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9J29
9tflbGX eq
ttrttt: tTL4td tT
CTIOO
O(O
YJ
o peTqn
V
:Ho irxi: IIO
1OiOUOtHOYLN5ZcI NI
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t'IiI V
APPROVED :
/
Signature redacted for privacy.
Protessor ot Forest Products
In Charge ot ajor
Signature redacted for privacy.
/Eead of Department of Forest Products
Signature redacted for privacy.
Chi1ran of 3ohool Graduate Cormittee
Signature redacted for privacy.
cc,
Dean of rdute School
AC NQLJDGEMNT
The author wishes to express his appreciation to
Dean Paul M. Dunn, Director, snd Dr. Phimiater B. Proctor,
Technical Director, Oregon Forest Products Laboratory, for
funds and facilities that made it possible to conduct this
project; to Mr. Robert D. Graham, Technologist, Wood Preservation Division, Oregon Ioreat Products Laboratory, for
his technical counsel and help throughout this project; to
Professors ohn . Grantham and W. I. West, Department of
Forest Products, School of orestry, Oregon State College,
for their helpful in3truotione in the preparation of this
paper.
Plate l Cold and hot aoaking equipment
CONTENT3
It'ThODUOTION
Ii. LITERATURJ }EVlW
Previous results oi pexItaOi2lorOpheXAol
treatments
Pentaoli].oropheno. solutions as wood
preservatives
aotors afteoting preservative treatments
iODU
Exriiienta3. equipment
.. T&nks
7
Inc is ing hwers
Accessories
PreservEitive solution used
Collection, peeling and soasonixL
5.
material
election or samples
12
Measurement or moisture content
12
6. Preparation or samples
.
13
nd coating
B. Incising
7, Treatiw conditions
14
14
page
8. Methods used to determine penetration
.4. Radial panstration
B. nd penetration
IV.
ERINTL RESULTS MD CONCLUSIONS
Soaking tr
t black cottonwoo4
The height of end penetration of cold
and hot pentachiorophenol solutions
attained in black cottonwood samples
under different eoakin periods
Cold soaking of non-incised, uncoated
15
1
20
20
20
black cottonwood samples to determine
end penetration, radial penetration
e.nd retention
Cold soaking of incised, end-ooated
black cottonwood samples to determine
radial penetration and retention
Hot soaking Cf noninoised, endeoated
black cottonwood samples to determine
radial ponetration
and retention
3
Hot scaking at incised, endcoated black
cottonwood sampl* to deteraine radial
penetration and retention
37
2.
otizi, r tr!ents of rei alder
4.
. The hei;ht of end penetration of cold and
hot prntechloropbenol solutions attained
in red alder samples under different
soaking periods
. Cold soaking of non-'incissd, uncoated
red alder samples to determine end
penetration, radial penetration and
retention
0. Cold aoakini of incised, end.00ated red
alder samples to determine radial pnetration and retention
4.1
4.
V. SUMLLRY OF CONCLUSIONS
56
APPZNDIZ
59
32
cottonwood black
eM-coated incised, in solution phenol
pentaeh].oro- cent per 5 cold a of Retention 3b- Graph
31
cottonwood black end-coated
incised, in solution pentachiorophenol cent
per 5 cold a of penetration radial of Depth 3a- Graph
27
cottonwood black non-inoised,uncoated in
solution pentaohlorophciaol cent per 5 cold a
of penetration end of height and Reteation 2b- Graph
26
wod
cotton- black non-inoiaed,unooated in tion
solu- pentaohlorophenol cent per
5
cold a of
level treating at penetration radial of
22
Depth 2a- Graph
cottonwood black
in solution pexitechiorophenol cent per
hot and cold a of penetration end of height 1-. Graph
17
trtd a
sarnple
from cut section a on penetration radjtt].
of depths medium and minimum maxiiumu,
the ieasurin of method the Illustrating 3-- figure
10 tooth of shape and hawzner incia1zg of TypEs 2-- Figure
treatnient soing
hot in used
eiprnent of rrawent 1-- Figure
GRAPHS AND FIGURES
page
Graph 4a- Depth of radial penetration of a hot 5
per
pace
oent pentachiorophenol solution in non-in-
cised,end-coated black cottonwood
35
Graph 4.b- Retention of a hot 5 per cent pexitaohloro-
phenol solution in non-iuoiaed,end-ooated
black cottonwood
Graph Sa- Depth of' radial penetration of a hot
5 per
cent pentachiorophenol solution in incised,
end-coated
black cottonwood
Graph 5b- Retention of
hot
phenol solution in
5 per cent pentachioroneiaed, end-coated
black cottonwood
3
Graph 6-- Height of end penetration of a cold and a
hot 5 per cent pentaoblorophenol solution
in red alder
7a-
Depth of radial penetration at treating
level of a cold pentachiorophenol solution
in non-incised, uncoated red alder
Graph 7b- Retention and height of end penetration of
a cold 5 per cent pentachiorophenol solution in non-incised, uncoated red alder
Graph 8a- Depth of radial penetration o a cold 5
per cent pentachiorophenol solution in
incised, end-coated red alder
46
46
50
page
Graph 8b- Retention of a cold 5 per cent pentachioro-
phenol solution in incised, end-coated n.d
alder
5
PIAT8
Plate 1- Cold. sn3. hot soaking equipment
Frontispiece
Illustrating the shallow, non-uniform pattern of radial penetration that occurs in
treating non-incised end-coated samples
Plate 3- Illustrating the more uniform pattern Of
radial penetration that occurs in treat-
59
in incised, end-coated samplea
60
Plate 4- The first two of a series of tour pictures
showing the increase of radial penetration
with time in cold soaking incised, endcoated red ald.r samples
Plate 5- Th last two of a series of tour pictures
showing the increase of radial penetration
with time in cold soaking incised, endcoated red. alder samples
6
62
IININART IBVSTIGATION 0
TILE SQAXING ThL&TMT 01
BLACE COTTONWOOD AND
ALDIR tNO POSTS
U PTACLWROtZN0L
INTRODUCTION
The farms in tbe United States (1) have in use a tot over two and one-half billion wooden feoe posts
ua3. replacement estimated at we].l over three
U.ion poets. Oregon alone has on Its farms over
y million posts, few of ith.ioh are given preservative
.atmant. In recent years, the cost of the more durable
species baa become almost prohibitive due to the in-'
creasing scarcity of these woode. On til. other band,
species of Orseon woods with 3.ow durebility, such as black
outtonwood end red alder, provide a source of raw material
uttale for farm posts or other uses. According to Graham
aksx' (3.8, Table 2), the average service life of blaok
cottonwood and red alder used f or fence posts is approximately 4.$ and 5.2 years respectively. If such non-Aura-
b].e speies were well treated, to double or triple their
service life, the annual cost of tenc.e posts in some areas
of oregon would be much reduced.
The experimental treating of non-durable species of
Oregon farm uses was initiated by the School of
Porsatry at Oregon 8tate College twenty five years ago
whin the T. J. 8tarker experimental fence post fans was
etabl&ehed. The preservatives used for treating fence
posts inolud, most of the well reoognied toxic oils and
the
water soluble salts. Studies carried on elsewhere
United States in more recent years indicate that p
obloropbenol as a wood preservative lengthens the life of
some non-durable species.
A preservative treatment for farm application should
be relatively easy to use and should require no elaborate
or expensive equipment. ion this reason, the oo34 soakiu
or hot soaking processes are suggested f or these species
of wood to which they are adaptabis,
The objective of the present study was to investigate
cold soaking and hot soaking preservative treatments
black cottonwood and red alder in a 5 p.r cent psntachlorophenol solution in-as-niuoh..aa these species are available in quantity on far.s of Western Oregon.
Since there has been little reported work done on the
preservative treatment of blaok cottonwood and red alder
several treating variables such as soaking time, treating
temperature, effect of incising and rate of end penetration were investigated. An effort also was made to find
an effective end coating mateni1 that would greatly
retard end penetration of the treating solution, to permit
e use of short sections for determining radial penetration.
LITiRATUR REVIEW
1
?r.vtous results of pentaohloroheno1 treatments
U.t000k (19, p. 16) mentioned that the species which
have shown the best absorption and penetration of penta
oblorophenol were the oaks and the pines.
Satisfactory
treatments of cottonwood, aspen, poplar, ash, .11*, willow
and cedar by tb cold soaking method also have been r
ported (20, p. 16 and 22).
lioplcine (20, p. 12-13) reported that posts
rid gun, red oak, pos
soak in ho
oak and elm subjected. to
water, then to a l..hour cold bath in 5 per
eat pentaohloroph.nol-keroaens solution all showed absorp."
one of 0.24 to 0.33 gallons per pos4 when the poets were
ated for only half of their length,
considered satisfactory by Ropkine.
