Proceedings of 35th International Business Research Conference
30 - 31 May 2016, American University in the Emirates, Dubai, UAE
ISBN: 978-1-925488-06-7
A Study of the Factors Driving the Growth of the UAE’s Air
Transport Infrastructure
Sameena Khan
Air transportindustry plays a vital role in the growth and development of the economy of
the UAE. Today UAE airports occupy a prominent place as a global hub for passengers
as well as cargo movements and have great potential of growth in the future. UAE’s air
transport infrastructure is characterized by the existence of number of international
airports and operating airlines and delivery of high quality services. Impact of the air
transport on the UAE economy is massive. As quoted by a senior official of the General
Civil Aviation Authority, the UAE’s aviation industry’s contribution to the Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) of the economy is 15 per cent or $46 billion. According to Laila Al Muhairi,
Executive Director for Strategy and International Affairs at the General Civil Aviation
Authority the UAE’s aviation industry accounts for 250,000 direct jobs and 225,000
indirect jobs and its growth rate average at six to seven per cent is higher than the global
average growth rate of one to two per cent (AMEInfo). According to World Economic
rd
Forum’s Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report the UAE ranks 3 next only to
Canada (ranked 1) and United States (ranked 2) in the Air Transport Infrastructure. Using
Secondary data this paper aims to highlight the contribution of the government of UAE
and the various UAE based airlines in the growth of the air transport infrastructure.
Keywords: Competitiveness, air transport infrastructure, UAE based airlines, airports
and Open sky policy.
Field of Research (Track): Economics
1. Introduction
Through its diversification efforts; The United Arab Emirateshas come a long way in the
area of economic growth and development.From the contribution of 90 percent in the
1970s the Oil revenues contribution has currently come down to 30 per cent to the
UAE’s GDP (Gulf News 2016). Initially an oil based economy, the country realized that
it could not rely on oil generated revenues for long term period. It started the
diversification of the economy into other sectors such as construction, banking, retail,
real estate, tourism and aviation etc. The UAE has realizedthe aviation industry’s
potential in creating great employment opportunities and thus serving as an engine of
economic growth and diversification. Being aware of its miraculous contribution to the
economy, UAE has consistently endeavored in formulating competitive and conscious
strategies focusing on the development of this industry. Today the UAE occupies a
prominent position in the global aviation industry infrastructure and is characterized by
the existence of seven international airports and a number of operating airlines and
delivery of high quality services.
______________________________________________________________________
Dr. Sameena Khan , School of Business, Manipal University Dubai Campus, UAE. Email:
sameena@manipaldubai.com
Proceedings of 35th International Business Research Conference
30 - 31 May 2016, American University in the Emirates, Dubai, UAE
ISBN: 978-1-925488-06-7
2. Research Objectives
The study has been conducted with the following objectives:

To show the competitiveness of the Air Transportation Infrastructure of the UAE.

To focus on the role of the UAE based airlines in the growth of the air transport
infrastructure.

To analyse the efforts of the governments of the various emirates in developing the
aviation industry.
3. Research Methodology
This study is descriptive in nature. Secondary data has been used to project the competitiveness
and the factors driving the growth of the UAE’s Air Transportation Infrastructure. Data for this
study has been taken from the official websites of General Civil Aviation Authority (GCAA),
Various airports and airport companies, airlines like Etihad Airways, Emirates Airlines etc.,
various reports such as Air Transport Action Group’s Aviation Benefits report of April 2014,
various reports of IATA, other reports such as: World Economic Forum- Travel & Tourism
Competitiveness Report, UAE’s leading newspapers and other sources on the internet.
