V
TD'BER r-RO" I' VbRS JS ORAZI m
ON THE NON-F RESTED AREAS ~F THE
.oDONALD
FORhST
by
L'YLE A. B
R
TIMBER (ROWIN( VJRSJS GRAZIThI
ON THE NON-FORESTED AREAS ')F THE
MCDONALD FORST
by
A THESIS
llubmitted to the
LYLE A, BAJER
ORE ON STAT]); COLLE E
in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the
de ee of
MASTER OF
FOR~STRY
A THESIS
Jun 1941
submitted to the
OREGON STATh COLLEGE
Acknowledgment_
Acknowledgments
The
the ass!stance,
a__ ietance, helpful
The author
author acknowledgee
acknowledges the
helpful
critici_m_
criticisms and _ugge_tion_
suggestions contributed by variou_
various member_
of the
e_pecially E.
E. G,
G. Mason,
Ma_on, Assistant
A_.i_tant
bers of
the faculty,
faculty, especially
Dean
T. 3.
J. St_rker,
__ or of
of
Dean of
of School
School of
of Fore_try;
Forestry; T.
Starker, Profe
Professor
Fore_try;
C. H,
H. Willison,
Willi_on, Astflstant
A.sistant Profe.sor
Forestry; C.
Prtfessor of
of forfore_try;
Fore_try;
estry; W., F.
F, McCulloch,
Mcrulloch, Assi.tant
Assistant Professor of Forestry;
E.
D!.vi81on of Agricultural
Agricultural
L. L.
L. Potter,
Potter, Head of the
the Division
Economics;
Johnson, Professor of
of Animal Husbandry;
Economics; R.
H, G.
0, J0hnson,
Husbandry;
and W.
W. 11.
W. Gorton,
and
florton,Assistant
Assistant Economist,
Economist, Farm
Farm Management.
Management.
tendered to
Thanks are also tende?-ed
to other
other persons
persons and
and
organizations
for
organizations 2
or the
the help
help contributed
contributed in
in the
the preparapreparation
of this
this manu_cript.
tion of
manuscript.
'abl. ot
Table
of Content.
Cctents
Pa;e
a:.
Iyjtrothction • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •.
IntroduoUOIl
3t,tetent
of Froblen
ta_nt ot
robl. • • • • • • • • • •
••t ud
.....llt [letOl'J
Pset
end lPresent
Elatory of
Forest • •* •
t kore.t
?opo.:rarby, 8011.
Soil, and
and ~alllaR.e
Dra!nage
TOJlO.ra1ihJ.
Climate
at••
Crops
Cro~.
11
2
•. •
II
5
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
77
'e...
Iaised
£aleed onII s%cre
alue ot
V&lije
of 8and
Band tor
for
Tlaber
.....11l,\l
Timbep ~Orowln
The
~
11
•. •. •.
• • • • • • • • • •
'tt>ar
--•••
ther Uses
9
• • • • • •
9
• • • • • • • • • • • • •
10
10
• • • •
10
10
Analye5s or
of toelal.
Social, ic......
maly.lo
lc. and
conottie,
and InduaIndustrial Coad1t1ona
ConditIons . • • • . • • • • • •
tr1al
10
10
r'~blltl't
timber rana.'
flna<ennt
"lJubel'
..,ont Frob1e
or.. t IndustrIes
111411811'1••
Forest
• • • •
•.
• • • • • • • •
10
10
Other
'thor Industries
In4utrl.. • •
• • • • • • • •
11
11
.
otlulotlOll
toT- 'nd~l1c;r
opulet!on OIld
ard Dependency
• • • • •
111
13
• •
ill
its5or
ther Thgn
.jor Va)ues
V.I"". eth.r
!han Tu,ber
L""b.r • • •
ill
13
o....t COlltrlbuUona
jtorcst
ContrIbutions •
• •
• • •
.
;ral. of
or lorest
foro.t Resourcc3
F••ourc•• and
and }1arkettar~.tAnalysis
1D.,~
tical
1fl9 tood!
Cond!tions
. • • • • • • . • • •
.....t 'l';rpo.
Forest
Tree • • • • • • • • • • •
•
It. l<\llll1ty
Site
4uality • • • • • • • • • • • •
'an.llorhUnn Facilities
Fac1l1U•• • • • .• •
Transportation
a:rlr.tlllll • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Market1n
.
Solution
of Plan
for .....""las··tir
ttigln-fir
'luUon ot
lOll tor
olloral
General
•
.
1.
14
111
15
III
16
116
17
17
• • • •
17
17
• • • • • • • • • • • • ,•
17
17
Page
Page
Solution
of Plan
Plan for
for Eouc:las-fir
Dou:las-fir (Cont.)
(Cont.)
Solution of
20urce
of Data on
on Volumes
\"ol1D.oa • •
Source of
• • • • •
17
•
• •
18
• • •
29
PlantiM
P1antin3
• • • • • • • • • • • •
Rotation
• • • • • • • • • • •
•
Lstimation
Latimation of Costs and Yield at
Rotation
T'otetion • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Market Conditions
Conditions • • • • • • • • • • •
Solution
Ponderosa Pine
Pine • •. •. •
SolutIon of
of rlan
Finn for Ponderosa
Source of n.ta
Data • • • • • • • • • • • •
.
Rotation
Rotation
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
hstimation
of Costa
Costs gid
and Yield
Yield at
at
stimation of
Rotation • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Conditions • • • • • • • • • • •
Market Conditions
Problem • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
The
The Range Problem
Market
F'arket Coneiderations
Considerations
•.
•
• • • • • • • •
•
•
20
20
22
30
30
31
31
31
3].
32
32
32
36
36
36
35
36
• • • • • • • •. •, •
37
Effects on Land • • • • • • • • • • • ,•
Solution of
of Problem
Problem for
for llheep
5heep •. • • • • • •
Coste
Costs • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
36
38
•
c;enersa • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
General
Future Market Conditions
Conditions • • • • • • •
Survey of Non-forested Areas • • • • • • • •
earring
carying Capacity
CapacIty • • • • • • • • • • •
Improvement Needed
ITeeded
36
35
36
36
40
40
PaJle
P e
olu.tion
10
0
P
Sclution
of
or
1
~h
~h
ep ((ContinUAd)
(Cont
on nUAd))
P od (;i
osts
0
of Producir~
Shoo
o
• • • • • • •
.dO
0
rotectlon
ro etion
c on •• • • • • • •• •• •• <> • • • •
e
on the Non~rorested
·razin<;;.,
on-forested
Value
Val ue of
0
r zin....
rene
s.r
r as •
•
•
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
411
•
•
•
0
Pate
3
•
.• .• .• '•. .• .• .• .• .• .• .• .•• .• .• .• .• .• .• .• .•
•
•
46
6
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
50
0
•
ConclUSion
Co0 clu
ClUB on
Solution o. Problem for Sheep (Continued)
•
Summ
Sum
Costs cf Producing Sheep .
,
40
.1 0
ibl:tograpl'l7
Protection .
. ,
,
.
,
41
Value of (razin Sheep on the Nonfr,rsted
areas
43
Summ ry
Conclusions
131b11 oraphy
46
..
S
S
50
TIKBE GRO,INO V~RSUS RAZI G
ON TH NON-FORES ED AREAS
TIlE MoOONALD FOREST
1
Introduetion
Statement
~
Problem
TIMBER GROWING VERStJS 'RAZING
ON ThE NON-F ORES' ED AREAS
Aooordi
to G. A. Pearson (30)OE aTHEcom
arison of
Mo DONALD FORIST
timber and for ge v luos on forest lands must oonsider,
first, the need for timber
d livestook
roducts, both
Introduction
local and nation 1; seoond, the returns from each in
revenue to the landowner and to the publio in the form
of local industry and em loyment J and, third, the capacof Problem
ity of each resource to supStatement
ort profitable
industry.
Public values of forest and r
e may be compared
on two bases:
According to (3. A. Pearson (30) a comparison of
1.
Direot produots
ot the soil, as standing tim-
bel' on one hand and standi timber
torage
onvelucs
theonother.
and forage
forest lands must consider,
2.
Industrial produots, as lumber on one hand or
at and wool on the other.first,
the need for timber and livestock products, both
It 1s the purpose of the author to use the first
local and national; second, the returns from each in
oomparison listed.
row1
That is, to compare the value of
timber with the value
ofto rai8i
e for
revenue
the landownerfor
and to the
public in the form
11vestock on the non-forested areas of the McDonald
of 1rcol industry and employment; and, third, the
Fore.t, and the objeot1ve is
to determ1ne to whioh use,
ity of each resource to support
capac-
protitablo industry.
Public values of forest and rungs may
be compared
2
tlmb r
timber
1'0
rea
re
graz1n,g.
non-forest
r zin ) these
the
non-for t
oor ~razin~.
1
bould
be u
l:>ut.
hould b
t .•
2
!!!! !E2
The
Present History
~cDonAld
~
orestt
Forest
timber crowing or grazing, these non-forested areas
Forest i
tract
t c of
t forest land about
o
should be put.
even
miles north of Corvallis;
v
ista
1 acres.
0
Ore~on.
It Is used by the
College Sehool ofr Forest
ore~on
State
oor a field laboratory
or or and
Past and Present History of Irorest
research area.
hin.
e of
0
This tract
land has had a very 1n'tierest
inte
tl
tory.
It was the primary 1intent
ot theForest
pioneers comins
t Thet McDonald
is a trsct of forest land about
into this area to use the 1land for ap:rloulture.
books carry
thoa
I
sa eon-
:11
umm
F
Few
seven ownership
miles north
of Corvallis,
r
of land
and usOregon.incThis area con-
lrst days or exploitntion. and
sists of 4,821 ecres,
fewer records for lands predominatel
ter.
still
re
It is used by the 0reon State
orest in
chara~-
College School of Forestry for a field laboratory and
In
in the McDonald Forestt
~
o '
fir t private
priv towner
1'0
rt now includ
d
The first
owner off property
included
-eorp:o
or 0roa,E.Oole.
E. 001.
research
e s d an eighty.acre
eighty.acr tract
tr ct from
fro the Office
0 f1
chased
He
H ppur0
C Imm1smmls-
This tract of land has had a very interesting his-
sian d Control of the
th OrohonTerrltory
Or ·oD.T rrltory 1n
stoned
in the y ar 1855.
w 16
1864 before any
ny mora
mar of these propertie
1'0 artie
It Was
tory,
d
ssed
It was the primary intent of the pioneers coming
into private
1'1 te ownerah
own r h
into
this 1900's
area to use by
the land
f or 12
a>riou1ture.
arly
b~
,
80-.
"From 1864 until the early
Few
or 160
lSO-acre
remaining
in thl
acr tracts
tact the
th rem
lning properties
pro rtle now 1n
books carry a nimmary of land ownership and use since
chool forest passed into prlv~te
privat 0own rship
rshlp~j final
fl al
school
those first days of exploitation, arid there are still
fewer records f or lands predominately forest in charac-
transfer from public to private ownership trans 1ri
in 1917" (2).
Since the original date ot purchase from
3
the federal government a number of the properties have
had as many as twenty titletransfer
transfers.
from public to private ownership tranariring
In 1926 the first property was acquired b. the
In 1917"
(2). College
Since the original
purchase from
Sohool ot Forestry at Oregon
State
for date
useof tor
laboratory and research purposes.
In the fourteen years
the fedora]. government a
number of the properties have
that have elapsed since the first acquisition. 4.821
acres have been obtained principally
a8 atitle
result
had as many as twenty
transfers,of
generous bequeste by the late Mary J. L.
"Land use
cDonald.
1926 the first property
acquired b
ractioes, likeIn ownership,
havewaschanged
the
materially since the earlier days of private ownership.
School of Forestry at Oregon State College for use for
Speculation undoubtedly constituted the chief, it not
the sole intent in ownership
for and
theresearch
properties
now
in- years
the fourteen
laboratory
purpoac. In
cluded in this forest area when they originally
assed
o
that have elaraed since the first acquisition, 4,821
trom public to private control.
But speoulation was
not a
roductive type of intent.
The result was that
acres have boon obtained principally as a result of
little material returns accrued to the capital invested.
There are evidenoes of the generous
land bequests
havi by the
at late
times
Mary J,been
L, McDonald.
used for
az1ng duri
these earlier days, but even
"Land U50 practices, like ownership, have changed
this use was oddly enou h. in at least one oocasion, a
forced use because of a prank of nature, tor in this
materially since the earlier
days of private ownership.
case unprecedented climatIc conditions forced the fell1
Speculation
undoubtedly su
constituted
of broadleated tre s tor
the forage
liedthebychief,
le ves and succulent twigs.
if not
Later stages of private
the sole intent in ownership for the Dropertiac now in-
ownership saw the lIquidation of timber oapital from
cluded In this forest area when they originally
from public to private control.
aesed
But speculation was
4
the for sted areae.
