Proceedings of Annual South Africa Business Research Conference
11 - 12 January 2016, Taj Hotel, Cape Town, South Africa , ISBN: 978-1-922069-95-5
Since the dawn of democracy, The South African government has aimed at the promotion of Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) development as a means towards poverty alleviation; creation of jobs; and economic development and growth.
However Small and Micro enterprises (SMEs) have struggled to overcome lack of skills in management and lack of finance and support. The promotion of accessibility and mobility of support structures and services to African entrepreneurs who make a largest population of micro enterprises can be made possible through indigenous social capital.
Indigenous social capital theory is used as a framework through which micro enterprises support structures and services can be understood. Furthermore an indigenous social capital approach is proposed to stimulate relationships, mobility, networking, access and solidarity of community structure to create a platform to yield indigenous social capital returns such as information and knowledge sharing.
Entrepreneurial Development
Since the dawn of democracy, The South African government has focused on SMMES as a means to alleviate poverty, curtail unemployment, and stimulate economic development and growth.
According to National Credit Regulator (2011, p.7),
“a healthy SME sector contributes prominently to the economy through creating more employment opportunities, generating higher production volumes, increasing exports and introducing innovation and entrepreneurship skills ”. Small and
Medium Enterprises are regarded as engines and drivers of economic growth (National Credit
Regulator 2011). A support for SMMEs is crucial to any country which is serious about economic development and growth. Furthermore, this support is sought as the SMMEs sector forms a significant portion of the business sector. Whilst it is acknowledged by the South African government,
World Bank and ILO that
“SMMEs are the backbone of a growing economy and the creators of jobs, they also play a key role in opening access to mainstream economy by the marginalised parts of the population
” (Feedback Research and Analytics 2002, p.8).Contrary to the above view, many developing countries do not succeed in growing SMEs to intended levels. South Africa experiences similar challenges as Botswana does, with regard to SMEs development. “Botswana has had active programs of government support to Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) since the1970s, but none of these have reached microenter prises to a significant degree”. The Botswana Institute of
Development Policy Analysis 2011, p.ii).
Small and Micro Enterprises (SMEs) include informal sector/ informal economy that is constituted by hawkers and street traders. The majority of these hawkers and street traders are not registered
(Peter and Naiker 2013), and it becomes difficult for the economy to account for them. Peter and
Naiker, (2013, p.16) reveal that
“most of the SMME enterprises in South Africa are not registered.
___________________________________________________________________________
1Ms Kgomotlokoa Thaba, 2Mr Tlakamoleke Tshepo Leshilo & 3Mr Wilfred Molotja
Department of Language Education, Social Sciences and Educational Management
University of Limpopo, P O Box 1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa
1lindathaba@ yahoo.com; 2leshilo.scm@gmail.com; 3wilfred.molotja@ul.ac.za
Phone numbers: 27152683287/ 27716053083

