a careful careful evaluation evaluation of the the environmental environmental consequences. eonsequenees. If isolating oil in in Sally's isolating the oil SallyrsBend Bend would ensure proteetion protection of of the would ensure the justif iable . rest of the the Bay, Bay, then the A rest of the decision deeision might might be be justifiable. trained biologist must be eonsulted trained consulted in in deeisions decisionsof of this this nature. Should the the Port of activity, Toledodevelop of Toledo develop some some major major shipping activity, then aa large largespill spill could potentially occur eouldpotentially occur anyplace anyplace in the the Bay Bay and response responseaetivities activities will will have have to to be according to becoordinated eoordinatedaccording specifie site the specific site locatjon. location. Again Again difficult difficult decisions decisions will will have have to be made made as as to to whether whetherto to be to allow in allow contamination eontamination of of one one area area in proteet other areas. order to to protect areas. X. x. AVAILABLE OIL OIL SPILL SPILL EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENTAND AND EXPERTISE EXPERTISE A A.. E q u i p me n t Equipment A comprehensive comprehensivelisting A listing of of the oil spill spill response responseequipment equipmentwhich whieh presently available is presently isis available at at the the various various Oregon Oregon coastal eoastal ports is given in Appendix Appendix A. A. Although itit appears to be Although be an anextensive extensive amount of material, close eloseexamination of material, examinationreveals minimal revealsthat onlyaaminimal thatonly a mo u n t oof f th i s equipment e q uipmentis amount this is loeated located in in the the Newpor Newportt ararea. ea. A A spill s pi l l of any any significant signifieant size of size would, would, therefore, therefore, require thatresponse response require that gear be air-lifted, air-lifted, trucked, trucked,and andboated boatedininfrom gear fromthe theCoos coosBay, Bay, Astoria and Portland areas. areas. The lag gettihg lag time associated associatedwith getting this material on-scene on-seenewill this material will seriously serious-lyhinder hinder the suceessifof any the success any response effort. response effort. Exeept gear which Except for for that that gear air-lifted whieh can be air-lifted in, it's itrs likely likely that least one one6dhour that at least hourtide cycle will tidecycle will have have elapsed before most most of of the elapsed before equipment thenecessary neeessary equipmentand erewscan canbe be andcrews on-seene, During this on-scene. this time, considerable environmental eonsiderable environmentaldamage damage could occur. occur. GO?81.1 G0781.l -28-28- The small volume presentlyusing Bay volume of shipping shipping traffic presently YaquinaBay usingYaquina and the stockpiling stockpiling and diffieult to justify the will make make it very very difficult sufficient to to maintenence of of aa volume of expensive equipment sufficient volume of expensiveequipment will Hence the response response lag will Hence the respond to to aa major respond major oil spill. Newport the Ports eontinue to of Toledo Toledoand andNewport continue to be be a reality. Should Shouldthe Ports of very traffic, then very shipping traffie, proeeed plans to increase inerease shipping proceed with plans sto^ek serious consideration must be be given to developing such a stock developing sueh eonsideration must f acilities for particularly critical if facilities pile. eritical if This would This be particularly would be refueling eargo In the the meantime, refueling cargo ships are ever everdeveloped. developed. In meantime, prevention emphasize perhaps the piaetical approach perhaps the most prevention approaehisistotoemphasize most practical quiek practiees and through appropriate inspeetion inspection and and safety safety practices through appropriate and quick spill spills at the spill eontain spills response with with limited limited equipment equipmenttoto contain site before they get out out of eontrol. of control. B. B. Expertise Expertise personnel must be trained to To be To be effective, effeetive, oil oil spill spill response responsepersonnel Moreover, effieiently - Moreover, and efficiently. use their equipment appropriately appropriately and their equipment they and anticipate anticipate the the reaetions reactions of of oil oil in in the they must understand and people are in Portlandt in Portland, Since most most of of the the trained people environment. environment. Since has been the the response been It has response lag will be be felt here as as well. f elt here police, firemen, firemen, people such as police, sueh as suggested that perhaps perhaps local loeal people suggqsted that n the initial t h e initial ffishrmen i s [ e r m e n and N a t i o n a l Guard G u a r d could a s s i s t iin a n d National e o u l d assist goodway way beaagood appropriate planning planning this this may may well well be response. respqnse. With With appropriate e0mpensatefor to compensate f or Yaquina YaquinaBay's Bay's relative isolation. isolation. Training is absolutely necessary, necessary, however, however, and and itit eosts costs time and money. money. AA absolutely strortg area strong commitment have to to be made made by by the the people people of of the the area eommitment would have eapability. responsecapability. to develop sueh a response develop such C. c. Other Othef Resources Resourees VaquinaBay An extensive An set of of Yaquina slides of of the thevarious variousparts of slides pa-rts_g{ 4xtensive set -pqV Wildlife Fish and Wildlife U.S. was the cooperation of the U.S. Fish and of cooperation through was taken through - of offiees of This slide slide file file is is available at the offices Servieein available at Service in 1981. 