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i47 /ep 7&zmh Cu4 ' P J1 U LA\ N (ftj 711czmoh 4C1 Jm C3. LT1L LONN J Containing Committee Reports Approved by Conference Held February 19, 1947 TABLE OF CONTENTS Land Use Dairy Farm V. Crops 12 Fur Farming 15 Soil Conservation 17 Horticulture and Specialty Crops 20 Poultry and Other Livestock 23 VIIL Weed Control IX. 25 Farm Home and Rural Life The cover photo was taken in the lower Wilson River Valley. Photo courtesy of the Commercial Bank, Tillamook, Oregon. 2 26 FORWARD The land is our most valuable resourse. From it comes the new wealth that sustains cur economy. From the homes on the land comes the new blood that sustains our cities. Planfling the wise use of the land to maintain and improve those homes and communities is the privilege and responsibility of each succeeding generation. The Tillamook County Agricultural planning conference of 1947 was held to exercise that privilege and responsibility. This conference was a continuation of the planned argicultural development that has characterized the county for many years. Similar sessions had been held in 1936, 1938 and 1941. The. 1947 conference originated from a request by the county agricultural planning committee that the Extension Service of OSC cooperate in a reappraisal of agricultural conditions and outlook following the close of the war. Members of the Extension Service staff of Tillamook County who assisted with the conference are Helen Sellie, Home Demonstration Agent; Dave Kennedy, County 4-H Club Agent; and H. G. Smith, County Agent. Co-operation of all other agencies servicing agriculture in the county also was sought. Ten committees were established several months in advance, including 111 people representing every section of the county. Each of these committees collected data and considered all facts obtainable in preparing a report. These committee reportc were presented to over 100 farm people at the one-day, county-wide conference to which all farm people were invited to attend. This booklet comprises the reports as discussed and approved by the conference. They represent the considered judgment of active farmers and farm leaders counseling with Extension specialists in the various fields. They are pubEshed here with the thought that they may serve as a guide to the trends that are probable and desirable in development of the farming industry and rural home life in the years immediately ahead. The publication of this report was made. possible through the co-operation of the Tillamook County Court and the A. F. Coats Lumber Company. ARCHIBALD PYE, General Chairman H. G. SMITH, County Agent, General Secretary 3 AGRICULTURAL PLANNING CONFERENCE COMMITTEEMEN Archibald Pye, General Conference Chairman H. G. Smith, Conference Secretary Land Use Committee Fred Spreeman E. B. Allen, Jr. John Fliosi Philip Porter Alfred Jones E. H. Measor, Chairman Afred Josi Sr. Melissa Barber V. J. Love Chris Hoffman, Chairman Dairy Committee Walter Zwald Guy Ford Eerbert Hoskins Hans Leuthold Bob Atkinson Ralph .Redberg Alfred Bohren John Gienger John KomiflOtli H A. Porter Dale Sayles Form Crops Committee Karl Zweifel Joan Landolt M. . Lamb, Chairman Phil Porter Ole Redberg Alfred Josi, Jr. H. Kennedy Soil Conservation Committee V. J. Love, Chairman Clyde Hodson 0. F. Knight Marvin Pangborn V. H. Hushbeck Jim Williams Horticulture and Specialty Crops Paul Asileford, Chairman Carl Anderson Ted Carlson J. L. Bester Lee Mead Leo B. Sanders Fred Horsell Roy Figher Joe Velinga If. A. Porter Frank Jud 3. W. Ambrust James Williams Walter Naegeli Kenneth Dick Ray Measor ID. August Boquist Joe Baumgartner Merrill Maxwell E. E. Allen, Jr. John Sdhilci Fred Spreeman Jim Williams Adolph Sdhhld ID. H. Near Guy Yung Carl Possetti M. N. Lanib Howard Drew Alfred Sf05 Gene Atkinson E. Soutnaro M. L. shulson Poultry Ole Redberg Clifford Chambers and Other Livestock Committee Otto Schild, Chairman Weed Control Committee Kenneth Crpckett, Chairman Gus Petermn Carl Blaser A. R. Anderson Earl Porter Warren Foland C. R. Josi Robert H. Watt Howard Multhauf Albert Bohren Adolph Widiner Karl Zweilel Lee Good Isac Shortlidge Merrill Maxwell Henry Marti H. E. Foss Fur Forming Committee Ted Jacobs, Chairman Clyde Kinnamaf Howard Williams Jake RedekoP Laverne Dalil Farm Home and Rural Life Committee Mrs. Bernice Tubbesing, Chairman Mrs. Eleanor Johnson Helen Sellie, Secretary Mr. David Kennedy Mrs. Alton DoUthlt Mr. J. B. O'Neel Mrs. Albert Wade Rev. Jess Johnson Mrs. Fern Osborne Mrs. Stanley Coates, Sr. Mrs. Doris Jones Mrs. Joe Bosch Mr. I. E. Keldson Mrs. Ed. Lyster Mrs. I. E. Keldsofl Mrs. Bess Wells Mr. Jack Asdhim Mrs. A. E. Hagglund Mr. Joe Ingram 4 Tillamook County Agricultural Planning Conference REPORT OF THE LAND USE COMMITTEE Total land area of Tillamook County is approximately 713,700 acres. Assessors' records show artificial plantng will be necessary to re-establish forest growth. stream beds, and beach lands ac- governments in lieu of a tax rate. The State returns to the county 75 per cent of the proceeds of all timber sales from land deeded to the 249,151 acres in private ownership and 448,500 acres in public ownerPlatted areas, highways, ship. count for the remainder of the acreage. Farm land in the county covers 81,858 acres, of which 21,672 acres is classed as tilable. An estimated 12,386 acres of the nontillable land could be used for crops if drained, cleared, or diked. In addition to land in farms, 98,853 acres of tim- brland in the county is privately owned. The public land in the county is divided about equally between the county, state, and federal governments. Utilization of cut-over and burned-over lands During the last five years, logging in Tillamook County has been progressing at a rapid rate and present merchantable timber supplies are about exhausted. A large part of the timber now being removed is from burned-over areas in salvage operations. County- owned burned-over lands are being logged at a more rapid rate than was anticipated, due to high demand for lumber. Therefore, loss from deterioration on burned-over stands will be less than was formerly expected. The Tillamook Burn in 1945 was a serious setback to reforestation. Vast areas are so denuded now that Lands in National Forests will return to the county 25 per cent of all receipts from timber sales. This money is to reimburse local State by the County after five cents per acre per year is deducted for forest patrol expenses. The remain- ing 25 per cent goes to the State Forest Development Fund. County, State, and Federal-owned lands in logged-off or burned-over areas, in the opinion of the committee, are suitable only for forests. Reforestation and protection to promote forest growth are basic to good land use in Tillamook County. Recommendations outlined The committee makes the following recommendations regarding these lands: 1. Provide an adequate check on all logging operations to improve fire protection; organ- ize and train special crews to be used on large forest fires; enforce strictly all forest laws and special closures for high hazard districts during the fire season; and coordinate fire fighting resourees of all agencies. Establish adequate fire weather stations, especially on burned areas, and make special preparation to fight fires as soon as they start. I Ti I lomook County Agricultural Planning Conference 2. In the burned-over areas, a long-time program for reduction of fire hazard should be initiated. This would include elimination of debris, establishment of fire breaks, and construction of adequate fire roads. 3. The reforestation of cutover and burned-over lands is of first importance. Protection against fire is the first step in reforestation. The committee further recommends re- stocking of denuded areas by seeding or planting as rapidly as economically feasible. Seedlings must be given pretection from rodents and other pests. Reforestation of areas should be on the basis of establishing a fully stocked stand. The committee further recommends that every effort be made to secure enactment of legislation which would result in counties receiving funds in lieu of taxes on federally-owned forest land from the Federal Government. This program would make it possible for the county to realize revenue from federally-owned lands between the time of acquisition and the sale of the mature timber crop. The committee recommends continued studies of reforestation methods suitable for the Tillamook burn area by the State Forestry Department and the National Forest Service. The committee believes that long time ownership of forest land by the county is not a sound policy. It recommends that, following salvage operations, county land be sold in blocks to stable private timber operators, where such land is needed by the operators to block out sustained yield timber operations. Lands not needed for this purpose should be deeded either to the State or Federal Government, depending upon which agency can manage them most efficiently in connection with land they now own. Twelve thousand acres can be reclaimed Census figures for 1945 show 81,858 acres in farms, or approximately 11% per cent of all land in Tillamook County. The tillable land amounts to 21,672 acres; woodland, 24,867; and open or woodland pasture, 35,319 acres. Approximate- ly 2,000 acres of tideland can be reclaimed in the Sandlake, Miami Cove, Whiskey Creek, and Nehalem areas. An estimated 9,486 acres in the county could be improved by drainage, and 4,400 acres could be improved Ly clearing, making a total of 12,386 acres that might be developed or reclaimed for new farms in, the county. This improvement of lands by clearing and drainage, including diking, makes it possible to increase the size of many small farms, or to add about 240 new farms in the county. The committee recommends a resurvey by the War Department of the Nestucca River and tributaries for flood control. This area includes 3,300 acres of fertile farmlands. Problems include bank erosion, maintenance of river in present channel, flood control, and restoration or protection of existing levies and dikes against erosion. The shifting sand dunes on the lower Nestucca from Woods to the mouth are filling the channel. This results in retarded run-off and reduces the effectiveness of drainage ditches constructed on farms along the Nestucca River. It is recommended that the Army Engineers clear the channel of the Nestucca River and that a program of sand stabilization be developed to prevent further channel filling. Surveys should be made also of tide lands in the Sandlake, Miami Cove, Whiskey Creek, and Nehalem areas to determine feasibility of diking. Land clearing is most efficiently carried out by using heavy machin- 7 Land Committee Report ery. It is recommended that every effort be made to encourage contractors owning heavy equipment to get such equipment into areas that can be developed by land Cooperative a c t i o n clearing. through drainage dIstricts, soil conservation districts, or on a community basis will make it possible to provide such equipment, or to contract with engineering firms on a more favorable basis. Beach erosion causing losses The rapid erosion at Bay Ocean is causing serious losses to beach property. Diked tidelands along Tillamook Bay will be endangered if erosion continues and the ocean breaks through the peninsula enclosing Tillamook Bay. The committee recommends that the Army Engineers be urged to resurvey the Tillamook Bay area; develop a program which will protect Bay Ocean and agricultural lands along Tillamook Bay; and open Tillamook Bay to coastal t r a f f i c throughout the year. Twenty-cow dairy should be minimum unit Land used for dairy purposes is now being devoted