This absorption was
Red oak soaked
bours
cold 5 per osat pentachlorophenol-kerosene solution
absorbed 0.33 gallon per post. Pins soaked 5 hours end
gun soaked 6 hours in the sane solution absorbed
Th1s epproxjste
i
0.77
d
to 6 pou1s per cubic foot for
fence posts with an averaigs diameter
ot5 inches.
0.58
gallons per poet, respeotively, or more than the
sired antouit
f solution.
and. a l68-4irur colA
oa1ctn
24.4iour cold soiking for elm
,
for
oet oak in the same solu.'
tion absorbed 0.50 and 0.40 gallons ier poet respectively.
Plwmr (27, p. 7) has etatqd that farm teno. posts
and highway guard-rail posts having a normal
ervice life
of 3 to 4 years can be expected to 1at 10 years or more
when treated with about one-halt to one gallon of a readyto-use solution of pentacttlorophenol per post.
?actioal reoommendationa for treat tug poets of lodge.'
pal. pine and aspen when using pentachlorophenol have been
published by the Utah School of Forestry (29, p. 10).
A000rdin.g to the "Penta Cold Soak" post treating
monstrations and tests made by Wobletz and Revensoroft
(36, p. 8.9
nd p. II) the average anticipated servics life
of lodgepole pine posts was 15 years while untreated posts
lasted only 2 to 4 years. The suitability of idaho timber
species for treatment were listed as
a.
asy to treat-.-Lodgepole pine, ponclerosa pine an
white pine
Satisfactory (Special conditions and aethod* fleaeseary)-Aspen, Western red oedur, cottonwood,
pop1r aM rand fir
jitttoult (Not well adapted to cold treatment)
Larch and L)owlas-tir.
5
A classification of specte
according to treating
ults obtained by 48-hour cold Roalcing in pentachiorophenol
solution made by Walters (32, Table 5) was as follows
;
Very good treatment obtaineö--Syrnnore
Good to very good treatment obtained--Eastern white
pine, norway pine and red elxa (slippery)
a. Good treatment obtaiied--.Loblolly pine, shortlear
pine, laretooth aspen, qtiaking aspen, river birch,
black cherry, cottonocd, white (ierioan) el
haokberry, 3hagbark htckor,, black oak, red oak
and wtte oaic
Good to poor treatment obtained--Willow
Fair to poor treatent obtained-.4orway spruce,
ash, catalpa an
silver rtaple.
2. Pentachlorophenol solutions
wood ?reaervatives
Petroleum oils ooiwnonly are used as solvent carriers
pentachiorophenol because of their low cost.
The de-
sirable properties of pentaohi.orophenol have been present-
ed, by many authors advocating its use (9, 10, U, 26, 27,
30 and 36). These may be su
arized to include :
high toxicity to fungi, termites and insects but
not injurious to higher rorms of kits
Low solability in water
c. Low vapor pressure at ordinary temperatures
4. Good stability under the influence of light,
ma]. temperatures, soil acids and alkalies
. Non-corrosive to metals
f. Clean and odorless (depending upon the solvent
used)
. Low fire hazard after solvent has evaporated.
h. Readily available at moderate cost.
Santophen 20, Permatol, Perinatox VQR and. Permatox A
are common proprietary preservatives of pentachiorophenol
in oil formulated by commercial chemical ooaipanies. Dowicide 0 or Santobrite and Permatox 10-8 are water soluble
sodium pentachiorophenate used for stain control and soil
poisoning (10, 11, 13, 14, 26 and
35).
arfectin$ preservative treatments
The factors affecting the preservarive
treatment of
wood may be surnrnrjzed from eeveral references (3, 6,
21, 29, 32 and 36) as :
The species of wood.
The density of wood.
o, The relationship
between sapwood
and heartwood
d. The relationship between springwood and aummerwood
The moisture content of the wood
The form and size of the tinber
g. The surface characteristics of the wood such as
the presence of bark, resinglaze, blue stain and
mold
The method of peeliflg
The length and severity of season
The effect of incising
k. The properties of the preservative
1. The treating conditions such as temperature,time
and pressure.
EIPERIMiTTAL PEOCDUli
erinent
eQuiDme4t
Tanks
The tanks useti for cold soaking were three 5-gallo*
drums with covers. Two of these were used as soaking
tanks and the other one as a drain tank. A hand-Operated
barrel pump was used for mixing and pumping the preserva-
tive into and out of the tanks.
The equipment used for treatments requiring hot soakin consisted of a steam heater, electric pump, temperature
gauge, storage tank and three treating tanks connected as
period. draining be
during svxplea treated the supporting for plates torated
per and samples, weighing for balance Toledo laboratory
a solution, tn treat of depth the neaeurung for 20007
to 00? from ranging thermometer a wood, aZ content ture
mois- the nsasurtng for meter moisture ag4eppenetall a
in used equipment Other
:
included1 experiments the
2b. awl Za Pigures in shown
haa incising of types two the of Details length. a
0.70 were teeth exposed the types both In teeth. en
be- inch 0.90 of distance a and rows betwien inch 0.60 of
distance a with pattern diagonal a givs to rows aggered
in arranged diweter in inch Q.25 teeth had Type rows.
between inch 0.50 and teeth between inch 0.70 of distance a
with rows uniform Lii arranged diameter in inch 0.20 teeth
incising of typos Two
had A Type
used. were hwnsars
sing
1. Figure in
shown
9
Preservative
inlet
Storage tank
Valve
Pipe leading preservative
to treating tank
r
Treating
tank
S
reating
Treating
tank
tank
34 inche
ipe
deep
pipe
Pipe connected at 22
inches from the bottom
of treating tank leading to electric pump
Pipe connected near the bottom
of treating tank leading the
heated preservative from the
steam heater to treating tank
1
--Temperature gauge
- Steam inlet
lectric
pump
Steam
drain
Steam
trap
Steam heater
Figure 1-- Arrangement of equipment used in
hot soaking treatment
10
0.20"(Type A)
or
0.25"(Type B)
\
0.4"
H
0.3"
Edge
view
I
5"
Base of tooth screwed
to flat iron plate
Shape of tooth
I
:j
Side
view
Size
4.0"
349"
0.5" thick
flat iron 1ate
position of tooth
12
hollow steel pipe
brazed to the plate
Q59 in diameter
Type
Size
Type B
Figure 2-- Types of incising hammer and shape of tooth
Pre3ervative solution ued
The l..to..10 concentrate of pentachioropheflol manuZao
tured by the Chapman Co. was the preservative used in this
study. This contained approximately 40 per cent pentaobio
rophenol by weight.
When nitxed at a 1-to-iC ratio ( 1 gal-
lon of concentrate to 10 gallons of solvent carrier ) a
readytOUS5
solution containing
per cent of pentachioro-
phenol by weight was obtained. No. 2 diesel oil having a
flash point of about 16007 was used as the solvent carrier,
The pentaoh1orophenoldiiesel oil solution was so light in
color that an indicator was required to determine penetra-
tion. An oil soluble red dye ( Sudan Red BBA Dye
manufac-
tured by the General Dyostuff Corporation, New York,
adeed at a rate of l grains of powdered form to 1 gallon of
preservative, proved to be a very satisfactory indicator
for these studies.
Colleotiona, peeling and geasoniu of material
Black cottonwood and red alder trees were felled in
the vicinity of Corvallis, Oregon, during the month of 3une,
1948. These trees were cut into 10-foot bolts with top dia-
asters ranging fron 3 to 6 inches inside of bcrk.
The
12
bolts were pe8led inedIately by the use of an axe, obiiel
or 1rawknife, the drawknife be 1n, the raost suItable for
pee1In b3lts with tight Dark. The posts were cut into
30-inch saiples which were oros-pi1ed ii an open yard for
seasoning. Hollow tUe were ue1 as 'ile founlations.
seasoning period of about ) days reduced the moIsture
A
content of the outer one-half Inch shell of the swTiples to
about 24 per cent.
4. Selsotion of aamles
.0 samples that showed severe seasoning checks or
splits were rejected from the study. The remaining material. was utilized for test samples. Pieces or different
diameters ranging frwi 3 to 6 Inches ware allocated to
sets of test samples, in order that there would be no markad &tserspanoy in either the total weight or total volume
of bose ste assigned to an individual experiment. In
tests wnare short sections were used, sections cut from the
sample were allocated to different sets. Similarly,
..round or quartered samples were used as test mase out from same round sample were allocated to
diflerent sets.
I,
Meaauroaent of moi$ture content
The moisture content of each test sample was measured
just prior to treatment with a Tag-lieppentall moisture meter ntifactured. by the C. . Tagliahue Mf. CO., brooklyn,
N. Y. The range of moisture contents that could be determined with this ineter was from 7 to 24 per cent. In deter-
mining te moisture content, the needles or the moisture
meter (about 0.25 inch in length) were wholly embedded in
the wood. Consecjuently, the values obtained inaicate the
moisture content one-quarter inch below the surface and.
are reprecentative of tle average moisture content of the
outer one-h.lf inch shell, itS rad1tl penetration, even on
incised, posts, is confixed to this outer øheli It is the
moisture content of this region that is imj:rnrtant. Three
read ins were t:en on each saiaple, one at the iiidd.le and.
ne near each end. The average of these rea3ings repre
dented. the average ioisture content of the utor shell of
the sample.