1981. This response by the use the Department for use by the response EnvironmentalQuality of Environmental Departmentof Quality team. team. XI. DATA NEEDS DATA NEEDS Yaquina Bay Bay has has been been extensively extensively studied studied due due primarily to its The Center. The Science Center. proximity, to Oregon State State University's Marine Science proximityr to Marine University's more than than be more available informationon on natural natural resources seems seems to to be available information on data on the other hand, hand, data needs. On On the adequate for for oil responseneeds. oil spill spiltresponse very physical processes, veTy velocities, is proc€ss€se particularly particularly tidal current physical eurrent veloeities, is abitity to (iee Table our ability severely restricts our l), and and this ttiis severely limited (see Tabld 1), National prediet oil movements. Coincidentally, accurately movements. Coineidentally, the National aecurately predict be will be Surveywill OeeanSurvey Oceanic NationalOcean Administration'sNational AtmospherieAdministration's Oeeanicand and Atmospheric of conducting current velocity velocitystudies studiesinin Yaquina YaquinaBay Bay-i.4 inthe the fall fall of eondueting curren[ present fiII the should survey 1982, and the data obtained from that survey should fill the present from obtained lg82r.and the be will be the information informationfrom from this this survey survey isis available itit will gaps. When gaps. When the appended to this report. appendedto G078l.l G O?81.r -29-29- XII. SUMMARY SUMMARYAND ANDCONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS currently thecurrently all the This Thts report report represents eonsolidate all to consolidate represents an attempt attempt to oil available information on Yaquina Baywhieh whichmight mightpertain pertaintoto an an oil Yaquina Bay information on available guidelines for provide guidelines whose for those thosewhose spill spill response r€sponse situation to provide situation and to response related related complex, response deal with the complex, responsibility it is to deal responsibility fqitly assumed to be provided is be fairly activities. The information information provided is assumed aetivities. The veloeities eurrent velocities major exeeption exception isis tne the data on tidal current complete. complete. The maJor which is limited limited by by the small number of of aetual actual field field measurements. measurements. whieh is charts two large charts plan is proteetion plan The core core of of the protection is contained eontained on the two The (in poeket) which resources (in the back the important important vulnerable vulnerableresources back pocket) depiet the whieh depict sensitive the sensitive one ehart chart the proteeted. On On one and how they might might best best be protected. and how they prioritized according aecording to resourees are located, resources loeated, briefly deseribed,and andprioritized briefly described, seeond importanee. On the second relative importance. their seasonal and relative seasonalsensitivity sensitivity and and points, suggested boom boom sites, sites, -and chart, boat launches, launches, access aeeesspoints, provides narrative provides extensive narrative diversion locations are depicted. depicted. The extensive diversion loeations prioritiest resoureepriorities, explanatory information informationon onhow howtotouse usethe the eharts, charts, resource proeesseswill effeet will effect physieal processes appropriate proteetion protection measures, how physical measures, how appropriate oil movement, recovery-cleanup-removal impaet oil movement, methods,how how oil oil will will impact reeovery-cleanup-removalmethods, -spill poteniial for available spill and available for oil spills spills' and th; potential natural resources, resourees, the personnel. response responseequipment equipmentand and personnel. sinee all all The booming schemerepresents represents an an ideal ideal response situation since booming scheme responsesituation for booming. booming. indicated for proteetion is desirable places are indieated desirable are places where where protection the loeation, the During aetual spill, its location, During actual spill spill eonditions, conditions,the the size size of of aa spill, faetors important factors allbe will all beimportant type of etc., will oil, weather type of oil, eonditions, etc., weather conditions, several Yaquina Bay -several determining what can and in determining and should should be done. done. In Yaquina partieularly response particularly problems make oil spill response problems exist which whieh will make diffieult. difficult. These These are: are: 1. l. The make The tidal tidal action and its associated tidal currents eurrentswill will make and its assoeiatedtidal may a n d may protecting i m p o s s i b l eand p r o t e e t i n g some . n e a r l yimpossible s o m e locations l o e a t i o n s nearly necessitate frequent neeessitate frequentmovement movementof of oil oil boom. boom. 2. 2. and e e q u i p m e n tand There o f oil s p i lresponse l r e s p o n sequipment T h e r e is is a a lack l a e k of o i lspill materialswill expertise in in the will the local loeal area whiehmeans meansthat materials areawhich eonsiderable resultininconsiderable will result have to to be in and this will have brought in and this be brought llost o st time. ti me . 3. natural Extensive areas areas of Extensive exposed natural highly sensitive sensitive and and exposed of highly very will be very Bay and and these these will Yaquina Bay resources exist in Yaquina resourees proteet even difficult to protect diffieult the best of conditions. conditions. evenunder under the bestof is present time time is The probabilityofof aa major at the the present happening at The probability major spill spill happening above seopeof of the the above fairly low, however, fairly oeeur the the scope however,should shouldsuch event occur such an event would resoureeswould proteetingall Baytsresources problems is is such YaquinaBay's a1lofofYaquina such that that protecting physically impossible be physically would disastrous. impossible and the the consequences eonsequenees would be disastrous. provide to provide meantto Although this plan plan eannot cannot solve solve these these problems, problems, itit isis meant Although this information guidelines so making information and and guidelines diffieult decision deeision making so that the difficult assuring that proeess will therebyassuring consuming,thereby process lesstime time consuming, easier and and less will be easier proceed in the manner the response most efficient response ef the most ef ficient manner effort fort will proceed possible. possible. G078l.l G O 7 8 I.l - 30-30- XIII. xru. RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS theresponse response is strongly redueethe madeto to reduce It is that efforts be strongly recommended recommendedthat bemade ofnecessary neeessary arrival of the arrival spill and and the time the occurrence of a spill oeeurrence of time between between the the personnel. The local community investigate the eommunity should investigate equipment and personnel. equipment gear providing more resPonsegear more response peopleand andproviding feasibility loealpeople feasibility of training local of training addit-iont l-ag. In general area responselag. the response in the the general deereasethe area to to decrease I" addition, simulated oil by conducting 6ondueting a simulated obtained by valuable information information