Proceedings of Annual South Africa Business Research Conference
11 - 12 January 2016, Taj Hotel, Cape Town, South Africa , ISBN: 978-1-922069-95-5
Informal sector describe the activities of the working poor who were working very hard, but who were not recognized, recorded, protected or regulated by the public authorities.
” The International Labour
Organisation Conference {ILO} (2010, p.1) agrees with the expressed view above, despite the fact that they make contributions to economic growth and development.
According to Centre for Inclusive banking in Africa the largest part of SMMEs sector is made up of micro enterprises with 98, 8% black businesses (Finmark Trust (2013). The majority of South
Africans who start hawkers and street trading businesses or employed in SMEs are without secondary, post-matric qualifications and formal business training. Unemployment is most severe among Africans, women and those with educational qualifications below a matric (in other words, the low-skilled) and if employed, however, people from these groups are disproportionately likely to be employed in SMEs’ (Business Environment Specialist 2013, p.5). Many Black South African who do not work start businesses as the way for their survival. South Africa needs to focus on the micro enterprises as the address to inequality and affirmative action.
The following discussion is focused on definition of the problem and literature review on the belief on the relationship between informal business and economic growth; SME’s contribution to economic growth; technology in creating enabli ng environment; and SME’s support. In theoretical issues, social capital approach; social capital theory; and indigenous social capital theory were discussed. An indigenous social capital conceptual model was proposed with special focus on meta-perspectives of entrepreneurial development, community structures, and Indigenous Social capital features and return on capital. Value-added benefits of indigenous social capital were highlighted before the conclusion.
Despite the lack of the research to clarify the extent of impact in South Africa, SMEs have huge impact on the lives of people. The research reveals that there is still little clarity about the extent to which South Africa’s SMEs contribute to poverty alleviation, economic growth, or international competitiveness (Berry et al., 2002, p1). However, in the 2010 research was available to clarify the relationship between SMME and employment and economic growth. Abor and Quartey 2010 article titled ‘issues in Small and Medium Enterprises development in Ghana and South Africa’, attest to this. The study reveals that 92% and 91 % of SMMEs formal businesses in Ghana and South Africa respectively contribute towards 52-57% of GDP and 61% employment. Moreover, Chukuezi (2010, p.131) study reveals that unemployment could be reduced through the informal sector participations provided it is well supported and managed through accessibility credit’.
Furthermore, informal economy has a right to bargain and lobby policy makers. The ILO in 2002 passed a resolution on decent work and the informal economy wherein the street traders were encouraged to organise themselves purposefully for bargaining and lobbying policy makers effectively (ILO 2002: 1). However, a lack of awareness was identified by (Peters and Naiker 2013, p14) as a primary cause to lack of participation by micro-enterprises in accessing government support and participation in bargaining and lobbying policy makers.
Lack of technology denies SME businesses to venture into information era wherein e-commerce and international markets can be accessed The study by Rayahu and Day (2015, p.142) reveals that ‘the adoption of e-commerce by SMEs, especially in developing countries, is still very far behind yet to be able to survive in the new economic era, which is the information era; businesses, including SMEs, are forced to adopt e-commerce ’.

Proceedings of Annual South Africa Business Research Conference
11 - 12 January 2016, Taj Hotel, Cape Town, South Africa , ISBN: 978-1-922069-95-5
The solution to SMEs support challenges by government structures is far reached as revealed by
Peters and Naicker (2013) study. The Local Economic Development structures within local government and municipalities are ‘most aware of problems faced by entrepreneurs in their respective districts, unfortunately most of these municipalities do not have the capacity to render efficient or effective support to existing and wouldbe entrepreneurs’ (Peters and Naicker 2013, p.13).
The belief existed that SMEs will fade away as the economic growth reaches high levels. The reality in developing and developed countries has proven the theory to be fallible (International Labour
Organisation 2000). Contrary to existing beliefs, the informal economy/ sector is not going to disappear spontaneously with economic growth. It is likely to grow in the years to come, as long as problems of urban poverty and congestion prevail (International Labour Organisation 2000).
According to Deuttche Bank Research SMEs account for almost half of GDP in Germany
(Bräuninger,2013).
Formal SMMEs contribute up to 45% of employment and 33% of GDP in developing economies. If informal SMEs contribution is accounted for, low income countries experience 64% to the GDP and
62% to employment (Saleem, n.d.). The significant contribution of SMEs in developed economies signifies that they are not nearing their extinction. (Saleem, n.d.)
Technology provides enabling environment in the information era for SMMEs and other businesses to venture in e-commerce and international markets. However, research has shown that SMMEs are not doing well to e-commerce. This is supported by the study by Drew (2003). He argues that surveys in several countries show that SMMEs have been slower to adopt e-commerce than their larger counterparts (p.79). Technological progress in logistics and distribution enables nearly every business to buy, sell and cooperate on a global scale, and even smaller and locally oriented businesses are forced to see themselves in a global context in order to survive in this new challenging business environment (Savrul et al., 2014, p.35). Whilst it is acknowledged that businesses that adopted e-commerce operation have access to global markets and reap from multiple benefits ranging from international competitiveness via economies of scale, exploitation of lower input costs, risk compensation and optimality of market segmentation. On the contrary, globalization “puts pressure on SME which can't easily find an organisational solution to cope with global business opportunities without suffering from limited resources ” Savrul et al 2014: 36). Moreover the ecommerce movement requires training and adequate support of SMMEs. Adoption of e-commerce requires SMEs to be trained and supported to use internet as a means for achieving transformational change (Drew, 2003).
South African government has attempted to provide SMMEs with support via a few mechanisms, namely; preferential procurement and BEE codes; tax incentives for entrepreneurs and big business who work with entrepreneurs; and provision of grant funding and soft loans, (Khan 2014). However, government support initiatives in support of SMEs had been ineffective (Peters and Naicker 2013).
Lack of awareness and red tape in application of funding were found to be obstacles towards access to government support initiatives (Peters and Naiker 2013).
Social and economic transformation brought along by dawn of democracy in South Africa, led the government to focus on developing its SMMEs as a way to develop its society and economy. As her democracy was still in its infancy, she needed greater participation and consultation to deliver