6. Preparation
1or certain treatments test samples were partially
ooated with ullerlo white paint to retard the absorption of preservative in certain areas. This paint was
oted after a prelisn.tnary study of several coating aalala. It was applied to the samples by brush, usually
in. two coats. A drying period of at least 24 hours was
provided before the samples were treated with preservative,
B. Incising
Test samples for certain treatments were incised.
is was accomplished by laying a sample on a concrete
floor and striking its oiroumference with one of the two
incising hammers. The samples were incised as evenly and
uniformly as possible. Since samples were varied in diameter and form some irregularity of incising was unavoidable.
7, Treating conditions
All test samples were numbered with a black wax pencil,
aoh sample was weighed to the nearest 0.01 of a pound just
prior to treating and this value was recorded as the untreated weight.
When the samDles were cold soaked they ware put into
the treating tanks in an upright position with heavy weights
oft p to prevent them trom floating. The well-mixed
1.5
preservative solution was then pumped into the taak to the
desired depth, varying with th individual experiment, and
that depth was maintained during the course of the expertent. Following treatment, samples were drained for onequarter to one-halt or an hour before woihing to obtain
the final weight of the treated. samples.
en hot soaking was pertrmed, the steai heater and
the circulating punip were started about one-half bout' prior to treatment in order to bring the treating solution up
the desired temperature. During the period of hot soak.'
the temperature of the solution was intained as even
as possible by regulating the valve to the stean heater.
The depth of treating solution was naintained at the required level throughout the treating period. Following
treatmeu
he samples were drained for one-quarter to one.
it an hour before obtaining their treated weights.
8. Methods used to determine penetration
A. Radial. penetration
order to determine the average radial ponstration
throughout th. zone of treatment each treated sample was
cross out in at least tbrei places. Immediately following
his sectioning of the treated sample, the pattern of the
6
treated area on the freshly out surface was marked With a
black wax pencil. Thus, subsequent measurements Would not
be distorted by the oreep of the solution over the exposed
cross-sectional areas; see Plate 2, .ppendix.
Jill measurements dealing with radial penetration were
taken to the nearest 0.0]. inch. The depth of radial penetration was ieasured as maximum, minimum and medium as ii.-
lustrated in Figure
3.
In each case several iiidi.vtdual
measurement s were taken to determine the mean of the maxicluLn, the mean of the minimum and the mean of the medium
radial penetration. The mean values obtained for the sec-
tions were averaged to obtain an average maximum, average
minimum and avorage medium radial penetration for each
treated sample. Since several samples made up a rotip for
each set of treating conditions it was necessary to determine the group values of maximum, minimum and medium radial
penetr.tion by averaging the values for the samples in each
gr)up,
3. nd penetration
The extent of end penetration was determined, after
draining one-quarter to one-half hour, by sectioning each
aampl3 into thin pieces, starting from the butt end, up to
the point that showed the treated area to be less than 50
17
check
Figure 3-- Illustrating the method of measuring
the maximum, minimum and medium depths
of radial penetration on a section cut
from a treated sample.
1
pox' cent of the ox'as-ectjonal area of sapwood, or of
heartwood, or of both together depending upon the species
of wood studied. The distance from the butt end to this
point was considered as the height of end penetration.
9. Methods zaed to deterLn.tne retention
The retention of preseriative was calculated on the
basis of pounds per cubic foot or treated wood. The pounds
of preservative absorbed by each sample divided by the
tx'oated cubic foot volume of the sample revealed the value
or retention. The quantity of preservative retained by
the treated sample was determined, by weighing the sample
before and after treatment. The possible additional mois
ture loss during hot soaking was disregarded, as the matsture content of the affected volume of each sample just
prior to treating was considered low enouga to result in
a negli$ble error. The treated volume of tile sample was
calculated as the product of the ±.mmersed length anil the
average basal area of the butt cud and top end of the sam-
pie. The average basal area was used since tile aaiaples
øhoWOd
only a very slibt taper troa tile butt end to the
top and tnd the diainetral difference was insignificant.
9
enera1 euation.s used for oalauluting the o1uina
and pounds retention Der oubic foot of treated wood are as
The
toUoivs
quattori ror a1ou.1atin tLe
].)
1ur
of troated
wood
B*
1jsxL
3.721
b' Voluas of treated wood in cubic feet
A' 4rea at butt end of sanpie in equtrs inches
Ara ut top end of ea*pls in square inches
L Depth of iiner.ion in the preservative in UCb*s
(considered to be the 1entb of the sap1e
treat ad
qu4tion to oaloulutin.g the pounds of preserva
(2)
tive retained per cubic foot of treated wood
C
C
--
?ounda retention per cubic foot of trette4 wood
eibt of aazpie utter trøiAttnf in
w1 'eJ.tit of auatple prior to trsiatin iu pound.e
3 Vo1u
of treated woo4 in cubic f.m.
20
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
Soakin treatments of black cottonwood
The height of end penetration of cold and hot pentachloropbeno3. solutions attained in black cottonwood
samples under different soaking periods.
uartered. aamples of black cottonwood, 30 inches long,
surface-coated, with 7ullerglo 520 white paint, except 011
the ends, were subjected to cold soaking and hot soaking in
per cent pentachlorophenol treating solutions for different periods. Each set was composed of 3 samples. The
depth of preservative was 20 to 22 inches for cold soaking
and 29 inches In hot soaking. The depth of preservative
was greater for hot soaking due to the construction of the
ot soaking equipment- a factor that was not anticipated
5
at the time cold soaking experiments were conducted. The
treating temperature for cold soaking was 7507 to 8007 and
for hot soaking was 1300,. rter treatment, the samples
xe cross-cut Into one-half inch or sometimes 1-to 2-inch
tiozis for inspection, starting from the butt end. The
ght of end penetration was measured separately in the
sapwood and beartwood. The height was taken as the dietaries from the butt to a point that showed the treated area
21
be less than 50
per cent of the
as than 50 per cent of the
total sapwoad area o
total beartwood area.
The
r.sulting data are SIIThnIRrIZed in Table 1 and illustrated
in craph 1.
Table 1- ThQ beibt of end penetration of cold and hot 5
per cent pentachiorophenol solutions attained in
black cottonwood samples under different soaking
periods.
erage
So;
fl
moisture
period
content in
in
er cent
hours
oo)d
ot
soak soak
£Lo
l2.
12.0
13.0
17.0. 14.0
13.0 14.0
16.0 13.0
11.0
15.0 ---
2
4
6
22
24
AT
(50 per cent
a-eaot
C
area tret.dj
ood'
apwoo,..
cold
soak
10.0
10.7
14.0
15.0
18.3
hot
soak
.7
11.7
14.7
12.3
16.2
cold
soak
hot
soak
3.7
3.0
4.3
3.3
2.7
1. b
2.0
4.0
2.5
5.5
0
6.7
Conclua
End penetration was more
hours of soaking.
rapid during the first tour
The height of end penetration attained
in the bertwood was approximately one-third of that attained In the sapwood.
Raising the temperature of the
22
Inches
2
I
Sapwood
................. Cold soak
UUIUUURUUUUUUUUUUIUUUUU
o
-
15
a)
-
u.vJu..........uu......u......u.u.u....luu
.srrasuuIuuuuuRuuuumuuuuuuuuuuu
a)
t
a.)
Sapwood
soak
Hot
rnuuuu.uuu.u.uu....a.i.......auI
uuimmuuwauuuuamuuuul.
-'a
iii
uuuuaauuuuumuuuuuuuuauaua.
uu.uu.ai.auuuuuua.smuuuuu..uai
Hear tw0o d
IINUURUUUUNRUUUUURU
Cold soak
uuivauuuaiauuaauumaauauu..uua
iiU.aauU.auauIuU.uauuauuuaUa.i.u......
c-
o
+
.c
-.
-
a)
-,
.u..uiruuuuuuaauauuuuuuuu..aauuu
IUUUUUPA.....
UUUUUU
H etwood
Hot
.
iiuuauiaauuauuuuuuauuuuuuuauuuuuuuua
rauiamsuuuauuiauuuuuuuauaauauuauaus
uaauuuuuu.uaauuuuuuuauuuuauuuuauuuuaus
.a..auasasuuuuuuuuu...auauuuuuuauuu.uuuauauua
i.u.aa.uamuauuuua.....u...rnua...........
10
15
Soaking period
20
25
110 ur s
Graph 1 Height of end penetration of a cold and a hot
5
er cent pentachlorophenol solution in black cottonwood,
preaeriate to 1300P produced no significant ditterenoe in
either the rate or the height of end penetration despite
the faet that the depth of preservative was greater in hot
soaking.