could could be obtained valuable system. responsesystem. spill the coastal eoastalresponse exereisethe spill on the Oregon coast to to exercise Oregoneoast traffie shipping traffic ofshipping thevolume volumeof materialchange ehangeininthe In the event In event that that aamaterial will be be absolutely absolutely essential oeeurs in Yaquina actions will occurs Bay, the above Yaquina Bay, above actions maintained. to be bemaintained. are to resoureesare natural resources if thebay's of the baytsnatural if the the integrity integrily of review and and present situation neeessitateaa review A change A in the ehange iil would also necessitate ttie present situation would possible update possible update of of this this document. doeument the through the present,prevention preventionof emphasizedthrough shouldbe beemphasized spillsshould For the present, ofspills praetiees. inspection practices. andinspection safely, and of appropriate training, training, safety, use of G GO781.l O?81.1 -31 -31 -- Xlv. xlv. l1.. REFERENCES REFERENCES Akins,G J . Coastal CoastalWetlands Wetlandsof Oregon. AANatural Akins, G.. J. NaturalResource ResourceInventory Inventory to the August theCoastal Conservation and Development Commission. August Report to mentCommission. p . 190. 1 97 3 ,p 1973, pp. 190 2 2.. B a y e r' R. R . D. D . Intertidal Bayer, I n t e r t i d a lShallow S h a l l o w -- Water F i s h e sand W a t e r Fishes a n d Selected Seleeted Macroinvertebrates in the theYaguina Macroinvertebrati in University, August 1979. Estuary, Oregon. Oregon State State 3. 3. Beaehes and Beaches and Dunes of of the Oregon Oregon Coast. Coast. 4. 4. Beekham, S.D., and D. L. andD. L.Hepp, Hepp,Historical Iliqtoriealand Aqqheologieal Beckham, Resources andArcheological Resourees USDA Soil USDA Soil Conservation Conservation Service. Oregon Service. CoastalConservation Conservationand Comm iss i on. Oregon Coastal andDevelopment DevelopmentCommission. M a re h 1975, p p . 161. 1 9 7 5 ,pp. March 16l. of the Oregon Oregon Coastal Coastal Zone. Zoi6. Oregon Coastal Conservation and Development Commission, September m ber1974, t{ f + , pp, 41. pp. 41. o 5.. Bur_ley,B., B. , Critical CritiealSpecies Speeies HabitatsofofOregon's B Burley, and Coastal andHabitats CoastalBeaches Oregonts Dunes. and Dunes. Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Inc. May 1979, p'p. pp. 91. st. @, 6 6.. W.-V., V., Flushing Flushingof of Pollutants Pollutantsin in the Burt, W. theYaguina River Estuary. Estuary. laquina River ?911' Offiee Nava Research. Office of Naval Project NR 083-102. Technical Report N o. 1A, l A , April No. A p ri l 1956, p p . 24. 1 9 5 6 ,pp. 24. 7. 7. p . LeBoff,Versar,Inc.,Handbook B y r o a d e ,JJ.. D . , A. A . M. M . TwedellandJ. T w e d e l l a n d J .P. Byroade, D., L e B o f f , V e r s a r rI n e . , H a n d b o o k Oil Spill Spill Protection Proteetionand andCleanup CleanuoPriorities. Priorities. 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G G078l.l O?8l.l - 32-32- Ham and Ham prepare! by by Wilsey and Cg.ast.prepared Estuarine Resources of the Oregon Oregon Coast, Re5oureesof Commission t Development Commission, OevetoPment nd Inc. for the Oregon Coastal Conservation and p p . 233. S e p te mb e r1974, 1 9 7 4 , pp. 233. September Basin Biver Basin Columbia River gaPabilf!&q-9n-lhe Clean-up Caoabilities Oil Clean-uD of Oil on the Columbia Evaluation of 1 4 . Evaluation 14. by the Oceanographic U. Coast Guard §ystem, forr the the U.S. S vste m. prepared D re'frashington, p a re d fo 1978. November1978. 6f Washington, Institute of November fistiTufe Basielooff Oil StevensonrThe B. Stevenson, 9i l G. B. and G. Duval and S .Duval M. FF., W. S. ., W. Fi n g a s, M. 1 5 . Fingas, 15. The Basics Canadat Environment Canada, Environment Serviee, ProteetionService, EnvironmentalProtection Spill Cleanup. Environmental Soiit iteanup. 13. 13. # p . 155. 155. 1 9 7 9 ,p 1979, pp. 1 6. 16. T' S. T. M yels and S' C'Myers Fly- nnt C. 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(LNc) project (LNG) Project at Yaquina l0?. 1 975,pp. N o ve mb e r1975, Ore g o n ,November Oregon, PP.107. sBrdy of Three Tid+l Study Glenne,.Tidal Thrqe and B. Glenne, Emmett and E. W. W. Emmett Goodwin, R., E. c.C. R., t 9 . Goodwin, 19. 'nJtu"ti6t, State Oregon State Dep_artment, Engineering Department, -Oregon Civil Engineer.ing_ Or"Son Oregon Estuaries, l9?0. 45, May 1970. M ay No. 45, BulletinNo. University, Corvallis, Oregon, or egon, Bulletin ffi i s, Thebeau, C . Thebeau, L . C. a n d L. D . Getter, G e t t e r ,and D . D. Domeracki C R., C.. D. D . Domeracki . r D. . R G u n d l a c h , EE. 20. 2 0 . Gundlach, Spilled Coastal Environments to Spilled of Coastal Environments SensitivitY of Field Report the Sensitivity on the rt on Field Institute Research Planning Institute, ' 7TrCommonwealth of Massachusetts. Massaenuse of mmo n w Oil August Inc., August 1980, pp. 19. Sensitivity of Coastal o.^Hgyes, M.-0. andM. Gundlach,8., E., c. C. D. Getter Hayes, Fg+gilllilLglJoastal Getterand 21. 2t. Gundlaeh, 18. 18. dFuca and Northern Jtian'@ of Juan EnvironmentstotoSpilled SpilledOiLOil - Strait Strait of Environments for NOAA, South Puget Sound. -June Research Planning Institute, Inc. ?6. 1980' PP Carolina, June 1980, pp.. 76. -arffitu Fti 22. 22. and R o b a r tand G ' . B. 8 ' Robart B .Willake, - W i f f a k g r G. G a u m e r G. , G .B. Hancock, R., F .Gaumer, . , T. T . F. . R H a n e o e k , DD. and p=oPuGiioPs,Distribution, Abg-ndange'and btam Populations, J. tidal Clam suutioal i.- Flynn, ilynn, Sub Pistliuutj6n'. Abundance, College Program Program Grant college ea Grant Ecology, May 1979, Oregon State University Sea il"i;it,'M 243. Ore g o n , pp. Corvallis, C o rva ms, Oregon, P P.243. 23. 2 9. 24. Map for sensitivity Map ule ,q!-eesource DevelopmenJand Use Hum, Suling, of Resource Sensitivity Suling, The The Development 1977 ProceedTngs: Canada. onu Countermeasures. Environment Oil Spill Soill Countermeasures. Oil 105-ll0' 105-110. Petroleum Instituter Institute, pp. PP' riean Petroleum Oil Spill Conference. American Par r ish, Oil Spills/Oil Tanker Operations. R. Parrish, and n d R. K. a Johansen, Jo h a n se n r K. Program, University of Oregon, Law--Programt ResourcesLaw Oregon Resources S. Oregon Report 5. ?9 19?9'pp. Eugene, Oregon, January 1979, PP' 79. EuFn% Tregon,-JanuarY GO?81.1 G078l.1 - 33-33- f- 25. 25. Johnson, L. t-. and gr!,9 D. L. L. Cole, cole,AABibliographic BibliographicGuide Johnson, D. the Archaelogy of Guideto tolheArchaelogy Oregon and Adjacent Regions, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, November 1972, pp. 41. 26. 