to a profitable economic use. Land not well suited to dairy because of size, location, soil, or drainage may be used ad- for certain other farm enterprises. The committee believes a 20-cow dairy should be the minimum fulltime unit for one man. The average butterfat production per cow should not be less than 300 pounds fat per year. The use of improved grasses and legumes, irrigation, vantageously grass silage, and adequate fertilization will improve the efficiency of production on the individual farming unit. other for mink production and progressive breeders have developed high quality breeding stock. Poultry: It is believed poultry production can be increased to meet local requirments. Production bhould be adjusted to meet tourist and resort demands. Truck Garden and Small Fruit: In certain areas in the county, production of high quality truck crops and small fruits offers an opportunity for profitable production sufficient to meet local demands. Increasing resort and tourist business may increase opportunity in this field. Ornamental Shrubs, Cut Flow- ers, and Bulbs: To the interested grower in the production of ornamental shrubs, cut flowers and bulbs, there is an opportunity for profitable enterprise providing production is geared to demand. Excellent quality products can be produced in this county and rate of growth exceeds that in many competing areas. Soil conservation action urged To develop agricultural lands as rapidly as possible and to prevent erosion, the committee recommends concerted action by land owners and all County, State and Federal Agencies. The committee further recommends that the central and north sections of the county be organized into soil conservation districts. Recreational areas important asset The scenic attractions of the coast area are a resource that is worth milions of dollars annually and is not depleted with continued The beaches, forests and streams of Tillamook County offer Ideal opportunities for recreation. use. It is estimated the annual income Other enterprises show promise Some of ranch mink. Climate is ideal promising enterprises are: 1. Fur farming: Tillamook County leads the state in the production exceeds $2,000,000 per year from tourist trade at the present time. Tourists increase demand for locally grown products and strengthen the economy of the county. The development of beach resorts and Tiltamook County Agricultural Planning Conference 8 tourist attractions ffer an opportunity to offset the declining tax base as a result of rapid timber cut and forest fires. The committee urges the Chambers of Commerce to promote recreational development in the county and to sponsor development of roads to meet increasing traffic needs to make scenic areas accessible. Tillamook County has approxiinately 10,090 acres of land set aside for recreational areas. These areas are along the various rivers and creeks throughout the county as follows: Approximate Acreage Kilchis River 3,000 Little South Fork of Kilchjs River 320 Wilson River 520 Trask River 720 South Fork of Trask River 920 North Fork of Trask River 1,060 Nehalem River 1,780 Salmonberry River 140 Cook Creek 1,270 .Dry Creek 320 Short Sands Beach Creek 40 These recreational areas have been designated as such by the Tillamook County Court during the past few years for the use and benefit of the general public. Once a piece of property has been declared a park area by the County Court it cannot be removed from this classification without a majority vote of the voters in the county. The committee commends the action of the County Court in set- ting aside these areas for public use. The committee recommends tht these areas be identified by county park signs in order that tourists might locate them more readily. The development of these areas will aid greatly in increasing recreational facilities in Tillainook County. The committee further recommends that the Forest Ser- vice be encouraged in its development of parks on Federal lands so as to utilize all the excellent rerecreational county. attractions of the More adequate farm records urged An adequate farm accounting system will help farmers increase the efficiency of the farm business and aid in income tax reporting. The committee recommends that farmers give more attention to farm record keeping. The Oregon State College Extension Service has available two types of farm record books which can be secured for a nominal fee at the County Agent's Office. One record book is designed for the keeping of complete farm accounts and the other is a cash farm record book especially designed to assist in reporting income tax returns on a cash basis. REPORT OF DAIRY COMMITTEE Dairy products major income source In Tillamook County, over 93 per cent of the agricultural income is from the sale of dairy products. There has been a steady increase in dairy cattle, especially during World War II. Cattle numbers have leveled off during the past year. Dairy Cattle Numbers Two Years Old and Over Year 1890 1920 1930 1P40 1945 TillaInook Oregon 2,225 10,370 12,594 15,500 16,706 114,000 200,000 229,000 258,000 284,000 United States 16,512,000 19,675,000 22,910,000 23,684,000 25,519,000 In the United States, the number of milk cows decreased about 4 per cent from June, 1945, and fewer heifers were being raised. However, unless old cows are culled at a heavy rate, there will be sufficient heifers to maintain milk cows numbers at present levels. Milk production has decreased only about 2 or 3 per cent due to improvement in the feed situation. Production in 1946 is expected to reach about 119,000,000,000 pounds of milk compared with the all-time high production of 122,000,000,000 pounds in 1945. During the 1935-39 period, there were 194 cows per 1,000 population in the United Dairy Committee Report Preliminary figures indicate there are now 190 cows per States. 1,000 population. The trend of farm production costs is upward, and should there be a decline in the national income from the current record high level, the demand for food products may weaken. The resulting decline in farm prices will not be followed immediately by lower production costs. This situation will result in lower net farm income. It is expected that feed prices will decline before other farm production expenses. Recent decreases in consumption of fluid milk point to increased amounts used in manufacturing. If wages and salaries are not substantially increased, it is expected that the amount spent for food will be decreased by the amount of increased expenditures for other commodities. Number of cows decrease slightly In Tillamook County, dairy cattle numbers reached the peak in 1945. During the period from 1935 to 1945, dairy cow numbers increased appioximatelY 35 per cent. During 9 covering selected dairy farms in Tillamook County, shows differ- ences in efficiency. Farms included in this study averaged 123 acres 27 acres harvested crops, 43 acres tillable pasture and had 35 head of dairy cows. All farms were economic units. On the most profitable farms, the net return above purchased feed and labor cost was 50 per cent higher per animal unit than on the least profitable farms. The most profitable farms spent $10 less per head for feed and received $17 more return. Butterfat production on high income farms was 349 pounds per cow, while 296 pounds was the average on the low income herds. The committee recommends that every effort be made to lower costs of production and to improve the quality of the product. Dairy cow numbers should be adjusted to the point of greatest efficiency on each individual farm. Production can most economically be increased or maintained by improving production per cow. Further increases in dairy cattle numbers should be accompanied by increased home grown feeds. this same period, there was little The possibility of evening out change in acreage of improved milk production should be given cropland on farms. The number careful consideration by the inof dairy cows shows a downward dividual dairyman. In some intrend in 1946, estimated at from stances, it may be found that ef3 to 5 per cent at the end of 1946. ficiency can be improved by having The increased use of improved more cows fall and winter freshen pastures, fertilizer and irrigation, in order to maintain more nearly as well as the introduction of grass an even production level. Some silage, has been of material assis- advantages to be considered are. tance in meeting increased feed 1. Less peaks in labor requiredemands. However, there have been ments. 2. More efficient operation substantial increases in purchases of cheese factories. 3. Continuous of hay and grain, especially since income throughout the year. 4. the return for dairy products have Increased returns from use of grass been above average in relation to silage. feed prices. Efficiency of increasing importance Efficiency of production in the dairy industry will become increasingly important during the period of keen competition ahead. A study on farm earnings made by the Farm Management Department, OSC, for the period from 1940-1943 Increased production of roughage urged There is need for increased production of roughages on Tillamook dairy farms. Roughages are admittedly the cheapest source of feed. Roughages produced include pasture, hay and silage. The committee recommends that grass and legume plantings for pasture or Tillamook County Agricutura1 P'anning Conference 10 bay meadows utilize new and improved varieties, and they wish to call particular attention to the desirability of using Lotus Major, Sub-Clover, Alta Fescue, Meadow Foxtail and the improved strains of Orchard Grass in new seedings. Conservation and use of barnyard manure is recommended. Every dairy farm should have a liquid manure tank. Commercial fertilizer and lime will further assist in increasing production of roughages. The use of phosihate and nitrogen should be given special attention. Irrigation, rotation grazing, and pasture management demonstrations should be worked out to assist dairymen in receiving maximum returns from pasture. Grass and legume silage offers the dairyman the opportunity to 'can" surplus pasture during spring when at the peak of productivity, and feed during fall and winter months. Hay requirements can be cut from 50 to 75 per cent through use of grass siTage. The protein content varies with the stage of maturity of the crop ensued. Tests have shown that three pounds of silage will replace one pound of legume hay. The highest yield of protein per acre is usually obtained when the grass is cut as heads emerge from the boot and legumes in early bloom stage. Thirty to sixty pounds of molasses per ton should be added to each ton of silage when put in the silo. The upright silo is recommended for grass silage. Silos designed for corn should have additional hoops for reinforcement. The use of modern machinery for making silage will do much to lower costs and improve quality by harvesting when the crop is ready to go into the silo. Bang's disease on decline Reports from the County Veterinarian indicate that 26,080 cows in 1,270 herds were tested for 1, test and slaughter; and option 2, test, calfhood vaccination and slaughter. A total of 116 herds are under option 3, test, brand and calfhood vaccination. Under options 1 and 2, 1,240 reactors were removed from herds, or about 5.5 per cent of cows tested were reactors. Cows in 116 herds under option 3 had 1,247 reactors or about 29 per cent. County figures for all herds tested show 2,487 reactors in 26,080 cows tested or about 9.5 per cent. Careful analysis of these figures indicate that substantial pregress is being made in herds under options 1 and 2. The records for 1935 show 16.2 per cent of all cattle tested were reactors. The 