B. Cold soaking of non-incised, uncoated black cottonwood
samples to deteriine end pexietration,radial penetration
and retention.
In order to d,terine the period of cold soaking re0 adeuately treat noninincised blaek cottonwood
posts by end penetration to the depth of treating solution,
a subsequent study of end penetration wa made. Iound samplea, 30 inches long and 3 to 6 inohes in diameter, were
soaked in 5 per cent ponteohiorophenol solution at 80°F
under different soaking periods ranging from * to 25 hours
with a treating depth of 22 to 24 inches.
Five sets of ainpies, with 3 samples in each set, were
used. Cold soakin oriods of , 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours were
employed with one set of samples being used for each soak.
ing period. The results reveal that the height of end perieration of preservative attained in the samples soaked for
6 hours did not reach the level of the preservative solution. In order to determine the required soaking period under wbib samples would be adequately treated b end penetration to the depth of the treating solution an. additional
2 ant 2a
(raphs in illustrated and 2 Table in summarized are results
The level. treating or inches, 22 at out section the on
measured was penetration radial the case each In level. ing
treat- the to penetration for period soaking required the
indicate to served penetration of heights approximate These
points. mentioned above the at sectioning by estimated
was merely penetration hoigkLtpf the Therefore, level. ing
treats. the to penetration end of height the bring to quired
re- period soaking the determine to only desired was it
study this In penetration. end of height the determine to
butt the from inches 22 and 16, 10, 4., at out were samples
the soaking, After period. soaking each for used being
samples of set one with used were hours 25 and 2O 4, of
periods Soaking soaking. cold to subjected were set, each
in samples 10 or 5 with samples, of sets three of series
24.
Table 2
Result of the preservat e treatment of .OflIflc iced, unooatd
black cottonwood poets b: cold soaking in a 5 per cent penta-
ohloropol solution.
No. ot
ago depth of
Average ;Verage so
verage
samples moi&iture diameter period re ton-
radial penetration
at treating level
in inches
treated content of posts in
tion in
in
in
hours pounds of e
r aent inches
per
pinetra.cubic tion in -Mm.
foot
ohe
3
3
3
8
3
5
10
20
21
20
19
22
21
21
4.57
3.70
3.57
3.72
4.37
3.92
3.76
1
2
4
6
20
25f
6.2
6.39
6.56
9.04
8.52
12.49
13.21
6
10
14.
14.
14
20
22
T*
T
T
T
T
T
Max.
Med
0.47 047
0.50
0.73
0.74
1.10
0.70
0.20
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.30a.* *
*Traoe, indicates less then 0.05 inch in depth.
Aftr 25* hours cold soaking the 30ainob samples showed end
Cfl5-e
trstio* at the tops of the simplee, eight inches above the treatlag level. Therefore, the radial penetration at the treating
level 'was obscured by end penetration.
26
Inches
100
s
....H1R.UNUI.RUUU.
.........
RURIIiUUURUURIUIRU U.a.aI....
uuu,iuuuuuaiuuuuusuimuuuaa
iaiauuuuusaiusuuuuuuuumu
UUIUUIUUUURUUUIUUUUUNNUU
Uuuuuummuuuuuuuuumuu
(.8
u...a..0 uuuu.u.umm.uu.0
aaurE.aauauaaaa
auau.a
.uv...a.. u...uuuu.
0
4)
ci)
cDUo
r
Max imani
uriuuuuuuusmuuuumuuisiuuuusuu
amauuuauuuuauumauuiuumauau
ci
ci
0
4)
n
auuuuuiuuuuuu.uuumsuu
uauuuuuuuuuuuuuuuusum
04
uuuuuuuumuuumuaui
uuuwvusu..u...-.--
Ledi urn
uauaauamuaauRuauauauuuRuiRa
uvuuuuuuusuuuuuusuuamuua
02
ua.uuuuuuuuuuauia.uuu
uuaauuaeaaamauauuaaamuuuu
uuuusuuusiuuuuuamuuiuuuuuu
umuuuuuuuuuuusium
Trdce- Minimum
10
15
3oaking period
20
Hours
Graph 2a- Depth of radial penetration at the treating
level of a cold 5 per cent pentachloroptienoi.
solution in non-inciseu, uncoatea clacK COttoflWOou0
27
lbs0/cu0
ft0
Inches
uu uua uuu
..u.........u...............u....U..
I...uu..uuu...u.......u.uu.u.a.a.uuuuu.uuu...
25
.......u....uu........u...uu.u...u...uuu...uuu
..u..u.......u...u..uu......u...uuu.uu.uu.uuuuU
20
umau..uuu.i
UU 20
..uu..UU.UU...UU..UU.uUWUlUuUNUUUuU..uuIUuUUUIU
uamuuuuuuuuua.uiu.uuuuuu
..a..u...............u.....
uauuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu mu
..a...aR..mu..u...s..uuuuSuaUUuua,muuRusuuuUI
o
-
m..u.........u...mg...u...uu....UUmU.Ruu..
.u...u...u....uuu.u...uum.uuu.uUU.u.UuUU
.m.uuuuuu..pi.u.uuuu..uu.uu.u..uuuuu 15
iuuapa..gauuuuaunauuuuuu.u.aaauIaUmuI
0
-H
4)
.4)
a)
a)
a)
4)
a)
10
.a...uuu..uu..uuu....uu..uUUuUUUUUuuUl 10
.iU.....u.u....lu.UU.uUu.NUU.u..uuUUuUuuuuuI
0
4)
uIUP4uUUUUUUUUUUUUSUUuUUUU.NUUUUUUUUU
r
iuua.u..i.u...uuuuu.uu..uuuIIuuuuuuuuUUSuURflI
.u..............u........u....u...U..uU.UU..u
uuuu.....uuu..uuuuuuuuu.uuUUUUUUUUU.UUU
.U.U.R......U.U.RU.S...U.UUUUUUUUUUUUUUU
i.U..U...UR..UUUU.U.UUU..UUUUURNUUUUUUU
i.u....u.u........Uu.u...u.uuu.uuuuuuuuuuuU
i.............U......UU..III.IIIUNIUUUUUUUUUU
...u...u....u.........u.......a.uuaau.aUuuRUuuI
10
5
15
20
Soaking period
25
Hours
Graph 2b- Retention and height of end penetration of a cold
5 per
cent
Dentachlorophenol solution in non-
incised, uncoated black cottonwood0
-H
a)
Conclusions :
Both the retention of preservative and height of end
penetration increased with the increase of sOaking period.
The rate of inorease in end penetration was more rapid du-.
ring the first two hours of soaicirtg and then continued at
a uniform rate. The increase in retention was fairly uniform
throughout the range of soaking periods.
The retenticn of preservative was closely associated
with the rate or end penetration amos the radial penetra
tion was ems 11 in comparison with the end penetration.
The pattern of radial penetration beyond the heit
of end. penetmtion was uneven, usually leaving soiue part
of wood untreated.
iU. of the ten posts soaked for 25 hours were end
penetrated up to the treating level. Pive of these posts
were wholly treated while the other five had soae of the
heartwood nesr the immersion level untreated. otually, all
of the ten posts showed orne entL penetration in the sapwood
to the tops of the 3Oinob eanples.
since radial penetration otainod in treating nan-inciaed,unooated black cottonwood posts is 80 poor, it is
necessary to rely upon end penetration for satisfactory
treatment. t room temperature, a cold soaking period of
at least 24 bour is required in order to ixisure adequate
end penetration throughout thut portion of the posts below
the level of the preservative solution. However, the high
respectively.
3b and 3a Graphs
in illustrated are vative
preser- of retention the and penetration radial of depth The
3. Table in tabulated are data resulting The measured. was
checks the from penetration tangential the examined, tions
sec- the in penetration radial of depth the beyond nd
observed were checks vhenever penetration, radial or
the of examination for sections 6-inch five into out
samples the weighing final and draining treating, Jter
80°F. was temperature treating the and
inches 24 was depth treating The period. soaking each for
used being samples of set one with employed, were hours 23
and 6, 4, 2, 1, , of periods soaking Cold used. were set,
each in samples 4 with samples, of sets Six penetration.
to paint whIte 520 ullerglo with coated were
end minimize
sarnple the of ends
butt
The
..
Typo hammer
incising with
inches 24. of height a to end butt the above inohe 5 point
a from Incised were long, inches 30 samples, Round
retention. and penetration radial, doternine to plea
black end-coated incised, of soaking Cold
eam- cottonwood
ob-
cost. of stand.point the from excessive be uiay tamed
treated of toot cubic per retention preservative
wood
29
Table 3-- Results of the preservative treatment of incised, end-coated
black cottonwood posts by cold soaking in a 5 per cent
pentachiorophenol solution.
of ive rags Average oa
samples moisture diameter period
iii
in
treated content
in
inches hours
per cent
Avera, depth of
radial penetrareten- depth of
tion in tangential tion in inches
Average Average
pounds p ens tration
front. checks
per
cubic
in inches
4.19
4. 95
3.09
6 59
0.19
0.26
0,22
0.23
0 40
0
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
16
17
18
18
16
4.3
4.5
5
4.7
4.5
1
4
6
231
0.38
0.39
0.40
0.37
0.23 0.37
0.15
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.24
0.27
0.30
0.30
0.33
31
Inches
..uuB.........u..u..........................