26. nDistribution of Karenz, D. and C. Karenz, D. and c. D. D. Mclntire, Mclntire, "Distribution Diatoms in of Diatoms in the the Plankton of Yaquina Yaquina Estuary, Estuary, Oregon." Oregon.n Phycology pp. 379-388, Phyeology 13, pp. 3?9-388, lg77 1977.. 27. 27. planningfor Lindstedt Lindstedt - siva, June, Oil oil Spill spillResponse Response Siva, June, Planning forBiologically Biologiealty S e n s i t i v e Areas. Areas. Sensitive A t l a Atlantic Richfield Corporation, California Proceedings: Institute, @ o i l S p i l l C o n1977 f e r e nOil e e ,Spill A m eConference, r i c a n P e t r o lAmerican e u m I n s t i tPetroleum ute, pp. Ill-114. pp. 111-114. 28. 28. Lindstedt -- Siva, S i va , June. Lindstedt Oil Spill Response Planning for Biologically S e n s i t i v e Areas A re a s in Northern Puget Sound. Sensitive Corporation, California, 1978, pp. 115. 29. 29. Atlantic Richfield poltution in A The Biological Biologieal Effeets of Oil oil Pollution A McCauley, Rita N., N., The Effects of Uccauleyr. Bitq River, State State College, River College,Boston, Massachusetts, pp. 475-485. 30. 30. 3 1. 31. S . and S. a n d T. T . Wheelan, W h e e l a n , ifi, f f i , Accumulation Accumulation of Petroleum of Petroleum drocarbons in a Salt Marsh Eeosvstem hydrocarbons in Salt Marsh Ecosystem Exposed to to Steady State Oil Stead State Oil rut. Proceedings Proeeedingsof the Input. theTFixilTc Third Coastal Marsh arshand andEstuary EstuaryManagement nagement mp o si u m,LSU, L S U , March Ma rch6-7, 6- ?,1978. lg?9. Symposium, M i l a n , C. C. Milan, Morgan, and R. R. Holton, Holton,AABibliography Morgan, J. J. and Bibliographyin in Estuarine EstuarineResearch Researehin in Oregon. Oregon Oregon. Oregon Estuarine ne Estuarine Research Council, April 1972, pp. 141. 32. 32. Morson,B. ARGOMERCHANT MERCHANTOil Morson, ARGO OilSpill, Spill,AASeientific Scientific Assessment. Assessment. ' The P. J., {: The Seienee A p p l i e a ti o n s, Science Applications, Inc., Inc., April Apr il1979, 1929,pp. 28. 28. 33. 33. nridal Currents vietor T., currents in Neal, Victor T., "Tidal in YaquinaBay.n Bay." Northwestscienee Scienc, !!e-al, V o l u m e440, ( 1 9 6 6 )pp. 0 , No. Volume N o . 2, p p . 68 2 ,(1966) 6 g - 73. ?3. 34. 3 4. paeifie Northwest Oeean ofofthe OceanograDhv the Nearshore Nearshore Coastal Coastal Waters of of the Pacific Northwest yoss Relating too Possible Pollution, Volume ume I,l,Oregon OregonState State University University for for the Environmental nvrronmen Protection roteetionAgency, the ney,July pp. 615. July1971, 1971,pp. 615. 35. 3 5 . oregon's Oregon's Estuaries. Estuaries. Oregon oregon Division of of state State Lands, Lands,June June1973. lg?3. 36. 3 6. Oregon Natural Areas: Data Data Summary. summary. The Oregon oregon Natural Heritage Heritage @ of Nature Conservancy, Program of the Nature Portland, Oregon, conservaney, Poriland., oregon, January January1977. lg?7. 37. 3?. nlarvalFishes yaquinaBay, W.G. G.and andS.S.S.S.Myers, Myers, Pearcy, W. "Larval ofofYaquina Fishes Bay,' Oregon: Oregon: fea-r_cy, -(I)t A Nursery Nylsely Ground Ground for A Fishes." for Marine Marine Fishes.n Fishery Fishe_ry_ Bulletin. Jgllgld 72 72 (1): pp. 201-213, pp. 201-213, 1974. l9?4 38. 3 8. p. Klingeman, K., ., C. C . Sutterlin, S u tte rlin, D. Bella, Bella, and and P. Klingeman, Oregon Or e gon lPercy, e r c yr- K program, Estuaries. Estuaries. sea Grant college Sea Grant College Program, Oregon oregon State stite University, univeF3iftlt Corvlrllis, Oregon, Oregon,May Corvallis, May1974, 1924, pp. 29al dp. 294. GO781.1 GO?gl.1 -34-34- 3 9. 39. Prelim Surv . e rl o r, p p . 23. 23. pp. 40. 40. the Eaologieql of Fishand@ V.v. ---; , November 1968t a G. Lewis, and Loehr, and-L. L' .Loeitr' Galvilr , .9.' D.Galvin, Ga reia,D. Proctor, J.Garcia, C ., J. Pro cto r, C., Region. picilie=!:*i,tt anePacific Northwest Coastal ;t Eco1ojcal of the cnaraeterizdti'on EeolosiealCharacterization U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, July 1980, Volume 4. Yaguina Reed, John C., An Application of a Mathematical Hydraulics to 4r' 41. Corvallis, Bay, Oregon. M. S. Thesis, Oregon State University, ffi:'8,jJ"f:' 38-40. 19?s),pp. 38-40. Oregon, (June 1978), drcJ-nr-ffi-e 42. 42. PP. Sale : Northern and Notiee of Sale Review and Comments on the t!g-lProposed Notice e (OCS) Lease Sale #53. Continenta Shelf Outer Continental Central California California Outer andDevelopment Commission, January 30, 1981, ivation and Oregon Land Conservation 13. p p . 9, I l r 13. 9 , 11, pp. Rare, Threatened, and 43' 43. Sidall, J. L., K. L. Chambers, and D. H. Wagner, Oregon Naturar Area Preserves ffi Hgffil' I' Endangered Vascular Plants in Oregon. i'"'#hJ;"1'+*;,1,;,"3i,fr!3.'"; il!r?; o e t o b e1977. rlg??. Advisory Committee, October @ 44. 44. 45.' -s 45. 46. 4 6. 47. 47. Coastal Witdli-fe-Egsgurees Resources Oregon a49 Wildlife 9r on Coastal Thompson, Fish and K. Thompson, andK. Snow, D. and m Development Commission, and Conservatton and Oregon Coasfat Conservation OreEon Coastal Zone. Zone. lg74; October 1974. 6ffi5er Army U.S. Army EIS. U'S' Basin). EIS' (YasuinqBay Sryra{Boat Basin). Bay Small South Marina (Yaguina BeaehMarina Soqth Beach ' 1976. 1976 ber Corps of Engineer District, Portland, Oregon, November Natural the Natural Spill Pqotection Protection Plan Plan for for the Bruee, Oil Spill G. Bruce, Sutherland, Sutherland, G. and Willamette Rivers. Oregon Colum LowerColumbia the Lower Resources of the Resourees of 1979, luty 1979, rorrtantlt Oregon,, July Department Environmental Quality, of Environmental Qualltyr Portland, ment of p p . 86. 86. pp. Asia' Ameriea and Asia. North America Pacific Coast of North Coastof Tables,-ll8l. Tidal Current 1981. Paeifie CurrentTables, Atmospheric Atmospherie and Oeeanieand of Commerce, National Oceanic Oepartmei-o--mt"to", U.S. U.S. Department Administrition, Administration, Survey. National OeeanSurvey. National Ocean u's' U.S. South America. Coast of North and west coast==of,,North Tablelllt! Tide 1981. West TideTables +merrl!:ai: *rl9:99uth tmosPherie Oceanic and Atmospheric Department of Commerce, National iffico Survey' OeeanSurvey. Administration, National NationalOcean Administration, Statement ImDaett Statement nnvirgnmel$ Draft Environmental for oraft Appendiees fqr Teehnical AoDendices 49. 49. Technical in Yaguina Yaqulna s KWa and Breakwaters AI Operations a Maintenance 0 the Channels atronsand Portland, Oregon, 48. 48. Bay and River. o Engineers, For U.S. Army Corpss of March l9?5. Ma rch1975. 50. 5 0. vv. to to W ilkinsonrResearch .Rese ar eh P. Wilkinson, W Blaylock, . Blaylock, and P. Vanderhurst, R ., J.J.W. va n d e rh u rst, J.J. R., Infauna Investigate Effects from Prudhoe Bay Crude Oil on Intert[dal of the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Marine Ecosystems Analysis Program, 1979. NOAA. c o ? 