1945 report shows 9.5 per cent of all cattle tested were reactors. The committee recommends the following Bang's Disease Program: Continued r e s e a r c h on Bang's control. Indemnity payments increased to equal more nearly price differential between going price of dairy cattle and beef salvage value. Prompt payments of indemnity claims by County, State, and Federal Government. Strict enforcement of sales yard, auction sale and livestock peddler regulations pertaining to disease control. Enforcement of that part of Oregon Bang's Disease Con- trol Law requiring Bang's and T. B. Health Certificate issued within 30 days of delivery or sale of dairy cattle other than those delivered to slaughter house. The elimination of Option 3, November 1, 1947, as provided in present Bang's Disease Control Law. The use of calfhood vaccina- Bang's disease in Tillamook County tion as a control measure in Oregon Bang's Disease Code. There were 1,154 herds tested under option areas of heavy infection. in 1946, in accordance with the infected herds or herds in Test calves following vaccin- Doiry Committee Report ation and revaccinate 01 necesary. Prohibit sale of all vaccine for contagious abortion except to licensed veterinar- 11 possible wider use of high transmitting sires at a comparatively low cost. It offers one of the most ians. methods of improving type, quality and production of dairy cattle. The high percentage control program as the success of a control and eradication program depends on sociation However, Cattle owners should be fully informed on all phases of the their full cooperation. extensive spring freshening herds may present some problems in establishing an artificial breeding asof in Tillamook County. the committee recommends that steps be taken to program. appraise the situation and work be started on the organization of an assocation as soon as feasible. Dairymen are urged to use high quality herd sires. Sires proved through production testing should be kept in service as long as pos- Control measures for mastitis sible. County free of tuberculosis Tillamook is now a tuberculosis accredited free area and has been since 1925. The committee recommends continuation of the testing Mastitis in dairy cattle is probably the cause of more financial loss than any one disease. The committee recommends that dairymen follow a sound program of This would include early detection and treatment of infected cows and sanitation. Recent developments in the use of the newer control. It is recommended that research on mastitis control be continued. drugs is encouraging. D.H.I.A. testing on sound basis The Dairy Herd Improvement Association testing offers a sound improving the herd through culling, selection, breedbasis of ing and management. The average annual butterfat production per cow in Tillamook County is approximately 275 pounds. The average production of 2,820 cows finishing the year in D. H. I. A. testing averaged 356 pounds of butterfat. The two high herds averaged 458.1 Superior quality permits higher prices Tillamook County dairymen have enjoyed a premium on price of butterfat due to the quality of Tilla- mook cheese manufactured by the 16 cooperative cheese factories in the county. Sales of Tillamook County cheese through the Tillamook County Creamery Association have made it possible to capitalize superior quality and move cheese in an orderly manner into regular trade channels. on During World War II, price ceil- ings prevented the former price margin enjoyed by producers of Tillamook County cheese. In the postwar period, it will be of the utmost importance to regain the former price differential on the basis of superior quality. Other dairy sections are making rapid strides in improvement of quality. As supply and demand and the two low herds averaged The 287.6 pounds fat per cow. committee recommends increased testing under D. H. I. A. They also recommend that special attention be given to proving herd sires. The establishment of a central laboratory may offer one method of increasing volume of work per tester. make even greater attempts to excel in quality. If Tillamook County producers are to continue to enjoy a price advantage due to quality, there must be continued improvement in quality of milk produced and the manufactured Artificial insemination association urged Tillamook County Creamery Asso- Artificial insemination makes more nearly balance, they will product sold. The committee commends the ciation on the establishm4nt of a Tillamook County Agricultural Planning Conference 12 laboratory and recommends that its work be continued, The committee recommends that dairymen continue to improve milk quality by observing all essential points in production of clean milk as outlined in Extension Bulletin 630, "Producing Clean Milk", which Is available at the County Agent's Office. Demand for fluid milk by markets outside the county is reducing volume of output in certain factories. This loss of production in the long run will affect the efficiency of plant operation and increase costs unless some method is worked out to compensate for their losses. The committee recommends a careful study be made of the situation and that the Tillamook County Creamery Association handle all Grade A milk produced by members through a Grade A poolsales to distributers to be made on basis of demand for milk in bottle and can trade; surplus Grade A milk to be available to local factories for manufacturing. The committee recommends clos- er grading of milk in Tillamook County. REPORT OF THE FARM CROPS COMMITTEE Value of form products $4,162,814 The 1945 census figures show total value of farm products to be $4,162,814. Of this, the dairy industry represents $3,884,332 or over 93 per cent of the farm income. The production of dairy products is mainly from feeds produced locally. Relationship Between In-Shipments of Hay and Grain and Pounds Milk Produced Per Acre of Improved Land (IN-SHIPMENTS FEED) No. dairy Lbs. milk Year Hay Grain Cows (over produced (ton) (ton) per ton 2 years) 1930 1935 1940 11,000 10,004 11,000 4,500 4,377 16,470 12,467 12,330 18,706 2,774 3,361 5,Q77* *County Assessor figures used tilable land; census figures not comparable. The hay acreage in Tillamook per acre of tillable land in Tillamook during the World War II years was made possible through use of grass silage, increased use of fertilizers, pasture improvement, irrigation, and increased purchases of hay and grain. The favorable ratio between feed prices and prices of dairy products encouraged increased use of purchased feeds. In the postwar period, increased production of home grown feeds will be desirable as soon as ratio between feed prices and prices of dairy products assume their normal relationship. The committee has given consideration to crops grown primarily for dairy and livestock enterprises. These include hay, pasture and grass silage crops. Increase in pasture acreage recommended Good pastures are one of the County from the period 1930 to 1945 has shown little change, the most economical sources of feed for dairy cattle in Tillamook Coun- 83 tons of hay and 720 pounds of grain feed per head of producing cows. This changed to 65 tons of gust due average being 11,495 acres. In 1945 it was 10,900 acres, In 1940, dairymen purchased approximately hay and 1,992 pounds of grain feed per head of producing cows in 1945. The increase in production of milk ty. The pasture season lasts about 7 months, extending usually from the latter part of March to the first of November. Pasture yields usually slump during July and Auto lack of sufficient moisture. Supplemental irrigation is now used on about 2,500 acres. The U. S. Census for 1946 shows Farm Crops Committee Report thin top soil of- clay where the different classes of pasture as fern or 9ther wild vegeta- follows: Cropland used only for pasture tion may be dangerous. Red Creeping Fescue 1,314 acres 6,729 acres Woodland pasture Other pasture land 29,449 acres Total pasture lands 37,492 acres Increasing production on the Use improved varieties in new seedings The use of improved varieties of grass and legumes in new seedings; pasture mixtures should be adapted to the varying soil and moisture conditions of each field. The following grass and legume mixtures should give satisfactory results on the different soil types in the county: Diked tideland Perennial Rye Grass Alta Fescue Orchard Grass Meadow Foxtail Lotus Major White Clover 6 lbs. 6 lbs. 4 lbs. 2 lbs. 3 lbs. 2 lbs. Bottom landsrich bottom soils with pretty fair moisture conditions. Orchard Grass Perennial Rye 8 lbs. 8 lbs. 8 lbs. Alta Fescue Meadow Foxtail 3 lbs. Lotus Major 3 lbs. Prairie landsfairly rich, black soils of reasonable depth, no irrigation. 6 lbs. Perennial Rye 6 lbs. Alta Fescue Orchard Grass 4 lbs. *Sub Clover (Tallarook) 5 lbs. White Clover 1 lb. *Note: 2 lbs. of Lotus Major and 3 lbs. of Sub-Clover may be used if preferred. Hill landscut over land or lands with comparatively potentially 4 lba. 2 lbs. 3 lbs. 1 lb. Common Rye Grass 4 lbs. *SubClover 5 lbs. *Note: 2 lbs. Lotus Major Orchard Grass Alta Fescue White Clover area used for pasture offers the most economical means of pro ducing forage for dairy cattle in Tillamook County. The committee makes the following recommendations: 13 may be substituted for SubClover if preferred. In seeding the above mixtures, it is important to get weed-free seed of high purity and germination. Lotus Major seed should be inoculated with dirt from an established stand and mixtures using Lotus ferrably during the latter part of should be seeded in the spring, preMarch or early April on a firm seed Subterranean clover is most successfully seeded in the fall and should be inoculated with special inoculant available at the County bed. Agent's Office. Pasture seedings on upland or well drained bottom lands on which supplemental irrigation is to be used may increase production by substituting 4 pounds of Ladino Clover for legumes listed in the recommended mixtures. The practice of using 100 pounds of ammonium nitrate per acre at seeding time will aid in securing a better stand. Increased irrigation on pasture lands The committee recommends increased use of irrigation of Tillamook County pasture lands. It is estimated the acreage can profitably be doubled. It is pointed out that improved grass and legume mixtures will further increase returns from irrigation. The cost of irrigating by sprinkler system varies with the efficiency o! the system. Dairymen are urged to secure advice and assistance in planning the irrigation system. 