0.
uuuuu..uuuuuuu..a....uuuuuu.
uuuumummu..u..uuu.......uiu
uuuauuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuumuuu
.........uu..u..
O
.....mauu.u......uaauuuuu.u
3
uBuu.uu1.uijm........m...........u.....uu......
..auu
Uu$
'iu.'juauu.uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu.i
I.Ma.uU........uuauIu..u.....uu...I.uIUU..uuu
uwuiuuuuuuuuuumuuuuuuuuuuuu
'ammRRuuuuuuuuumuuuuuuuuuNuuu
iuuuuuuuu...uuuuuu...uu.u.iiuu.au...u.
u...uuuuuuuu..uu.u...u..iuuuuu.u.
ui..u.uuiiusuuu....u.uuuuuu.u.....uu
auuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuauuuauuuu
5
10
15
20
Soaking period
Graph 3a- Depth of radial penetration of a cold
5 per cent pentachlorophenol solution
in incised, end-coated black cottonwood0
25
Hours
32
1bs0/'u0 ft0
7
6
u............._.._.
UUUlUUUUUUUUU
URIUUUIUIUUUUIUUUIuu
UUUUUURUUUIUUIIUpUuI
UUUUUUIUUUUIIIUUUUUUII_
5
UIUUUUPUUUUUUUUU
UU
U UU U U I
UI. U U U
UI_U.....
UUUUUUU
U
UUUUUU
.._......
lIUIUIU
UUUUU
HIIIHPiIIHhIHIHHNIH _____IIIIIIH
IIIIIHII!IINHhIIlHlII_IIIIHIII
..a'i.uu uuue...uiuu__________
____
UIIRUUU
1.
__________U U UU U U U
uuu.ual....umuu.ai
UIUUUU
UIflIIIIUUUuUIIUIU
RUUUUU
INIHIIHIIIIHHIIIUIIUI
IIIHIIH
r
UUUUUU
uimuuiuiumiimiuuuuu_____ ilium
uvauuuuuuiuiuiniimuiuuii
iluuuuuui
IIIIIIHIOHIIOIIIIIIII
111111111
UUIIUUUUU UIIUI
UUUUUUUI
IHIIHIHHIII!IIIIIIIHII
UIIIUIUUUUU
IUUUUU
111111111
UI_U.....
3
2
1IIHHHIHH1HHIHI11I
1
0
IHIHHHHIHH1HIIIUI
U........u...U...I.U_.._.
UUUIUIUIUIUIUUUU UUUIU
IIHHHHHHHHIbIIHaI
III VIIUIU UUUUUIIIIIUIUI
IUUlUUUUUIIUUUUUIIUUU
UUUIUUIUUUUUUIUUUUUUU
5
10
15
3oaktn
Graph 3b- Retention of a cold
5
period
Iluuuulli
iluuuuuui
.._......
IRUUUUU
111111111
UIUIUUU
UUUUUU
IIIUUUUU
2C
25
Hours
per cent pentachiorophenol
solution in incised, end-coated black cottonwood.
Conclusions
33
Both the retention and the depth of radial penetration of the preservative solution increased with an increase of soaking period, but radial penetration increased
very little after the first tour hours. Retention was at
the rate of 1.24 pounds per cubic foot per hour during the
first four hours, but only at the rate of 0.08 pound per
hour during the next 19.5 hours.
Comparing the reaultb on incised, end-coated samples
with the reaul' on non-incised, uncoated samples as reported in part B :
The radial penetration was much more uniform and
slightly deeper in the incised samples.
(2) The a'verage retention or preservative solution by
the incised, end-coated samples was approximately
60 per cent of the preservative retained by the
non-incised, uncoated samples for soaking periods
of one hour or more.
Thus, incised natoria1 gives a more uniform protective
shell, of treated wood. Xt the incised material is end-coated, this protection may be obtained with a lower absorption
Of preservative.
The average depth of sapwood of black cottonwood, so
far as the teat samples were concerned, was about one inch.
Thus, by using this method of treatment, one-fourth to onethird of the sapwood was evenly penetrated with preservative.
34
The depth
of tangential pxietration from checks was
obesryod to be less than the depth of radial penetration
for each period or soaking. Thus, seriously checked posts
are pt to expose tore areas of shallow penetration with
the result that checks xay. impair the service ills of the
posta.
B. Hot soaking of non-incised, end-coated blaok cottonwood
samples to determine radial penetration and retention.
].i-round samples, 30 inches long, with the butt ends
coated with Fullerglo 520 white paint wore used for this
test. J'our sets of samples, with i samples in each set, were
used. Hot soaking periods of , 2, 4, and 6 hours were employed, with one set of samples being used for each soaking
period. The soaking temperature was 1300? and the treating
depth was 28 to 29 inobeg.
hfter treating, draining and final weighing, the samlea were mit into five 6-inch sections to determine the
th of radial penetration. The resulting data are tabulated in Table 4. The depth of radial penetration and the
eution of preservative solution are illustrated in
Graphs 4a and 4b respectively.
35
Inches
1 O,,
0
uaurnauuuuuuuurnuurnaRurnI
...uau.rnuu....u.auuuuuuuuI
4)
4.)
a)
a)
O..
urnurnurnuuur
O3
H
i.u....wuu.rn.rn..aa....uuuuu.0
,tcj o0g
u.uui...u.u....u..u..u.u.u.
.upau...u....a..u.a..uu.uu.Uu
ui.
uuuuuuuauuu$uu
.urnuuuuauusurnuuuuuusuuuuIuu
....u....um.umuuu.uuu
uu..u.au.uuu...u..a.us..uuusuu
0
1
2
3
Hours
Lp
soaking period
Graph 4a- Depth of radial pntration of
per cent.
hot
enacn±oropmnoi solution in
non-incised, end-coated black cottonwood.
lbs./cu. ft.
5
-I
ii
uuuu uuuuu uuuuuIUuuU
........U.UU...UIUUUUUU
uu.....r..u...urnuu.uurnUUuUSu
.....pj...u..........u.uuuuuuu
uEIuuUrnuuuuuUUUUIUUU
-4
0
-H
2
................uu..uuuuuuauuu
a)
1
.i..U..SRU.U..UUUUIUUUUUUU
..I..UUUUUU.NUUNuUUlUUUU
2
3
4
5
6kiours
oaung perlou
Grapzi
40-
itetention of a hot
5
er cent pentcnloroptieno1
solution in non-incised, end-coated blac1 cottonwood.
Appóndix.
3, Plate see peiiod; soaking hour
beyond penetratton
radial of depth the in or retention either in improvement
nrked no be will there samples, end-coated non-tneised,
of soaking hot in Accordingly, penetration. radial of depth
maximum of that as Deriod soaking the to relationship salflS
the showed preservative of retention the Similarly,
soaking. longer to due penetration of depth of ass
no was there which beyond period, soaking hour wo
the during obtained was penetration radial of depth
the However, hours. six to up period soaking the in crease
in- an with increase not did samples end-coated non-incised
in penetration radial of depth iu4diwn and minimum The
C
Conolust
0.10 0.36 0.06
0.10 0.35 0.05
0.37 0.06
0.13.
toot
cent
cubic per hours inches per in
in tion pounds in
in
in
content ated
radial retention period radius moisture plea
ig
p
Averag
Average
Soak Average Average
solution. rophenol
pentacblo cent per 5 a in soaking hot b7 samples
cottonwood black half-round end-coated otsed,
treatment preservative the of Results 4 Table
non-in-
Of
36
37
The average maximtm and medium depths of radial pens-.
tration obtained by cold soaking were two to three timcs
as great as the average values obtained by hot soaking.
This occurred despite the ract that the meeeurents or
radial penetration on the hot soaked samples were made
throughout the submerged portions of the saJple, wheroas
those measurements on the cold soaked samples were made
only at the treating level where the effect of hydrostatic
prelsur on penetration is nil,
Hot aoekin of incised, end-coated black cottonwood sam-
ples to detsriiiine radial penetration and retention.
Half-round samples, 30 inches long, with the butt ends
coated with Fullergie 520 white paint were used for this
teat. Fou.r aet of samples with 4 samples in each sot were
used, Hot soaking periods of , 2, 4, and 6 hours were employed with one set of samples being cod for eh soaking
period. The samples were incised with incising hazser Type
B. The soaking temperature was l3O° nd the treating depth
was 28 to 29 inches. 1.tter treating, draining and final
weighing the samples were out into five 6-inch sections to
determine the depth of radial penetration. The resulting
data are tabulated in Table 5. The depth of radial penetra-
tion and the retention of preservative solution are
38
Inches
0.5
rrni
0
4)
uUU.UUlUuu.!!l...