4. Literature Review
“Air transport is one of the leading modes of transportation instrumental in bringing together
people and countries. With the rise of low cost carriers there is great enhancement in
connectivity and affordability. This has helped not only in the increase of the number of business
executives and migrant workers travelling, but also the growth of the tourism industry. Tourism,
together with aviation, is the world’s largest sector when all the economic impacts are taken into
account. 2015 was one of the best years in the history of the air transport industry. Lower oil
prices led to an increase in global demand for passenger travel to 6.7%, and the industry
forecasts total net profits of $36.3 billion. Due to sluggish development of global trade; air cargo
remained weak (at 1.9% growth). According to IATA estimates, the demand for air travel is
expected to grow at 6.9 per cent for Fiscal Year 2016” (Infrastructure Economics and Finance
Network: The World Bank).“Although the transport industry provides the link between tourism
generating and destination regions the industry's role as an agent in destination development has
Proceedings of 35th International Business Research Conference
30 - 31 May 2016, American University in the Emirates, Dubai, UAE
ISBN: 978-1-925488-06-7
been largely overlooked. If the ability of tourists to travel to preferred destinations is inhibited by
inefficiencies in the transport system there is some likelihood that they will seek alternative
destinations” (Bruce Prideaux, 2000). “On top of tourism infrastructure and other classical
determinants, transport infrastructure is a significant determinant of tourism inflows into a
destination”(Jameel Khadarooa, Boopen Seetanah, 2008). As part of the international airservices
liberalization; in 1990s the US initiated an Open Skies campaign. A landmark event in the
liberalization of international airservices was the conclusion of the U.S.- EU Open Skies
Agreement in April 2007 (Gong Yu, 2009).“Liberalization has led to substantial economic and
traffic growth. Such positive effects are mainly due to increased competition and efficiency gains
in the airline industry, as well as positive externalities to the overall economy; liberalization
allows airlines to optimize their networks within and across continental markets. As a result,
traffic flow patterns will change accordingly. Strategic alliance is a second-best solution and will
have a reduced role when foreign ownership restrictions are relaxed; there is a two-way
relationship between the expansion of low-cost carriers (LCCs) and liberalization. The rapid
growth of LCCs leads to increased competition and stimulated traffic, calling for the removal of
restrictions on capacity, frequency, pricing and entry. In addition, development of LCCs in
domestic markets can promote liberalization policy for international aviation by increasing the
competitiveness of the national aviation industry”(XIAOWEN FU, TAE HOON OUM and
ANMING ZHANG, 2010).
4. Competitiveness of the UAE in Air Transport Infrastructure
UAE occupies 24th place out of 141 countries assessed by World Economic Forum in its Travel
& Tourism Competitiveness Report 2015. UAE has been ranked number one in the Middle East
and North Africa region. The UAE ranks 3rd next only to Canada (ranked 1) and United States
(ranked 2) in the Air Transport Infrastructure.
Table 1
Value and Ranking of the UAE IN various Indicators of Air Transport Infrastructure for 2015
S.NO.
Indicators of Air Transport Infrastructure
Value
Rank(out
of 141)
Proceedings of 35th International Business Research Conference
30 - 31 May 2016, American University in the Emirates, Dubai, UAE
ISBN: 978-1-925488-06-7
Air Transport Infrastructure
1
2
3
4
5
6
Quality of air transport infrastructure†
Airline dom. seat kms per week (millions)*
Airline int’l. seat kms per week (millions)*
Departures per 1,000 pop.*
Airport density per million urban pop.*
No. of operating airlines*
5.9
6.7
0.3
4,849.5
38.4
1.3
113.0
3
2
91
3
8
58
12
† Indicators derived from the World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion Survey are always expressed in a
1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score)
* Statistical indicators that are not derived from the Executive Opinion Survey
Source: World Economic Forum Global Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2015
Table 1depicts the performance of the UAE in various indicators of the Air Transport
Infrastructure sub index.
5. Government’s efforts in the development of Air transport infrastructure
The government of the UAE has been proactive in development of air transport
infrastructure.Both at the federal and emirate level, the UAE has sought to encourage the
development of air transport infrastructure, by investing in airports and airlines. Dubai’s strategy
of infrastructure investment led to the development of two international airports and
establishment of the airline i.e. Emirates and Fly Dubai. Abu Dhabi’s efforts led to the
establishment of the emirate’s national carrier Etihad.Today there are seven international airports
in the UAE providing both passenger and cargo services from and to UAE. In 1996 The General
Civil Aviation Authority (GCAA) was established by Federal Cabinet Decree (Law 4) with the
objective of regulating Civil Aviation. The body emphasizes on the safety and security and aims
at strengthening the aviation sector within the UAE and its upper airspace. A new Air Navigation
Centre named as The Sheikh Zayed Centre was started in late 2009. In terms of its design it is
one of the world’s most technically advanced centres and is regarded as the largest and busiest
air traffic management facility in the Middle East (GCAA). GCAA has signed Air service
agreements with a number of countries. In November 2015 when The United Arab Emirates
signed an open skies agreement with the Government of the Slovak Republic; the number of air
service agreements reached to 168 of which 122 were open skies. Open skies agreement allows
unrestricted frequencies, capacity and types of aircraft, whether owned or leased, to be operated
Proceedings of 35th International Business Research Conference
30 - 31 May 2016, American University in the Emirates, Dubai, UAE
ISBN: 978-1-925488-06-7
by the Designated Airlines of each country in any type of service (passenger or cargo) on the
routes between that country and the UAE (UAEinteract 2015).