In few instancee did planned use,
either intensive or extensive,
foll~w
on these properties
after the removal of the forest wealth.
4
some of
On
these areas, natural condition8 were suoh that a new
the forested areas. In few instances did
forest wa
ance
by
reproduced,
man.
nheeded b
A patch-work
and out-ovel' areas wa
the lack or aesist-
attern ot altern te timbered
either intensive or extensive, f011IW on these properties
ther fore t e
over t
w en
after the removal of the forest wealth,
first the Sohool of
orostry be an ao uirl
rties tor sohool use. n (2)these
th
durin
rop-
en mate-
A patch-work pattern of alternate timbered
All tho timbered are s have been
protected from fire.
th1nni
hat the Sohool of Forestry
ance by man.
haa owned the land.
by
On some of
reproduced, unheeded
by the lack
of assistthe land forest
use wa raotloes
put into
etteot
the fourteen yeare
oreaeed
S8
areas, natural conditions were such that a new
Conditione on t ls 4,821 acr6 area have
rially altered b
planned use,
s
Theirendticut-over
ber areas
capital
hae been inws therefore the cover type when
d 1 provem nt outt
&.
any ot
first artltlc
the School of ally
forestryrestook
began ecquiring
the unstocked areas have been
d,
the ph
wbet
character of the
eio~raph1o
ea dictating
erties for school use." (2)
r r stooki
wee to be
these prop-
ine or fir.
Roads have
been bull t frc>m two to t1J1le so
th t now all parte ot
Conditions on this 4,821 acre area have been
th
araa are
ooes8i leo
any rails have been con-
by the land
use rracticee put
atruoted for protect1ve as rially
wellaltered
8 soen
c purposes.
Ar as or outstandi
and
reserved.
scenio
eanwhll
mate-
into effect
ttraotione have been marked
during the fourteen years that the School of Forestry
duri
this tourteen yo
per cd of planned rorest use,
other benefite
have
All the timbered
ha owned the land.
'cas have boon
acorued to students and the oollege through the oontinu
protected from fire.
Their
~
tiber capital has been in-
creesod by thinnins and improvement cuttinga.
Many of
the unstocked areas have been ertlfioially rostocked,
5
use ot the tor sted area tor instruot on and researoh
pur oses.
5
Topo rarhy,
~, ~
The topo
Drainafe
ue of the forested area for instruction and research
a hy ot the
oDonald Forest 18 typioally
purposes.
that of the ooast range.
The
round, rolli
hills vary
only several hundred t et in elevation trom the lowelt
points on the torest.
.ost ot the &rea hal gentle
Topogrhy,
and Drainee
Ilopes, not over 20-40 peroent,
butSoil,there
are areas
that are rather steep.
It is on th
the forelt In Sections 7,
a,
southern part ot
9,The15,
16, 17, and 18 (see
topography of the cLonald Forest is typically
map) that most ot the non-forested areas exist.
Thil
The round,
that ofForest
the coast range.
area ..as added to the .oDonald
in 1938
and rolling
Is hills vary
known al the Jackson and Oockerham
d 1 tions.
only several hunixed foot in elevation from the lowest
I
So e ot the lend included in the Jackson and Cooker-
ham additions hal besn us dpoints
tor onagrioulture
aIlt.
of thothe
area has
gentle
the forest. Most in
However, this Is not Its best ule.
The loll over
ost
slopes,
20-40 percent,
but there
of tbe non-forested areas ot
thenot oer
cDonald
Porest
is are areas
rather shallow.
The top layer. whicb varies fro
one
that are rather steep. It is on the southern part of
to two teet in thlckness, 1s a dark brown clay loam.
It 1s very tertile as Is evidenced
by the7,growth
ot17, and 13 (see
the forest In Sections
3, 9, 15, 16,
trees on a large part of the ar a.
Under thIs topso1l
of the
non-forested areas
Is a layer ot yellow clay. map)
It that
Is most
very
ditticult
torexist.
roots to enetrate th1s layer when 1t Is dry, and
This
area was added to the McDonald Forest in 1038 and is
known as the Jackson and Cockerhern pdditions,
Some of the lend included in the Jackson and Cooker-
.1
6
equally difficult for youn
of dro
tree. to .urvive in periods
t.
6
There are eigbt soil types 1n s1x seri s represented on the .outhern part ot the torest.
They are
equally difficult for young trees to survive in periods
as follows:
Olympic clay, Olympic clay (.hallow
phase), Olympic clay loom,
Cascad
nd
clay 10
'apato
of
drought.
sUty clay 10
,
, Co e olQY, Atken silty olay loom,
elbourne Cllly lou.
There are eight soil types in six series repro-
A brief description of eaoh sol1 seriel tolloW8.
serted on the southern part of the forest. They are
For a more complete desoription of eaoh sol1 type found
on the southern
art or th
reader
1e clay
re-(shailrw
Olympic
clay, Olympic
astorost
follows: the
terred to "8Uvercul tural Studies on th
Cookerham Additions to the
Jaokson and
phase),
Olympic
clay loam, Vapato
silty clay loam,
cDonald
Forest"
by Herbert
C. Ssmpert (34).
Cascade clay 1oai, Cove clay, Aiken silty clay loam,
Olympio seriesl
The 80i1 in this series is a brown
to rusty brown or r dd1sh.
drain
The
subsoil
is
and
Melbourne
clay loam.
bro n and
e is good.
description
of eachtosoildark
series follcws.
Wapato series 1 Thi8 soriesA brief
is dark
brown
ay1sh brown s011.
tled.
Dra1na e is
The subsOil 1s drab to brown motoar.
For a more complete :)esoriptl.on of each soil type found
Cascade .eriesl
The s011
thispartseries
1s tho
brown.
on theof
southern
of the forest
reader is reIt hal a yellow brown to pale yell 'w lubsoil, and a yeltarred to "SilverculturalThe
studios
on theil
Jackson and
low to dull yellow mottl d 8\1b-stratum.
8011
friabls in the deeper part.
Dra1n
s il
ood.
Cookerham Additions to the Mc1nald Forest" by
erhart
C, Ssmpert (34).
Olympic series:
The soil in this series is a brown
I
12
12
12
I
:III''
,':
j
I!,
,'
I
f
''II
''::
!
I
I
I
I,
!
I!:
Il
:
!
!•!!I
I!:
I
.
....
----:-i:;.~-;l;&1-'"
------:-~i.~-~i~-!
:
...
iU.~
I!
I
I
:II
,I
'
___1.
-1-'!
~ ~ j~--~~--
I!
I) :!
13
I
i
!
I
I
I
II
!
:,,
,I
,,,
!
:!,,,
:
13
I
I
----.j..-----.---I--S4....
~
------t---------------:
.------t·----~--------------t----~---------- :
!
1j
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
/.1,
=-=15==:=;1=-=15=.==.::;.;1"
.=.=15::=,-~"
:!
1!
(t{t,1 :i
ll:
I~~U"~
,f1-:=1:
j~~."'~
/:! 5
•
w
II
II
~
{(g
~
,
"Y2"':"'' '-:'' -:'L-·-...r.:
'1
ti'
"
II
13
::II
--------L-----L.-----W:~f-----~-~~
_~~_w_
.
:in
~
::
II
.1
I.
11
I
I
II
:I
:,
I
I!
"
~
It
I
:
: " ,
I
I
I
1
II
,I
I :
'
:1
U
:
I
I
5t~::j::~: 14
~~.....J 14
~~"".IJi
-1;E
!!l~:
I
T
lOS
TIOS
TUB
TUS
T ItS
I
I
:I
:
I
I
,I,
,
I,
··
:
l!
RsW IR4W
~~_:v
-------f-I ------.---------------1--------·
....__
~:_
..------------J--------l--------l-~~·~-··---1------·
"'-~-=i=j
- __---------r-------1938
!I ==B"------------+--------1!--------t--.. i f . : -----~-~~
,
·19)8 ;
~
:I
r-=
l==
6
6
5
I
_~-r-,
- - Rccds
I
foy.•
d Hish",.yS
raved
Highways
f'a.v"d
High",.yS
Paved
hlghvays
reYed
HIllh.....
yS
,
I
I ::=====================JI
l
II
!I
I
I
I
I
:
:'
,
_____
f'ufC!i05e
Boundorles
rurchase
Boundaries
____
f'urctiase
Boundarlos
Puxch
eoundades - -_1'UICIieU
IIow"I.I1...
=
=
i,
.. ---r------------
,
:
----~._
-..---:-J-----------------~---.--..--.--J----:.....~I-+-+_+
----ufu-nn-----u-f-u----u---n--'
~,
I
----r
' .........
(r _+_
.------i-------.-----f--------.
. ----~--i----------------~----.J...
,
'
,
,,i
,,,Il
,I
!l,:
I,
- ret
FOREST
FOREST
Scale-of
l'\IIes
Sc.ale.._Qf
J~lles
Scale....ol
Sca1Lof
l'\lIes
/"\lIes
Scale of /'\tIes
o00
fore:st:.8Qund~~
- - fm••Uloun<lotli:s.
fm".Ll\Qundo~
"lll~Ulo\lllllllda
5
~cDONALD
JV\cDONALD
fl\cDONALD
t\cDONALD
SCHOOL
of FORE3TFY
FORESTRY
SChOOL of
27
27
(}l
Q)
ro
7
Is s rlos ha
Co • serles:
b1sck
1011.
ark
rownl h to
The subsol1 11l black to drab
ottled.
Thls'
7
w ole serles Is a heavy and imperVious sol1 wlth 001'
drainac:-e.
Cove series:
Aiken serles:
This series has dark brownish to
Tho so11 1n th Alken series is not
subsoil tois
blackred.
to drab mottled.
black soil.
too pronounoed reddish brown.
The The
subsoil
This'
DraInage 18 eood.
'elbourne serles:
brown to dar br
• sub-.tratum ls also
on thi
ina
erie
too pronounced redrish brown.
The McDonald Porest 1
The subsoil is rod.
Drainage is GOod.
looat d 1n an area that re-
ceives about 40 Inches at ralnfall annually.
Melbourne series:
most of the ra1n comes dur
the s
• low mot-
aerlosAiken
Is series:
good. The soil in the Aiken series is rot
Climate
Durl
ls
The subsol1
drsinace. 18 1 1101' to brownish
•
1 llow mo tled, and
tled.
whole series is a heavy and i!npervious soil with poor
Tho .011 of thls
However,
The soil of this series is
the ",inter and spri
•
to darkJuly,
brown, The
subsoil isand
yellow to brownish
er months ofbrown
.rune,
August,
Sept mber It ls very hot and dry In this rogion.
Though
yellow mottled, and the sibatratum is also yellow mot.
thls has little of eot on tore t
1'0
th on areas adapted
to torosts, it does have antied.
eftect
on establishment of
Drainege on this series is good.
seedl
s.
Follow
1s a table show
the ralnfall and aver-
a e tem oraturtls tor an average year ot the ten-year
Climate
period, 1929-193 , at Corvallls, Or gon, taken trom
U.S.D.A.
eather
eau records (34).
The McDonald Forest is boated in an area that re-
coives about 40 inches of rainfall annually.
However,
8
'T'Am'nAratur
rat r
Fe
io
Period
ontb
onth
o
Temperature
T
r t
ex.
Min.
in.
ax.
on
Prec1pitatlon
ee1pit
Inch
Table I. Rainfall and Average Temperatures
JonuQry
JonuQr
56
19
1
FebruarY
Fbru
61
2
23
arch
areh
68
29
2
• 8
3.48
,pr1l
prl1
76
78
33
2.71
4
3232
0:'1
5.94
5.9
for an Average Year of the Ton-Year Period
3.6
1929.4938,
at Covvalll.s, Oregon
1.69
1.6
onth
una
Temperature
1.37
Max.
4
46
0.19
ust
9'7
7
46
January
0.20
56
September
Septemb r
92
399
1.03
1.05
October
Oatob r
84
32
2.50
November
ove
65
27
4.22
4.2
Total
Tot
57
,.
March
24
2
c
cember
amber
February
April
Precipitation
Mth.
Inches
19
5.94
23
3.64
29
3.48
33
2.71
o
955
A
....... '.'"--"
411
89
8
July
J 1,-
8
61
68
8_32
.32
35.2
35.
