Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences 4(2): 130-136, 2012
ISSN: 2041-0778
© Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2012
Submitted: October 12, 2011
Accepted: November 18, 2011
Published: March 10, 2012
Changes in Lipid Profile of Rats Administered with Ethanolic Leaf
Extract of Mucuna pruriens (Fabaceae)
1
E.D. Eze, 1A. Mohammed, 2 K.Y. Musa and 1I.S. Malgwi
1
Department of Human Physiology,
2
Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Design, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
Abstract: The study evaluated the effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Mucuna pruriens on some lipid profile
parameters of normoglycemic Wistar rats. The acute oral toxicity studies were conducted. The animals were
administered with the plant extract at graded doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg b w and metformin 250 mg/kg
bw orally for 21 days. Blood samples were collected from the animals at the end of the treatment period and
assayed for the serum concentration of total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein and high-density
lipoprotein cholesterol. The results showed the extract significantly reduced (p<0.05) the levels of serum total
cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein and elevated high-density lipoprotein in the groups treated with
100 and 200 mg/kg b w. There was no significant changes (p>0.05) in the lipid profile in the group treated with
400 and 250 mg/kg b w of metformin. In conclusion, the results of the present findings may be beneficial and
of clinical importance to individuals at risks of cardiovascular problems.
Key words: Cardiovascular disease, ethanolic exract, lipid profile, metformin, Mucuna pruriens
plaques rupture, activate blood clotting and produced
heart attack, stroke and peripheral vascular disease
symptoms and major debilitating events (Otvos, 1999).
Since higher blood LDL-C, especially higher LDL
particles concentrations and smaller particle size,
contribute to this process more than the cholesterol
content of the LDL particles (Nwanjo, 2004; Brunzell
et al., 2008). LDL particles are often termed “bad
cholesterol” because they have been linked to atheroma
formation. On the other hand, high concentrations of
functional HDL-C, which can remove cholesterol from
cells and atheroma, offer protection and sometimes
referred to as “good cholesterol ”. HDL-C can remove
atheroma within arteries and peripheral cells and transport
it back to the liver for excretion or re-utilization, which is
the main reason why HDL-bound cholesterol is
sometimes called “good cholesterol” (National Institutes
of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement,
1992; Nwanjo, 2004). A high level of HDL-C seems to
protect against cardiovascular disease. These balances are
mostly genetically determined, but can be changed by
body build, medications, food choices and other factors
(Durrington, 2003). The causal link between lipid
abnormalities and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is well
established. Among these abnormalities, elevated levels of
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) are thought
to be a key determinant of cardiovascular disease risk
factor (Wilson et al., 1998). LDL-C accounts for the vast
majority of atherogenic particles and therefore has been
INTRODUCTION
Cardiovascular diseases present some of the main
health problems in the world today, and major ones
include coronary heart diseases, stroke and hypertension
(Bowman and Russell, 2001). Increased plasma lipids are
risk factors in cardiovascular problems (James et al.,
2010), and important lipids whose elevations are
implicated in these conditions are cholesterol and
triglycerides. Lipids are transported in the blood by
combination of lipids and proteins complexes called
lipoproteins (Nwanjo, 2004). In addition to providing a
soluble means for transporting lipids through blood,
lipoproteins have cell targeting signals that direct the
lipids they carry to certain tissues. For this reason, there
are different types of lipoproteins which are classified
based on their density and charges (Gordon et al., 1989).
According to the lipid hypothesis, abnormally high
cholesterol levels (hypercholesterolemia), i.e higher
concentration of LDL-C and lower concentration of
functional HDL-C, are strongly associated with
cardiovascular disease, because these promote atheroma
development in arteries (atherosclerosis) and related
cerebrovascular disorders.This disease lead to myocardial
infarction (heart attack), Stroke and peripheral vascular
disease. Because LDL-C can transport cholesterol into the
artery wall, retained there by arterial proteoglycans and
attract macrophages which engulf the LDL particles and
start the formation of plagues. Over time vulnerable
Correspondence Author: Eze, Ejike Daniel, Department of Human physiology Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. Tel: +234
8036254165
130
Curr. Res. J. Bio. Sci., 4(2): 130-136, 2012
the fundamental index of atherogenic risk. Increasing
evidence suggests that lipid accumulation in the liver
plays an important role in the pathogenesis of
cardiovascular disease (Tarantino et al., 2007). LDL
particles exist in multiple subclasses, differing in size,
density, and lipid content. Large and medium LDL
comprise the most abundant species in plasma of the most
healthy individuals, but there are two forms of small LDL,
exhibiting reduced receptor binding, greater endothelial
transport, greater arterial proteoglycan binding, and
greater susceptibility to oxidation. Small LDL is
associated with elevations in triglyceride levels.