14 Tillamook County Agricultural Planning Conference Fertilizers necessary returns for maximum In order to get maximum returns from pastures, it is necessary to carry on a fertilizer program which will meet the needs of the soil on which the crop is growing. The use of lime, phosphate, nitrate and barnyard manure appears to be the basis of an adequate fertilizer program in order to get maximum returns per acre. The application of 2 to 3 tons of lime per acre on acid soils is recommended. Annual spring application of superphosphate on pastures where legumes are growing, at the rate of 350 to 400 pounds per acre, is recommended. The use of ammonium nitrate at the rate of 100 pounds per acre will increase grass yields and stimulate growth, when applied in early spring. Full utili- the tank frOm becoming filled with rain water. A concrete slab for solids, with a drain to the tank, will reduce leaching. Doubling grass silage tonnage favored In order to get maximum utilization of feeds produced on the farm, the committee recommends increased use of grass silage. It is estimated there are now 150 silos in Tillamook County and approximately 9,000 tons of grass silage put up annually. The committee recommends that the tonnage of grass silage be doubled in the next 5 years. Excellent grass silage can be made during May and June and thereby utilize excess, pasture. New, seedings or hay meadows can be cut for silage at a time when it is impossible to cure hay due to unfavorable yard manure in the fall during Sep- weather conditions. Early cuttings on hay meadows make it possible to take a second cutting of silage or hay in August. The use of sil- and in the spring during March and livestock numbers in balance with most satisfactory and recommended by the committee. home grown feeds. Grass silage yields have reached 17 tons per acre, which will replace zation of barnyard manure is essential to maximum pasture returns. The application of barn- tember and October on pastures, April on hay meadows is usually Every farm should have a liquid manure pit There are 145 liquid manure tanks on farms in Tillamook County, according to a survey conducted by committeemen. The committee recommends that there be a liquid manure pit or manure shed on every dairy farm in the county. The liquid manure pit is generally considered the mast satisfactory. It prevents both leaching and fermentation of manures and substantially reduces labor required to store and put manure on fields. On pastures and hay meadows, it age makes it possible to bring feed supply and, increase use of approximately 5½ tons of 'high quality alfalfa hay in feeding value. Grass should be cut for silage when it starts to head out or before the bloom stage. With the increasing use of improved harvesting methods, the cost of putting up grass silage can be substantially reduced. The use of field choppers and other laborsaving devices has already shown substantial savings in costs and man labor requirements. Dairymen now using silage report that cows fed all the silage gives much more satisfactory results they would eat consumed less than manure spreader is used. It is recommended that at least 150 cu. ft. tank space be provided for each cow, when they remain in the barn a major part of the time during the winter months. The use of a cover over the tank Will prevent Proper pasture management increases than solid manure, even when a one ton of hay per head per year. yield In order to get maximum yields from pastures in Tillamook County, the committee makes the following recommendations as to management of pastures. - Form Crops Committee Report Clipping irrigated pastures once or twice during summer to eliminate uneven growth and keep down dry or mature grass. Harrowing at least once a year or more often to spread droppings. Rotation grazing of pastures by dividing into three or more fields. Adequate fertilizer program. Use liquid manure reinforced with phosphate and apply nitrate fertilizer to speed up early spring growth. Reseed weedy, low-producing pastures to an approved pasture mixture on a wellprepared seed bed. Lime and fertilize prior to seeding. Clover or grass hay favored The importance of an adequate supply of hay cannot be minimized. 15 However, with increasing use of grass silage, hay requirements can be substantially reduced. It is usually good business for the dairyman to produce as much of his supply as possible. Pasture seedings using Alta Fescue, Orchard Grass and Lotus Major, can be successfully cut for hay or silage. The production of clover and grass hay is recommended over grain hay crops. The following shortlIved mixture on limed soil should prove satisfactory. Common Rye Perennial Rye 14 lbs. 14 lbs. 5 lbs. 3 lbs. Red Clover Alsike Clover Spring seedings usually are more successful if made during March or April, and fall seeding should be done during September or October in time to catch the first fall rains. REPORT OF THE FUR FARMING COMMITTEE Raising mink a major industry In Tillamook County the raising of ranch mink started in 1923 with one producer. The mink industry has grown until in 1946 there were approximately 6,000 head of breeding stock in the county. The income on pelts produced in 1945 exceeded $250,000. The fur production in the county is almost entirely represented by mink and has increased to the point where it is one of the county's major industries. In 1924 a start was made in the county with 21 pair of fox. This enterprise expanded until 1929, reaching about 150 pair of breeders. Production of fox farming has steadily lost ground from that time until there is no record of pelts sold in 1946. On the basis of the present ranch mink population, over 2,000,000 pounds of feed is required annually. This is more than double the amount that can be secured in the county. Mink breeders are dependent upon feed supplies in the way of scrap fish shipped in from Astoria and Newport. The feed situation has become increasingly tight and future supnlies will be secured only through aggressive action by mink breeders. Climatic conditions are favorable to ranch mink production in Tillamook County. The progressive action of producers in improving breeding stock has resulted in a substantial improvement in the quality of pelts offered for sale from this area. It is expected that prices for pelts produced in 1946 will be down from 25 to 50 per cent as compared to 1945, depending on economic conditions. Expanded Research necessary The committee recommends that Oregon State College Experiment Station expand research on problems encountered by m1nk producers. It is further recommended that $20,000 be appropriated for the biennium by the Oregon State Legislature for the purpose of 16 Tillamook County Agricultural Planning Conference carrying on this work. The committee considers the number one research problems to include nutrition, disease control and management. Cooperative feed purchase favored The committee recommends that the Tillamook County Mink Grower's Association take aggressive action in securing adequate mink feed supplies to sustain the industry on its prerint basis. The establishment of a cooperative to purchase and distribute scrap fish from processing plants in Astoria and Newport offers excellent possibilities and mink breeders are urged to consider carefully the problem and take action in the near future. It is recommended that the Chamber of Commerce and other public agencies continue efforts to secure a year around channel for fishing boats in Tillamook Bay. Stimulation of the fish industry will strengthen the feed situation in the county. One hundred breeders suggested unit In view of the feed supply problem, the committee reommends that no further expansion in the mink industry be made until additional feed supplies are available. In order to lower cost of production through efficient operation, it is suggested the most economical size unit is 100 head of breeders, consisting of 75 females and 25 males This size unit should require no la bor in addition to the family and will give fUll-tim eniploymentfbr the operator and family help avail able. Quality improYernent sought Increased returns from high qual ity pelts have consistently been re ceived in fur markets. Low grade pelts have a depressing effect on the market and must be eliminated if the market is to be maintained at a profitable level. We therefore recommend that all producers pay close attention to all factors of management which might reduce quality of pelts and to improve quality by careful selection of breeding stock based on individual production records. The breeding of mutation mink offers a possibility of increasing returns if the breeder is thoroughly versed in genetics and develops strains which will be readily accepted in the fur markets. Growers associated supported The present Tillamook County Mink Grower's Association is organized for the purpose of advancing the industry in Tillamook County. The committee recommends that this organization be given full support by all those engaged in the industry. Continuing mink show favored The annual mink show sponsored by the Tillamook County Mink Grower's Association is doing much to improve the quality of breeding stock in Tillamook County. Your committee recommends that this show be continued and efforts be made to improve facilities for holding the show. Fur auction offers good outlet In order to receive the highest possible price from quality pelts the committee points to the fur auction held at Seattle. This sale offers an excellent outlet for qual ity pelts. Soil Conservation Committee Report 17 REPORT OF THE SOIL CONSERVATION COMMITTEE Soil conservation essential to economy Soil conservation and soil fertility are essential to permanent agriculture in Tiliamook County. The average size farm in 1900 was 161.5 acres with 42.7 acres of improved land. This has been reduced to 88.7 acres with 31 acres improved land in 1945. Increased return per acre is essential if farms are to maintain a satisfactory standard of living. The conservation of soil resources is essential to the economy of the entire county. Loss of productivity through erosion or poor management in any area or farm will resuit in increased taxation on other property. The ratio of improved farmland to total land area in the county is approximately 24 acres unimproved land to one acre of improved farmland, or improved farmland represents about 4% of total land area in the county. Additional soil conservation district needed The effective work of the South Tillamook Soil Conservation District in improving land by ditching, land. clearing and erosion control work on a cooperative basis, with the assistance in planning of the Soil Conservation Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, is recognized. It is also pointed out that the district organized under the State Law has aided the effective application of work of the Experiment Station, Extension Service and AAA. The committee therefore recommends that meetings be held in the Central and North sections of Tillamook County as soon as practicable for the purpose of discussing the desirability of organizing two additional Soil Conservation Districts in Tillamook County. The committee further recommends that action by the U. S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service be taken in sand dune control work at mouth of the Nestucca River and other sections of the Tillamook Coast line where sand dun control is needed and the area is in an organized district. The committee further recommends that action be taken by the U. S. Engineers in flood control work on the Little and Big Nestucca Rivers and the Wilson River. There are approximately 15,000 acres in the county that could be improved by drainage. The committee recommends continued AAA payments on lime, phosphate, consturction of drainage ditches and dykes, pasture improvement and weed control. The addition of a practice payment for the construction of liquid manure pits to encourage better farms where this practice is not now used is recommended. The payment on use of nitrogen fertilizer in establishing new pasture stands and to increase production of established stands appears deutilization of barnyard manure on sirable. This payment would be to introduce the practice of using nitrogen fertilizer and encourage the adoption as a standard practice. Bulk distribution of lime needed A survey of fertilizer distribution facilities in the county indicate there is adequate service on all fertilizer supplies excepting lime. Sources at the present time are the Oswego Lime Plant and the Buell Lime Plant. The present methods of distribution make it difficult for farmers to secure lime at the time It is convenient to apply. The committee recommends that a careful study be made of the possibilities of bulk distribution of lime from a stockpile. There is need for some organization, either private or cooperative, to