78
Iay
84
32
1,69
June
69
41
1.37
July
95
46
0.19
August
97
46
0.20
September
92
39
1.03
Ootobor
84
32
2.50
9
Orops Ralsed
Sine
In
~
Area
moat of the McDonald
oountry. timber le the
on the
~
sheep.
eaa that are caus
areas in qucetl0
8,
ith
ost important orop
80
e
a lan
own
It 18 these non-forested
use pro 1 m no.
The
1nce moat of the McDonald Forest 12 hilly, roll-
to ve b en a riously
an amen,
azl
1n
the 1
0
19
er r
~ed.
Per-
the best use of
country, timber is the most important crop grown
d.
I
on the area.
Value .2!
I
til re ently,
the non-foreated areaa
Croa Raised on Area
&rEIa.
were used for grazl
11
9
ore t 18 h1lly, 1'011-
~
UIitil recently, the non-forested areas
!.E!. Other Uaea
were used for grazing cheep.
It ls posslble that the land
It is these non-f orasted
ay have value for
that are causing a land se problem now.
sOllIe other us e than those areas
employed
at
saent, but It
ls not probable.
The
However, reor atlon could be develwrens in question have been acriously overgrczed.
oped to a
Fer-
eater extent than now exists on the area.
Many tralls and roads
lUlVS haps,
beenwithbullt
on thegrazing
reais and
some management,
the best use of
alre dy tho Sulphur Sprl
ueed by r8oreationlsts.
s nrea (see map) ls bel
the land.
All the nrea Inoluded in the MoDonald 100reet 1s
deflnltely unsulted for a rloultur8 becauss of the
Value ofnoted
Land for earli
Other Ucecr.
topography and sol1 cond1tione
It is possible that the land may have value lor
some other uses than those employed at present, but it
Is riot probable.
liowever, reor atlon could be de-rel-
10
Timber Growing
Here is what H.
• Johnson (19) hal to .a7 regard-
inp; the importanoe of timber growi
10
in this region.
"The foreets have been the baokbone
of industrial develTimber Grow in
opnent of Oregon and
'i
aahingtcn from the earliest period
and are st1l1 the mainstay of industry and trade.
The
liere is what H. M. Johnson (19) has to say regard-
foreet industries 1n these states furnish support,
direotly or indireotly, to roughly 40% of the populain
the importance of timber growing in this region.
tion and acoount for about 60% of the industrial
roll, exoludi
rioulture."
"The
The Timber
ay-
forests have been the backbone of industrial devel-
opment of Oregon and Washington from the earliest neriod
ana ement Problem
and are still
Analysis of Local Social, Economic,
Industrial
the
mainstay of industry and trade,
~
The
Conditions
forest industries in these states furnish support,
Forest Industries:
Since 1900 the lumber industry
or indirectly, to roughly 40% of the
in this region has risen in directly
importance,
and it is now
popula-
probably the most important industry in Benton Oounty.
tion and account for about
The
60% of the industrial pay-
present CorVallis Lumber Kill was established prior
to 1910 (23).
roll, excluding agriculture."
In 1936 there were 40 sawmills in Benton Oounty.
Twenty of these were oonstruoted between 1935 and 1936.
The total yearly capacity of these mills w s 200 million
The Timber Management Problem
board feet. This is fi
ed on the basis of 300 worki
days and an aver e daily out of 365 • Seven
Analysis of Lccal Social,
Conditions
.conomic, and
Industrial
11
hundred men were employed in logging and milli
(23).
Several well established mille are located adjacent to Corvallis.
11
T1mber on the McDonald Foreet i8
readily acce88ible and 00
d be 801d to theee mille.
hundred men were employed in logging and milling (23).
The di8tance logs would have to be hauled is lee8 than
Several well
established mills are located adja20 miles tram the foreet to the8e
il18.
Other Industriee:
The
two
08t important indu8trie8
cent to Corvallis. Tinber on the McDonald Forest is
in Benton Oounty. other than torest indu8tries, ar
agr culturo and live8took rareadily
sing.
TheandMoDonald
accessible
could be soldForest
to these mtll.
is definitely not on
rioultural land and 80
ricul-
The dietence etrect
loss would have
be hauled
is 1ee
ture 8hould not have any 1'rJT"ortant
on tothe
future
man
ement plan8 01' the non-torested areas.
than
On the
20 miles from the forest to these iills.
other hand. srazing and livestook raie
are poesible
alternative usee to forestry, Other
and Industries:
muet be The
taken
into
two niot
important industries
con8ideration in tuture plans.
The
tollowi
in Eenton
other than forest
table 8hows
theCounty,
importanoe
of industries,
live- are
stook raising in this count
(P.3).
From this table it
ajriculture and livestock raising. The McDonald Forest
can be r adlly seen th t should the non-torested areR8
be us d for
razing in th
tuture,
source
is definitely tho
not on possible
agricultural land
and so a3ricul-
or sheop and cattle that can be
is right 001'
~razed
on the foreet
ture should not have any irnrortant effect on the future
in Benton County.
management plans of the non-forested areas. On the
other hand, razin and livestock raising are possible
alternatIve uses to forestry and must be taken into
consideration in future plans,
The following table shows the importance of live-
12
able II.
in
vtet1.tlc. Concern1
nton County, 1 0-1
•
L
12
0
Year
nch Co •
o.
r C.ttle
111
0
~,l~8
6,00
1070
2,665
3, 94
1880
2,660
3,75
or.
2,771Table II.
8 9
•
IS
75
G
1 "0
o.
ee
Statist1.cs Concerning Land Use
6,588
3,188
in I3enton
County, l50-1935
No
12,()67
2,283
2 ,759
3,300
No.
No.
1890
3,915
9,242
1900
3,7 5
6,.:;4,2
1910
5,0 3
5,931
1850
1920
e.034
2, 30
"'0, 98
4, 97
1925
.5 9
07
2, 1.860
3,13825,6796,005
6,588
:5.392
J. 30
3, 06
S7.9S
,604
Year
16,:UO
Much C0w3
Other Cattle
.. ,314
Sheep
26,57 2,771 4,31729
2,665
1935
3,494
32,631
No,
3,817
111
2,Hl
1870
3,507
12,067
675
3,168
2,263
2.504
~
,-
1880
2,860
3,752
26,759
3,300
1890
3,915
9,242
16,310
3,507
1900
3,765
6,242
25,314
3,817
1910
5,0U3
5,031
26,579
4,317
1920
3,0i34
2,630
20,998
4,497
1925
8,529
2,407
25,679
3,392
1930
3,906
2,10
37,962
2,684
32,631
2,504
1935
13
The Jackson and Co kerham adOitlons have been used
to qu1te an extent for
the
cDonald Forest
a~ing.
This land was added to
13
n HI38, and 1s one of the big est
problems on the whole forest.
Sheep are
The Jack eon and
uch of the are , and. 1t has b en
till grazed on
Cookerham additions have been used
razed and burned over
for grazing, This
land was added
to s ch an extent that it isto quite
now aninextent
a ser10usly
depleted
to
condition.
the McDonald Forest in 1938, arid is one of the biggest
Popul tion and Dependenoy:
In 1938 nearly 3,000
problems on the whole forest.
aores of forest lands were out over in
iro ztill
nton Sheep
County.
grazed on
From this area a volume of approximately 57,000 K. board
much of the area, and it has been grazed
reet, log scale, was removed.
such an promising.
extent that it is now
in a cerlously
industry should be to
quite
Longwood
l~ggi
(23)
and burned over
Thus, 1n the future the
has this to say regarding the future:
condition.
of the timber resources in western
ashi
depleted
dDepletion
ton and in the
oounties along the Columbia River indioate that the oounties
•
artially within the
I
supplyi
illamette
Valley will soon be
Population and Lpendency: In 1938 nearly 3,000
a sizable portion of the logs for the Portland
mUls. n
acres of forest lands were cut over in ienton County.
FromLumber:
this area a volto
of aorroxinately
57,000
lajor Values Other than
About
25 peroent
M. hoard
of the area now in the MoDonald Forest is considered at
the
feet, log scale, was removed.
I'
table
Thus, in the future the
sent ti e as Douglas-fir sites IV and V (see
• 16).
The timber on muoh of this area 1s virgin
1gging industry should be quite promising.
Lonpwood
growth, but due to the understocked oondition of the
(23) whether
hs this to say
regarding
the future:
"Depletion
original stand it is doubtful
this
timber
oould
of the timber resources in western lNashington and in the
counties along the Columbia River indicate that the coun-
I
14
rofit for use as lumber.
rn
c
be sold at a
must be assi ned to this timbe
then.
Some other value
Duri
the past
14
few years the value has inoreased on Do
as-fir as
cordwood.
It is likely thatbe solc
thisat a profit
riceforwill
least
Soo other value
use as at
lunber.
re ain the same or even inor aBe in the future.
UBI
t
ber that c
then. During the past
be aasjnedoould
to this timbo'
ot be sold xnust
as lumber
be sold
as
cordwood.
fev yoars the value h85 increased on Douglas-fir as
It 1 possible t
roduot. sold fr
s
the
oDonald
since
this
It is likely
that this
rriceregion
will at bait
cordwood. Forest
ncreaslng in value as
Mills are dep ndi
the
t A market oan be found tor any
~illamette
continuously on suoh
Forest, and
in
roduci
seotion.
the future. Thus,
remain
even increase
d morthe see
onortheir
sup inlies
from
ore
Valley.
lumber
Then too, students are working
timber that cannot he sold as lumber could ho sold as
roblems
s
xist on the
oDonald
the future, cordwood,
products from the tor et
hould be or bett r Q.uality because of this work. Inthat a market can be found for any
It i possible
oreaoing the quality of the produots
should also increase market possi ilitioe.
proclncts sold from the !cDoncld Forest sInce this rion
,I
An
in value es a .;;='=-==;:;.
lumber producing section.
lysie £!. Forest R souroesis increasing
~ ====..
Some t1me has been spent
in disoussing the looal
?ilis are depending more end more on their supplies from
sooial, economio and industrial oonditions as they exist
Valley. what
Then too,
students are working
in this re ion, but in orderthe Willamette
to disoover
relation-
ship eXists between timber
row1
and
azi
, it 1s
continuously on cuob problems as exist on the !cDona1d
nee ssary to analyze the forest resouroes and other oon-
d1t10ns as they Are at present.
iorost, and in the future, products from the forest
should be of better quality because of this work. In'
croazin the quality of the products should also in-
15
1
'or t
:orest
ea.
e •
r
the McDonald
.0
or t.
ald Forest.
'11
r
oom,
om
n
timbered
red
ti
oth mature
the
Douglas-fir
t
Do
gl -f r type, both
there
t r ar
a of
11 areas
1.1
_, 00
aOaeres
i
or
as are
immature.
v-r,
val',,
f.
15
he fore
forest.
t th
t.•
pdwood
rdwood
1y
Y of Orep:on
in
,
ThereWhit
are
acres
Forest
,d in
Ore on
lIe. Types:
Ore~on
hitnw some 4,900end
Red
R
d Alder.
the Mcna].d Forest. The timbered areas are largely in
01'
d 'o cutover
eutov r
a-
-
are
re also 1
The
1land
d types.
ty s.
The
Th 1lattor
tt r
ar , tortype,
the
0 t part,
as
the Douglas-flr
both mature
and immature.
However,
confined to the
the forest on the JJackth southern
south rn end
nd of th
ekddit1ono-.
dditlon •there are small areas of hardwoods throughout the forest.
d Cockerh
Cock. rh
on and
th present
pre nt stand
t nd'of
r in
Much of the
.1of timber 1~
is v
vlrn:1n
These are largely of Oregon Maple, 0reon White Oak, and
owt , and
an its
it condition 1s
is ass
rowth,
rom ita
u
fro
its pest
stu
.,',
'" .'
-~
·x cted
11 asscan
can be expected
e orls:-rinal
ori mal area
r a.
•
Red Alder.
not,
eavily
not heavily
stooked.
tooked, and so much of the timber is
Is 1
uallty.
nnd of 10\"1
low
are also ge
largeof
areaSthQ
of cutover
However,
percenta~e
aroasnd
Ho ever, the 1largest
r at There
rcent
ar·n
b en 01
has been
ified
Ifi d a
rasa-
Dou as-fir or bbetter,
tter,
ita III Dou~as-flr
land types. The latter areas are, for the most part,
and so could grow high quality timber if propeX'ly
stocked and
mana~ed.