Iuuuasu S....
dUUUS
muuuuuuuuuuuusuuuuuu
uua.uiuauuuuusu.m
uu.ui.uu.ummusiuusu
'-Jo
4)
a)
iuj
a)
LI.
..-1
LI,
q4
0.1
0
.m..mas.uuussuu.
uuuuuummuuuu .....uu
U....
.......u......u... .auaa
4)
c
0
4
3
a)
ijours
Soaking period
Grapn 5a- Depth of radial penetration of a hot 5
per cen pentachioroohenol solution in
incised, end-coated black cottonwood.
lbs./cu. ft.
5
UUUURUUUURUUUUiá!I
uu.:iauuuuuuuuI
UU.UUU.U.UUUU..U...UUUUUU
umuuuuuuuuuumuu
.........m...................
uuuu.u.iuuauiuuuuuuu
uuuiauuusuuauuuuuuuuu
I..UUU..UUU...U..UUUU.UU...0
UUUUUUNUUUUUUUUUU
2
3
4
5
Hours
Soaking period
Graph 5b- Retention of a hot
5
per cent pentachiorophenol
solution in incised, end-coated black cottonwood.
Lustrated in Graphs 5a and 5b.
ab1e 5- Results of the preservative treatment of incised,
end-coated, half-round black cottonwood samples
by hot soaking in a 5 per cent pentaobloropbenol
solution.
Average Average
NO
samples moisture radius
treated content
in
inches
in
cent
or
4
4
4
4
15
14
15
14
2.47
2.32
2.12
2.42
8oak ng Average Average
period reten. radial penetration in tion in inches
in
hours pounds
per
2
4
6
cubic
root
M.tn.
Max.
Mei,
3.00
3.19
0.13
0.14
0.18
0.20
0.36
0.40
0.41
0.46
0.23
0.23
0.28
0.29
483
4.70
Conclusions :
The hot soaking at ].300P of incised black cottonwood
samples gave retentions and depth of radial penetration
quite comparable to those obtained
for quivalent soaking periods.
gained by
by cold soaking at 8Q°T
Therefore, nothing is
heating the preservative for the
treatment of
inoieed black cottonwood posts.
Comparing the results of hot soaking incised, endcoated samples with the results ou hot soaking non-incised,
end-coated
aaniçles
:
The average minimum arid average medium radial pene-
tration on incised, end-coated. samples were more
than double those obtained on non-incised., end-
ecated samples, resulting in greater uniformity of
penetration; see Plate 2 and
3,
Appendix.
The average retention was somewhat higher in incised., anci-ooated than in non-incised., end-coated.
samples.
"mmrizing the resuj..ts or soaking black cottonwood
er cent pentachiorophenol solution I
Non-incised, unooated posts appear to be satisfactorily treated. by end penetration during cold soak-
iig provided the soaking period exceeds 24 hours.
(2) Hot soaking showed noa&vantage over cold soaking;
see Plate
3, Appendix.
Samples that were incised and end-coated received
a uniform treatment throughout the portion immersed
with a relatively short soaking period.
The quan-
tity of preservative used was considerably less
than that used for treating non-incised, uncoated
posts by end penetration.
41
2. 8oaUn& trsatmants of red alder
The height of end penetration of cold, and hot pentacblo'.
rophenol solutions attained in red alder samples under
different soaking periods.
uartered samples of red alder, 30 ino1es long,
eeooated with !ullerglo 520 white paint, were subjected
old. soaking and hot soaking in 5 per cent pentachioro.
phenol treating solutions for different periods. The earnpies wore divided into sets of three, each set being ussd.
for a different soaking period. The depth of preservative
was 20 to 22 inches in cold oakixig and 29 inches in hot
aoakifl.gthese being the depths that were maintained for
similar treittments of black cottonwood. The treating testperature for cold soaking was 7507 to 80SF and for hot
soaking was 130°!. After treatnient,the samples were crosscut into one-half inch or sonietimes 1- to 2-int sections
for inspection, starting from the butt end. The length
measured from the butt end up to the point that showed the
reated area to be less than 50 per cent of the total crosssectional area wa considered as the height of end penetration. End penetration was measured over the entire cross-
sectional area because it is practically impossible to distinguish sapwood. form heartwood. in red alder. However, it
was noted that the height of end penetration was greater
42
near the outøide of the samples.
The data are
summarized
in Table 6 and illustrated. in Graph 6.
Tabi. 6-. The height of end penetration of co1cian hot 5
per cent pentachiorophenol solutions attained in
red alder samples under different soaking periods.
rage mo sture So
content in
period
per cent
in
cold
hot
hours
soak
soak
12
12
12
12
a-
of
ted)
tion (50 p
orO$6seCt ioua
in tnebo
oLd. soak
10.2
12,0
13
12
4
2.4.2
2
6
15,3
oak
9,7
11.7
15.7
15.0
1.7
Oonc3.usions
id penetratIon was more rapid during the first tour
hours of soaking.
Raising the teerature of the preserva-.
tive solution to 1300Y had, no significant influence Ofl the
rats of end penetration.
The rate of end penetration
the preservative in red
alder was quite comparable to the rats of end penetration
in the sapwood of black cottonwood..
43
Inches
20
i.a.....u.u..u....uu...uuaa.
a......
ui.uu.uuuuuiuauu.u.uu.u.ui.
Hot soak
.ua..uuuuaa..u.umauuu.a.u.:.ivauu
Cold so
.a....irm...s..u........u.u.uu......u.a.....u.
..uuurira.ai....m....a..u.ua.s..uu.....um...
.w a..... ........0 ..........a...u...u......
itia....u.a....u.issa......u...........uua.
..uuaauu.uua..uu.auu.uu.uum..u.u.u.u.u...
.....u.................u....u........u........
.ua.....u.........u........u...........u.......
........a..........a..........u.........u.u..a
.....'..'.........'.........u....a............u.
..................'....u.u........u...u.....a.
5
10
15
20
Soaking oeriod
GraDh 6- Height oI end
per
25
Hours
cnetration of a cold and a hot 5
cent pentachioroohenol solution in
red alder.
B. Cold soaking of uon-.incised, uncoated samples of red
alder to determine end penetration, radial penetration and retention.
The procedure for this treatment was the same as was
followed or the cold. soaking of non.iicised, unooated
samples of black cottonwood. as d.escrtbed on page 23.
Five sets at round samples, 30 inches long, with four
samples in eaci set, were used.. Cold soaking periods of ,
2, 4, and 6 bouro were employed with one et of samples
ng used for aoh soaking period. A 5 per oent penta"
ahiorophenol solution was used with a treating temperature
of 7507 and a treating depth of 22 inches. After treating,
draining and final weighing the samples were out at 4, 10,
16, and 22 inches from the butt to determine the approximate height of end penetration, Radial penetration was
measured on the section cut at the treating level. The
resulting data are tabulated in Table 7 and illustrated
in Graphs 7a and lb.
9t0
Cr0
tto
ot'o
oro
iO
o4ro
oC'o
co
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it
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uoT!Bx1OUd
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JO
*TIGtT
ezaATzI
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tt'9
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sa
eeo'p1TI
L'r
9
6"r
91
t
6"V
l9O*
9t
9t
9t
L
9t
OoJ
OT qtio
xed
øpunod
LUGO iacI
.znotr
$9tOtTT
UO
"I
U9.G.X poed .zew8fl
UT
U9UOO p9'4T3$X
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.xeiy
tdme
JO
O
UOflfltOø tOTIac!
-oottoued U8O
.tGd
p.00u-n
PtO
3T9O
JO
U9U1
sQ
!9TcItUø
xaezd 9t
QcXt.
IIZ9PT
PS.T
(t191 -
JO
4b
Incri
-I
-4
0
00)
SURUUUURUUUUV
auuuuuiuuauuiuuuuuuu
uu.u.ui.uuauuuu.uui
04 uuauiauuuuuuuu.r.uIiu.u
0.3
.-. O2
Maximum
uiuuaauuuuuumuiiiu.ium
RUUUUUUUU!UUUUUUUUU
.u.uiauuuus
uuu
uuuiuuuuuuui
irImuuuuu.uuu auiuu
.u.u.
uauuuuuu.aauuuuuuuii
uu.uuuuuuuuwuum..uuuu
Medium
uu..i.uauu..uuuiauu
1
2
4
soaking period
3
Minimum
5
6
Iiours
Graph 7a- Depth of radial penetration at the treating
level of a cold pentciloropheno1 salutioii
in non-incised, uncoated red alder.
Inches
.i.bs./cu. ft.