8 1 .1 G0781.1 - 35-35- 51. 51. 52. 52. 53. 53. Ve rn b e rg , FF. . J., e t.al., Estuar yas Nat ur al Vernberg, J., et. TheThe Dynamics ofofananEstuary al., Dynam ies asaaNatural Environ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Florida, 1977, p p . 86. 86. pp. Water Pollution by Oil. Proeeedings Proceedings of of a Seminar by the Seminar sponsored sponsoredby @ Institute and Institute of of Water Water Pollution Pollution Control Institute of Petroleum and Control and Institute of Petroleum U NWH O,EEuropean u ro p e a nOffi UNWHO, Office, ee, May MaV1970, l9?0, pp. 393. Bg3. Ecosystem. Eeosystem. Westree, W e s t r e e , B., 8 . , Biological B i q l o g i c a l Criteria S e l e e t i o nof Cleanup C r i t e r i a for f o r the t h eSelection o f Cleanup Techniques in Salt Salt Marshes. Marshes. URS Research Research Company, 1977Oil Spill Spill Company,1977 Iechniques in Conference Proceedings. API.. 54. 54' Y p q u i n a 4Bay e s o u r e e IInventory, r e p a r e d for nventory, p Yaquina Resource prepared f o r Oregon o r e g o n Coastal coastal ay R Conservation 1977. Conservation and andDevelopment DevelopmentCommission Commissionby andHamm, Hamm, 1977. by Wilsey Wilseyand LI G G0781.1 O T g l .l -36-36- xv. XV. APPE{prcBs APPENDICES Appendix A. Appendix A. Available Oil Oil Spill Spill Response ResponseEquipment Equipment on the Oregon Oregon Coast -1 9 8 2 . Courtesy 1982. C o u rte syof Coast Guard, Guard, Portland of the U.S. Coast Portland District. Distriet. Astoria Area Area Astoria 1. l. CoastGuard U.S. Coast Guard - Astoria Astoria Air Air Station Station - 1000tKepner 1000' Kepner Sea Sea Curtain 160rsorbent boom 160' sorbent boom - 40# bales bales of sweep sweep pads bales3M-156 40#bales 3M-156pads 6 - 40# 22 2. 2. Nafl Marine Marine Fisheries FisheriesService-Hammond Nat'! Serviee-Hammond- 3. Astoria Flight Service Serviee 4. Knappton Knappton Towboat Towboat Co. 5. 5. Standard Oil-Astoria Standard Oil-Astoria - researehvessels vessels 2 research Cessna172 l?2 Cessna Piper Aztec Aztee Piper PiperComanche Comanehe Piper 260 2G0 PiperCherokee 140 Cherokee140 Piper 1000rKepner Curtain 1000' Kepner Sea Sea Curtain pads 40#bales bales3M 40 -- 40# 3M pads deploymentboats boets 2 deployment - 55 - 40# bales pads bales3M 3M pads Tillamook Tillam ook 1. l. U.S . Coast C o a stGuard U.S. Gu a rd 80' 80rsorbent sorbentboom boom 40# bale bale of of sweep sweep 1I -- 40# 40#bales bales3M-156 pads 4 -- 40# 3M-156pads Cape Disappointment Disappointment Cape l1.. U .S . Coast C o a stGuard U.S. Gu a rd SOt sorbentboom 80' sorbent boom of sweep sweep 1I -- 40# 40# bale bale of 4 -- 40# 40*bales balesofof3M-156 pads 3M-156pads Depoe Bay Bay l1.. U . S . Coast C o a s t Guard U.S. Guard 80rsorbent sorbentboom 80' boom sweep 1I -- 40# bale of of sweep 40# bale 40#bales pads 4 -- 40# bales3M-156 3M-I56pads Yaquina Bay Bay 1. l. Georgia-Pacific Corporation-Toledo Georgia-Pacific Corporation-Toledo 600r 600' Kepner eontainment containment boom boom 24 -- 45# 46# bales sorbent oil oil bales sorbent chips ehips 400rsorbent 400' sorbent oil oil boom boom G0781.1 GO?8l.1 --3737- 2. 2. 3. 3. U .S . Coast C o a stGuard Gu a rd U.S. sorbentboom boom 80t 80' sorbent - 40# bale of sweep sweeP bale of pads 40#bales 3M-156pads 44 - 40# bales3M-156 1I 310 I - Cessna Cessna310 - Piper Turbo Arrow Arrow 1I Piper Turbo Cessna s s n a CCL172 TZ 1l - C e s s n a CCl '177 17 1I - C e Cessna ll7 PiperPA28 PA28117 1I - Piper PiperPA28 l8l 1I - Piper PA28181 Newport Newport Aviation Aviation 1 Siuslaw Siuslaw River I. 1. CoastGuard Guard U.S. Coast - 80rsorbent sorbentboom boom 80' sweep of sweep 1I - 40# bale of pads 40#bales 3M-156pads 4 -- 40# bales3M-156 UmpquaRiver River Umpgua l1.. IInternational n te rn a ti o n a Paper-Gardiner l P a p e r-Gar diner oil boom boom 240' sorbent oil 240rsorbent 3M-156pads 20# bales bales3M-156 33 - 20# Pads 2 2.. U . S . Coast Gu a rd U.S. C o a stGuard boom 80' 80r sorbent sorbentboom 1I - 40# bale of sweep sweep 3M-156pads 4 -- 40# 40#bales bales3M-l56 Pads Coos Bay Area Coos 1. l. Coos Coos Head Head Timber Co. 70' Acme Acme floation floation coral 70r eoral pillows 18-25# bales 3-M 3-M 240 240pillows 18-25#bales 2. 2. Fibrex and ShippingCo. and Shipping boom 500' Acme containment containment boom 500tAeme 3. 3. Georgia-Paeifie Georgia-Pacific Corp. Corp. gpm Acme Aeme Skimmer 100gpm Skimmer100 100' Acme eontainment containment corral 100'Acme 1I oil mop mop14E 148 4. Oregon Coast Towing Towing Co. 5. 5. Texaco T e xa coInc. In e . boom 5000' Kepner eontainment containment boom 5000tKepner 200' sorbent oil 200fsorbent oil boom boom boats deployment boats 2 deployment 48# sorbent sorbentoil oil swabs swabs oil chips ehips 600# sorbent oil 600# sorbent 44 - 40# bales 3M 100 100 rolls bales3M sweePs 126sweeps 3M 126 I?# bales 3 - 17# 3 bales3M pads 22 22 - 20# 156pads 20# bales 3M156 bales3M boom 500' Kepner containment eontainmentboom 500tKepner 200' sorbent oil oil boom boom 200?sorbent I, G0781.l GO78l.l - 38-38- 6. Standard Oil Oil Co. 500' Kepner 500' Kepner eontainment containment boom boom pads 20# bales bales3M-156 66 - 20# 3M-156pads 80r Conweb Conweb sorbent 80' sorbent boom boom 4 4 Conweb blankets 80# Conweb blankets 7 7.. Weyerhaeuser Weyerhaeuser Co. 100gpm skimmer 100 gpm Acme oil skimmer 240rsorbent oil boom 240' sorbent oil boom pillows 47#bales 4 -- 47# bales3M-240 3M-240pillows 8. 8. Coos Aviation Coos Aviation 9. 9. B e n dAir N. Bend A i r Station-USCG S ta ti o n -U SCG - 152rs Cessna Cessna152's Cessna172 l?2 Cessna 182 Cessna Cessna182 Cessna210 Cessna 2I0 Cessna Cessna337 33? 1000rKepner 1000' Kepnersea sea curtain curtain 160rsorbent 160' sorbent boom boom 40#bales sweep 2 -- 40# balesof of sweep pads 40#bales 6 -- 40# bales3M-156 3M-156pads Chetco Chetco River l. 1. Coast Coast Marine Const. Const. Inc. Ine. - l70r 170' sorbent sorbent oil boom boom gpm Acme 100gpm Acme skimmer skimmer 1I -- 100 2. 2. U .S . Coast C o a stGuard Gu a rd U.S. - boom 80r sorbent sorbentboom 80' 1 GO781 G O ? 8 .1 1.1 - 39-39- 40# bale 1I -- 40# bale of of sweep sweep pads 40#bales 4 -- 40# balesofof3M-156 3M-156pads . C l i n a t o l o g i - c a l Data A(ppendix Climatologica]. A p p e n d i x BB, Data SEATTLE SEATTLE o I Wttt$.gov W111mo Bay , 97 W WASHINGTON A S H I N G T 0 N A A II Kelso Kelso LONG VIEW LONGVIEW Astoria 2T Artoda rzr ii 29 29 - N- ' VANCOUVER VANCOUVER Tillamook 121 Tillemookrzr I I PORTLAND )PORTLAND OREGON o R E CO / t"\ N Newport Newpor-t rrr 7f LEGEND LEGEND t l9 19 Y1 Bay SCALE N PERCENT TME, SCAL€ IIN P€FCENI OF OF TIT'€r zz C EUGENE EUGE 0 O Reedsport Reedsporr '\J< CJ \ SPEED SPE€O SYMBOL SYMEOL North Bond Bend rrr n - o 0o Bandon CLASS MPH, Ct SS rMPr.t |NOEX INDEX CLASS MPH C! SS (uPHr .21 .21 4-12 lI 415 15-31 r5 . 