Site Quality:
Qu i t :
confined to the southern end of the forest on the Jack-
e and
nd Meyer
eye (25) at
t
tiat
McArdle
state
that
~C
son and Cockerharn additions.
act ri ...
the
th "various
"V~10 a combinatlons
combin tlon of the
th physical
ph,. io
ocharacteris-
tics
arens,
drainage_
tic of forest
fore tare
8, such
uo1 as soil;
1n stand
e, rrainfall,
iniall,
Much of the
proiont
of timber
is virrin
t
per tur , altitude,
temperature,
ti U I slope, and
d aspect,
pect, result
e ult in
well
oz can be expected
lfferent de~rees
d r e of favorableness
favor growth, and its
different
for
tree
growth.
focondition
tr is as
o the
~iJ
eo
ne effect
ff et of these
the
e r~et riatic3 on th
'I'he
eomclned
chara.ietarlstics
t
rest tltIuse,or The"Site
area was
not heavily
"itsit
tt original
it qquality."
1ty."
eta d is embraoed
. rae d in
n the
t e term
t from"aite
stand
stocked, and so much of the timber is limby end of low
16
Tho 1939 Annual Crulse contalns a table of the data
obtained by Wallace Anderson, a former student at Ore on
Stete Colleee, of a elte study or the
oDonald Foreet (1).
16
Thie table hae been sll htly revised to fit the preeent
The 139 Annual Cruise contains a table of the data
e of the fore t.
aore
The aoreac;e and peroentagee of
each eite are roughly ae follows:
obtained by
re
Site
0
I
1133
II
1,167
III
2,2" 7
IV
1,110
V
106
Peroent of Site
State Co11ee, of a site study of the McDonald Forest (i).
3.8
This table has
becn 8lightly revised to fit the r'rosent
24.2
acrea.Fe
•
~.'
46.6
of the forest, The acreace and percentages of
23.2
2.2
each site are roughly as follows:
4,1321
•• ,
a1lace Anderson, a f'orner student at Orepon
100.0
I
••• '1..-1
Trans ortatlon Faol11ties:
itiee ar
very
oDd for tbe
Site
Tr
arketln
I
from the
oDonald Forest.
1n 20 ml1ee of any
4creae
Percentfao11of Site
ns
ort tlon
The
of tlmber
1l1lll1lette River Is with-
art of the forest.
1,167A railroad
24,2 1e
II
also looated very oe r the oaet boundar
runn1np through the
A number of
a
~o
ood truck roade have been oon tructed
cDonald Forest, and
mile haul
of the forset
2,247
III
46.6
111amette Volley
to Portland.
IV
on the
roduets
163
t would not be
tru It from an
V
23.2
1,110
or
than
oint .106
on the foreet
to
.2
m11ls in Corvallis.
4,821
Transportation Facilities:
100,0
Transportation facil-
17
arlceti
••
At the present tether
1s a market
tor all types of produots out on the MoDonald Forest.
17
ith the Inoro&sin
im ortance of this re 10n in tuture
lumber produotion, It is reasonable to expeot that there
will be increased
Forest.
Solution
Marketing:
At the present time therc 1.8 a market
arkets for products from th
cDonald
for all types of products cut on the McDonald Forest,
V1.th the increasing imortanco of
~ ~ ~ Dou~las--1!
General:
An,.
this rep-ion in future
timbor management
plan
should toaim
lumber production,
it is reasonable
expect
that there
to attain maximum yields' in both volume and quality of
will be increased rnariets for
products from the
desired speoies on are s readily aooessible to
centers
of oonsumption.
(cDonald
Site, topoGraphy,
and location are
Forest.
basic ite s of consid ret ion.
Sel otion of areas for
mana ement 1s also important.
Sinoe the Sohool of Forestry is already burdened
of Plan :or Dnu-].as-F1r
with the non-forested areasSolution
on the
MoDonald Forest it
is probably proper to prooeod with suoh oaloulatlons
as we oan.
The objeot, of oourse, is
to deoide to
Any timber mana-ement plan
,ioh use, t1lllber
be put.
General:
should aim
rowin<: or grazine. the areas should
attain
maximum ieldsthe
in both
volume and quality
The author dec d dto to
determine
expected
returns from growi
of
Douglas-fir and also Ponderosa
dosired species on areas readily accessible to centers
pine on the non-foreetod areae.
Site, topography, and location are
of consumption.
Source of D8.ta on Volumes:
!Jnited States Depart-
ment of Agriculture Technical Bullettn 201 by
basic lteTns of consideration.
management is also irnrortant.
Selection of areas for
18
R. E. rac
d \T.• II.• Meyer
DouJl:lsReyer on "The
'Th Yield of
Is ..
o Dou
lr 1n
in the Pacific
used
fir
. ac fic Northwest"
Nort we t" has
ha been U
d
fa rreferenas
determlnin~
Dou~las.rir.
r no in deter
nin volumes for Do
Is. -fir. Since
in
the eontlnu
contlnu
18
istence
the lumb
lumber
istenc and R1prosperity
pros
erlty
th
r
E, McArdle
and W,of
H. Meyer
on "The Yield of L*uglss-
rtt'lYJ/UI'fo
1nd
l try in
n the Northwest
:(orth'{
t is dependent
_ pendent on th
ro th
industry
the growth
fir In the Pacific
1n 1
tur stands,
8ttflncls,
1n
immature
important
t nd , it is
i
import
nt toNorthwest"
hhave
ve definite
has been used as a ref
information
inform tion concerni
concern1
o ntl
the notentlal
yields
thea
otential
yield ot the
erence in determining volumes
for Douglas-fir. Since
forest
for st lends.
PlantlM:
Planti :
Plant!
1
end proserity
very important
iexistence
portant
item to
is the continued
1
1
of0 the lumber
be
b considered
coneid r d in
1 future management
manage ent
n plane
plan for th
"oDonald
.oDonald
Forest.
n 1 l'~oreat.
t.
industry in the Northwest Is dependent
on the growth
This is especiall,.
area.s
especially
the are
s
0
1 ttrue of
0
or sted att theIn immature
0
that
th t are
non-for
reasent
ttime.
rre non-forested
as nnt
tim.
All of
stands,
it is• important to
have definite
t Y are to be used for gro
t
these
if they
growing
timber,
the e areas,
re s,~ 11f
tl
1'0 in
tl
bar,,
Informationto
concerning
potential
111
have
in order
1 h
pi
t
t athesttmd
va to be planted
1 nted
t d ofyields of these
mber
thom.
0
t: m.
m r on
Douglns-fir
oak
are
gl s- r and
doak
0
r graduall1
forest lands.
a present
od
areas at
a_lng into
uta these
t
pres nt bbutt this method
creaping
·ch too slow
from
atnndpo:ln
v •
S 0
fr m the manat::ement
an
1is much
nt.
ke Planting:
e. e. P1antin
lent...item to
ant1M costs
at
minimum
1n important
plant...
t erm be kept
in is a very
e
on the
Florest
since
r at sinca
non-for at d areas
th McDonald
oDonald F
no
1lrus, the non-torestod
be
considered
in future
manaCement
plans for the
the Clarl;e-MeNary
the
forest
Clar~e-!c}ary nursery
n r ery adjoins
djoln
on th
th
t boundary~.
bound ry
All tho necessary
ec 3 y planting
plant1ntr etook,
took,
MoDon].d Forest.
Dougles-f1r
Do
gl a....fir and
this
nm"sery.
th
n "8 y.
This is especially true of the areis
QnC1e1"OB
Ponderosa
acquired
Trom
Pond
ros pine,
1n , can be aequlr
d from
that are non-forested at the present time. All of
these areas, if they are to be used for rowirig timber,
will have to be planted in order to get a stand of
timber on them. Dougles-'fir and oak are gradually
H
1
Laborr tor
eould
for planting
lant1ng the
th trees
could be furnished
furni ad
t
by
r
students
State
tudents 1n
in forestry at Ore~on
Oregon
St to ColleR8.
ColI 8.
In
19
this
thl way
w they
t1ey would
ould get
g t practtoal
r etic 1 experienoe
experl nc 1n
in plant.
1
t chnlqu •
1IUl':
tec.hnlquv.
Labor for rlantin the trees could be furnished
Some Ponderosa pine have been
b en planted 11n
in the
t B Id
th "Bald
Spot" in the
th forest.
fore
t.
o
d t
dat
From a~l
indications
shownState
tooCo1lee.
aby 1students
indication
in forestry at Orop,on
y seem
ey
em to do very
v ry well
elI on that
tIl t particul~.r;·
p 1"t 1c
r
J.
In
,,-,.QQ.,
re,
tbey would
rractical
experience
re 1is reason
that
~ell
d tthor
e son
o to believe
beli this
v wsy
theygetwould
oul do
ell1 in plantand
on ot
r non-rorested
non-for sted areas 1n
in the
t
McDonald
'1c Donal Forest.
For t.
in technique.
uglas-fir
ougl
s-fir seedlings
s d11 a have
v alsoo been
b An vlantea 1n
in
F bor of the non-forested
non·forosted areas.
eaa.
Tne
perc ntag SU
urThe percenta~e
Some Ponderosa pine have been planted in the "la1d
n
as
high.
the areas
a not
no very
ery hi
b on th
e.r 8 observed
ot-served by
b· th
the
Q
i a1
Spot"been
in the forest.
Seedling
made
0Fromt al].0 indicattons
'ed11n counts
coun
have
be~n
mad on
S shown to
tho.•
uthor,
It.,:lca
l'..>cated
l'
C -ed in
...... , ••
-<II
S etlon 25, T. 10 s.,
Section
eo map on
3., R. 5 W
v'".. ((see
date they seem to do very well on that particular area,
on on
n
On
etorm ne the percontage
•• 6) to determine
perc ntago surVival.
aurviv L~
a 32
3 nnrcBnt
perc
nt and
area
\vs.s
porcent
the other
are 'the
the survival
s vlv
nd on th
thor
and there is reason to believe that they would do well
area)
rant.
percent.
~4
This
low survival
~his 10,
sUl'Vive.l can be attributed
t ribut d
'"'!'el to th
other
non-forested
In the McDonald
Forest,
tan '" 0or on
largely
the 1lateness
the
season
which
th
1
son inareas
bieh
they
were planted and
nt...
the m
men
nd to the 1nex.perienee
i exp r anc of
n ppHtnr...
th
0
n
th
•
I
DouClas-fir seedlings have also been planted in a
t bee rut
ruture.) pI
plantings
roasontin.:,s should
ho 1d be
e 1'0
on-
a
successful
it rna
man~ed properly'
becauae most
ably
.1"0 erl~"'bec
:teees ful if
st oof
""
number of the non-forested areas. The peroentage aur-
the ar
area hhaa been ole.
olassified
III. or better,,
Ifled as Site
Ita IIII
foor
good
od
lJOU~laS-rlr,
-fir,
aX'aQS
d theso
tho o viva].
sit
s are
and
sites
asoserved by the
considered
ohigh on the erens
was
not very
to ..plant
1 t•
author.
Seedling counts have ben nade on two areas
1oated in SectIon 25, T. 10 3,, R, S
IV.
(see map on
p. 6) to determine the percontege survival.
On one
20
Rotatlona
The rot tlon
ay be defined
all
the num-
ber of' years throu h whioh a forest Is allowed to
before It
out and reproduoed.
1e
In
row
uttlng any area
20
under management It Is neoessary
to consider how long
Rotation: The rotation may be defined se the nuinIt w111 take to grow timber to the size needed tor a
artioular
roduot.
her oftbe
yearsrotation
through whichused
a forest will
is allowed to grow
That is,
epend larg ly upon tre
arl'et, size, s ecles, and
before it is cut arid reproduced.
ethod or treatment.
sllvioultural
The 1r est
In 'uttinr any area
eroentage under
of the
ar a included in
management it is noce8iary to consider how long
Ghe MoDonald Forest has been classified as Slte III
Do
as-fir land.
cide to
it willSchool
take to grow
to the size
needed for a
Should the
of timber
Foreetry
de-
row ti ber on the non-forested areas It would
particular product. Thst is, the rotation used will
be mOIl t
ofitable to uee the rotation that returns
the largest mean annual income
In other
derend per
lar', lyaore.
upon the market,
size, species, and
words, the rot tion used should be a financial one.
silvicultural method of treatment.
Estimation of Costs and Yield at Rotation:
The
set-up for the MoDonald ForestThe
islr'eat
somewhat
d the
tterent
iercentago of
area included in
thlll1 for
Ii
Is that the
private enterprise.
~
reason tor this
the McDorild Forest has been clsa1fiod as Site III
cDonald I'crest is state owned, and so,
some costs do nd enter into the plan of'
nagement.
Douglas-fir land. Should the School of Forestry de-
Taxes are an im ortant item to be considered in a
private enterprise.
on state lend.
cide to
grow timber
on thethe
non-forested
No taxes
are
aid to
st te areas it would
Thus, there are no tues on the nonbe rioat profitable to USC the rotation thet returns
torest d areas in the McDonald
the cost of' land bnv
orest.
