60
40
20
0
100
200
300
400
One H
O
Hour Averag
A
ge Ozzone
(ug
g/m3))
O
One
Hour
H
A
Avera
age
Ozon
ne (u
ug/m3
3)
80
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
One Hour Average Traffic
To estimate air pollution in areas where data is not
available,
il bl
GIS is
i used.
d For
F
thi purpose, various
this
i
spatial
ti l
interpolation techniques are discussed.
discussed Additionally,
Additionally with
data from past traffic counts GIS is also used to map future
concentrations in Malta.
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
500
1000
O
One
H
Hour A
Average Traffic
T ffi
1500
5
10
15
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
5
10
One Hour Average Wind speed (m/s)
IIn Kordin
K di and
d Żejtun
Ż jt
th Pearson
the
P
C
Correlation
l ti
C
Co-efficient
ffi i t
indicates a positive relationship between road traffic and
NO and NO2. In Msida,, despite
p
NO and NO2 levels being
g
overall the highest among the three sampling areas, the
relationship is a very weak one, where in the case of NO it
is negative meaning that as road traffic increases,
increases NO
levels decrease.
decrease Nonetheless,
Nonetheless in Msida,
Msida like in Kordin and
Żejtun
j
it was concluded that in the p
presence of sunlight
g O3
and NO are reacting to produce NO2.
At present the resultant Pearson Correlation Co-efficients
Co efficients
are being analysed to assess their reliability to predict
pollutants’ levels. Additionally, these will be used to
evaluate the use of the various interpolation techniques in
A M
ArcMap
10
10.
Interpolation of
O
Ozone
levels
l
l using
i
Inverse Distance
Weighting
g
g
p
Interpolation
of
Ozone levels using
Kriging
Interpolation of
O
Ozone
levels
l
l using
i
Natural Neighbour
Cleveland, W. S., and Guarino, R. 1976. Some Robust
Statistical Procedures and Their Application To Air
Pollution Data. Technometrics. American Statistical
Association and American Society (Vol.
(Vol 18 No.
No 4),
4) p.
p
401-409.
Heiman G.
Heiman,
G W.
W 2003.
2003 Basic Statistics for the behavioural
beha io ral
sciences. Houghton Mifflin Company. Boston.
Kh b
Khouban,
L Aleshheik,
L.,
Al hh ik A.
A A.,
A Ghaiyoomi,
Gh i
i A.
A A.
A 2007.
2007
Managing Air Quality Information in Tehran Using GIS.
Geospatial Application Papers.
MEPA. 2010. The Environment Report 2008. Air SubReport. MEPA. Malta.
NCSD. 2006. A Sustainable Development Strategy for
the Maltese Islands. Draft Proposal. Malta.
 Dr.
Dr Maria Attard
d
 Ms. Annie Falloo
on
 Dr.
Dr Michael Nolle
20
One Hour Average Nitrogen monoxide
(ug/m3)
One
e Hour Averrage PM2.5
P
5
((ug/m
m3)
In this research the focus is on the relative contribution of
road
d transport
t
t to
t air
i pollution
ll ti
i Malta.
in
M lt
A a result,
As
lt the
th
relationship between road traffic in Attard,
Attard Kordin,
Kordin Msida
and Żejtun and the various air pollutants
pollutants' concentration is
assessed using the Pearson Correlation Co-efficient. In
Malta one pollutant of concern is particulate matter
(PM) so PM concentrations
t ti
d land
l d use are analysed
l
d to
t
(PM),
and
identify and find the relative contribution of its sources.
sources
Nonetheless, the g
geography,
g p y
geomorphology
g
p
gy and
meteorology of an area also contribute to the
concentration of pollutants. Consequently, the behaviour
of these pollutants together and according to these factors
is analyzed.
analyzed
100
0
One Hourr Average
PM
M2.5 (ug/m
m3)
Air pollution existed since man lit the first fire.
fire However,
However it
has become a major
j
problem since the p
p
processes of
industrial revolution and urbanisation took place. This is as
pollutants
are
now
concentrated
in
specific
areas namely,
areas,
namely urban areas.
areas The main sources of air
pollution in Malta are energy generation and traffic.
traffic
120
15