15
uuuumuuuuur 15
UUUUUUURUUUUUUU
10
vuuiumi
I.auIu...u.u.mu.I...mau.u.uu
ua...u...u..u.....uu.......
uuuuusuuuuuuuuuuu
1
3
4
U
0
Hours
Soaking period
Graph 7b- Retention and height of end oentration of
a cold 5 per cent pentachiorophenol solution in non-incised, uncoated. red alder.
solution. ervative
pre- the of level the below posts the of portion that out
through- penetration end adequate insure to order in quired
re- is hours 24 least at of period soaking a mperature
room at posts alder red unooated non-incised, ating
when cottonwood, black with comparison a upon Based
cottonwood. black is than tration
pen.- radial to refuotory more is alder red that. indicates
This alder. red for values penetration radial **ditt& aM
maximum lower the by indicated as cottonwood black for
than less considerably and uneven was penetration end of
height the beyond penetration radial of pattern The
comparison. in small was penetration radial the as tion
penetra.- end of rate the with associated closely was tive
preser- of retention be cottonwood, black to Similar
alder. red in lower somewhat
was soaking of hour one.-half first the during absorptkon
the that except cottonwood black of behavior the to milar
si- is This periods. soaking of range the throughout
uniform a at increased preservative of retention The
rate
rate. uniform
continued then and soaking of hour first the during
penetration end in increass of rate The
ra
more was
:
Conclusions
48
C. 0014 soaking of incised, end-coated red. alder samples
to determine radial penetration and retention.
The prooed.uxe of this treatzient was the same as Was
followed for the col1 soaking of incised, end-coated earnplea of black cottonwood as described on page 29. The
only zoeptions were that the depth of preservative was
22 inches and. the treating temperature was 75°F. The resulting data are shown in Table 8. The depth of r&dial
penetration and the retention of preservative are illustrated in Graphs $a and 8b.
Table 8--Reiilta of the preservative treatment of 1neiso, end-coated red
alder samples by cold soaring in a 5 per cent pntachloropenó1
solution.
0. 0 iverage Average 3oaking
rage Depth of
samples moisture dIameter period reten- tngntIal
treated. content
in
in
tion in penetrain
incheS hours pounds tion throtigh
per cent
per
høckS In
CUbIO
inches
foot
4
4
4
14
15
14
14
15
4
13
4.5
4.8
4.6
4.5
4.8
4.7
2
2.16
2.30
2.58
2.79
3.55
5.88
0.12
0.15
0.16
0.20
0.22
0.20
iverage dept
radial, penetra-
tion In Indies
Mm.
Mo.x.
Med.
0.06
0.12
0.10
0.15
0.23
0.36
0.33
0,37
0.37
0.4].
0,45
0.2]
0.22
0.24
0.25
0.30
0,38
009
50
Ince
O5
.uua..umlussmuu.u.u.uu..uuu.u.umuNuUuSlUUU
..........iu.........a......u.u.u..u.
Iax irnum
O4
Me a turn
0
H
urLuu..uu.u.uuI.uuusuu.u..m.a.u.u..u..uUU
(1)
uamuuuu,auuIuuuuuuuuIuuuIIRuuUS
uuwiuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuau.....uuu
U!4UUURUUUUUUUUUUUU
i.iauuauuuuuumuuuuuuumI
upAmNuuuaiauR.m.u.Iuu.uuu. rIinimum
a)
0
IflhIHHHIHHHHIHIHhIHIIlihIIilhi!!fflI
0
0
IHIIHlI11IIi!!II1IHhIIIIIIIIHIHhIIIIIII
I.UU..U.RPUUUU.UU.U....U.UUU..U.UUUU..UUUUUU
a)
001
I.
uIJUUUaaUSUIul..U...U.U...URUIUIUU..UUU.IUUUUUI
j.uuuuuuuuRuuuuuuuuuuuurnu..uu.uuuR
111111111
HIHhIIIHhIIHhIIIIIIHhIIIIIlIIHIIII
........u.....uu..u.u.u...u......u.
10
15
20
Soa1ing perioa
Grapn
a- Depth or ralial penetration of a cold 5
per cent
entachioropiieno1 solution in
incised, end-coated red alder.
25
ilours
5].
lb30/CU0
ft0
......uu.
U
RUR
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU
...R.........u.s..u..u.m.lUUUUU.UUUP.aI
U m... I
.........U....I..UU..Um.UIUUUamaURUaUU
5
u.auu..............s...mau.
UUUUUUUlUUUU4UUUUUUUUUU
.am..um.u.u.uummUmUmu.muuuUUUUUUUUUU
uIUUURUUUISIRIlaUUUiUUUUUUUUUPUUUUUUUUURUUUUU
UU.UamUUU.uUUuUUuUsmm.l.UuUUUUUuUUUmU
m.amIUUUUIUUmUUmUUPdUUUmUaUUUUUUUUUUa*
aaummammmmas.s
4
umu.umu
.arnmmm
uu....m...u..4......u.....uuumUUU..U.UUU
uaummmupdUuuu.um.mUumuIaUUmuumauuUUUUUU
UIAUUUUUUUUUUUSUUUUUUUUUUUUI$UUUUU
u.u...mrj....u..............m.mUaU.UUURaUU
0
-4
.........,j.u.u...u.mu..........m..u.......m..
.U.UUU.UVUUUUUUU..UU.UU.UUUUUUUUUUUUUU
4)
.mU.UUUUU.mUUU.Um..IUUIIU..UUUmmUuU
4)
UULau..mmm.m..u.um..u..u...Um.U.UUU.UU.UUUUU
IUauUmuuUUUUUUuuUmUmUUUUUUUUUUURUUUUUUUUUU
'4USUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU
FLlmu.uus.uuUUuUIummmu.UuuumI.UUUUUU.UUU
....m.mummam.mumu.u.uauummua..mumumUuUmuum
m......m......mm...um................UUWUUU.0
.u..u.m.....u.....a......u......umuumsm..mUUmU
URUUUUUUmmSmUUUUuUUUUUUUUUmUUmUUUUUUI
SUUU$U.UUUUUUUU.UUUUUUUU.UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUIUUUU.UUUUUUUUUUUU
.u...u...u...m.u.i...u..u..mu....u.u.mum.m.0
IUUUUUUUUUIUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUIUURUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU
ummummmuummm.muuummumuuummmamumUUU..UUUU
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUSUIUUUIUUUUUUUUUUUUUU
1 UUUU.U.UU..UU.UUUUUU.UUUUUU.UUUUUUUUUUUUU
.m..UU......Uu.......UUU...'.Uuu..U...........
aummmumaumm.u.uuuummmum.uuuummummuuUUUUUI
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUIUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU
UUU..U......UUU.U.UUU...U..UUUUUUUUU.UUUUUUUUU
UUU.UUUUU..mU.U.UUSUUSUUUUmUUUUSUUUUUUlUUU
0
S
10
15
Soaking IDeriod
Graph Cb-. ietention of a cold
5
per cent
20
25
Hours
entachlorooheno1
solution in incised, end-coated red alder
52
Conclusions :
Both the retention and the depth of radial penetration of the preservative solution increased with an in-.
oreosi of soaking period. Radial penetration increased
more r&ipi1y during the first 1x hours of soaking, after
which it appears to fall oft to a very ueh reduced rate;
see Plate 4 and 5, AppendIx. Following an initial absorption during the first one-halt hour of 2.16 pounds per
cubic foot the retention of preservative Increased uniform-.
ly throughout the range of soaking periods.
The d.eptb of tangential penetration from checks was
observed to be lees than the depth of radial penetration
ror each soaking period, being about one-bait to one-third
of the values for radial penetration.
Comparing the results of incised, end-coated samples
with the results on non-incised, unooated samples of red
alder as presented in part 2B :
The radtal penetration was deeper and much aol's
uniform in the incised samples. The average medium depths
of penetration were approximately twice as great as those
of non-incised samples. The minimum depth of radial panetration also showed marked ixaprovemeitt.
The average retention of preservative solution
by the incised, end-coated samples was approximately 50
53
per cent of the preservative retained by the non-incised,
uncoat.d samples for soaking periods of on. hour or more.
Thus, incised materials give a more uniform protective
hs1] of treated wood; aee Plate 5, Appendix. If the in.
cued material is end-coated, this proteotian may be obtainsd with a lower absorption of preservative.
In comparing the results of this experiment with the
results of identical treatment on black cottonwood for
soaking periods of six hours or less ;
Red alder showed lower retention;
The medium depth of radial penetration was lees
t or red alder;
The uniformity of radial penetration in red alder
a l.ss due to lower minimum values, tilts is il'.
trated by comparing Plate 3 with Plates 4 and
Appendix.
For longer soaking periods the depth of radial penetration was greater in red alder and the retention approaoh
ed that obtained in black cottonwood.
SUA
o
ound,
can be
CONCLUSION8
seasoned. rod alder and black cottonwood. posts
su000ssfuflyr
treated, by soaking in an unheated.
5 per cant pentach1oropbeno3-djes.]. oil solution.
Such treatment, which relies on end penetration alone,
requires that the depth of the treating solution be
equal to or greater than the height of treatment desired,
When the depth of solution was 22 inches a
soaking period of 24 hours was required to obtain a
satisfactory penetration to a beigAt at 1C to 22 inches
in the samples.