Nelther does
to be oonsidered, since this
the largest mean annual
words, the rotation
income per acre.
In other
used should be a financial one.
I
21
ar a alraady belo
I to t a state.
Th sa non-forested
I
and brush areas total 1,042
crel.
21
At the present tima there are no proteotion costa
orloggi
ooate to take in110
oonsideration. However,
area already belongs to the state. These non-forested
sin a the
oDonald
orelt now oovers about 5,000 aores,
it is Ii-sly that 1n th
char e will be made.
and brush areas total
near
future a
oteot10n
1,042 acres.
Proteotion oharges on other timAt the present time there
berlands throughout
5st
er l!.Clre.
are
no protection costs
regon amount to approximately
In determini
tho non-forestsd
I'
tection oharge of
5st
As for the 10
H
the future income from
or logging costs to tike into consideration.
However,
as on the McDonal d Forsst a prosince the McDonald orest now
per aore
has been made.
in
oosts, it is quit
covers about 5,000 acres,
hard to
it is likely that in the near future a r'otoctton
determtne these costs 1n order to project a cost into
the future.
tbl
According to Protessor
T. J.Protection
Starker,
charpe will be made.
charges
vel'age small op rator in this re
on oan 10
tim-
on other
and
')regon amount to approxiriately
haUl timbllr to the mill forberlands
aboutthroughout
6 per
M. In future
man e:ement of )loDonl\ld Forest it
5
it ble to the
l'-ool to hir
and haUl timber from the
Grow
on the
uld be
per Ecro,
ost prof-
In deterrninin
the fut.u'e income from
small opel' tors to 1 g
ea.
the non-forested areas on
the McDonald
l'orest a pro-
stook to plant the nor,-i'orelted areas
tection cbar3e of
oDonald !I'Ol'flSt can be
per acre baa been made.
cquired from the Clarke-
cNary nursery. which is adjacent to the for at at
A
per 1,000 tress.
Ths planti
2.50
for the log:ing costs, it is quite hard to
stock
s 2-0 stock and
these costs
is oonsidered ideal tor th detormne
s r gion.
in
'der to project a cost
into
The planting cost 1s the bigeeet expense to be
the future.
considered at the pre ent time.
t}
Accordine: to Professor T.
T. Starlcer,
Planting costs are
average smell
operator in this reton cen
log and
haul timber to the mill for about 6 per M. In future
22
q ite hieh in this re ion,
8.50
and
1 anti
~
er acre.
ounti
to between
7
se are av refigures tor
22
on the national forests at western Ore on
and were obtained from the quite
Siuslaw
Forest
high in National
this region, amounting
to between
Offi08 in Corvallia.
ax
end
0 feet apart.
This makes
680 trees to the acre.
Intereot char"" s
ever, the
plant!
lar~e
8.5O per acre.
total at
7.75 p r acre will t
and
were obtained from the Sluslaw
] investlllents
o"nt
sum over the rotation
to a
Iationa1 Forest
riod.
How-
Off ice in Corvallis. Troes are
r~ i
stock usua]ly
and planted
'WOuld
ave drawn interest
if it had been put
3
8 feet apart,
this lIl:Iount durin
rate is considerod
This makes a tote), of approximately
made cover-
trees to
the cre. For futz'e
the 680
firet
rotation.
The interest
calculations an
t 3 porcent on the original investaverage planting cost of 7.75 per
core will be used.
argel!.
e annual rrotection
Market Conditions:
from
used.
inal investment in
01'1
ment J also on
for
planting on the national foreats of
western Ore(on
1n a bank, so an interest charge must b
i
so sre averagetely
titg'ee
approxi
For tuture oaloulations en
avera e planting cost of
relatively
7
Treee are usually planted
Log prices'
at present
vary anoint to a
Intore3t charges
ci all investments
17 to $19 per M. for Red fir on the Columbia
River market.
These
relatively large sum over the rotation noriod.
rices ore sli
tly above
the
How-
1930 prices due to war oonditions, but are oonsidered
ever, the original investment in rowin.r stock and
to be fairly
cl~se
to future prices.
The following
wuld have
interesttor
if it had been put
tables and figures shaw theplanting
average
logdrawn
pricet
Red tir
Ponderosa pine in the Oolumbia River
region aince 1929.
in a bank, co an interest charge must Le made cover
lug this arount during the first rotation. The Interest
rate is considered at 3 percent on the original investi
ment; also on the annual protection
tiey
Sept.
Aug.
July
Oct.
14-15
":14.66
12
11':'12
10.50
$11.56
9 .. 50-10
8...10
er
for 10 year period
be1"nl an
(l) From fhe Timberman
Timberinan The From (1)
~eraP.e
10
7-9
10
~,9.50..11
7 ...8
9
a... l.50
8 ..8.50
8.. 8.50
0-9
8 ...9
a... 8.50
$8.50
8-8.50
8.60
9-10
11...11.50
12
12
11
$8.77
.77
$10.15
13
9-13
8.50
8.9
' f;'12.50
.50
10...10.50
period year 10 for Averare
r
.VO%iMe
(14.66 Average
Dec.
Nov.
•
14-15
15
15
15
• 0
14-15.50
o
14-15.50
o
15-15.50
15
15
15
15-15.50
14-15.50
14-15.50
April
March
Feb.
Jan.
£onth
June
12-12.50
10-12
56 1 lb
9.50-10
8-10
10-10.50
10.50
Table
JulY
12
11-12
12...14-
12
10-12
12..14
ti
$15.50...14.50
• 0
1412-13
50 2
12-14
12-14
12-12.50
15
12
12-13
14
15
1933
.
8.77
50 o
15 0
8,9
9
46
1930
ti!'16
1
oar
2
1932
7-8
8-1.50
50 8-8
8-3.50
6-9
13
9-13
12
1931
1
Sc
Vi I
11
13.5O-14.50
'7-9
10
10
9.50-11
1931
J.
1932
•
III.
o
ontb 1930
11-11.50
9-10
8-8
50 6
1930-1939.,, incl.
1930-1939,
1.
bO
8-850
ax' Ye
Red
1
d Fir LOB
Log Prices in
River
Region
Red
Columbi
n the 'Columbia
01 b
iver RCJZ10n
13...13.50
12-1
13-1
13-1
1
~'13-15;50
12.50-V'
13
12...12.50
12
~~12.7
11.50-1~
11.50"'U~
v;
C.N
'l\'
CA
t12.75
.L
1
11.50-12S
.Q¼'Ja.
in
rn
12
10
13
12.50-13
13
13-14
13-14
12-14
1933
1930-1939,
in Fricea Log Fir
b1 IIII.
I.
Table
C',
13-13.50
$J-3-1.5()
1934
.0
r
mel.
Re1.orx River Columbia the
eb.
£.reh
Apr13
Dec.
lio"" •
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Aug.
e1pt.
Oct.
Aug.
.July
July
June
June
kay
Frll
ay
t11.50
11-12
11.50
11-11.50
12
12.50
12-12.50
12
11."'0-12
11-12
12-12.50
12
tl1.3~
14
14
13
13
13
12.50-13
12.50-13.50
t.l3.38
(1)
(1) lrom The Ttmberman
Timberman The roni
verllSl:& for 10 year per10d
period year 10 for Average
.verllge
13-14.50
13.50-14.50
::'~-14
t13.00
13-14
ellr
1937
H.-15
15-16
15-16
le-1?
1e-l?
1C-l?
15.50
15-16
15-16
14-16
H-15
f·14-15.50
(12.50
(,15.52
12.50
.arch
11.33 Average
12
12-12.50
11-12
11,FOi2
1
1eb.
J9n.
.Tan.
lS36
50-13 12
13
13
13
12-12.50
12.50
12
11-11.50
11.50
11-12
11.50
:.935
14
14
.50 13.50-14
13-14.50
$15.52
$13.36
12.50-13.50
14-15
14-16
15-16
1C-17
16-17
C-17 1
13-14
*13.00
Wonth
onth
Reglo~
13
13
1:::.50
12
12
12.50
12.50-13
12.50-13
13-13.50
13.50-14
1~
t14-15
t12.94
CI3.5C-14
13.5C-l
13.50-14
13-1
13.50-14
12
12-12.50
12
13
14-14.50
13.50-14.50
13.50-14.50
1939
1938
'-'S
j.
1?
.A..#
1
$12.94
J.dS1Z
12.50-13
1.50-13
12.50
12
12
1.5O
tJ £
15-16
15-16
14-15
.50 t]4-15
36 1
Red F1r Lor 'rlco8 1n the Columb1a R1ver
1930-1939. 1~cl. (Continued)
13•.33
13.33
13.50-14.50
.50 13.SOii14
0 14 14
13
12
12-12.50
12
50-14 13
13-14
13
4-15 1
13.50-14
13.50-1'
*13.50-14
&.r e
1937
Table III.
(Continued) mci. 1930-1939,
•
Co1b1a the in Fricos Lo Fir Red III.
Table
1938
1
Re6ion River
•
I
..
24
FIGU~"
F'GU~l:
F'GU~};
FIGUgE
1.. RrD
Pll.ICES
COLUMBIA 21vE2.
];\,VE1l,
N THE COLUMBIA
'Qf:D
F\~ Loc.
LoG.
PR,'Cl:S IN
\N
1?,'Vl:~
PR"cJ:s
\1'(
1?,IVE~
1.
Loa PRIcEs
QED F,ll.
'Ql:G.10N,
\~CL.
'Q.'EG.l0N,
\930 -39
~~CL.
~EGION,
1930-39
IIKL.
Q6IoN, i93O-9
Lt4CL.
2.J
18
""' 15
sC
-0 12.
B
'"s
~
')
r
..J
b
/
/ ',
-
~
"'"-.
"'"
~~
I-"
~
/
/.-/
->
/ I--....
~
/ <,
-:
V
~
../
'"
., /
........ ."
.........
~
,
3
1930
1930
.'32
.'3\
'32.
'31
~I
•')3
'~3
33
•'34
~4
.'3535 .'56 .'37
.'36
'36
37
'57
'~b
'~6
Y<Z.Clr
Y4.11r
Y<z.o.r
Yaar
439
39
.39
-4-0
40
25
Table IV.
Av r e Lo Pricee for onderosa Pin
in the Columbi River Region
1929-1938. incl. (11
Avera e
Year
Ponderosa Pine
rioe R
rice
25
e
Average Log Pricee for Ponderosa Pine
1929
15.15(2)Table tV.
1930
12.50
1931
12.65(2)
6.00-15.50(2)
1932
.30(2)
5.00-12.00(2)
] 933
3.64-16.50(2)
in the Columbia River Rego
1929-1936, mci.
7.76
Ponderosa Pine
.00-19.86
Year
1936
11.£>5
1937
18. 7
1£138
20.55
rrioo Ran:,e
7.00-20.00
1929
115.15
.00-18.50
1
3.64_16.50(2)
19.80-21.78
1930
12.50
13.50
Avera e
12.65(2)
6.00_15.50(2)
93Q(2)
5.00_12.00(2)
]933
7.76
6.00-19.36
1936
11.5
7.00-20.00
1937
18.37
13.00-18.50
1938
20.55
19.eO-21.78
Ivorae
13.50
193].
H. B.
(:>.) State
•
(1) Fro
Jvorae Price
otal
teer
1932
26
6
26
FIGU~E.:
FIGU~r.
Ft6u.m
F'GU''''
21
11
2
2.II
16
IS
'8
'8
\5
~
'C
s..
d
==o "2
,,2.
::
8
5'"'"
.~
.~
p..
c,
o
~
9
-.
~
N
"'"
,........
~
/
-
-.~""
&
v
V
1//
r'\.
r'.
Q""
-1
-l
/
AVf:~AG.J:
PR\C~S
2. A""'Q,AG'"
AVER,AGl:
S fog.
FoR,PONDEW.OSA
PONt>E~O~A PINE:
2..
AvERAGE Lou
LOG PR\CI:
PRICES
VINE
Loc.
PIl'CE
FoQ,
PONI>EQ,OSA
P,Ne
T
HE. COLUMBII¼
COLUMBIA- Q'VE'Q,
Ql:G\ott,
'''l
THE:
COLUMBIA.
'R-l:.G\ON,
192.9
- 38 ,N(,L.
,NC,L.
IN
THE
COI..UMB'"
h!'VEl:t
QEGION,
'NtL.
IN THE
QIVEQ
QloN, 19Z9-38
L9Z9-38
ita.
"-
<,
........... v
~
,
. ,/
/
....