3 1 17 3247 32 II S 5 &, rrrro€xiilJM6€Fs INDEX NUMBEPS At{o AND SPEEI SPEEDct-assEs CLASSES/MPr, MP-I rtto€X INDEX (1 G Roseb rg Rosebrrrg 73 50 rH€ LENGTH tft€ WIND THE BARS LErrGrh OF THE ROS€SPEED-OIRECTCT wtNO ROSE SP€Eo.OtRECrlcr. B RS M€ASUF€O8Y TH€ SCALE TNOICAI€S iH€ PERCENT P€FCEX' OF MEASURED BY THE INDICATES THE SCALE. OF nME WINOWAS wAs FRQM FeCMTHE TIME WIND rHEDIRECTION AtrO IN rNTHE tr€ 5P55Q OIR€CI|ONAND Se€ED n€Pn€sErrtED cLAss Afr is CLASS REPRESENTED AN €xc€pTtor't EXCEPTION 5 spE€os SPEEDS oF OF I3 MtLis MILES PETHOUN PER HOUR OR ORLESS LESS P€PCEN' PERCENTOF OFSPfgDS SPEEDSII{INTHIS THSFAT.GE RANGE 5 S SXOWTiSELOW IH€THE SHOWN BELOWtH€ THEC;nCL€ CIRCLE WIND ROSE AHCS tllttD ROS€ OFOF rAHrr;t:S souncEs oF SOURCES OF DATA IT NECESSARY Assrci\ oarA MADE vAo€ rr \€CESSARY tc ASSIGT TO SUGHILY SLIGHTLY OlrF€i€rrt DIFFERENTSP€€D SPEEDCI-ASSES CLASSESia TO lx€ THE 'A|NO WIND PCSES PCS€S rX€ FIGUF€ N ilrPARENTHESIS THE FIGURE PAR€NIH€SISFOLiOWING FOttOwltlc :r€ -E STATION STAttot i| m€ ls NAME IS AfilNoEx AN INDEX lo TO rli€ THEsp€Ec SPEEDct,Ass CLASStoR FORrxAt RAT srar,or. STATON Ar{o IS AND ts DEFINED oEFrr{EDBELOW 8€LOW RI I 25 25 48. LB. r2l 3-31 i.2l 21 324.6 tzl 12) 47. 121 FOn rHrS HAVE FOR THIS CLAsS CLASS ALL ALL STATIONS SiArOr{S HAVE rH€ 1HE SAT'€ SAME NA'JGE RANGE OF OFO.3 0-3 MPX MPH JANUARY READINGS NEAOINGS JAIIUARY JULY RE.AOI'{GS JULYREADINGS CJ C-) q Hr M EDFORD MEDFORD -^< okngsw 9rookings tl i -. 4-.- 52 This This Plate Plate uas -as grotside,T provided tkra-jJI1z tl:.rctrqh the eouytesu courtesu of the of The ?lar' The Pcr:Lard Districv, U.S. Arm,, Carps Diatrict, i.,l . S. Arm:t C,;rps of of Er.aineers. Engineers. JA N U A R YAND A N DJULY JANUARY SITES J ULYWIND W INDROSES FCRSELECTED ROSESFOR SELECTED SITES G0781.1 G O78l.l -40-40- . t * ?l Fl A r r r\N(Yl (.r or @ Nfi t z FlnF{ N6l il rl tn\g qil ktl 6l 5l t, a ln f\(nN rr aa H.f, T\N F| Fl ln 6€ (') \o F'\ a.rl aa o COI O lq N or \0 N F{ r_{ lo F,a \O (n '\o TF \ol . (thAi (n ot rn a CA HI o\ c) {f,N ."{ o o H .J tr t-1 Elst El*l A PI 5l HI Hl H z tr +{ IJ HI tl F{ A FI F 3 H z B F 3 v) a E v) z \t\o r O O|J.) N \O F{ rn tn c! @ u''t Fl \O Or r\ (v) O\ F{ O\ -$ F{ NN OO n ln . . f \o.$ .$ 25.0 5.5 10.2 7.3 N(.l oo (n ! F{ .S\ON (fl $ N o16 H - d EF{ (v'l tttrJF{ INl{F (n Fl t\ o\ tn \0 \o F{ 3.9 3.0 .4 26.6 trl AI al HI :l F{I \O .4 .1 31, El-g EI 81.0 20.0 5.0 Total .$N c) O Ol O 100.0 O lF{ L) .-{l ol 19.0 Calm 66.4 14.6 5.5 10.2 6.9 .4 TOTAL NW W SW S SE E 2.9 3.0 17.5 9.1 4 - 15 16 - 31 32 - 47 zl EI N6l Fl ocl H dE a tnF{F Fl CO .$ llllJF{ FI(v.l Total NE N (mph) 93.2 2.5 6.3 6.9 11.2 17.5 38.6 7.6 2.6 .S\gc\t JULY -41- Direction Wind Speed .3 .3 2.0 .4 .5 .2 6.8 Calm 83.7 9.2 2.2 5.7 4.9 5.7 5.3 17.1 38.1 31, 5l (mph) 7.6 2.4 4 - 15 16 - 31 32 - 47 SE E NE N El-9 Wind Speed .5 .1 .2 TOTAL NW S W -:1 GO?81.l I \O *ll fl81 o 'lrl Jldl d:l t|| JtrI ca dl E.al otrl kol H'I'I 5Hl rd o{l (ul | { o trI l o(,)l ol 8-l col oot E -tl trol t{ >l oot >al .,gl oul c4dl g'. (u O\g kOr td-r -c oi €< (/) (t {u. ^ 5.1 o Taken from Bureau of Government Research and Service, Central Oregon Coast Vol. I Physical Conditions and Present Development, 1969, (A-6). g. t+{ ; o o t{ o o Reference: Direction B u) WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION. NEWPORT, OREGON (percent of tim SW JANUARY 0 U- o 0 - 700 70 lrJ uJ G F6 60° 4 tr o . 5 5Q0 a. = 2 lrl lrJ Ui F 4 40° o 3 r 30° z 4 tl 2 t 2 L.:.IL JAN. FEB. I..:.T1 (. . , MAR. APR. 1..._..A MAY . J U I I I EJULY JUNE J U L Y AUG. A U G . SEP. SEP. I.. OCT. O C T . NOV. N O V . DEC. DEC. MONT H MONTH I5'I EiE M E A N MAX. MEAN MAX. ffi M E A N MIN MIN, MEAN AVERAGEMONTHLY AVERAGE MONTHLY TEMPERATURE T E M P E R A T U RR EA N G E-. N RANGE NEWPORT, EWPORT, 1951 t 9 5 t - t1960 960 GO?81.l G0781.1 - 42-42- n o U) UJ II (J C-) I&i z = 15 z = z 0 o Itr IF4 Q. d (J C) Lrj w (r o. 0. Ui lrJ (, 4 e, 5 Ui trJ [a] JAN. FEB. FEB. APR. APR. MAR. MAR. MAY MAY JULY JULY JUNE JUNE AUG AUG SEPt SEPT NOV. OCT. OCT. NOV. Ut.L DEC. MONTH MONTH I98O NEWPORT N E W P O R1951 TI 9 ' I --1960 P N AVERAGE M YR E C I P I T A T I O A V E R A GMONTHLY E O N T H LPRECIPITATION G0781 G O ? 8.1 1.1 -4343 3 -- : T c o . ll I lt..-' fi ti ti \ \ G .tt 1 Itz-i, (- .. t ,L atui'I Areas .icar. :... \\ T and -' nique_,labit$, '+ ' &- -.t:::j::t::l:;: t;.'a - '"c i -New rtJ 1t .cI i \ - __ -HL\ // / -i.. - / / \ - -= _.--._ _., . CoquWe \4\ nt I :-'r -. r.*r**l c -,. I ) / ; ( 1 hOneattePoint * Significant Natural Area ---- / / Umited tMnt cotypes eM Luu Sad M.h, Sedge MaW) ,- (03 - j su.f 10% Oregon 'Coastal 2one) - - ) \ )\ \ - -"f iI '/) t/ 1I',ll I i) I sQ" \) fK * (w* n _ Btd-Tai - ) jx*emeJy Limited Ecotypes ZI(02% oriessOegonCstat-Zone) / ). I \\*.. - - 'ii s. 'i:..' llii 1;f. \:\\i. "- -*----:.-., 111. !G!IIP !!' -* -'i ,*-$""'ffiF+#-ffi \i: . ' . i - \ I ,- " - ! o o o a o c.t v o UI HY( I 1 n o c Natural Resource Maps n LX E E 3 g o Appendix C. - I 41 ( ¼4 ! ' \\ \ : :::!i ;) \, Jr V /; :: L I, /j ) (, ,ç : f / ( \4\ "l-';;;::i frffi.sl \ '\, (i:';:-,*,, *.,. -."-'"" /z i1 g 'i - t -'x!Y":- '/! II \\ I 7 N, J L 4 / fi ki h S I. / I I %1L$N 1 J / - Sp awning 5 I / / 1\ \ / \ \ \ i - Cotth'O ,r and Nrsery eas / \ / r \ TO1 / \ / 1 Pacif Herrng / / Bay Gobi 7; FI YBOYjnd Suffab Sculn I /A y Enlish Sole dTth]Sf Perth Sf Perch I ) glish Sole - I /1 S\ - ol -o u>.. ol @ 6) o g Aurf Perch uffalo Sculn / -,- N 'N 5 CL o / (t, o o o obi U' o .o. 'q g-: !t: t English ' /) Piftc Herr g (Prime) and Buffalo English Sole. 'i-/ - 45 Pacific Herring - / / :. -; a / o : 2 i1, i, o th -- ( 5 <t 7 So I o Tail Surf Perch Kelp Greeing and Ling Cod / / ) '----/' / S S ] 1/ ;) L I / 'H : ij i 3 , o D o Qc ll it 'i-... : 't ,i tl$.-ui' S : I & S 'l I >-- /7 j { ( I T5T 'i ' : *r* -.. 'i ....1.. :,' L j , lrl S -I I l'-' .., f j ;) IrN::.%. Ii( /tf l[i ,''{; '\ 1{ {\ I ic4 dii \r. ' .. H\I 5i Oi t l.\. .I '\. I \ ,l S - SIa;1\ SS 4 I 1 I / / \ -' 1 i S L ( i \\/ 's JL d 1 \ \ '1 S I I t\. I t\ii f" 1............ ',v' t::i. r:'i,l', J?'N )\' A , 1 ..,ljt /./ // i'r,) I ii$ 'i - I ;',:/.4)..', ,,:;/ ./ t)/ I' I 5 Ei& ! i S l;,',! k r I " . \... r : . \:. i'--::'-; ,\.1.,:: /i. :l /,\: .,,-,*/ i' i f ! !I t. : l \t ";iri*"'- ., , i "\ -l'l' 'r,,.,,,' '' S i': \\;--"t*1*;.l / rlr\l -c\\ i:i\ I i "\ I i,. i I I' l I : i l fi\ ll ! T&k1 D4 i 1 > I \ .f' jH I I/j I \ t!1, I 1 I I q , / £ r , I I I j Ht = . se ! / ) ..S I I / '7 i' 7 j / / I : :' c F J) / I r ;I: /i,, / ) li ,.et 1' / 1 'T / IL : 5 / '. Ii it t II Ik( ir I IL: it it I :L : d ii it ç / ) -o o)& jiLc ( l. '* -r,,'. I oo ,i I ii I *.',|+,':;'''''',n ,/':;' i I 'r'}'.'." 1 rsr , I I"' t 1 zI /i>1 'ILEI1L . IIJLJULIII. I 5. IE1 L!L.i i ii .,.'.:r;-':, l i l . -. o" '.',,' ':. r ' ' .' .l .