Though the presence of international airport in the UAE can be traced back to 1932 much before
the formation of the federation; whenthe opening of Sharjah Airport for operations was done to
provide a stopover en-route to India and Australia by Imperial Airways and remained in
operation until December 14, 1971 but theconstruction for the current airport commenced during
1970s and it was opened on January 1, 1977(www.airporthotelguide.com). Sharjah enjoys an
“Open Sky Policy” which permits the Airlines Traffic rights without any hindrance. It has the
most competitive rates in terms of landing and handling. It consists of the most modern
equipment and infrastructure which can handle aircraft of all types and is complemented by
professional, efficient and courteous staff (Sharjah International airport, government of Sharjah).
The efforts of the government of Dubai has yielded fantastic results .The Emirate of Dubai
boosts of not one but two international airports i.e. Dubai International airport (DXB) and Al
Maktoum International Airport at Dubai World Central (DWC). These two airports in
combination connect more than 78 million passengers to 280 destinations across six continents
through some 140 airlines. In 2016 the passenger traffic is expected to surpass 85 million and by
2020 to surpass 100 million. Dubai is investing on long term projects to expand the
infrastructural facilities. In the year 2011 Strategic Plan 2020 a US$7.8 billion airport and
airspace expansion programme was launched to boost capacity at DXB from 60 million to 90
million passengers. On 24 February 2016 Concourse Dthe result of a $1.2 billion investment was
opened to enhance service and boost capacity for some 60 international airlines that now provide
350 flights per day to 94 destinations around the globe at Dubai International, the world’s
number one hub for international passenger traffic. Another expansion project is underway at
DWC to increase its capacity to 26 million passengers by 2018. This project is the forerunner to
the US$32bn expansion plan intended to make DWC the world’s largest airport with an annual
capacity exceeding 240 million passengers a year and 16 million tonnes of freight (Dubai
Airports Review 2015).
Proceedings of 35th International Business Research Conference
30 - 31 May 2016, American University in the Emirates, Dubai, UAE
ISBN: 978-1-925488-06-7
To lead the development of the aviation industry in Abu Dhabi ; Abu Dhabi Airports Company
(ADAC) a public joint-stock company incorporated by Emiri Decree number 5, of March 4,
2006 was formed (abudhabi.ae). Abu Dhabi Airports wholly owned by the Abu Dhabi
Government owns and operates the five airports at Abu Dhabi including the two international
airports andplays an important role in the Government of Abu Dhabi’s Economic Vision 2030
(ADAC). During the past ten years the company has invested over 20 AED billion in capital
development projectsacross all of its airport sites. Midfield Terminal Complex (MTC) is the
biggest infrastructure project undertaken so far which will increase Abu Dhabi International
Airport’s overall capacity to 45 million passengers per year (WAM).
In order to develop the master plan for the expansion of Fujairah International Airport a
memorandum of cooperation has been signed between Abu Dhabi Airports and Fujairah Airport.
Through this Fujairah International will benefit from Abu Dhabi Airports' experience in planning
and managing an airport expansion (arabianbusiness.com).The plan includes upgrade and
extension of the existing runway, connect taxiways and replacement of the ground lighting and
approach lighting systems as well as construction of a new ATC tower and parallel Visual Flight
Rules (VFR) runway and taxiways (zawya.com).
In the year 1976 Ras Al Khaimah International Airport was established to provide access
between Ras al Khaimah and the world. It covers a variety of destinations including Europe, the
Middle East, North & East Africa, Central Asia, Sub-continent and the Far East and offers both
passenger and cargo services. In April 2007 a wide extension program was initiated to
significantly upgrade the passenger terminal building, public transport infrastructure, and the
building of new cargo terminal (RAK airport).Ras Al Khaimah International Airport is heading
towards its next stage of expansion which includes six new aircraft gates, increase the number of
check-in counters by 70 per cent and expand the retail space by at least 40 per centas it strives to
become the major hub for low cost carriers in the Middle East. In 2017 the construction on the
expansion will commence and once completed it would increase the capacity to 3.5 million
passengers a year up from 1.5 million currently.Today, the airport directly connects to 12
destinations, out of which 10 are operated by Air Arabia, and with the launch of Qatar Airways
flights in February 2016 it is one stopover from more than 150 destinations (Gulf News 2016).