import lime into the area Til lamook County Agricultural Planning Conference 18 and distribute it to farmers throughout the season. Bulk handling of lime and automatic spreading equipment may offer a method of reducing cost of distribution. Present sources of lime have not proved dependable and supplies have not been available when The AAA program has been helpful in securing increased use of lime and demonstrating its needed. value. The committee recommends payments be continued. Irrigated acreage should be doubled There are approximately 2,500 acres under irrigation .at the present time. The committee recommends that the acreage be at least doubled as rapidly as possible and that all farmers having adequate water supply give serious consideration to the possibility of increased production through irrigation. Records show irrigation has increased carrying capacity from 20 to 25 per cent and that herds on irrigated pastures dropped only 18 per cent in production from May to August while herds on non-irrigated land dropped 33 per cent. tinue until fall rains start. Enough water should be applied to insure a continuous moisture supply to a depth of 8 to 10 inches throughout the pasture season. On most soils the application of 3 inches of water every two weeks will be sufficient. A pasture mixture using ladino clover as the legumeis recommended on irrigated pastures. Barnyard manure valued at $700,000 Careful experiments have shown that 80 per cent of fertilizer value removed from soil by crops is returned when fed to livestock, provided all manue is returned to the soil and there is no loss. The present market value of barnyard manure on a commercial fertilizer basis is approximately $35 per cow per year. The figures on percentage of fertilizer returned to the soil and value of barnyard manure are based on the assumption that there is no waste of fertilizer through leaching or heating. Improper storage of barnyard manure can result in losses up to 50 per cent. On the basis of the above figures, Tillamook County's 22,000 dairy cattle Water for irrigation can be secured by gravity on some farms. produce or streams. Irrigation by overhead sprinkling or by flood is satisfactory. The type of installation ly. However, the majority of irrigating will be done by pumping from wells will depend on type of soil, source of water supply and cost. Individuals diverting water from streams should apply for a water right for irrigation with the office of the State Engineer, Salem. In order to insure economical operation of the irrigation system using power, care should be taken in securing a system engineered to insure maximum efficiency. Each system should be designed to the requirements of the individual farm. Good pastures require regular ir- annually over $700,000 worth of fertilizer, figured on a commercial basis. Improper stor age can cost about $350,000 annual- Tillamook County is generally recognized as probably leading all other sections of the United States in conservation of barnyard manure by using the liquid manure pit. However, there are still improvements that can be made. The committee recommends that a liquid manure pit be installed on every dairy farm in Tillamook County. The size should be adequate to permit storage of liquid manure throughout the winter months. Size will vary with local conditions but generally this should be from 125 to 150 cu: ft. capacity for each cow in the dairy herd. A concrete slab for storage rigation, annual fertilization and solids with a drain to the liquid tanl? rotation grazing. or a covered shed for solids in order Irrigation usually should be under to prevent loss through leaching way by June 15 or earlier and conduring winter months is desirable. Soil Conservation Committee Report Commercial fertilizers maintain crop yields Commercial fertilizers have been found essential in maintaining crop yields in any area. There will still be a deficiency of certain essential plant foods even if all the fertilizer value of barnyard manure is returned to the soil. It is pointed out, however, that commercial fertilizer in no way replaces good soil management practices. Phosphate fertilizer in the form of superphosphate (16-20% P205) or treble phosphate (45-48'o P205) will increase production of legumes in phosphate deficient soils. Most soil tests taken in Tillamook County show a definite lack of available phosphate. Rate of application recommended is 350 to 450 pounds of superphosphate or 150 to 200 pounds of treble phosphate per acre. In view of results obtained from the use of phosphate fertilizers, the committee recommends that the practice payments under the AAA program be continued. Phosphate should be applied in the fall as a top dressing, or at seeding time on a new seeding. The application of phosphate with barnyard manure has given excellent 19 of ammonium nitrate or 125 to 150 pounds ammonium sulphate per acre. Application should be made during February or March. On irrigated pastures a second application about two months later is often desirable. Lime aids acid soils Most Tillamook County soils are deficient in calcium and are known as acid soils. Soils become acid in areas of heavy rainfall due to leaching of calcium. The addition of lime is beneficial in this area. It will aid in making materials already in soil, such as the phosphates, more available. It will assist in promoting growth of beneficial soil bacteria and increase amount of available calcium in the soil for plant use. The application of lime will be especially beneficial to the growth of legumes such as Clover and vetch. The usual rate of application is 2 tons per acre of 90 per cent lime. More lime may be required. However, the needed amount may be determined by a simple soil test available at the County Agent's Office. Permanent grasses in posture maintenance results and is recommended. The use of superphosphate will aid in maintaining adequate sulpher supplies and is, preferred to treble phosphate for this reason. The committee recommends increased Pasture maintenance to retain organic supply, add nitrogen, pro- County to increase efficiency. The committee recognizes that each reccimmended. individual fertility problem. There- management will aid in securing maximum returns from soil build- trials on time of application and rate of application in Tillamook farm and each field has its own fore trials and observation by the tarm operator are the most practical methods of arriving at fertility needs. The use of nitrogen fertilizer on pastures and hay meadows on trials in Tillamook County has given excellent return in te way of increasproduction. Nitrogen aids in quick, vigorous forage growth. Application should be made at the rate of 75 to 100 pounds per acre tect from erosion and maintain quality of stand in pastures and meadows is desirable. In seeding new, pemanient pastures and hay meadows the use. of long-lived permanent grasses and legunles: is Special attention is called to the use 9f.alta fescue, subclover and lotus major. Rotation grazing and imprçved pasture ing practices. - Drainage would benefit 24000 acres In order to get jroper land utilization, drainage is sseiitial on many Tillamook County farms. Estimates indicate that there are 14,000 acres that would benefit from ditch drainage and approximately 10,000 acres that couldpofitably be drained by tile. 20 S Tillamook County AgricuItura Plarining Conference The committee recommends that before any drainage work is initiated, adequate surveys should be made to determine the most effective method. The committee calls attention to the effective work being carried on in the South part of the county in cooperation with the South Tillamook Soil Conser- vation District. The problem of keeping drainage ditches free of weeds is troublesome and the committee recommends that the Experiment Station and SCS conduct some work on uses of chemicals, etc., to clear open ditches of weeds at a minimum of cost and labor. REPORT OF THE H ORTICULTURE AND SPECIALTY CR0 PS COMMITTEE Specialty crops in Tillamook Planting of Cascara Offers Opportunity $350,000 income annually. The major short in supply and the bark is County account for appriximately part of this annual income is from other than cropland and the cost of production Crops include fern is the harvesting. digitalis, cascara, and wild evergreen blackberries. The total income from sales of horticultural and specialty crops produced on the farm is low. Cascara is becoming increasingly now bringing 20 to 25c per pound. The planting of cascara on waste farm land offers some possibility of increasing farm income. The committee recommends that an educational program be conducted through granges and other farm the home gardens. organizations to encourage the preservation of present stands. Trees to be harvested should be cut about 18 inches from the ground and the stump should not be peeled. Some waste county land may offer opportunities in production of cascara if Digitalis Planting on Waste Land land can be worked out. Rodents However, the value of the farm products used by the home is valued at $291,684 according to the 1945 Much of this would be accounted for by products from census. adequate means of protection of Digitalis or fox glove is grown most parts of Tillamook It is often found in old wild in County. loggings, roadsides and open spots along edges of fields. There is a very active demand for digitalis and local dealers are in a position to handle increasing amounts of green leaf. The total annual income from digitalis leaves is approximately $100,000 per year. In view of the large amount of logged a n d burned-over County-owned lands, the committee recommends that experimental seedings be made on waste land in cooperation with local dealers. If seeding along logging roads and on burned-over land would prove practical, there is a possibility of even doubling the income from digitalis. The planting of digitalis and cascara on waste farm land may offer an opportunity to increase income from these lands. and unauthorized peeling of immature trees present the greatest hazard to isolated plantings. The committee further recommends that the county court require that all cascara on county-owned land be peeled in such a manner as to insure regrowth of present stand. Ferns Bring In Revenue in Fern picking and packing brings considerable revenue to the county annually. The committee recommends that studies be made to determine the best methods of sword fern management on forest land and also the possibility of putting other forest greenery on the market in such a way as to bring maximum returns for the The shipment of forest greenery to eastern markets appears to offer an opportunity to product. increase income to the county. Huckleberry, cedar and moss are other present possibilities. Soil Conservation Committee Report. Evergreen Blackberries Furnish Income Due to unprecedented demands for fruit during the past few years, the wild evergreen blackberry, often considered a pest, has brought in a return of about $180,000 annually. It is expected that wild evergreen blackberries growing on cropland will be cleared off. However, on wasteland and on land not used for farming, they represent a substantial annual income. Harvesting is usually done by housewives committee The and children. recommends that a study be made to determine the extent of demand for the evergreen blackberry and the type of land which might best be utilized in the growing of this shrubs for landscaping new homes and florist trade appears good. Pro- duction requires special skill and aptitude: There are several very successful producers in the county at the present time. A small acreage is required to engage in this business. Cut