- i - i '-l\ 1 ''\ -\." _.....^ I' I ,1 , \ .i -: r i.I.ICJH1 ''.,-. '.: .l ; tj1t [1 1 i,:',,::))""' /" 1H []Ll[1LJ lFl.1 JLLJIJ kJJIWJDUrIj1 I I < I - 'N 1 ./ \ '\ i '-7 ).-.,..::-'' t:: ii . ! l .. .rl' I a' ! ")' : i 1½4 ________ ' 11 //l /t. /// / t 7/ \\ r( \\\ ./l: V :': ii - lt 5. O: t. -u ;'1_: . - N '-' r5 (1\ i I, 1A' /J I r "t - U, f1 fts a' a) 'I \ ' - - - - ['* - / ' 't/ .'tit /: i 1iiI , t - - 1 / / ' ,iv 1. 1 1L \,,"\. \l' :- / 0 g K 4H - / H /1U). - \ / I 1/ y (' ir , tL I I N i[1' 9 Ut - k ,,' I LJFJ 1l /AJi / /1[ii- - jç:\ /I/ - - ;7 V/ \ 1(11 1/ !) .i - 1 r-nr 'l ) j . ; ' . . Rf4 -e i4J W-HL L b I : - ç (( 2 iL'NflhiiliIUfi 1 i1;:ir tj1][I[1[1fl[11[ 1: ij 4-- - ' 71jJ \\] \ -i. t. 1 j-j- 1 7) - EJf]r}iJ1 EC) g / 1 JL E f1iitI1I4! z4 / f flI \r1 l ('\ ( I ir '!!2 b-"- tIlIl1I iii1IllhIllIIP!H 4: \ lI-S,t/ \\\ / 1 //' / ii 1 '' I[ ,/\(4 -:' // ' 'i' 1i i A __ k- 14 ',",ry - i )Y- ' ,! .;_'_ // / ,);:,," /1 / / - 1 7' I - 1 r": ,i\ , i,, :.ir.it1.'ii,it,liiiiirln; t--L ,*:li r - , S (] TTE$W S O;,,@&,,@IIffiffi 0 | -.\.-'': , 'T,, s;r, a l .ti" d' /r - J - . . 1 : : rll . i: : - '\4 } : Tj:; L // - ,/ \ // T; f j:J' _ New ort {: J , itl -p1p ii i /I .it.,i / I: I ' \ : r t ! -il "li $r I \ : rF i '*i ),.tt, / Iri -=: I / 7 ;; \ d : (1 ill :.; V/ 4- - -rn- J .:, /. I' / .i N .1 \ I 4 1 - J: / , I t* ' : (' RIpuan Aider 11 ''. Shore Enteromorpha 1 \ c 5 o of Native 'Mgetatiofl -, -...- -- _IrJ; - -------- - -- - - Q (ii) l I ,\ i 'i w i O--4O- 'ors- 'Growth I Douq1os ffi {j 3l o: b u\- fl l.o.i .c ,GI io o, @ 6) o o ii gi i ii Douglas Fir1O4O èars Growth J ) \ . Y . . I- .At '4 --: q' cID Brown Aigae nj1 Grassand(opc*urn1) ' I a c tO q ,a,,,,11 {), ,i+.1t : \ '\ Aquatic o t CL - .d o - 'I a t\ 6' o T it A Mops A p p e n d i x D. V u l n e r o b l e Resource R e s o u r c e Maps Appendix D . Vulnerable 50 -50- - S >I H t1 H PROTECTION U) z< O t'l fE S MEASURES divert from E t{ o ,1 6 o 0 AJ r\ I Iu I I I I F tr o 1 ,{ I I _______ iVt__LLOLs1ough 2 1 2 N .A 6 2 1 1 N 2 f! .il g 1 1 2 2 2 N C\J '6 1 1 1 dieert Ol?34 boom 5679 divrt_01234 boom 567 2 divert 0123L 2 2_ divert 01234 boom 5679 divert 01234 boom 5679 1 1 1 :l 1 1 a\| N 1 1 C\I divert 012 2 o. I 6l ol pl -l r^\l rui :- l +l trl ql c.- c - i \o s l rl J ft 0 ts - l N (\ q E CU o. o, c, c\o I rr\ tt\ p fv k o a O o o . flOn CU a a a a a a a 'l.l a a a o a c o a :l . . $ fr o 1 o Ft 3 1 1 1 divert 0234 boom sloughs q q 3 3 1 none q 1 o N 1 T N 1 2 N .f, ! 1 2 2 "l 3 1 fU o . a S o o o O S a a o a a ( . , a a a o @ S a O a a a lr o . a a a . o a o a a a o S o a a I a a a a . S S S S . O o o o o a o 1 o 1 CU a a 1 2 S F h Sp 17 ! .r{ C{* sut W s o o= 16 t\ 15 \o 14 rn N RESOURCE AREAS 10 11 12 13 9 . . . 7 FrI a a a a o o . 6 5 Seasonal Priority l) a . . 4 x 8o, & gN H-F\O H ta z-' Eu.\ . . 3 8 o O a o oo O O a a o o oo o a o oo oa o tr o o o a o _Plpnkton 2 1 . O a ti o os) .dE qs d. other )enthos I o a a a a s c) o 0 l!dA o c. shrimp -f o a o o o .d b. crabs d oo \O a b0 o o @ A AE sccs lqo H OShelifish a. clams S 0 . Ripsrian vegetat. QMudflatsCperiphyt I. Fauna SENSITIVE o$ ECl ,t C)o cl r{ I (2d o Fl ($ I o s o oo o rlO t/l I i.\ o Fl ..{ trF r.' s ! tr a Flora OEelgrass beds acro-a1gae Marsh vegetation h o o o= o o . o 5u) oa .l!A <r'l (J9i 6 Htr (Joo oAt) n EH BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES :lFt r{ &l River Miles-Nain Channel 0-i 1-3 3-6 6-1010-14 (, S 14o ,Fjh none divert 0234 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! ! o ll j1 li li dol qe ,{ qol il f-l @ .A 6 or scare, divert 01234 & -1' n-l Atl r\r c\ | e I -tr- | oi o.o I cl r\l.ol eti 6-l c--l NI boo' 5679 56789 divert 012k boom 1Q1j12 sol 1 2 C\,] 2 -i 1 1 Q 1 "l 1 2 0) g 1 ol rrl 1 oolst >olNl ./p | -l d lol tl lpl o I r<l t I ol o I >l o I .dl , lot 1 scare tactics o Rl 1 r! 2 1 RI 2 2 N none ol ,<l ol c ;i it:l notify I !l .ol J q) I I 1 none booms @l EI oi 4 ,3i none. utilize i qt 4 5 boom ol 5 _notlfy q 5 2 n -t 5 4 3 It 5 5 2 I "l 2 3 |r\ 5 2 tn 3 5 tl ^l^l 3 ^l. l ^ l 'l 'l^l :l ^l^l l a a a a o a o r{ 5 art.aqtis_______ 0l tl (qsl dol a@l 1 1 1 I a o a 'l 5 "l 1 N o a a a a o bl o ! ,l nl q JL( lI ql ot -l I S ol 1 4 parksS none t: 1 P 5 5 . a a i' N 5 5 5 S . a a N z L a O a S a a a a a S a a S JyQ1234bqi_579_ cI' crn 1 o o 1 + 1 - I a S a S K 5 . Fl S !< I a J H l' I l' t: h S l. rd S G S S a o a O a S E S . I ,l pl sl oo ll ol '1t "@l l El iol l Q. O' F D S . a . S S I I l: . a . a . a a . l . o a . S a l: l: .l: :l: S S o o o a o l' l. C S S a o a I B S 0 id Ir d t I -5tUi A S S S a I I \o I \o 6-1010-14 14- water intakes marinas & boats aQuaculture log storage fishing areas a . a a a 3-6 I :l: :l: ta a 1-3 S a a a a a 0-1 I ''ro a :l: (0 € tr .4 A r'l Zoo <&! !-1O <cn HE: Eln x:t i(x cOMMERCIAL AND OTHER RESOURCEE S , S a S S :l: :l: S S ___________________________________________________ a a a lL o ! wadrg birds shore birds a a a .: P I; 6 d" EriL q.E ., >lE >a{c (4dt S , 'l ' 'l . , . >, A o tr tr I o . a a a e ra b. non-migratory oredotors a a o a a a a . a o a I (ol ol sl -{ -l ol 'dl 5 kl k ot i tl I . OBirds 3.mieratpry S , I olo OMarjne Mammals o edjits divers 1 @ o E Q I o . ______________________________________ jflvenl lee swimmers a S a ' a ' 5 o tr@ trd tro d> tn- a. Salrronids juveniles adults b. non-Sairnonids \\ _________ ______ ) - I't1o' i- ,IW / qrk - --tY .z-(Irc II ' +'l/, t{..'. t 11111! - ii:* t'-:'-' *-' tf: ] rrn Aq uo H I A S.Seoch iii j1:__L -I--- a // _I__ _ 4t- ' !4r I L1 i4if91 il 'If:uu uIuUU I :iiii iUUUSUI Ii ....uu U.... I1iI1I1F!'1'I'' Tii_P__IIIJ!J!i ! Illu: ' -, '! II! IPL! hhi_i I U I!; IAUflrI . IPUUUUlILUU ............... IUUUfUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUuUUUw (U.UUU.UUUUU..U.U..U..UU.i....0 1UUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUPUUUU !UUNUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU i!IUIUUUU..UUUUUUUUUE?IIIU.UUUW IIfIUUUUUUUUUUR uii.uu.ui IUUUUUU Id 11 u.iuuuuui uu.'m.a UUUUUU..U9 1 UUUUUUUU' tI Shellflsh Irl S dU*UU U... oeds I /-.*'-- Significont nclturol rderson C re e k Fish spown ng & nursery reo s --- . a. 'up - L t;]fr 1 t.r ++ rtn t*t It' t , 'I4, q - uuu iuu A iuuum / uau..w/ w II...., iuuuuuu uuuuuuaui II.u..u..ur 4UNUWJ uuuuuauuø' _ . E1 II, i. I I i In v IrI .. _. IiIT .1 p.- : U.' IHII1III 11 ' 4Ii uivauuu..0 IlAUUUUUiI iiuuuauauuw uuuuuuuu.ui, mrn.rnf muuuuaumau .f nuuuuuuuu.0 ai.AIW uuuauau uuuuuw uauuuuu.u.. .uu.u.u..u... .u...u.u....s ivaua.a..a..umiv 41 $1 a ItrE[} +trErl '/oar: I aulIIiNUulW I w i /nn=Q I_______ : JD['[ 'lcll-lEl J U U UU uIu ::L I 1, tEflt qEru lll[ff Y-- I i;r, londing 1. I -LL :rpii liii. I.I.I I j,.I, -i I II I 1 / 9, I 't t - R{r*j, I tI ,:'** | % ++** I % + % 4w.& f '+%! l\- iltE:* +" I: I I r t T? Jo I sl , ns0n ugh | *--^,.{.