.
/
~
....
//
1-........
~
~."
~'"
v /
V
~
3
1929
1919
t929
.'30
·30
30
'Jo
•'31
'32
32
32
•'33
'33
.'34
34
'(Cl,ar
'Y4,Qrr
'(ear
'35
35
3&
'3&
36
'37
37
57
'38
38
.'39
.39
27
Fast
ed fir.
rowi
second
If tis non-fo
rowth Douglas-fir is celled
sted are s of the McDonald
Forest are planted to Dou ·las-fir.
sidered second
author haa use
rowth fcre8ts.
ed fir
l~
tions.•
~le
w111 be con-
27
For this rellson. the
i'at growing second rowth Loulaa-fir is called
price
10 future calcula-
Red fir. If ti rLon-fo'ested are&ie of the McDonald
Table III is made up of Red f1r 10 pricee on the
ColU'11bia River market
Z ine.
The
Forest are planted to Doujies-fir, they will be con-
IlS
1akon from the
T!mOA't"l1I"l"
livera e log .ri ce
for e aoh yew w a dete
sidered second growth ftrest3. For this reason, the
mined by summi
by t elve.
u
the Inonthly t1 ures and d1vidi
authoraverage
bis used Red
fir lg
prices In futu'e calculais arithri tioal
wae
cons1dered
fa1rly acourate because the volumes sold e eh
was not 1 sted 1n the
From Tabl
aver
~
tions,
III it can be Table
det III
mined
that t
is made up or Red fir log prices on the
e leg rice for Red fir 1s
12.50 per M. on
ColunbIa
Rivertransportation
market as Jcon from the Timbpir Maga
Due to
cllar es between Oorvll11is and Portll1lld tk r
d ffer nee
cons 11 t
n price of loes at the local m111s.
the Cory
•
18 a
zire, The uverae log price for each ye*r wee deter-
In
lis LUlI\ber
the author
mined byCom
swnInany,
up the monthly
figtes and dividing
f.ound that this price dirt rential is
3 per
onth
gazloe.
the Columbia R1ver market.
. ..
_gR_
roximately
This arItbnetIoal
considered
by twelve.
Therefore a price
or 9.50
per M. average
has was
been
considered as a fair pr1ce for
~ito
III Dou
as-f1r
fairly accurate 'ecause the volumes sold each month
10 s in this report.
is price ha 8 been
8sumed to
be the sllIne for l,gs regardle
s listed
of Inrtheod
of rotation.
was not
nsiazine.
Tm.t ill. the value of
9.50 per
• waa uged in
From Table III it can be detz"miued that the
avorae ].cg price for Red fir Is l2.5O per M, on
the Columbia River market.
28
oalculgt1n,~
18 rs.
e returns at 70 ye rs aad also at 110
t
y be a sl
Tl re
value. but no tabl
reI' noe in
er
II
o. tho d
available to
f~
1'0 m on a 70- "I er
cs1culatin the returns at 70 years arid also at 110
own on a 110 year rotation.
lJ
In order to dete
ine yra,
what
rotation
lfould
show in the final
There
may be a s1iht
discrepancy
81: present val u
of t
aore. oal-
8011
value, but no tab1s wore cvailable to show tho cIif
ade for rot tion
and 110 "Ie
In t e cal ul tiona belo • a 'l0-year
II.
of 70.
the study
100.
feronoe in ua1ity betwoon lois rown on a 70-year
rotation has be n u:Jod to lllustrst
at t
O.
~O.
ouletlons were
arrv
23
W111ty botwoen loos
rotation and 1
the hi
ht discrepanoy in t e fin
.0
the
iJ lc
net incomo rotatIon
er aer.
ade by
cArdle end
thod of
roi;n
on a 110
Accord
n year
torotation.
yer on the Do
1 as-f'ir
In order to determine what rotation would sh
in this re ion the volume (Scribner rule) on Site III
:
Do
8B~f
aer
(25).
l'
a
e: s
70
is
.200 bo r
feet
r
the hiieat reseut value of the soil per acre, eel-
01Ul118 ill for trees 12 inches in
..'
di
eter anJ. 1ar er.
arizin
t
o e par
J
SUr!
cu].ations were made for rottions of 70, 3O, 90, 100,
l'
phs. the rotation.
and 110 years. In the calculations below, a 70year
oost s. yield at rot t on. eto. are
s r 11 wa:
rotat!ori has ben u3od to il1uetro the method of
Rotation
70 Y are
Growl
Stock
1.70
l' A.
6.00 per •
Ll'Igein 003te
arriving at te
net inmo
7.75
pe per
A.acre. Ac:ordin to
f'lentln Co ts
.05
r A. ·e year
Proteotion OO8te
lntereet
3%
to "Prioe
9.50
ersnd • eyer on the julas-ir
the study made
by &cArdle
i 1
t R,tation
36,200 b.f.
r A.
Area (lon-forested and brush)
1,042 aores
in this re'ion the volunie (Soribner ru'e) on Site III
Douglas-fir at 70 years ii 35,200 board feet per
acre (25). This voltne is for trees 12 inches in
29
ect d Inco e at the end
mined
8S
It&l rund after a period of
Cn: Co(l.Q,n).
Cn
uubstituti
9.45(1.03 7 °) -
=
Cn:
74.75
.45 1
of
70 years Is deter-
foll .e:
Future valUll or a c
years Is
or
Slnce 5¢ pel' acre
l~lti
1 valu
years is
Co(l.Op). Subatitutir we have
Cu
l'10d.
au
T1
7 °-1)
-- .05(1.03
.03
lneble serie
On : 74.75
t1tuti
of
1n the formula:
O.45 is the total of piantir cost arid cost
:: .05 (6.91) or
final value of ?4.75 is the
of crowing .03
stock,
--
74.76 Is the
Id annually
aa
Pl'ot
c- or
Cn = tg.45(1.o370)
: t,45(7,9l)
e
=1.)
= a(1.0p
.Op
Cn
d COlt
the 1 and and 3 percent com-
annual pu;ymenta 111 found b
Cn
cost
of
tion cost, the future val e of a te
Cn
70 years is deter-
) or
Future value of e capital fund after a period of
The f1
er a 70-year
0
ave
end
mined as follrws:
ori inal ClOlt 0; st-oc in
pound interest
9.(5(7.
the total of
ro ing etoo.
we
Expected income at t1
29
'1Th
11.52
Total inoome at 70 y
!U'S
=,
::
original oust or stocking the land and 3 percent com' 4.~O
fl.?
x 0.50 ::
io' costs
Tat6ll 00
et inC))
r
The prese
by
IIti&uti
a
t· ......
:: 211.20
.2 :Itpound intorest
over a 70-your period.
::
Other costs from above
86.27
0
per acre is paid annually
297.47as a protec-
Since 5
acre at 70 years
t;
val
36.93
tion cost, the future value of a terminable series of
of a sine e incomo ill found
n the !'onnula:
annual peiyiuerita is fcrund by substituting in the formula:
Cu :
s(l.2pfl
-.1)
. op
=
.05(1.0370_i)
: O5(.l) or
30
o : Cn
.lopn
Co =
36.93
7.91
=
4.67 per acre.
Co
30
Cn
The table below !l1-owe th t a 70-y ar rotation w111
.1
return the h
hest net inco e per
111 tre rotation that should be
Op1
ere.
36.93
Co
l.O37
Rot llt10n (Ye rsl
Therefore it
36,93 =
':45r(
per acre.
Net 1nc 01119 per A.
at Rotation
Present SoU
Value
36.93
~.67
70
The table below shows that a 70-year rotation will
0
43.32
4.07
coO
35.19
2.46
return the h1rhest net income per acre,
100
7.92
110
Sol ut10n
.41
-42.47
rotation
is t1
2!.. !l!!! ill
General:
Ponderosa
-1.64
that abould be used.
-P1ne
Ponderos
Net income per A.
Present Soil
Rotntion (Yeor)
Rotation
As stated earlier
in th1s at
manuscr1pt,
ine have beE"n
orest.
Value
lanted on the "Bald Spot ll
70
1n the 'cDonald
Therefore it
36.93
These were planted in order
to oarry on growth and race
tudies.
bO
None 43of
these
32
4.07
trees !::ave yet reached 20 years 01' age, but the fast
growth put on by oertain raoes90 1ndioates a 35,19
very good
site tor Ponderosa pine.
Aocordi
to Professor
100
Starker, these
as oan be
III for Ponderosa pine.
• J.
7,92
ored
110
3o1ution of Plan for
2,46
.41
e Site II or
-42,47
Fonderosa Pine
-1.64
I.'
I
Zl
Source of Data:
r1eultur
"Yield of
Un1 ted St etes Det'l8rtment of
Teohn'col Lullet1n 630 by W. H.
:Ven-ad Stands
eyer on
31
r:r Ponderosa Pine" has been
used as a refer nee in determ1ni
umes for Ponderos
site index and volSource of Lta: United States Der'nrtment of
ns.
I'Aricu1ture Teohrct1 Lullotin 630 by W1 H. Moyer on
Rotation:
rotation
~sed
As 18 the case with Dou
11'111 d
as-fir, the
end largely u on the
"Yield of Even-sred Stsnd
arket, size,
Pondorosa Fine" he.s been
specias end silviculturel !1I8thod of treatment.
It 1s
used asexaotly
n reference inwhat
deterrninin
1,poss1bl6 as yet t.::l determine
si tesite
1sindex and vo1
indio ted by the pine on the "held Spot".
to
Acoordi
uxnee for Ponderosa rina.
eyer (27), site III bas a site index range of
from 85 to SO end Site II has a site index
from 9
in
to 112.
In arrivi
t tl:e
Rotation:
ren~e
of
value
of with011'is the case
Douglas-fir, the
A
Ponderosa p1ne on the area the board foot volume
rotation used will depend largely upon the market, size,
1:0.5 be n us ed for s1 te index 100 and also for site
index 110.
species and silvicultural method of treatment.
The author 1s Qwer
It is
of t he fact that the 1 g
tipo8siblEa
t determine
tlrioes fer Ponderosa p1ne ere
not asonyet as
sound exactly
a baswhat
s site is
as the loS prices for Red fir,
t they
re
8S
accu-
inoated by the pine on the "ield Spot". Accnding
rate as can be fo wd tor Ponderosa p1ne
row1ng on the
west eide of tve Cas ade Range.
T.be site
10III has
rrice
to Meyer (27),
a siteestabindex rene of
lished was UIled siml1arly to the established log prioe
for Red fir.
90 and Site
II has a site index rene of
That is, the from
same5 tovalue
W8S used in the
60-year rotation
W
s U'!Ied 1n thl 100-ysar rotation.
from 99 to 1)2.
In arriving, at the va10 of grow-
ing Ponderosa pine on the area the board foot volume
has been used for site index 100 and also for site
32
This dlsorepanoy tn
10e due to qUallty of logs oould
not be determined.
32
Estimation c:£ ooete and yleld at Rotatlons
was
prevl~lsly
As
due to quality of logs could
discrepancy
st ted underThis
the
plan in
for'icoDouglas-fir,
there are no taxes or 1
oosts to be pald on t e
not be deterntlned,
oDonald For st since t
land bel
Proteotion oosts, 10gSl
•
oc~,
plantl
costs
costs, cost of
That le, proteotion costs
6 per
MoNary nursery costs
re
owlng
Estimation
costs nd
yieldassumed
at Rotatonz
nd lnter
st oharges
ara
to be the SOMe tor Ponderosa
re 1'igurod at
s to the state.
As
ino as tor DoW 1 s-tlr.
was previously stted under the plan for Dougle-f1r,
are 5¢ er aorel 103
~ oosts
•I
rowing stock from tbe Clar e-
there are ro taxes or ld costs to be paid on the
2.50 per
., planting costa aver-
McDonald Forest
since t1 d
land
to the
7.75 psI' acre; and interest
is 1'1
atbelonrs
3 per-
state.
cent on the orlginal lnvestments and on the annual
Protection costs, lgjzin costs, coat of grrwing
protection char ea.
Market Conditions:
stock, planting costs end interest chares are assumed
Dur
0
past few years the
market for Fonderosa pin in the Columbla .1ver reeion
haa lnore sed.
(See t ble
to be the same for Pondorosa pine a for Dou1as-f1z'.
on p. ~5). Thls arlt t
should continue to !ncr a.e'11-tot
in is,
future
are,
here
protection"1costa
are 5and
per acre;
ioc Inc costs
should be a Illarkot for all "roduot
are figured at $6 per !.; grovin stock from the Clarke-
MoDonald Forest.