Flowers Shipped By Mail With the possibility of shipping cut flowers east by air, the production of daffodils, sweet peas, dahlias, calla lilies feasible. and gladioli may be Climate conditions Bulbs and Tubers Require Market Study Holly Production Can Be Increased dahlias, daffodils ity and is a practical means of adding to the farm income. Plantings should be made on upland or foot slopes. Small isolated fields having good drainage, but which may be difficult to utilize in regular crop rotation, could be planted to holly. Open woodlands where considerable areas are unoccupied may also be planted. English holly of suitable early maturing strain is desirable. The quality of holly grown in Tillamook County is excellent and production could be increased to a point where carlot shipments would be practical. Holly plantings usually come into production in from 10 to 15 years. Commercial production now is estimated at approximately 5,000 to 9,000 pounds. The price this year was 75c per pound to the grower. Considerable holly in farm home plantings might be sold if local dealers were able to collect and handle in small lots holly that is clean of scale and of good quality. Rhododendron, Azaleas, and Camellias In Demand Ornamental shrubs such as rhododendrons, azaleas, and camellias grow rapidly and produce plants of excellent quality. The demand for are favorable for production of high quality cut flowers. crop. Holly production offers opportun- 21 Calla lilies, croft lilies, gladioli, ad tuberous begonias all do well in this area. The production of these crops is dependent on markets. A careful of study demand and outlook should be made before going into commercial plantings. There is also a good possibility of selling cut flowers from this type of planting. Cranberry Expansion Possible it is estimated that there are from 150 to 200 acres of bog land in Tillamook County suitable for cranberries. There are some successful cranberry bogs in the county now. The market for cranberries is excellent and the outlook good. The committee recommends development of land suitable for cranberries as soon as economically feasible. Blueberry Research Needed The production of blueberries in Tillamook County appears to offer possibilities both as berries and plants. Plantings at the present time are more or less on a trial basis. The demand for both plants and berries is good. Research to determine methods of production, soil types and most desirable var ieties and cultural methods should be carried on. 22 S Tillomook County Agricutturol Planning Conference Tree Fruits Only For Local Use The committee recommends the planting of tree fruits only for local use. The following varieties of apples have proved most desirable when planted in sheltered locations in inland valleys: Yellow Trans- parent for summer use, Graven- stems for fall use, Winter Banana, meet local demands. Everbearing strawberries have proved successful and the varieties recommended include Rock Hill and Mastodon. Trials of the new variety, Streamliner, indicate it will be a desirable variety. Everbearing strawberries produce during the entire summer and fall period, especially when Yellow Newtown they are given care in July and Due to unfavorable weather conduring pollination time, cherry production is errotic. Varieties of sour cherries recommended for sheltered localities include Montmarency and May Duke. Pro- Heart and Marshall. Care should Grimes Golden, and King varieties also may be used. ditions duction of sweet cherries is often disappointing, except in sheltered localities. Varieties most suitable are Royal Ann, Bing and Lambert. Pollenizers are necessary. The committee recommends that present home orchards be renovated, sprayed and fertilized. Extension Bulletin 664, "Oregon Spray Program for Oregon Stone Fruits", Ext. Bulletin 663, "Oregon Apples and Pear Spray Program", and FB 1284, "Apple Orchard Renovation", will give complete information on the care of home orchards. They are available at the County Agent's Office. Berries Insufficient for Local Demand August. other varieties of strawberries include Narcissa, R e d be exercised in selection of diseasefree planting stock. Well-Drained Soil Required A deep, fertile, and well-drained soil is required for the production of small fruits. Depleted soil should be built up through application of barnyard manure or cover crops before plantings are made. Every Farm Family Should Have Garden The home garden supplies a large part of the farm family's living. Garden soils should be limed and fertilized with barnyard manure and commercial fertilizer in order to put these soils in a high state of fertility. The committee recommends that every farmer plant a garden of sufficient size to meet the farm family needs. Slight Commercial Vegetable Expansion The production of cane berries is insufficient to meet local consumption. The acreage can be increased to meet local demands. The following varieties of raspberries are recommended: New- The production of certain fresh vegetables to meet local demands offers limited opportunities for ex- berries, and the new blackberry, beans and beets. The committee points out that the quality of fresh vegetables must be good when offered for sale and the supply adequate to intereest retail dealers n burgh, Lloyd George, and Latham. Youngberries loganberries, boysenPacific or Cascade, are recommended. Strawberry plantings in Tilla- mook County can be expanded to pansion. Commercial vegetable production requires special interest and aptitude. In this area, it is possible to produce excellent lettuce, cabbage, cauliflower, peas, purchasing locally. Poultry and OtHer Livestock Committee Report 23 REPORT OF POULTRY AND OTHER LIVESTOCK COMMITTEE State's poultry industry on sound basis c. On the Pacific Coast, egg production has not expanded as rapidly Flock Management and Production. Increases in poultry numbers must not fut.ther in- as the increase in population. During the war, production of poultry products increased 50 per cent in the United States. However, the Pacific Coast has changed from an crease production during this period. It is expected that poultry production in the United States will have to be curtailed from 25 to 35 percent, unless large quantities are exported. The present poultry production in Oregon is, however, now about even with the increased population and poultry industry in Oregon appears to be on a sound basis. disposed of by August. Raise ed in February and March are or d. sanitation and proper care of eggs will do much to improve quality. cessfufly used. e. Disease Control. sun Purchasing day old chicks from pullorum- free parent stock is recommended. Careful attention to sanitation, prompt removal from flock of sick birds and proper housing will do much to keep losses from disease at a minimum. Do not put pullets in with old hens. f. Brooding and Rearing Chicks. Have brooding operation isolated from laying flock. A permanent brooder house with a wire or wood slat trymen full-time employment, 2000 birds are considered sat- porch or a portable brooder house is recommended. Pullets supplied with green isfactory. As a side line to other enterprises, 500 birds are recommended. For the feed can be satisfactorily raised in confinement, if farm flock, 25 to 30 birds will meet family needs. range is not available. Breeds most popullar are White Leghorn and New Size of Industry In County. 35,000 of summer months has been sue- Size of Flock. For commercial production to give poul- bers be increased to The use porches and fenced runs for products are shipped into the area. Poultry numbers were reduced sharply during 1946 in this county. Laying hens on farms January 1, birds. ing disposal of old birds. Quality Production. Increase in consumption of locally produced eggs will depend on quality. Keeping the flock housed throughout the year, below demand and eggs and poultry In view of present population and tourist trade, the committee recommends poultry num- old birds in August immediately follow- 24,280 Increase of poultry numbers recommended July and all will go into the laying houses chickens in the county on 770 1947 were down 10 to 15 percent. Culling enough pullets each year to replace entire flock. February or March hatched chicks County's pou'try census down farms, or an average of approximately 33 birds per farm. There are only a very few commercial poultry units. Most eggs are produced from the farm flock. Production is high during the spring and usually there is surplus of During the summer, fall eggs. and winter local production is recommended. should be done in May, June exporting to an importing area The 1945 census shows Uuring spring months. Chicks hatch- g. Hampshire. Housing. More capital is required to establish a commercial poultry unit that is usual- 24 Tiltamook County Agricultural Planning Conference ly anticipated. Investment in laying house and brooder house will usually average $5 per bird. In building a brooder or laying house, the committee recommends OSC Ex- tension Bulletin 652, Brooder Houses; Extension Bulletin 480, Poultry Housing; and Extension Bulletin 625, The Home Unit Poultry House. Poultry houses in Tillamook County should be built facing h. east. Possibilities of Poultry for Meat Production. There is opportunity for sale of broilers and fryers to meet tourist and holiday season demands. Sheep, hogs, goofs and beef cattle The 1945 census shows 358 sheep and lambs on 18 farms, 1,075 hogs on 188 farms and 124 goats on 21 farms. There are about 200 beef cattle in the county, acording to 1946 sample census figures. Because of excellent market for milk through the Tillamook County Creamery Association, land in Tillamook County is mainly used for production of milk. The possibility of developing range on cut-over lands is very slight except in a few isolated cases. Little expansion or change in beef cattle or other livestock is expected. Weed Control Committee Report 25 REPORT OF THE WEED CONTROL COMMITTEE Noxious weeds threat to crops Perennial weeds are an insidious enemy that seem harmless until they become so entrenched that eradication is an expensive operation. 