Proceedings of Annual South Africa Business Research Conference
11 - 12 January 2016, Taj Hotel, Cape Town, South Africa , ISBN: 978-1-922069-95-5 services to people. Putnam (1995) argues that many scholars agree that the vibrant democracy requires a strong and active civil society. For the vibrant democracy and business to grow, Social
Capital approach is needed. Social Capital approach is relevant in aiding new democracies in developing SMMEs and entrepreneurship, because of its capacity to
“improve and build social integration and solidarity
” (Lin, 2000).This social integration is required in new democracies to develop their SMMEs. Woolcock and Narayan (2000: 1) define ‘social capital as the norms and networks that enable people to act collectively’. Social capital is defined as “resources embedded in one’s social networks, resources that can be accessed or mobilized through ties in the networks”
(Lin 2001). Lin (2005) describes how social capital approach can benefit the society. In this article
Lin argues that social capital capacity determines the degree of returns. His interpretation of capacity refers to social ties/ circles (relationship), networking, mobility, solidarity and access and returns refer to information sharing related to SMMEs ‘funding and training.
The society should be able to access and mobilise social networks for human betterment. This can be achieved by developing SMMEs .In developing SMMEs, social networks should be utilised to enable entrepreneurs. The public and politicians should also share information to support and advance SMMEs in their communities. The initiatives that aim to support SMMEs development should be adequately mobilised using different channels of networks to ensure their availability and accessibility to its beneficiaries.
Social Capital theory is centred on mobilization of social resources through social relationships and network. The theory values social relationships and networks. According to Nahapiet and Ghoshal
(1998, p.242) “social capital theory is focused on the significance of relationships as a resource for social action ”. S ocial Capital theory focuses on “the relationship between individuals in a society, and models society as constituted of networks and social ties and circles in between the nodes
”
(Williamson and Durrance, 2008). According to Putnam et al., (1990), social capital theory improves the efficiency of society by facilitating coordinated action. Social capital has more value added benefits. Coleman (1990) identified added benefit as enabling social actors to realize their interests within social structure. Social capital is a sociological concept that has long been identified as both an important resource facilitating social movement mobilization and a significant outcome produced by social movement activities (Edward 2013, p.1). The emerging entrepreneurs from previously disadvantaged population should be reached out through social movement mobilizations. Apart from awareness programmes the availability of support should be communicated to general masses through civic organisations and tribal offices.
The basic idea behind the concept, that is, the fact that social relations and social structures generate benefits and returns for individual and collectivities relates to works of Karl Marx (Cherti 2008) on solidarity generated by class consciousness. Civic structures and tribal offices provide social relations and social structures in South African communities.
It was very unfortunate that in the 1950s and 60s, modernisation theory supported by United Nations, regarded traditional social relationships and ways of life as an impediment to development in which social relations were regarded as obstacles. Their aim was to scrabble ancient philosophies and disintegrate old institutions (Woolcock and Narayan 2000, p.4). South Africa requires African indigenous knowledge structures, to regenerate its social networks through revitalisation of cultural norms and values.