Traditional models describe a pathway from VLDL
formation in the liver to formation of IDL and then of
LDL particles via lipolysis. (Berneis and Krauss, 2002).
There is thus, considerable interest in nutritional and
pharmacological agents that are able to reduce hepatic
lipid accumulation (Jeffrey et al., 2008). There is an
intimate relationship between diet and dyslipidemia, and
dietary manipulations may be used to understand the
mechanisms of these abnormalities. From the beginning
of the last century, evidence of the lipid lowering
properties of medicinal plants has accumulated
(Kritchevsky, 1995). Many researchers across the globe
have demonstrated the role of medicinal plants in the
control of hyperlipidemia (Subbiah et al., 2006). Among
these plants is Mucuna pruriens which has been used in
herbal medicine in many cultures. Mucuna pruriens (MP)
belongs to the family Fabaceae and has been described as
a multipurpose plant which is used extensively both for
its nutritional and medicinal properties. All parts of
M. pruriens possess valuable medicinal properties
(Adepoju and Odubena, 2009). It is a twinning and
tropical legume known as velvet bean and by a multitude
of common names such as : cowitch and velvet bean
(English), Agbara (Igbo), Yerepe (Yoruba), Karara
(Hausa), Bengal bean, Mauritius bean, itchy bean,
Nescafe, and buffalo bean and many others. In history, M.
pruriens has been used as an effective aphrodisiac (Amin
et al., 1996). The seeds have been found to have
antidepressant properties when consumed, and has also
shown to have neuroprotective effect (Manyham et al.,
2004). Its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities have
been reported (Adepoju and Odubena, 2009). And it has
been studied for various activities like anti-neoplastic,
anti-epileptic, anti-microbial (Sathiyanarayanan and
Arulmozhi, 2007). A clinical study confirmed the efficacy
of the seeds in the management of Parkinson’s disease by
virtue of their L-DOPA content (Manyham et al., 2004).
M. pruriens has been shown to increase testosterone
levels (Amin et al., 1996), leading to deposition of protein
in the muscles and increased muscle mass and strength
(Bhasin et al., 1996). Its use as a fertility agent (in men)
has been documented (Buckles, 1995). This study was
aimed at investigating the validity of the use of the plant
extract of Mucuna pruriens in atherosclerotic condition in
folk medicine.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant material: A sample of fresh leaves of Mucuna
pruriens were collected from the Institute for Agricultural
Research Agronomy farm, ABU Samaru, Zaria in the
month of August, 2010. The plant was identified and
authenticated by a taxonomist, Mallam M. Musa of the
herbarium unit of Biological Sciences Department
A.B.U., Zaria where a voucher specimen number (0669)
was deposited.
Preparation of plant extract: The fresh leaves were
dried under shade and then ground into fine powder using
laboratory mortar and pestle. The powder (460 g) was
macerated in 70% of ethanol and 30% of distilled water at
room temperature for 72 hº. This was then filtered using
a filter paper (Whatmann size no. 1) and the filtrate was
evaporated to dryness on water bath at 600C to a brown
dry residue of 24 g and kept in an air tight bottle until
used.
Phytochemical screening of the plant extract:
Preliminary phytochemical screening of the ethanolic leaf
extract of Mucuna Pruriens was carried out by methods
of analysis described by Trease and Evans (1983).
Acute toxicity studies of the plant extract: This was
carried out using the method described by Lorke (1983).
In the initial phase, rats were divided into 3 groups of 3
rats each and were treated with Mucuna pruriens leaf
extract at doses of 10 mg, 100 mg and 1000 mg/kg body
weight orally. The animals were observed for 24 h for
signs of toxicity including death. Based on the results of
phase one, three fresh rats were divided into 3 groups of
one rat each, and were treated with 1600, 2,900 and 5,000
mg/kg body weight. The rats were also observed for 24 h
for signs of toxicity including death.