Proceedings of 35th International Business Research Conference
30 - 31 May 2016, American University in the Emirates, Dubai, UAE
ISBN: 978-1-925488-06-7
6. Contribution of the UAE based airlines
A number of UAE based airlines provide the cargo and passenger services from and to the
UAE.On 25th October 1985, Emirates airlinebased at Dubai International Airport andwholly
owned by the Government of Dubai started its flights with just two aircraft—a leased Boeing
737 and an Airbus 300 B4.After the initial start –up investment, the Government of Dubai saw fit
to treat Emirates as a wholly independent business entity. Emirates had to face competition from
the ever-growing number of international airlines that take advantage of Dubai’s open-skies
policy yet it has been able to record an annual profit in every year since its third in operation
(emirates.com). Today Emirates is the world’s largest international airline and it carried 49.3
million passengers and 2.4 million tonnes of cargo in the year 2014-15. It has a fleet of more
than 230 aircrafts and serves 140 destinations in more than 80 countries across six continents. It
has placedmany record-breaking multibillion plane orders to both Airbus and Boeing during the
course of its existence.In 2011 it bought 50 B777-300ER aircraft, worth $18bn. At the 2013
Dubai Air Show another record-breaking order was made, for 150 B777X aircraft and 50 A380s,
worth a combined $91.4bn.In 2014-15, Emirates added 24 new aircraft to its fleet, including its
50th Airbus A380 and 100th Boeing 777-300ER and also retired 10 older aircraft. Emirates
airlinehas been able to manage the average fleet age of 75 months which is half the industry
average of 140 months. In terms of the inflight services it has many firsts to its credit.In 1992
when it installed TV screens on the back of all seats, in all classes, it became the first airline to
do so. In 1994 it provided the first in-flight fax service and email and SMS services in 2013.In
October 2014, free Wi-Fi on board service was introduced.It invests over US$ 20 million
annually to install and maintain Wi-Fi services across its fleet. It is also extending connectivity
via strategic partnerships. On 31 March 2014 it formed the partnership with Qantas the
Australian flag carrier. In earlier 2015 the partnership was extended to include codeshare and
frequent flyer relationship on flights operated by Qantas’ domestic airline, Jetstar (The Emirates
Group Annual Report 2014-15).
Fly Dubailaunched its operations on June 1, 2009 from terminal 2 at DXB. It is owned by the
government of Dubai and is the second low –cost carrier in the UAE. It flies to more than 90
destinations across the Middle East, Subcontinent, Africa, Russia and Eastern Europe and
Proceedings of 35th International Business Research Conference
30 - 31 May 2016, American University in the Emirates, Dubai, UAE
ISBN: 978-1-925488-06-7
operates on average more than 1,600 flights a week.The airline currently has a fleet of 50 new
Boeing 737-800 aircraft and has more than 100 Boeing aircraft on order (Investment Corporation
of Dubai).
Etihad Airways the national carrier of the UAE was established by Royal (Amiri) Decree in July
2003. It started operations in November 2003 and has developed into one of the fastest growing
airlines in the history of commercial aviation.Etihad Airways total fleet size is 120 aircrafts and
isone of the youngest in the world and currently serves 116 existing or announced passenger and
cargo destinations in 68 countries.It has partnership with a number of airlines such as Airberlin,
Jet Airways and Virgin Australia.It’s codeshares give a combined passenger and cargo network
of nearly 600 destinations, and over 25,200 flights per week, more than any other Middle Eastern
airline. During the period 2016-2025 it would get 188 aircraft deliveries. In 2015, 17.4 million
passengers travelled through Etihad Airways, a significant increase of 17 per cent over 2014
levels, and it operated 97,400 flights which covered 467 million kilometers.This formedmore
than 75 per cent of the total passengers who travelled to and from Abu Dhabi International
Airport that year. After adding the passenger traffic of the airline’s equity partners that operate
flights into Abu Dhabi than it formed 84 per cent of passenger traffic at Abu Dhabi International
Airport. In 2015 Cargo volumes touched 592,090 tonnes of freight and mail flown in total
registering an increase of four per cent year-on-year. The airline accounted for 88 per cent of
cargo imports, exports and transfers at Abu Dhabi International Airport in 2015.