Proceedings of Annual South Africa Business Research Conference
11 - 12 January 2016, Taj Hotel, Cape Town, South Africa , ISBN: 978-1-922069-95-5
Failure to attain high levels of SMMEs can be attributed to the neglect of indigenous Social capital, which recognises the value of indigenous knowledge in relationships, and networks development and maintenance. South Africa, with a population of 54 million with 80, 2% Africans (Statistics South
Africa, 2014) needs to adopt Africanist philosophies and approaches in entrepreneurial and SM
MEs’ development.. This aspect of Indigenous Social Capital (ISC) was identified and explored by Miruka and Zo nke’s study. Their study revealed that the neglect of social capital has meant the undermining of the value of such “human dimensions” as indigenous knowledge, values, social networks and organization to rural women businesses
’ (2014, p.140).
THE INDIGENOUS SOCIAL CAPITAL
Meta-perspectives of entrepreneurial development : Language; Systems;
Society; and Community
Community structures Return on capital
Police forums
Civic organisations
Social clubs
Burial society meetings
Funerals
Parties and functions church
Indigenous Social
Capital features
Relationships
Mobility
Networking
Access
Solidarity
Information sharing


SME’s funding
SME’s technology
 SME’s training
Knowledge sharing
 learning
Designed by Kgomotlokoa Linda Thaba (2015)
In understanding and discussing this conceptual framework, we adopted the definition and focus area of entrepreneurs as Metaprofiling.com (2013: p.1) puts it. It says:
“Successful entrepreneurs are opportunists who, through their creativity, drive and vision, create economic or social value. They challenge conventional wisdom by practising disruptive innovation- innovation that creates new markets through the application of a different set of values. They change the rules of the game by questioning the status quo and upping the stakes. They ask: Why do we do things this way and how can we do things better?
”
A point of departure for this framework is premised on the understanding that business development is based on entrepreneurial development, which cannot be divorced from human resource development. McGuire et al (2014, 120) view language, system, societal and/or community and psychological as the four human resource development (HRD) meta-perspectives. Language was found to play vital role in development theory. A language of communication needs to be a language which is understood by all stakeholders. This facilitates understanding and compliance by new entrepreneurs. The system through which stakeholders participate in entrepreneurial development is crucial. If the system encourages building relationships and learning networks for information sharing, and providing adequate support, most of micro-businesses can be turned into macrobusinesses. Entrepreneurs belong to larger societies or communities. Their growth and development is a function of the society they live in. The ethos of society and culture of society they service matters