\ s:';-'^ .*-* . r @ \ \ \ f\\%J' Fle her 5 l o sh / -54- --'l L_______ l- t, ,.1 /l ' +- Li ii U. 1111 U". IPRURIIU U !UPUUIJ U tlt'i A A U., I U, I I A' 0 '[- :IU't 'an Fle her S l o sh \ Ni U. hLi.uI IIIUI . U.. a a'. 1'iPL1U .vINHI$, aii _-.__ - --*., / flr1IuI.U.!.u-d cç%; ii 4I p + I E=+ 'I" IL4 IIIIi.UV&\ \ 1 'vf I 'P 1' f' \ I a,. - j ) 4 Eiiiii 4 - c ,.i I I!" 11111: uuII. WI 1l I \ x\. ill Ii Y%' 1!j"j ¶4d liii! lII p r o t e c t i o n Maps Appendix A p p e n d i x E. E . Resource R e s o u r c e Protection Mops 57- pcIiiTS, _tcciss EC0t't BOOM sI!I!, LAJt'ici: Lum;c: Po::TTS, ACCESS ARIAS AREAS A]ID DI DIVERSiOIi AND JERSiOi LOCATIOiTS LOCA?ICI{S LAUIIC:iPOINTS (pub1:_c) P0Il,r?S (public) LAUNCH LS LS 11 -p a ved ramp -- 1 llane a n e paved r anqr l L S 22 -- 1 lane LS p a v e o ramp l - a n e Daved r"inp - - South B -S o u t h Beach B e a c h Marina l , i a r e n a - 4 lanes l a n e s paved taved 1 1 A Li PR]VATE MARINAS },i}3I}fAS w/ PRIVATE W,/ LAUNCH LTiN,iCiiFACILITIES FACILITIES -- Idaho F -Id a h o Pt. P t, Marina l.{ ar ina - 1' l lane lane ramp r enn q -G S a w ye rr s Landing tandi_ng -- monorail -- Sawyer's r nonor ail launch liunch -- Piverbend J -R i ve rb e n d Moorage i.4oor a[e - hoist launch hoist launch IBO0r.r ! { i " g h e s t priority S I T E S : Highest priorrty TB0OM SITES: ** bm ** bm 11 ---- ** bm, -bu 2 -* * * bm -b m 3 -* * * * bm -b n 2+ 4 --- . :**** : -bm bm 5 ---- * r e * * bm -bm 6 6 -- --* x*** ** bni fo6 7 7 -- --- t -* * * * bm -b n 8 -+--- x x * bm -! m 9 -- --- **** bm 1 ****bm O-10----****bm * * b m 11-1I - -- lrn ***bm I Z-12--****bm * * '!.rn ,3:: 13-* Jf.* --- x b m iL1-*bm 14-- i ( * " 1 6 ' Tl o w e s t z r r ^ +i vnr n i *erJr * 4 lowest priority l/r b o o m b o t h e n d s of o f breakwater b r e a k w a t e r if boom both ends i f boom b o o r n available available s t r o n g tidal t i d a l currents strong currents b o o m breakwater b re a kvr ater if boom available if boom boom available 'tn !,''l^ b o o m on o n incoming i n c o m i n g tide boom t i d e - 10 rv yds JUD b o o m o n incoming i n c o m r n [ tide, t i d e , soutA boom on s o u t ; side s i d e of b r r d g e 50 o f bridge yds i A yds g o o d road r o a d access access good c u r r e n t s : _ 22.L. . 4 fft/sec. t / s e c . ww/8' / 8 r fflood, lood, 3 currents: 3.1 f t , / s e c r , uw/S'ebb /Btebb . 1 ft/sec. b o o m at a t all a l l times, t i m e s , multiple boom r n u l t i p l e channels, c h a n n e l s , boom b o o m entire w i d t h 1000 y d s . or 1 0 o 0 yds. possible d width o r possible p i l "i n r rst si " * i v e r s i o n at a t pilings diversion c u r r e n t s : _ r B f l o o o , f t / s e c . 1 , C ft/sec t t / s e c w/8'ebb currents: .8 ft/sec. - r u iw/3' w i i /p8r t- eflood, 1.0 ur/5rebb b o o m at a t all boom c i i a n n e l s , need n e e c booms b o o r a sof of 3 1 i - ttimes, i n ' e i , multiple channels, y d s , 10 5 0 yds, y c i s , _20 50 X d s , _30 1O yds, J O yds, t O yds, y d s , X d s , 10 a n d y a s i O C j yds, and 100 yds 20 o o l - e s Slough for P s l o u g 4 entrance e n t r a n c e and y i l s east end i n d ' 550 0 yds for Pooles c u f f e n t s : 1.0 t v l ! t flood, 1 . 0 ft/sec. f t / s e c . w/3' "f r /rst e c",n aw/8'ebb - /Brebb currents: f l o o d , 1.3 i . 3 ft/sec. w i n n n r n i n c r tide lid^ b O O n on O n incoming 1 5 r r ; . ' tide boom 15 15 yds Yds road access only road c u r r e n"".:::"311$ t s j 1.5 1 . 5 ft/sec. f t / s e c . ' t r w/8'flood, /ltflood., currents: 1 . g ft/sec. f t , / s e c . w/8'ebb w/grebb 1.9 b o o m a t b r i d g e - 10 o n incoming boom at bridge on i n c o m i n g tide tide yds 4 0 yds g o o d road r o a d access a c c e s g and good a n d small s r o a l l boat b o a t access access s t r o n g tidal t i d a t currents currents strong 'lO yds. b o o n on o n incoming i n c o m i n g tide boom t i d e - 10 yds. rroad o a d access a c c e s s only only b o o n on - 20 o n incoming i n c o m i n g tide boom tide yds 2 0 yds rroad o a d access access c u r r e n t s z 1.3 1 . 3 ft/sec. f I / s e c . w/8'flood, currents: w / B t f l o o d , 1.7 1 . T ft/sec. f t / s e c . w/3'ebb w/grebb 'i b o o ra o n incoming n c oning tide-20 tide- 2O yds yds boom on b o a t access a c c e s s only boat only u s e avaiLable a v a i l a b l e log use 1 o g booms boonos b o O mon t ' i r i a- north n n r - fI side o n incoming i n c o m i n a tide, boom s i d e of b r i d g e , - 25yds o f bridge, Z5yds rroad o a d access a c c e " " or o""3 " ; i r - " ; "boat ;;' small ',veak t i d a l currents c u r r e n t s weak tidal p r i o r i t ; r , 1 o w priority, use u s e existing low e x i s t i n g log 1 o g booms boons rrDE GATES GAris tg tg TIDE e 6 -- those tg th o se areas a re as marked mar ked tg ' shich should tg have have tide tide gates s houl d. 6ates which ke e p oil o i l out ou,t of keep of sensitive sensltiva areas a.eas if it working r vor king properly p" op" " i y -- tthese h e s e rmust n u s t be b e checked checked t /\dimTn\"^ . t DIVERSION DIVERSION ?TLOCATIONS Tv\/AI Iu/.i\ D lflf** An t UY dv 1| -- should s h o u l d attempt a t t e m p t to t o divert d i v e r t oil o i 1 at a t this t h i s location l o c a t i o n if if w i n d from fro rn nor th wind north on incoming tide incom ing tir ie .**n d V 2 -- a dv t t e m p t diversion d i v e r soiaoont on o i nl 1cCoom 1 l0+ i n* .e6 tide attempt o nn incoming tvildu se with vv rr_itLhL l i south sOuth winds winds * * * dv *** dy 3 a n e as -- Ssame a s dv 3-d . V 11 **{' dv *** dV 4--- attempt a t t e n p t diversion d i v e r s i o n on o n outgoing o u t g o i n g tide t i d e with w i t h south s o u t i r winds wrnds i o.. .. ACCBSS .. ACCESS AREAS +REArt a r e a s indicated i - n d j - c a t e Cby b y small s m a t ' ' tdots -- areas d o t s have o o d rroad have g o a d access good access t o the t h e shoreline, to s h o r e l l n e r - small s n a 1 1 boats b o a L s could c o u l d be b e launched l a u n c h e d from from n a n y of places o f these t h e s e places many 58 . I I scAtE , l"=160 A T111ir - - hr - - ru ItWiIF_T!_1_TI !I'TiII - -- _ - clr-lr-l ¶IIII trEt trE h9- I LIUI I a - _1_1._ '" - li-i-I-i III / II 1111 ;i / ' .2 - o / ,-2 ,/r / / / J-!k / 1 rm le-. . f, i-r .. dv f "... r \ / . '.\ -ttaa.u==r._ -'ii' / _4U%I - Aii:I - U' I. ii,-. - P aYI 4 "a.-- - I i!,' g.. iiIlIiMl iiiii I Iii lull] V / 'liii! .() o- { r'r' I I U + I -+_: .l j IL1 - vDrI/ r>=d= .CQfN z II! fl D E \D tl N o'.1 Erl ,il,rti 'T-l:l--li rm z)l 2 / +------- il \\ _+trF I I I ./l '.".aln ? 'o'r 1 \. 9 ' ol a \' .J rmo rm ^ Hinton HintonPoint Point -dvo 't d a,.-a o I \,. çiiIi "s. \ r /f, \v jJf - \SS Jg,-S Sawyer Landing \S./1 r \ /7 t I \ ......................... /. - it DDUDE1bm U Nil