Care and management of experimental animals:
Albino Wistar rats of both sexes between the ages of 8 10 weeks old and weighing between 150-200 g were used
for the study. The animals were kept in well aerated
laboratory cages in the Department of Human physiology
animal house and were allowed to acclimatize to the
laboratory environment for a period of two weeks before
the commencement of the experiment. They were
maintained on standard animal feeds and drinking water
ad libitum during the stabilization period.
131
Curr. Res. J. Bio. Sci., 4(2): 130-136, 2012
Experimental design: In this study, thirty six wistar rats
were used. The animals were randomly divided into
different group as follows:
reagent blank within 30 min at 546 nm.The value of
triglyceride present in the serum was expressed in the
unit of mg/dL.
Group 1: Normal control rats and given 1ml of distilled
water orally and served as the negative
control.
Group 3: Normal and received 100 mg/kg body weight
of Mucuna pruriens orally
Group 4: Normal and received 200 mg/kg body weight
of the Mucuna pruriens orally
Group 5: Normal and received 400 mg/kg body weight
of the Mucuna pruriens orally
Group 6: Normal and received 250 mg/kg body weight
of metformin orally
TGL concentration = A sample/A standard × 194.0
mg/dL
Assay for serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol:
The serum level of HDL-C was measured by the method
of Wacnic and Alber (1978). Low-density lipoproteins
(LDL and VLDL) and chylomicron fractions in the
sample were precipitated quantitatively by addition of
phosphotungstic acid in the presence of magnesium ions.
The mixture was allowed to stand for 10 min at room
temperature and centrifuged for 10 min at 4000 rpm. The
supernatant represented the HDL-C fraction. The
cholesterol concentration in the HDL fraction, which
remained in the supernatant, was determined. The value
of HDL-C was expressed in the unit of mg/dL.
All animals were subjected to a daily oral doses of
the plant extract for a period of twenty one (21) days.
Collection and preparation of sera samples for lipid
profile analysis: Blood samples were collected from
overnight fasted animals via cardiac puncture into plain
tubes and were allowed to clot and the serum separated by
centrifugation using Denley BS400 centrifuge (England)
at 3000 rpm for ten minutes and the supernatant (serum)
collected were then subjected to lipid profile analysis.
Determination of serum low-density lipoprotein
cholesterol: The serum level of (LDL-C) was measured
according to protocol of Friedewald et al. (1972) using the
equation below:
LDL-C = TGL/5 - HDL-C
The value was expressed in the unit of mg/dL.
Lipid profile assay: These were determined
spectrophotometrically, using enzymatic colometric assay
kits (Randox, Northern Ireland) as follows:
Statistical analysis: Values obtained from lipid profile
assay were expressed as mean ± SEM. The data obtained
were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of
variance (ANOVA) with Turkey’s multiple comparison
post hoc tests to compare the level of significance
between control and experimental groups. The values of
p<0.05 were considered as significant (Duncan et al.,
1977).
Assay for serum total cholesterol: The serum level of
total cholesterol was quantified after enzymatic hydrolysis
and oxidation of the sample as described by method of
Stein (1987). Briefly, 1000 :L of the reagent was added
to each of the sample and standard. This was incubated
for 10 min at 20-25ºC after mixing and the absorbance of
the sample (A sample) and standard (A standard) was measured
against the reagent blank within 30 min at 546 nm. The
value of TC present in serum was expressed in the unit of
mg/dL.
RESULTS
Preliminary phytochemical screening of the plant
extract: The results of preliminary phytochemical
screening of ethanolic leaf extract Mucuna pruriens
revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins,
cardiac glycosides, reducing sugars, steroids and/or
triterpenoids and glycosides.