The
the log
own on the
table and ohart listed I:t' viousl,. lnd 0 te
Mc!Tery nursery costs $2.50 per M'; planting costs avor
rices and trsnd tn pxl0 e tor
in this re ion trom
1~29
onderosa pjne
intercat
toace1 '7,75
38.per acre;
The and
aver
e is figured
rioe at 3 percent on the original investments and on the annual
protection cherges.
33
paid for Ponderosa pino logs over tJlis
1 ,50 per
(abo\'t
•
eriod
8lI
TransT'lort t10n costs to Portland
3 per '.) should be deduoted from this
in c:rder to arrive at a looal price.
the looal
lo~
rice
10.50
rIce
This will
33
e
paid for Fonderosa pine 1os over this "eriod was
er '.
In arder to dete
ine 1tla
t per
rotation
would
net
L3.50
!. Trensportt1on
coats to Portland
the highest sol1 value to the Scrool of Forestry,
3 per Id.)of
should
be deducted
from this price
c81cul tons were made tor (sbout
rotations
60,
70, 00,
0, and 100 years.
site index 110 weI'
The volumes for site index 100 end
in order to errive at a local price, This will make
used in eaoh rotation.
In the c81-
oulations below, a 70-year the
rotation
has lO.5O
been
used to
locel lo price
per
illustrate the method or arrlvi
at t
net income
per acre.
Acoordi
to
order tothe
determine
iat rotation would net
eyer In(27),
volume
(Scribner rule) for s te index 100 on a 70-year rotathe highest soil value to the School of Forestry,
tion is 20,500 board feet per acre.
Summarizing the above calculations
para I' phs
on Ponderosa
were made
for rotations of 60, 70, 80,
ine, the costs, volume, yield at rotation, etc. ar
as follows:
90, and 100 years. The volumes f or s:lte index 100 and
Rotation
70 were
YIlBrS
site index 110
used in each rotation. In the calGrowing Stook
1.70 per ore
6.00 per •
Lo 1n Costs
Plantln Costs
7.75
per rotation
acre has been used to
cu.1atons bel'w,
a 70-year
'Protection Cost s
er
acr per yoar
.05
Interest
3~
0
Prioe
10.60 per •
1l1ustrte the
method of
arriving
Yield at Rotation
A.net income
20,500
b.f.
P atl' the
Are (non-foreste<! and brush)
1,042 acres
per acre. According to eyer (27), the volume
(Scribner rule) for site index 100 on a 70-year rota-
tion is 20,500 board feet per acre,
xpeoted Inoo 15 at
Ined
81
f011
end or 70 years 11 det
III
15 vlll e c€ a oa Itlll
U
= Co(1.0pn)
earl 1 : Cn
Cn.
9,45(1.03 70 )
Cn:
74,75
d
fter a
Expected income at the end of 70 years Ia deter-
=
9,45(7.
ents is found bv
-1)
years is: On : Oo(].,Opfl)
Cu
Cn
t 70 years
Total Inco e
o
a
15.25
123,00
-
The tutre86,27
value of a tertniriab].e eriea of annual
payments l
Ilrll
of th
or
• 76 pe r aore.
vi
at a valUll f
tat on of GO years
'al used,
II
found bT subatithtin,g in the foiuiv:
115 Inco
S
18
Cn = a(l.05fl-l)
found
Op
I
The
te 1Ilde
110, a ror
Ina
=
6
10,
.74,75
P'C .27
r eor n t 70
~ ....:.;.;;.
On
OOlts
esent valu
to be
•x
2r>.5
from above
OOlltS
inCOllle
=
costs : 20.5 x
1n~
Tot
ot
annulll
or
= ,05(l,O~70-1)
= ,05(6."1)
.03
.03
9.45(l.03) = i9.45(7.c?1) or
= 11.52
Cn
Ott r
or
r 151
I
d1
• r
Lo
115
Future va1ia
stitutin
in thea capitalfund
to ul Ifter a rriod of
IU
= a(1.0
Cn
) or
tnied as follows:
The future v lUI' of a termin
pn
34
rlod of
On : .05(1.0370_i)
1
= .O5(6.i) or
for lI'te
ndex
,03
.03
r aore Cnon
= ].l52eO-year rotat'on,
Su lit tutln
tt
follo
t
is
01
1nc
e,
0
1n
• taLle above results In
!rotal income ct 70 yter'
24D,5 P x
togin costa : 20,5 x
0ter oots from above
!Pota]. coats
lO.50 *
15.25
6 = ç123.00
:
66.27
2C,27
I
5
x
otal income at 60 years .. 21
Lo
in
coste : 21 x
6 ..
Other oosts
10.50 :
220.50
126.00
=
35
63. 1
Total oOlIte
189. 1
Total Income at 60 yeara
21
NI
Net inoome per aoX'e at 60 years
The present value is
z t10,50 :
220,50
30.69
30.69 orLogin
5.21
costsper
: 21 xaore.
$6 = 126.O0
5.U9
The tables below show that a 70-ye r rot tion
Other coats
3,61
=
!l8ent so11 value per aore for
11'111 show the highest
site
...
Ponder08a pine on the non-forestedTotal
areas
cta us1
I
index 100.
tbll hip:he st
Usi
1O92.
site index 110, it can be se n that
Net income
per acre
at 60 years
esent sol1 valus
18 on
11 60-year 1'0-
tation.
The present value Is
Site lnde
100
30.69
30.69 or 5.21 per acre.
5
I
.
t
:
Rot tlon (Years)
60
70
80
90
00
et
noo e per A.
es nt 3011
at Rot atjon
Value
tables below show that
a 70-year rotation
T1
"1..7
..
.47
5.98
.76
will'"show the hihat rresent soil.0
value er acre for
-17. 1
-1.26
-40.43
- .57
Poriderosa Dine on the non-forrsted areas using site
Site Index 110
Rotation (Years)
GO
70
I)
."
100
'!'reoent Sol1
et incolllEl
r r A.
Index 100. Usin alto Index 110, it cen be sen that
at Rotation
Vo.lue
30.69
5.21
Is on a 60-year ro30.83
tt highest 'esent soil value 4.91
23.5£1
37.28
3.50
1.65
-6.78
tation.
-.30
.3ite Index 100
Rotation (Years)
Net Income per A.
Present Soil
at Rotetion
Value
36
e
The He.
an
emant Problem
36
Market Considerations
General:
Livestock production bas always been
an importent industry in
ton County.
The table
The Range Lanaement
Problem on
page 12 of this reTort shows h ow i t has increased 1n importance from 1050 to the present.
table that the sheep in
ortant.
to
'ye
by the
Narket Considerations
stry has come to be most im-
The lIIIlount paid for stock varies from ye
ar, but stud! e
produci
e oan se
sh
I'
hava be nGeneral:
lllBde Livestock
BS to production
the oost
of been
haa always
in this rOLion (29).
an important industry in Eenton County, The table on
:Future Market COIXUtlons:
arket corxHtions for
12 of thiscontinue
reortehowa how
has increased
in imsheep raieed in this regionpage
should
to itbe
8S
good or better in the future tban they llJ:'e now.
Weather and
I' onge
portance from 1850 to the present, We can see by the
condi t10ns are such that marke t lambs
oan be raised and put on the
market
before
the
table
that the sheep
industry
has lUlllba
come to be most intin eBstern oreBon.
Thus,
1'~~rs
in th
W1llamette
The for
wiiount lambs
paid for stock
from yeer
Valley should al aye have aportant.
rket
if varies
they
are properl y manBged.
to year, txit studies have hen made s to the cost of
Survey
~ ~-forested
Areas
producing ebE!p in thie reion (29).
Carry1ne ea aoity:
The carry1
area 1s determined by mak1
a ra
c pac1ty of any
8 survey.
Ed Gel er,
Futtue Market Coltions: Market coiitions for
sheep raised n this roon should continue to be as
good or better in the future than they are now.
37
a
aduate of 1941 at 0
on a r e
the
an
e ant
on Stete Colle e, 1s work1
1an for tha
sent t1 e (1941).
Hls
I'
e
cDonald
orest at
37
ana ement plan covers
the JaoKson end Cocllll rham aropert1e
s. atIt
18 Stete
th ~s
2,003
graduate of 1941
Oregon
College,
is working
aores that we are lar e1,. ooncerned wi th u very tew
on a on
rangeother
management
the Mc
Donal d Forest
non-torested ar as are found
' plan
rtsforof
the
at
oDonald Fcrest.
the
Acoord n
to th
sent time (1941).
flie raie "anagement plan covers
survey, 961 of tb5 2,003 aores
are a1re dy stocked w1
Dour;las-tlr.
The
I'
a1nlng
the Jackson end Cocks x'bam properties.
It is this 2,003
1,042 aores are non-forested or oovered with brush,
weeds, and
that tor
we aregra"
largely concerrd
with as very few
ass end can beacres
used
•
'I'm oarryi
1
capaolty at this 1,042 acres, accordnon-forested aroas are found on other rarts of the
to r:elger, is about 55 1I11maJ. un1t s.
flve sheep
8S
beln
equlvalent to one cow, then the are
!icDona1d Fca'cst,
w111 oarry ap rox:1lllat ely 275 shee
•
m nt.
If we cons 1 er
under
roper man
e-
Accordin" to the survey,
961 of the 2,003 acres
Thls flgure 1s tor year-around
a,,1n.
Improve
nta Needed:
tore stocked
any I'with Douglas-fir.
e management
are already
The remaining
len can be put Into etfect there are a number of Imrovements that wll1 h
1,042 acres are non-forested or covered with brusl,
needed on the area.
The most
outstandin'" 1 prove ents needod are toundary fenoes
woods,
and drift fenoes.
Men fro
Forest are bus1ly eng
at the present t tree.
flnished b:> the tl
d grass and can he uaod for grazing.
the CCC Cam
on the
cDonaJ.d
ed In build!
boundary
The carrying capacity
of this fences
1,042 acres, acr'ordNo doubt the se fences w111 be
lug to Geiger, is abott 55 ailmal units. If we consider
the School of
oreat17 puts 1ts
ran e man _ement p1111 Into etfect.
five sheep as being equivalent to one cow, then the area
will carry approximately 275 sheep under proper rianage
38
Sh e
ten to wender ClI/'er en tlrea q 1te read 1'1.
and If drift
are not can trueted at
tence~
oint8 throu hout the area t
tore8ted areas and ea
8hee
e de
rtect on Land:
Grazl
trate ie
38
will 8tray into the
eSh:ep
totend
8eedll
s.
to w9nder over art area quite readily,
has very deflnite detrland if drift fences are not constructed at strateic
ment al eftect8 on the 1 and If e errle
to exeesl'l.
P r-
hapa the first slgn of over points
oing
is the
deterloration
throughout
the area
the sheep will stray into the
ot the
ound cover.
palatable shrubs.
St. John's
are
v~y
In thls re 10n tho occurr nee of
ort (Uyporle
of over rezl
•
strlctad
razln
:.
~.
11 .., Is 0
n for
s n
on t e
0
era . (In
((5
er"
Jac son
azl.
uoh of the land
eDonaldmental
orest
s tonsexcess.
effectsshows
on the lende8ft
if carried
Per-
of ruees or
haps the first sign of overgrazing is the deterioration
e recess
to bI'
t
may
mUl!l
cond tion •
of the ground cover.
rou
C'
or
n an
rea
The perennial bunchgrassos are
s
r 'e
the
"001 on txl tpraduelly
ce'"crowded
co I out
and
we hgrasses,
e weeds, and tin
by annual
ano :leI' edvers
s.r
1ffect on Land: Qrazin,g has very definite detri'-
Thus. s alllIt'lantln
ck to ont
Once the
~.)
spp.) and Rose (R08e
sure s i s of over
in que stlon In t e
areas
88e8 are
forested areas
and cause
da''age toand
seedlins.
out by lInnual
rasses,
weeds,
un-
adually crowde
.'
er nn'al bunch
Tbll
I'S8ul
m
n
ele
of"
ro
palatable shrubs.
Co:'rer
1 ted of .... 13 ot t on
eve talc n
i 940) er
lace
oDonald Fo e8t.
t'l
ec.
II
I' l!'tn
at
1
s e.
0
e
In this re Ion the occurrence of
es
"1'1
nd
e
t
St. Joh's ort (}lyporicum app.) and 1oee (Rosa app.)
'rio'" 1e
. t Il
r
on co arelIen;
ne onMuøh
theof the land
very sure signswof sovergrazing.