'The resulting decrease in crop yields render cropland valueless unless the weeds are removed. Perennial noxious weeds have not caused any substantial abandonment of cropland in Tillamook County. However, the small patches scattered through the county are a threat to crop production and are one of the important problems facing agriculture in Tillamook County. Tansy Ragwort has spread from a few scattered plants reported about fifteen years ago to scattered epot infestation on about 2,500 acres. T h e spread of Canada Thistle and Wild Morning Glory has been slow, probably due to high percentage of cropland maintained as permanent p a s t u r e s or hay meadows. Weed control district commended The introduction of noxious weeds on a clean farm may be through impure seed or by wind and water. In view of the importance of controlling the Spread of noxious weeds in Tillamook County the committee commends the County Court for the establishment of a county-wide weed control district in 1943 under the Oregon Weed Law enacted in 1937. Weeds designated as noxious were Tansy Ragwort, Canada Thistle and Wild Morning Glory. The committee recommends that St. Johnswort be added to the list of noxious weeds. The committee further recommends the following action be taken in the administration of the weed control district. a. Inspection work be Started May 1 and sufficient trained personnel be employed to cover entire county. The work of the inspector to be directed towards assisting farmers with weed problem and preventing spread of agricultural I an ci s through education and application of provisions of the Oregon Weed Law. The county be divided into weeds on two districts, one comprising a district çxtending from the southern boundary of the county to and including the Tillamook river wa- The second district to include all of Tillamook County north of the Tillamook river watershed. That each district be tershed. serviced by a weed inspector trained in weed eradication. The committee further recommends that additional spray equipment be made available to farmers for use in applying weed killing materials. This equipment should be under the supervision of the Weed Inspector. Strict enforcement of Oregon Weed Laws pertaining to the control of noxious weeds on Federal, State, County and privately owned lands. Educational program stressed The committee feels that farm owners and operators will protect their land against the invasion of noxious weeds as soon as they reathe danger of infestation. Therefore, it is recommended that an educational program on noxious lize weeds be developed in such a measure as to reach every community in the county. Points to be stressed in this program should include identification, methods of control and annual losses due to perennial noxious weeds. County weed control committee favored The committee recommends the appointment by the planning committee of the Economic Conference, of a County Advisory Weed Control Committee. This committee would work with all local agencies in developing a sound, effective weed control program in Tillamook county. The committee recommends that the practice payment for weed con- 26 Tillamook County Agricultural Planning Conference trol be continued by the AAA and that every farmer having a noxious weed control problem take advantage of this assistance. How to control weeds Tansy Ragwort - the control measures recommended include the use of sodium chlorate applied at the rate of 2 lbs. per square rod on infested patches, clean cultivation and hand pulling of individual plants. When hand pulling is done, most effective chemicals. 2, 4-D offers some promise in preventing seed formation. Canada Thistle cannot make much headway in sod. Land seeded to sod-forming grasses and used for pasture is often an effective control measure. Clipping the thistles to prevent blooming the first year or so may be necessary. Wild Morning GloryThe most effective chemical control to date is 2,4-D. Two applications spaced care should be taken to get all the roots. Sheep are apparently im- a month or two apart using 11/2 to 3 lbs. of parent acid per acre and suf- wort and close pasturing by these animals will often greatly reduce the stand. No plants should be allowed to seed. Cut or hand pulled is recommended. mune to poisoning from Tansy Rag- plants should be burned. Clipping Tansy Ragwort to prevent spreading is recommended on solid stands where chemical treatment would result in complete loss of production. However, part of infested areas should be blocked off and treated with chemical each year until area is free of weeds. Clipping will not kill Tansy. Where clipping is a method of control the plants should never reah bloom stage. First cutting should be made before July 1. Canada ThistleThe standard chemical control measure is spring application of sodium chlorate at the rate of 3 lbs. per sq. rod. Car- bon bi-sulphide is effective on certain soil types and the new soil fumigant, DD, offers promise. Trials should be conducted in the different communities to determine ficient water to wet leaf surfaces St. Johnswortchemical control, 2 lbs. sodium chlorate per square rod spring application, or 2,4-D applied at the rate of 1½ to 3 lbs. parent acid per acre and sufficient water to wet leaf surface or 30 to 40 lbs. of borax per square rod. The committee recommends that trials be established on the above noxious weeds in order to determine effectiveness of new chem- treatments being developed. Tests of 2,4-D and DD should be carried out and compared with ical sodium chlorate. Commercial sprayer could be used The committee points out the opportunity for a commercial sprayer to work on weed eradication in Tillamook County. Sprayers for hire could aid farmers in timely application of chemicals on weed infested areas. Equipment such as a jeep might be adapted to reach inaccessible places. REPORT OF THE FARM HOME AND RURAL LIFE COMMITTEE "Successful and happy. living on a farm depends largely upon two important factorsa good home and good nutritious food" was the opening statement in the Farm Home and Rural Life report of 1938. It holds true today in this period following a second world war. Fam- ilies are relaxing from the strain of war and are taking a forward look, hoping to take advantage of the opportunity to create a well balanced life for their families and their communities. A well balanced family life will provide for the social needs of the family such items as health facilities, educational opportunities, recreational centers, Farm Home and Rural Life Committee Report spiritual inspiration and community conveniences, and also the material necessities for comfortable living, adequate housing, clothing and food. A study and analysis of existing in Tillamook County have been made by this committee conditions a n d recommendations prepared which, if put into action, should bring about a happier family and community life, in which the youth have special consideration. HOUSING Half of rural homes need major repairs Houses need to be more than shelter. They should be built with thought for convenience, safety, comfort, recreation, happiness and attractiveness. Statistics show that approximately one-third of all the 27 That houses be built with thought given to direction of pre- vailing winds. Doorways are usually more satisfactory if facing east and with a roof above entrance. That expenditures for the house should be in proportion to cost of the land and other farm buildings. If in town, consider adjoining residences. That houses should be built according to a design that includes modern conveniences and arrangement. Also attention should be given to the outside appearance in locating doors and windows. That requirements of individual families and their needs should be determined before starting to build. Arrange your building program to meet more than an im- mediate need. Have an intelligent houses in the county are in need plan of expansion worked out. It due largely to lack of material and labor shortages. Building controls will be less strict in 1947 than in 1946. Priority ratings are gone, so there will be a scramble for available material. Because of labor shortages and inflationary prices, much of the work of construction That story and a half construction with the stairway near of major repair, while 50 per cent of all rural houses need major repairs, will be done by inexperienced hands. To prevent costly mistakes, the following recommendations are made: That families contemplating the buying of land and building a home, plan carefully so that expenses will not exceed the amount of money they are financially able to spend. Information from local bankers or other reliable financial institutions should be secured before purchasing or building. That families be certain of clear title before purchase of land. That locations of farm buildings and land be checked as a precaution against locating in a flood area. That basements be built with a concrete foundation high enough to avoid water and to allow a good working space for heating equipment, laundry, recreation, etc. is seldom a good policy to have less than three bedrooms. the center of the house and readily accessible to a bathroom has proved satisfactory in this area. That wall board finishes are most satisfactory in low cost construction. They give good insulation and an attractive appearance when properly installed. That emphasis be placed on adequate wiring of house and floor or wall outlets to meet increased needs that may arise. That insulation properly done is an economy measure in the use of fuel and also protects the health of family members. That buildings be painted in order to preserve their condition and appearance. That since shipping and other difficulties may cause local shortages of even the more plentiful materials, it is advisable not to begin to build unless supplies can be assured within a reasonable period of time. That the key to a comfortable, well-arranged farm house is careful planning, with consideration given to storage, kitchen improve- 28 Tillomook County Agricultural Committee Report living bish from barn lots are ways to these points should be given in each numerous beautiful native shrubs and plants are available for landscaping, and the climate is favorable for the growth of all types of ments, laundry, bathrOom, room and other desirable conveniences. Demonstration illustrating community in Tillamook County. Families may borrow from the Home Demonstration Office a copy of a book of 24 house plans especially for farm and small acreage places. Blueprints are available at Oregon State College. Half of homes without bathroom facilities Fifty per cent of rural homes 92% hae running water. We recommend that the installation of have no bath tub or flush toilet, yet these conveniences be of first consideration in improving the present housing situation. Know fire fighting plans Because of inadequate fire protection in rural farm areas, precaution must be taken at the time of building against fire hazards. There should be a simple fire fighting plan on every farm which is known by each member of the family. Demonstrations on home safety, accident and fire prevention should be given in all communities. improve the appearance of the farmstead. In Tillamook County, flowers. We therefore recommend: That a series of demonstrations and discussions giving the basic principles of landscaping be held throughout the county. That information be made available for the use of native plants in home landscaping. That dahlias, lilies, camellias, tuberous begonias and other plants adaptable to the soil of this county be used extensively in home beautification. That herb gardening will provide beauty and add variety in cooking the so-called foods". "everyday That demonstrations be given showing methods of pest control for garden and home. Use of electricity can be expanded Since 94 per cent of Tillamook County farms employ hired help, Much of the happiness of the home depends on the energy of the homemaker at the end of the day's activities. Convenient, practical and up-to-date equipment contributes a great deal towards her efficiency. Drawing and carrying wa- workers and require housing, it is necessary that adequate tenant use of labor and false economy. A housing survey in Tillamook Tenant housing study needed 53 per cent of whom are family housing be provided. These should be comfortable, sanitary and attractive dwellings. Adequate housing will make tenants happier and more permanent, thus saving the farmer considerable expense that occurs with frequent change of farm hands. It is further recommended that a study of the tenant housing situation in Tillamook County be made. Shrubs and flowers in beautifying homes An attractive home planting gives great satisfaction to family members and contributes to community pride. Landscaping, painting, clearing fence rows and removing rub- ter for household needs is a poor County shows that 83.6 per cent have electric service. October, 1946 reports show that monthly shipments of washing machines, v a c u urn cleaners, gas and electric ranges and radios were greater than ever before. Since equipment is a valu- abl labor-saver in executing farm as well as household duties, it is suggested that every possible step be taken to provide