TC concentration = A sample /A standard × 196.86
mg/dL
Assay for serum triglyceride: The serum triglyceride
level was determined after enzymatic hydrolysis of the
sample with lipases as described by method of Tietz
(1990). 1000 :L of the reagent was added to each of the
sample and standard. This was incubated for 10 min at
20-25ºC after mixing and the absorbance of the sample (A
sample ) and standard ( A standard) was measured against the
Acute toxicity studies: Signs of toxicity were first
noticed after 4-5 h of the extract administration. There
were decreased locomotor activity and sensitivity to touch
and pain, including decreased feed intake, tachypnoea and
prostration after 12 h of extract administration. The LD50
was thus as the square root of the product of the
132
45
70
35
40
40
30
20
10
10
5
0
Normal+Metformin
(250 mg/kg)
Control
Fig. 1: Effect of daily oral doses of Mucuna pruriens leaf
extract on serum total cholesterol level of
Normoglycemic Wistar rats. Values are presented
as mean±SEM (Bars represent mean±SEM) for
six animals in each group. Values are statistically
significant compared to control group at ap<0.05,
while ns: not significant
Fig. 3: Effect of daily oral doses of Mucuna pruriens leaf
extract on serum HDL-C level of Normoglycemic
Wistar rats. Values are presented as mean±SEM (Bars
represent mean±SEM) for six animals in each group.
Values are statistically significant compared to control
group at a p<0.05, while ns: not significant
35
Serum LDL conc. (m, g/dl)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
40
30
25
20
15
10
5
Normal+Ethanolic
extract(400 mg/kg)
Normal+Ethanolic
extract(200 mg/kg)
Normal+Ethanolic
extract (100 mg/kg)
Normal+Metformin
(250 mg/kg)
Control
Normal+Ethanolic
extract(400 mg/kg)
Normal+Ethanolic
extract(200 mg/kg)
Normal+Ethanolic
extract (100 mg/kg)
Normal+Metformin
(250 mg/kg)
0
Control
Serumtriglyceride conc. (mg/dl)
20
15
Normal+Ethanolic
extract(400 mg/kg)
Normal+Ethanolic
extract(200 mg/kg)
Normal+Ethanolic
extract (100 mg/kg)
Normal+Metformin
(250 mg/kg)
0
30
25
Normal+Ethanolic
extract(400 mg/kg)
50
Normal+Ethanolic
extract(200 mg/kg)
60
Normal+Ethanolic
extract (100 mg/kg)
Serum HDL conc. (mg/dl)
80
Control
Serum total cholesterol conc. (mg/dl)
Curr. Res. J. Bio. Sci., 4(2): 130-136, 2012
Fig. 4: Effect of daily oral doses of Mucuna pruriens leaf
extract on serum LDL-C level of Normoglycemic
Wistar rats. Values are presented as mean±SEM (Bars
represent mean±SEM) for six animals in each group.
Values are statistically significant compared to control
group at a p<0.05, while ns: not significant
Fig. 2: Effect of daily oral doses of Mucuna pruriens leaf
extract on serum triglyceride level of Normoglycemic
Wistar rats. Values are presented as mean±SEM (Bars
represent mean±SEM) for six animals in each group.
Values are statistically significant compared to control
group at a p<0.05, while ns: not significant
treated with 400 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg b w of metformin
when compared to the control group. But there was a
significant reduction (p<0.05) in the serum total
cholesterol level in the groups administered with 100 and
200 mg/kg b w, with a maximum reduction (p<0.01)
recorded in the group that received 200 mg/kg when
compared to the control group as shown in Fig. 1.
lowest lethal dose and the highest non-lethal dose that is
the geometric mean of the consecutive doses for which 0
and 100% survival rates were recorded in the second
phase. The LD50 was thus calculated as %1600 × 2900 =
2154 mg/kg.