Proceedings of Annual South Africa Business Research Conference
11 - 12 January 2016, Taj Hotel, Cape Town, South Africa , ISBN: 978-1-922069-95-5 much towards their business sustainability. The entrepreneurial psychology determines their perceptions and attitudes towards their markets and the future of their businesses.
South Africa, with diverse cultures and ethnic groups, has multiple community structures in which entrepreneurial development and support can be sought. The most disadvantaged group of individuals, amongst those who establish micro businesses, are Africans. They make more than 80% of micro businesses in South Africa. This model proposes Indigenous Social Capital framework, which can help develop and support micro enterprise entrepreneurs. The focal point of this model is on using existing structures which were established based on specific needs of the society. One of these communal existing structures is Kgoro (Tribunal meeting.) Kgoro (Tribunal meeting.) is the structure which Kings and Chiefs use to communicate important information. Moreover, Kgoro
(Tribunal meeting) serves as a ‘local judiciary systems’ where community cases are presented and judged. There are various Police forums that were established in South Africa. For example
Mapogo’a’Mathamaga and Mapangalala. Mapogo’a’Mathamaga existed amongst others, to protect its members and their property against criminals. Civic organisations, social clubs, burial societies, and funerals can be used to communicate information which can reach every member of society.
These indigenous community platforms can be used as networks to build learning communities.
Furthermore, the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu identifies three capitals, namely; economic capital, cultural capital, and social capital, which add value to our proposal of Indigenous Social
Capital conceptual model (Gauntlett, 2011). The three capitals are required by micro enterprises to make sustainable business ventures. Economic capital refers to business assets that are used to change inputs into outputs. C ultural capital is the ways in which people would use cultural knowledge to undergird their place in the social hierarchy, whereas social capital is the sum of the resources, actual or virtual, that accrue to an individual or a group by virtue of possessing a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition, Gauntlett 2011: p.2). Indigenous cultural practices are good platform to develop relationships, networks and mobility and access to information and knowledge sharing required in the indigenous social capital conceptual model.
Social capital was referred to as ‘fundamentally heart-warming network of social’ connections, by
Pierre Bourdieu, Gauntlett 2011: p.2). The relationships which are created at community level are glued together by a reason of their existence. Burial society members are glued together because they want to put funds together for burial services and they provide burial services ranging from organising food for catering, organising coffin). Ability to communicate information from one person to another, or from one group to another, depends on mobility. The community allows information to circulate in a certain way. Sometimes information is kept a secret to allow relevant people to communicate it. For instance, a death in a family should be known by immediate family members before it can be known by all community members. And if immediate family is not aware, it is kept a secret, until they are officially told. Information is made accessible in the community through different means. The ‘Kings/ chiefs’ communicate their information through kgoro, and when given platform during funerals, they can communicate the tribal office related information. Information is mostly communicated by word of mouth but they ensure that all their subjects get information. Solidarity serves as glue which brings together long-living relations and networks. Solidarity serves as a unifier of community’s interest or purpose.

Proceedings of Annual South Africa Business Research Conference
11 - 12 January 2016, Taj Hotel, Cape Town, South Africa , ISBN: 978-1-922069-95-5
Micro enterprises require funding, technology and training for their development and sustainability.
Therefore information sharing on funding, technology and training is crucial towards entrepreneurial development and support. In this model, Knowledge sharing should contribute towards return on capital in the sense that access to funding, or use of best technology or entrepreneurial training should be beneficial to micro enterprises and enhance income and wealth generation.
A full-fledged in-service entrepreneurial training on the dynamics of business environments, business management and administration, etc, will create a learning space for entrepreneurial development and support. Furthermore knowledge sharing through learning creates learning communities and builds best community of practices amongst learners.
The indigenous social capital has value-added benefits on entrepreneurial development and support.
The indigenous knowledge system has helped Africa, to redefine itself. Through this system, In
Tanzania context, indigenous social capital which was developed from social capital approach provided outstanding entrepreneurial results. The study conducted by Narayan and Pritchett in 1997 using social capital index constructed from Tanzanian Social Capital and Poverty Survey reveals that ‘the magnitude of social capital’s effect on income is impressively large’ (p. i). It indicates that
‘social capital affects income in the following manner:

Better publicly provided services

Greater use of modern agricultural inputs

More community activity and

Greater use of credit on agriculture (p. 1)
Conclusion
Indigenous social capital caters for indigenous communities to use the traditional methods of relating to each other, networks and making information sharing a viable tool for all community members.
Social capital can be used as a tool towards micro enterprises’ and entrepreneurial development and support. Furthermore it can be used to determine household income of rural villages in South Africa as it did in Tanzania. The study by Narayan and Pritchett (1997: p.34) reveals that ‘ the social capital of a household’s village is as important in determining the household’s income as many of the househo ld’s own characteristics which receive a great deal of attention’
.
The World Bank defines social capital and indicates its value in sustainable economic development and growth when it says:
‘
Social capital refers to the institutions, relationships, and norms that shape the quality and quantity of a society's social interactions. Increasing evidence shows that social cohesion is critical for societies to prosper economically and for development to be sustainable. Social capital is not just the sum of the institutions which underpin a society – it is the glue that holds them together’.

Proceedings of Annual South Africa Business Research Conference
11 - 12 January 2016, Taj Hotel, Cape Town, South Africa , ISBN: 978-1-922069-95-5
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