these advantages. We recommend: Studies on proper lighting in the homes. Good lighting is an aid to better vision, helps protect health of family members and gives attractiveness to the home. Demonstrations on intelligent Form Home ond Rural Life Committee Report 29 purchase, selection, use and care of electrical and labor-saving equipment. consume less of these dairy pro- FOOD AND NUTRITION Gardens important food supply amount in the state. We recommend demonstrations s how in g Home gardening could well be increased in Tillamook County. Farm-furnished food is valued at as much as $500 a year to the family. ducts than is recommended for maintenance of health. In fact, they consume almost the lowest many ways to use milk and cheese in cookery. We also recommend some program such as a county recipe contest or preparation of a cook book, that would help pub- Purchasing all the food for the ence shows that when farm families must purchase all their food, they rarely have the quantity and licize the product. Cheese factories should take full advantage of their opportunity to publicize their product with the increasing tourist trade. the farmer than the city dweller. is more certain that this is true if children can have an adequate hot family is a major expense. Experi- variety they need. Home gardens help to insure this variety. Hot lunches at school recommended More land and equipment for a One-third of the day's food should home garden is usually available to be included in the noon lunch. It However, this garden should be well planned so as to provide fresh produce over a period of time. In Tillamook County climatic conditions permit growth of garden truck all year. Canning and freezing are the best methods for preserving surplus foods. Berry patches are easily grown, especially strawberries, which help to provide vitamin C, now inadequate in diets, according to surveys made by Oregon State College, of Tillamook boys and girls. Costs shouJd be studied Interest has been shown by residents in the purchase and building of home freezer lockers. Since the initial cost as well as the upkeep is high, it is recommended that a careful analysis be made before purchasing or building. Information concerning home freezer locker building and buying should be presented Tillamook county families. Not enough milk products consumed Ninety-three pee cent of Tillameek County farm income is de- rived from dairy products. Sixteen factories produce more cheese than in most other western areas. Dairy products are foods that protect health because of their high nutritive value. However, according to studies, Tillamook County families noon meal either at home or school. We recommend that schools stress adequate hot lunch programs and that school boards as rapidly as possible provide lunchrooms to meet requirements of the sanitary code so that they may secure the benefits of the federal school lunch program. CLOTHING Shortages, poor quality, high prices are problems In recent years, clothing the family adequately has been difficult because of shortages of ready-made garments, high prices and poor quality clothes. These shoFtages have forced many homemakers to repair, remodel or make new clothes at home. Wartime research, too, has produced many new materials whose use is unfamiliar to women. Comfortable, attractive and suitable clothing is desired for every member of the family. We recommend: Studies of new materials, their selection, use and care. Discussions of household insect and pest control. Distribution of clothes which are no longer needed or used by the family to others badly in need. Local rummage sales and home ex- 30 Tillamook County Agricultural Planning Conference tension units could assist in this distribution. COMMUNITY SERVICE Many community services contri- bute to the happiness and well being of individual families. We recommend the following activities: Shopper's Lounge Needed A shopper's lounge to be provided in the city of Tillamook where rural womn and others will have a place to rest and care for children. Promotion of such a lounge should be a cooperative effort with organizations such as the Chamber of Commerce, City Council and service clubs participating. Home Extension units could assist in hostessing. Voluntary contributions would help defray expense. Other counties and states have similar and successful shopper's lounges serve as a pattern. which would Extension Library Favored Libraries stimulate an interest in good reading for both youth and adulth. We recommend an extended service through a county system for Tillamook County supplemented satisfy the new law for admission to school. We also recommend that an educational program be undertaken to acquaint families with the value of adequate health facilities such as the X-ray tests for tuberculosis, a pre-paid health insurance program and adequate doctor and dentist service. Tillamook County has a sanitary engineer. We recommend that families avail themselves of his services in inspecting sewage dispostal systems, outside toilets and in testing the water supply for purity. Water tests are done by the State Health Department free of charge and bottles for collecting samples are provided upon request. Highways can be made safer Good highways protect life and health and add convenience for farm families as well as pleasure of all peoples using them. We recommend: That roads throughout the county be improved as rapidly as possible. That railroad signals be established at crossings, especially in with bookmobiles. Tillamook. Higher teacher's salaries suggested installed at main street intersec- Education for youth has been greatly handicapped in recent years due largely to an inadequate supply of teachers. We suggest more adequate salaries for teachers in order that more of the better qualified teachers be attracted to our schools. Also, that teachers be given the consideration deserved by their profession. They should be made to feel more a part of the community in a social way and provided with pleasant living conditions. A study of the advantages or disadvantages of school consolidation should be continued. Pre-school health unit needed Health facilities for people in rural areas are limited. We recommend that a full-time county health unit be established and that a preschool health clinic be initiated to That a stop and go signal be tions as a safety device for both motorists and pedestrians That the highway department take measures to make our highways safe during periods of high water. That obstructions which inter- fere with a clear view at crossroads be removed from the roadsides. Family relationship study needed Statistics for the first nine months of 1946 show 138 marriages and 52 divorces granted in Tillamook County. Such a situation does not make for stable family life. We recommend a series of meetings in which a study of family relation- ships and preparation for marriage be stressed as a means to establish family unity and better understanding of youth and its problems Farm Home and Rural Life Committee Report YOUTH PROGRAM Wholesome recreation program necessary This committee feels that recreation for our youth in Tillamook County has not been adequately provided. It strongly urges the cooperation of lodges, churches, service clubs, granges, PTA, social organizations and others in the community to provide a dynamic program for youth that has recreational attraction and is character building. This feature would supplant t h e beer parlors, unwholesome movies and cheap magazines which seem an inevitable part of every community. It is desirable that the youth should participate in the planning and operation of these programs and also help earn the financing. Such a program would develop leadership, a sense of belonging in the community and better citizenship. Granges and schools could allow the use of halls and gymnasiums for parties with adequate supervision, preferably by parents. It is recommended that a county-wide meeting of recreation leaders from all interested organizations be held. Recreation in the home, which would provide some of the entertainment children want, has been neglected. Parents should be encouraged to give parties to include other children in the neighborhood. They should also be aware of the influence radio programs have on the interests of young people. Eighty-five per cent of homes have radios which could furnish a high level of entertainment if programs were improved or more carefully selected. Expansion of 4-H club work The committee wishes to corn- mend the 4-H Club activities in Til- lamook County as a means of developing a deeper appreciation for farm and home life and teaching the ideals of citizenship. Participation has been held and awards given in district, county, state and 31 P a c if i c International contests. 4-H summer school and summer camp are an important part of the 4-H program. 4-H work in Tillamook county includes approximately 600 members from a possible 1,800, or about one-third of the rural youth between the ages of 9 and 19. The limiting factor in 4-H Club work in this county is the lack of local leaders to take charge of the clubs organized. There is also lack of parent interest and encouragement in youth activities. We recommend that: Every boy and girl in Tillamook County be given the opportunity to belong to a 4-H Club. Organizations assume the responsibility for providing leaders of clubs. Home Extension units could each have a committee sponsoring 4-H club work and furnishing leaders. Training meetings giving in- struction in both organization of clubs and subject matter be held for leaders of 4-H clubs. Clubs with activities and projects of interest to older youth be started. Activities largely social in nature interest this age grouping. Older youth who have had 4-H club experience act as leaders or assistant leaders for clubs. Parents take interest in and encourage 4-H club members in their work. Special effort be made to extend invitations to parents for club meetings and county events in order that parents may be better acquainted with the objects and aims of 4-H work. 4-H Summer camps be continued for club members who are regularly enrolled in projects. Adoption of the ten guidepost program recommended by the Na- tional 4-H Club Congress which suggests: Developing talents for greater usefulness. Joining with friends for work, fun and fellowship. Learning to live in a changing world. 32 TjjJomook County AgricuituroJ Committee Report Choosing a way to earn a living. Producing food and fiber for home and market. Creating better homes for better living. Conserving nature's resources for security and happiness. Building health for a strong Serving as citizens in maintaining world peace. In conclusion, it is recognized by the committee that several years may elapse before all of these recommendations are accomplished. We also recognize the need for and recommend the cooperation of all America. rural and urban agencies, serving Sharing responsibilities for community improvement ing effective action on the recom- the people of the county, in achievmendations herewith submitted. TILLAMOOK COUNTY AGRICULTURAL DATA Total County 713,700 Acreoge 927 Number of Forms in County 88.2 Acres Average Size of Farm Forms 81,858 Acreage 21,672 Acreage in Cropland Average Annual Precipation 109 Inches Length of Growing Season 182 Days May 5 Last Killing Frost November 3 First Killing Frost Average January Temperature 42.4 Average July Temperature 588 Doirying is the principal source of Agricultural income. Other sources of Agricultural income include: poultry, mink, sheep, hogs, beef cattle, bulbs, cut flowers, digitalis, fern arid cascara. 33

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