Effects of ethanolic leaf extract of mucunapruriens on
serum total cholesterol: There was no significant change
(p>0.05) in the serum total cholesterol levels in the group
Effects of ethanolic leaf extract of mucuna pruriens on
serum triglyceride: There was a significant decrease
133
Curr. Res. J. Bio. Sci., 4(2): 130-136, 2012
intestinal lumen, preventing its absorption, and/or by
binding with bile acids, causing a reduction in the
enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and increase its
fecal excretion (Nimenibo-uadia, 2003; James et al.,
2010; Rotimi et al., 2011). Increased bile acid excretion
is offset by enhanced bile acid synthesis from cholesterol
in the liver and consequent lowering of the plasma
cholesterol (Rotimi et al., 2011). Hence, saponins have
been reported to have hypocholesterolic effect (James
et al., 2010). Kumarappen et al. (2007) reported that
administration of polyphenolic compounds in rats reduced
hyperlipidemia, and attributed this to a reduction in the
activity of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase, which is the first
committed enzymatic step of cholesterol synthesis. This
lowers elevated LDL cholesterol levels, resulting in a
substantial reduction in coronary events and deaths from
coronary heart disease (Richard and Pamela, 2009). Thus,
the observed hypolipidemic effect of Mucuna pruriens
can be therefore, linked to the synergistic actions of
phytochemicals like saponins and polyphenolic
compounds contained in the plant extract. However, the
significantly lowered cholesterol level may have
contributed to the observed significant high serum highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol in the animals. About 30%
of blood cholesterol is carried in the form of high-density
lipoprotein cholesterol. HDL-C function to remove
cholesterol antheroma within arteries and transport it back
to the liver for its excretion or reutilization, thus high
level of HDL-C protect against cardiovascular disease
(Kwiterovich, 2000; James et al., 2010). Therefore, the
observed increase in the serum HDL-C level on
administration of various doses of the extract in the
animals indication that the extract have HDL-C boosting
effect.The study also revealed that administration of the
extract at various doses significantly lowered the serum
LDL-C in the animals. Metformin has an important
property of its ability to modestly reduce hyperlipidemia
(Richard and Pamela, 2009). It also produces a moderate
reduction in serum triglyceride levels as a result of
decreased hepatic synthesis of very low-density
lipoprotein (Chehade, 2000).
In conclusion, the results obtained from this study
showed that oral administration of all doses of the plant
extract resulted to a significant decrease on the levels of
serum lipid profile. This therefore, may suggest that the
plant extract possess hypolipidemic activity, and may be
useful in the management of dyslipidemia which is one of
the risk factors in patients with cardiovascular diseases.
(p<0.05) in the serum triglyceride level in the groups that
received100, 200 and 400 mg/kg b w when compared to
the control group. But metformin-treated group recorded
a maximum decrease (p<0.01) in the serum triglyceride
level when compared to the control group as shown in
Fig. 2.
Effects of ethanolic leaf extract of mucunapruriens on
serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: However,
serum HDL-C level was significantly increased (p<0.05)
in a dose dependent fashion in all groups that received
100,200 and 400 mg/kg b w and metformin 250 mg/kg
when compared to the control group (Fig. 3). In addition,
there was no significant change (p>0.05) in the serum
LDL-C level in the groups that received 400 mg/kg b w of
the extract and 250 mg/kg b w of metformin when
compared to the control group.
Effects of ethanolic leaf extract of mucunapruriens on
serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: In addition,
the serum LDL-C level was significantly (p<0.05)
depleted in the groups that received 100 and 200 mg/kg b
w with a marked reduction (p<0.01) recorded in the group
treated with 100 mg/kg b w when compared to the
control group as shown in Fig. 4.
DISCUSSION
Cardiovascular diseases present some of the main
health problems in the world today, and major ones
include coronary heart diseases, stroke and hypertension
(Bowman and Russell, 2001). Increased plasma lipids are
risk factors in cardiovascular problems (James et al.,
2010), and important lipids whose elevations are
implicated in these conditions are cholesterol and
triglycerides. In the present study, effect of daily oral
administration of ethanolic leaf extract of Mucuna
pruriens on the levels of some serum lipid profile was
assessed in albino Wistar rats. The results showed that all
doses of the plant extract significantly reduced the serum
lipids and elevated the serum concentration of HDL-C in
the animals. Preliminary phytochemical screening of
ethanolic leaf extract Mucuna pruriens revealed the
presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, cardiac
glycosides, reducing sugars, steroids and/or triterpenoids
and glycosides. Many nutritional factors such as saponins
and tannins have been reported to contribute to the ability
of herbs to improve hyperlipidemia (Nimenibo-uadia,
2003; Rotimi et al., 2011). The presence of these
phytochemicals especially saponins among polyphenolic
compounds,may be responsible for the lipid-lowering
effect of the plant extract that was observed in this present
study. Saponins are known antinutritional factors, which
lower cholesterol by binding with cholesterol in the
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors of this research work wish to
acknowledge the technical assistance of Mallam Bala
134
Curr. Res. J. Bio. Sci., 4(2): 130-136, 2012
Mohammed and Mallam Ya’u of the Department of
Human Physiology and Mr. Bamidele A. of the
Department of Anatomy Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria,
Nigeria.
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