Retentions of about 13 pounds per cubic
f3ot of wood were obtained and the sapwood. was complete17 penetrated.
Incising the posts
doubled the
depth of radial. penetra-.
tion in red alder and increased. the radial penetration
about 10 per cent in black cottonwood to give a radial
penetration of approximate 0.30 inch for each species
at the end of 6 1ours soaking.
en more Important
'was the tact that radial penetration was more uniform
in incised posts of either species thus reducing the
chances of thin spots in the protective shell of treated.
wood..
.
reduction in retention is possible in incised posts
of these species because the uniform radial. penetration
55
obtains4 nakes it unnecessary to rely on end penetration. The quantity of preservative retained by incised saaples, end-coated with white paint (Fulle?gl
520), ranged from 37 to 60 per cent at that retained
by non-incised, uncoated samilee for soaking periods
of 4 to 6 hours.
In. experiments where comparisons could be nade, there
was no significant difference between hot soaking and.
ot aoaking for either black cottonwood or red aide?.
Consequently, cold soaking rather than hot soaking is
recommended as the more suitable method of treatment.
It appears likely that incised, owl-coated black cottonwood can be satisfactorily treated by a somewhat shorter
soaking period in a cold. solution than can red alder,
possibly 4 hours as compared with 6 hours. For soaking
periods of 24 hours or more ther. is little difference
in the treatability of the two species.
The protective value of thoss treatments that appear
promising, based. on these experiments, should be checked
by service tests to determine whether or not the penstrationsand retentions are actually adequate.
56
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anonymous
Simplified fence post treatiaent.
printed train Western Building.
23(2),
2p.
1944.
2.
Pentachiorophenol for wood preservation.
Chain. Ing. 54(lO):260,
1947.
Anonymous
Abbott, Richard W.
Longer life Car Wisconsin fence
posts.
Extension Service of College of Agri.,
Univ. of Wis., Madison,
lip.
Jan. 1947.
Amer. Wood Pres. +.asoo.
Information on pontaoblorO.
phenol as a wood preserving chemical.
A. W. P. A. Proceedings, p. 47,
1944.
Brown, H. P. and Panskiin, a. J.
Commercial timbers
of the United States. 1st ad. McGraw-HiJj. Book
Co., Inc.
New York, N. Y.
1940.
554p.
Buokinan, Stanley J. and Para, John I).
treatment of wood, Part I.
Memphis, Tennessee,
4p.
Nonpressure
Central Lab.. Inc.
Buokman, Stanley J., Pera, John D. and Browne Robert T.
Nonpressure treatment of wood. Part II.
Central Lab., Inc.
Memphis, Tennessee.
4p.
Buokinan, Stanley J., Browne Robert Y. and Gay Walter H.
Nonpreasure treatment of wood. Part III.
Central Lab., Inc.
Memphis, Tennessee.
4p.
arewell, T. S. and Nason 11. K.
of pentach1oropbio1.
30(6):622-626,
Properties and uses
md. & Eng. Chem.
June, 1948.
10. Carawell, T. S. and Iatfie1d, Ira. Pentaohloroplienol
for wood preservation. md. & Eng. Chem.
31(11):1431-1435, Nov.,1939.
Permatox, an efficient water repellent preservative for wood. Perniatox Bul.
Revised.. June 3, 1947.
46-WR.
6p.
Chapmazn CtLem, Co.
12.
Chapman Chem. Co.
Specification for pentaoblorophenol
and petroleum oils for use by wood preserving
Diant and users of treated forest products,
eoh. Bul. 47-P.
9p.
57
Penta preservative-(Periaatox A)
for the preservative treatment of lumber, poles,
pot3, and. other wood. products.
eob. Bul. 47,
Chapman Chent. Go,
Jan. 1,
1947.
Chapman Cbern. Co.
4p.
Permatox diR.
Bul. 47-WR.
4.P.
Chemical control methods for terChapman Ohem. Co.
mites and. Lyctus beetles with "Penta" preservatives.
4p.
Doolittle, Fred. B.
for creosote.
Oct., 1942.
Pentachiorophenol substitutes
1ect. West.
89(4):58-61,
Pentachiorophenol on the farm.
iSp.
Graham, U. I). and Baker, Win. 3. Service life of
treated. and untreated. fence posts: 1947 Progress
report on the T. 3. St,arker poet farm. Progress
Dow Chant. Co.
1947.
Report o. 1. Ore. lox. Prod.. Lab., Corvallis,
Ore. Table 2(unpublisbed)
Hicook, Henry W. and Olson A. Richard.
The pr
vative treatment of fence posts and other s
tural materials. Oonn, Agri. Expt. Sta.,
New Raven, Bul. 509, July, 1947. 19p.
Hopkins, W. 0. Fence posts: Production and. treating
'costs. Mississippi State College, .Lgri. xpt.
Sta. Bul. 439, Nov., 1946. 27p.
Wood preMcGraw-Hill Book Co.
Runt, George M. and CMrratt, George A.
servation, let. ad.
1938.
437p.
The comparative efficacy of preserKrogh, P. M. D.
vatives in wood. exposed to termites and decay,
Jour. S. A. For. .asoc., Pretoria, So. Africa.
No. 16, p. 45-54, Mar., 1948.
nd coating
Krogb, P. M. D. and Turnbuli, 3. M.
control of wood preservative penetration.
Tour. 3, A. For. Ansoc,, Pretoria, So. Africa.
o. 13, p. 33-36, 1946.
Lindaley, I)an. L. Preserving poles. ]1eo. West.
99(l):58-61, July, 1947.
2.
zpeot4
sr1s .
, aM
rss.r,attve treata.nts
esrytos stfeottvenees
Chea. na, .4.
&
*pplis4 to tUwozk.
lh: 305..3C3, *p. )5, 1. 42.
26. onaato Cket. Co. *ood preservation *itb 8antopor
ãe11ereokr, Zlohn
20 in ott eo1ut.on.s by preeturs prOoes$iø.
It. Louis V. 1946. £6p.
27.
4:
Life insurttnoe for luuber.
Don.0
Cbet.
6p.
Ross, Char
2$.
ste tar Or.Zon tsras, Qct.
Stts oer4 of Uglier i6ua*ti
43tOfl 3U1, 681.)
29.
1ns
&.
ox'estry,
post prssrvatton
cboo].
$eno
Ttah
3tits grt. CoUse, Logan, Utah. Muir., 1948
lOp.
it1
Olson (. L PenteohloropLenol in
fence postsservice life (Reprinted f
.
area
and
0 erth").
"Down
8tsnr,
iiAlif. aatsasnt.
project (Annual rsprt
.
sot
R1
. Chsri. CC. 1947. 6p
for preparing penteablorophen
14. 122(23):U9, risc., 1944.
ultors, C.
3.
111. 14.gr2.
Ill.
Tre&ttng tna potii itb 'Pnts
Ezpt.
ta.,
a1tere, C. S
pot3 by a
ILl. ri.
br.,
Urbana,
report on preserving
in toxic fuel oil o1utions.
x
nov., 1947.
Wetea, {, ?. Effeet at *o
oeerota2. tibu'.
i.7.187.
Dept. of
t. ot bor., Urbana, LU.
on trstent
Proc iedin$i3,
1930.
W.aterz Pine Asso
Peto1. '.oh. Bul.
,. June 1 1947. p.
36, WolUstz, rast aM kavenscroft, Vernon.
School of Vorestr
wood preservation.
of Idaho, osoow, Idaho. gir. 2.948
6.
5,
7
'
APPENDIX
Plate 2- Illustrating the shallow, non-uniform pat.
torn of radial penetretion that occurs in treating non-incised, end-coated saiuploa.
(The heavy
black line was drawn iiiediately after the sampie was sectioned to preserve the pattern of radial pnotraton. The creep of the preservative
over the surface of the sections, which occurred
later, is apparent.)
59
Plato 3- Illuatrattru the iiox'a uniform pattern of ra-
lial penetration that ocours in treating inclnod
en&t-coate1 aainplaa,
(Goinpce with Plate 2)
Th
above plate also illustrates the fact that radial
poi.tration was not improved by increasing the
temperature of the treatin8 solution to 130°J'.
60
43
Plate
The first two of a series of four pictures
showing the increase of radial penetration with
time in cold soaking incised, end-coated red
alder swnjles. (Compare with Plate 5) The horizontal rawa of samples tre four sections from
th. sane pust cut at lifferent distances from
assure t good ath butt end of the sample
erage neasurenent of radial pezietration.
(J
2ate 4
Plate 5.- The last two of a series of four pictures
showing the increase of radial penetration with
tine in cold soaking incised, end-coated red.
alder scunple. (Coiupare with Plate 5) Thc
horizontal rav of 11ples are tour seotions
tro the saue post out at different distances
froxa the butt end of the sample to assure a
good average measurement of radial penetration.
62
Plate 5