Air Arabia the first low cost carrier in the middle started its operations in October 2003. It has its
head office at Sharjah and also runs fully-owned operations in Ras Al Khaimah, the most
northern emirate in the UAE, and a joint venture in Egypt. On 19th September 2007 Air Arabia P
JSC ("the Company") was incorporated as a Public Joint Stock Company in accordance with
UAE Federal Law No. 8 of 1984 (as amended)to become the first publicly listed airline in the
region. It islisted on the Dubai Financial Market and traded under ticker symbol: (DFM:
AIRARABIA) as a holding company with assets worth over AED 11 billion. It serves over
101 destinations spread across the Middle East, North Africa, Asia and Europe. Air Arabia
operates from five international hubs that are Sharjah International Airport, UAE; Ras Al
Khaimah International Airport, UAE; Mohamed V International Airport in Morocco; Burj Al
Proceedings of 35th International Business Research Conference
30 - 31 May 2016, American University in the Emirates, Dubai, UAE
ISBN: 978-1-925488-06-7
Arab International Airport in Alexandria, Egypt; and Queen Alia International Airport in Jordan,
Amman.In 2015, 23 routes were added to its network including the significant achievement of
becoming the first low-cost airline from the Middle East and Africa to enter the Chinese market
with the launch of regular non-stop services to Urumqi, the largest city in Western China. It’s
this network expansion strategy that led to significant growth in the passenger numbers in 2015.
More than 7.6 million passengers flew with Air Arabia in 2015, a 12 per cent year-on-year
increase.Air Arabia fleet isone of the youngest fleets in the world comprised entirely of Airbus
A320 aircraft. It has done heavy investment on the fleet and ordered 44 A320 aircrafts back in
2007. In 2015 Air Arabia received 6 new aircraft and thus had taken delivery of 36 out of the 44
A320 aircrafts ordered taking the fleet total to 41 Aircraft. Itrewarded the 55 million customers
that chose to fly Air Arabia since inception by launching an award-winning low cost loyalty
program ‘Airewards’ (Air Arabia Annual Report 2015). It also provides cargo services to more
than 50 destinations across its network (airarabia.com).
7. Conclusion
Since 1932 after making a humble beginning with the opening of the Sharjah International
Airport; The UAE has come a long way in the air transport infrastructure.As per International
Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO), every $100 of revenue produced by air transport triggers an
additional US$325 in the economy and every 100 jobs generates on average 600 additional jobs
in other industries ( Infrastructure Economics and Finance Network: The World Bank) .Realising
the role that aviation plays in facilitating trade and tourism, and creating employment in many
different industries; the government of the UAE along with its home airlines have made
enormous efforts and investments in the aviation sector. The impact of the UAE based airlines is
not limited to the country alone and it spreads to the number of cities and countries served by
them. According to one reportEmirates Airline has contributed more than $848 million annually
to India's gross domestic product (GDP), supporting over 86,000 jobs
(arabianbusiness.com).These are not only making profits for themselves but are also contributing
towards social responsibility by taking up various projects e.g. Emirates is actively involved
with the Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve, a 225-square-kilometre natural reserve, in an effort
Proceedings of 35th International Business Research Conference
30 - 31 May 2016, American University in the Emirates, Dubai, UAE
ISBN: 978-1-925488-06-7
to preserve the natural and cultural heritage of the area (khaleej times, 2015). Supported by the
strategic geographical location and efforts of the government and airlines the UAE has emerged
as one of the world’s leaders in aviation. The present challenge is to maintain this advantage
through effective long-term strategy and building the best infrastructure in the world. One of the
Challenges faced is the congested airspace and if this problem is left unaddressed, traffic delays
and fuel costs stemming from congestion could cost the industry Dh36 billion. Emirates has
focussed on making Dubai the world’s busiest hub airport byoperating hundreds of routes with
its own equipment, Etihad has followed the policy of alliances and partnerships, which has
helped in creating an international network that is more flexible and cheaper to operate. These
strategies complement each other and provide the aviation sector with room to be able to survive
in a notoriously volatile market. Continued investment in the quality infrastructure and greater
communication to make air traffic run smoothly will ensure long-term growth (the National
2016).
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