1r
Crew st tl n d
t t
in question in the McDonald Forest shows those airna
of overgrazing. Thua, sorplantin of grasses or
restricted grazing may be rcessarr to bring these
o t obv ou
1nd
0
of
1.
at n
of
r
0
0
1
0
(1 ):
folIo
s
0
e 1
'ch
39
d
1
~
in
1 t
1 e
nd
The most obvious indicatori of overrszini can
01 a.
be suznmaried
of
1 ts as
2.
no valu for
Tn
•
elas
n
The predominance of annual weeds and grasses,
artl
an
rry_ curl' nt,
11
de d
,
tump
of
rviceberr )
a dense stand of such grecies and a lack of variety in
on \"whlte 00
'on
•
1 ttl
tock.
nco of de
e
hrubs; sue
andd
of
follows (18):
h
•
ot
Noticeable
damage
roa
11
to Ponderos
Pon ros
1
co~ally
o tree
tr
t e
the arecies,
ne or
in
..
e
ro o ton
rOduotion.
on Gsne-
on on
uJllas-flr
re rod 0
-f r reprodu
The predominance of plants which have little
rran
ran£!o.
o.
55.
work
0of
or
ork ot
As n r
d Aspen
od
0
att on on oattle
cattle
oduction
ttl rran.
b"'rosion
E 0 1 n and barren:
tr
or fo
oOl(
trails
00
t
1 where
y under
unde
Onl v
areas
r s
in
d ctt on.
duetton.
-
•
no value for any class of stock.
r
eov
0
r ly
y there
t r wes
w
va t tion.
of
0
vvegetation.
')
•
nnet..
The presence of dead and partly dead stumps of
ro r management
'Proper
n ccan th
shrubs; such
Ie ed
s anowberry, currant, willow, serviceberry,
n bro ht back
the MoDonaldd Forest
be brought
th
or
ok into nr
ro-
t
t applies
ardle
er
This at
statem~nt
of whether
a 1lies regardless
and Oregon white oak.
tr
the arca
nlanted to
or leased rfor grazing.
r a is
i
0o trees
az1n •
YJhen
hen
Noticeable
tre and
reproduction,
espey of
th range
e survey
th
Coc
d Gel
Gel~6r
the
Jackson
CocKerr made
d the
aon
Co arr
J c to
h demage
...
00· into consideration
ham additions
inn., ...
cons
dt ion he took
th above 1
t 0 the
on 1.Id rration
' ed
ad
, and
nd the
th
cit
tor
or of overilraz1nJ;l:.
0
r
n
c ryin capac!
c
itty hhe used
h carrying
ccators
cially to Ponderosa pine or Dowlas-fir reproduction on
t sheep
e erange,
llowa
conditions.
tor improvement
im rov
ot these
c rnanditio
110
10 s for
n of
ov nt
0
Aspen reproduction
•..
on cattle range.
4.
I
5,
krosion and harroness, accompanied by
net-
work of stock trails where formerly there ws a cover
of vegetation.
40
Solutlon
Problem For
~
efore any
1<'0 est
~heep
heep are turned on to the IIc
,aln a range
an
ent
40
nald
lan ust be worked
out.
The objectlve of the Solution
authorof Problem
was not
to work out
fox' Sheep
this
an ement lan, but to determlne what was the best
us
of the non-for st d areas li.nd determine what income
ore any sheep are turned on to the WcLonald
could be expect d In the futureLef from
leasl
the 1 d
for
razi
•
Costs:
Forest f':aln a range management plan must be worked
VerT tew costs w 11 have to
be consldered
out, The objective of the author was not to work out
at thls ti e If the non-forested areas In the
Forest are used far
the
cee
ara bulldln
land already bel,
oDonald
azln.this rtanagement
As was plan,
stated
earller,
ut to determine
what was the best
the neoessary renoes.
Slnce the
of the nonforctod
determine
to theusestate,
there areas
eretndno
taxeswhat income
~s
or other oosts to be con8idered.
could be expected In the future from ioasin the land
owever, 1t ls possible that over a perlod ot
years certaln costs w111 have
to be taken care of by
for 1'rszIn.
the School of oreetry. Repairs and alnt nance of
fenoes w111 be necessary.
do so e seed1n
stook th
Also, It may be necessary to
Costs: Very few costs wIll havo to he considered
Ith
rasses on areas that do not re-
selves read1ly.
Cost of Producln
at this time if the nonforested areas In the McDonald
Shee:
Accordl
Forest are used for
(29)
In
~trere
are two
estern oregon.
s r1n
~bases
of the shee
to
•
•
elson
razin. Aa was stated earlier,
industry round
One 1s the
theCCC roduct10n
ot c fences.
erc1al
arc building the necessary
Since the
lQlllbs tor the b toher and the packer, and t e
land already belongs to the state, there are no taxes
or other costs to be considered.
41
other 1s the production of pure-bred r
ercial fiocks of
ot Eastern Or
s for the com-
estern Oregon and for the rllnge herds
41
on."
"The product10n of co
rcial s r1
other is
1n ustry well adapted to
the
estern
1
bs 1s an
production of pure-bred rams for the com-
re on tl.1'!llR.
'1 tar
estern Oregon and
for the
flocks
th largest number of sheepmercial
found
1nof estern
egon
belo
to th1s c18ss.
Pure-bred r
ade ewes and the ewes are
ass.
Bible on
s r1
O.
1ntered as m ch as pos-
own. fattened. and
1
arketed by
I
from 70 to 80 JXlunde. "
industry' well adapted to Western ')regou farni.
y far
the largest nwnber of sheep found in Western Oregon
111 mette Valley_
Udget A
of produo1
shows that the annual ex ense
belong to this c1ss.
i11amette Valley
annual inoom
a,
e1aon (29) gives three bud eta for rais-
tarm sheep 1n the
the
I
of Iastern Oregon."
sThe production of conriercial atring lambs is an
t we 19hta r
•
s are lated to
The lambs are drop ed early in the
and are
or June
range herds
er
ounts to
1s
'lfe
shee
in
Pure-bred rena are mated to
9.96 per ewe.
The
es a net
ade ewes and the ewes are winterei as much as i,os-
Th1s m
annual income of 34¢ per ewe.
The various expenses
sible on grass.
lambs are drop"ed early In the
The
listed in budgot A \ill1 vary from year to year de end1
on the syste
of
an
big ost items, oonsist
ement.
Feed1
arring arid are grown,
of a out
46~
i8 one of the
fattened, and marketed by May
of the total
ranging 18
from able
70 to 3Oounda."
at weights
expenses on eaoh ewe, thus oritJune
the
operator
to
et ohea er feed
y
1easi
ran e 1 nd he wlll re0. M.
e1son (29) gives three bud-ets for rais-
duoe expenses and Inor ase the net annual inoo e per
ewe.
lug
farm sheep In the Willemette Valley.
Budget A
Protection: In order to get maximum returns from
shows that the annual expense of producing sheep in
these non-forested areas at all ti~es 0 rtain pr oaut10ns
the Willamette Valley amounts to '9.96 per
Income per ewe Is
ewe,
The
This makes a net
42
111
a
ill nave
too oe taKen.
n.
The areas must bbe protected
c
n;::,•
In r
•• v.. Ingram
42
(16) states that grazing nis
1 one 1im-rt nt method
rtant
redu
t 0 or
0
d
will have to be taken.
'
The areas must be protected
time
of
converting into
tl
0
in o v
1 - oducts
from fire,
logging
d'iage,becomes
and
, 1f
o rce Which,
econdarY
forestt resource
aeond
if left.
1 ft.
cooverrazing,
s a
iab!l
i b ity..
it • ft
nl
O\,IAVA,..
However.
it is essential
sential tthatt correot
correct
or c
raz1ng·management
r z
prlnc1p~es
D, C. Inpram (16) states that prazing "18 0fl8 imb put
t in effect.
be
In r
ec • Ingr
( 6)) also
t
e method
ot
(16
states
tha.t "moderate
JZ:r'azlIlR
~se fire
1s not
1
z of reducinG
pr,rtant
hazard and at the eae
ser10usly
to forest regeneration
r 0 sl-v inimical
n
t 0 andd 1s
1 ma
mo
valuable
animal products a
than compensatod
by the
thatinto1it
afford
co
th proteotion
r time of converting
ffor
re
f1
h
ar
throuP'h
in fire
hazar"4e
t au h reduction
tin
on r
tlon of r
1
ar,
~,xpl
.... 1'1
<
d
1 .V
fI'
r d re t alr
r
0
d
be
t
-0 f,
d inimical
ast to forest
1 reenerat1on
d
1 1 and is more
seriously
lIlt
r
fo
.
z-
that it afTords
f then1compensated
co by
d
r the protection
onI
comlt
S
Ingrain
(16) piSO states that "moderate grazing use is n't
nIl1od.uc
oducti
oOtc.1.na(1.
d.
c
in
of cut-
•
principles be rut inn effect.
uld be raz1ng-ranagament
t
t
1'1
of us
re
f liability."
ort that
t correct
anit is
1 essential
Fowaver,
n on th
duet
d
b
,
con1fero
c
as e e~_
1 ...... oY t
r n
secondary forest resource which, if left, becomes a
r
t
t de,
in· f
of 1
ho
6
01 • V 10
tu
through reduction In fire hazard."
if 't
- f
t
,
r
jve n to
11
r
II
o
deteriorate.
n
dete 'or e
no
Thi
s
a
is
111
va to
The method of loggin
or 'anaginj'
forest stands,
for
zin
o th
as do
especially the coniferous forests, hs an itportnnt
cial
mport
or
1 the
bearing on rerroduction on the arss. Methods of cut-
ting and 1opy1n should be enoh that the preatest net
43
are~s
are to be used for
th of t
1e
A
razing for an indefinite
e.
~lan
of deferred
d rotation grazl
work very well to 1ncre se the carry
should
43
ca acity on
grezing for an indefinite
areas are
to 1' used for
the non-forested areas of the
cDonald
Forest.
Val1.l
of Grad
Ae was
Sheep
state
~
b
~-Forested
Areas
lonptb of time.
earlier, the carryi
non-forested ar ae of the
~o
the
capacitj of the
A T1an of deferred and rotetion grazing should
0
ap roximate1y 275 sh wor
next and most 1m ortent it
onYld Forest has be n found
torwell
the
entire
year. cgtacity
The on
very
to increase
the carrying
, ten, 18 to decide what
the non-forested
of the
charge w 11 be made per head
to razeareas
she
p Mc1onald
on theForest.
area.
The Unit d at tea
crest
ervlce chargee 2 I- per h ad
Value of arazin Sheep on the Non-Forested Areas
per month to
raze ahe p on the national forrsts regard-
i
le81'1 of "'here located.
Fowolver, this ch rge ia for
•
razi
on land that is baok aAaoy
civilization,
was from
stated earlier,
the carrying oapaciti of the
land that ie relatively inA ces ible, and land
few
98
im-rove~ents
stab1le
tional for
Thent
rion.forested areas of the conild Forest has bon found
are conaidered.
dafter
surv y
Th13
88
8Z
n
reasons, t e
811
on all
e
a-
The
zi.
next and
most important
is tonot
decide what
on tha
national
foreit, then,
ts is
overnment.
For these
charge will be made per bead to graze sheep on the area.
hor believes
onth for -r I'i
oharge
o be approximately 275 sheep for the entire year.
managed to return a profit to the
-or
mad
r zi
t land to determ ne its value for
'00,
her
~
she p on th
ar e of
~
per head
oDonald Fore t is
The tYnitd 3tates Forest Service charges 21 per bead
too low.
per month to z'aze sheep on the national torste regard-
less of where located. However, this charge is f or
4
If t
to t
no -fo
se
ste
0
~azi
for
wl11 co or all malnten
turn so
t e
c
, n char a must be
ce and
proflt to th
1 ~rove
1 of
vC
orestry.
on farm p
~n
(
for
1m 1 unit
.-.
rtu;l
values
ere 1aaslng
and improveente and 3till
will
maintenance
at cover
theall~ate
of 1 er A.U.K.
r zln
onth).
44
tWill
tte
In 1 must
35 be
and
made that
for &razin, a charge
are to be
usedValley.
orton found tll t private land owners
thoir pasture
ade that
If the non-forested areas of the MeLonald Forest
ada a study on costs and
1 36
st
nts and still
Gorton (10) has
tur
o~
uald
This stUdy
8S
ade on hill pas-
return some profit to the School of loreutry.
S..
tures that are a1lll11ar 10 physical characteristlcs to
the non-forested
and rainj values
ems of the
Although
Gorton oDonald
(10) has made aorest.
study on costa
the survey lila e by Cei er sho s that the carry
carac-
pasturz in the Vil1umctte Valley, In 1935 end
on farm
of the non-torested
&rsas on the
ity per acr
ore t ls not as hi
nald
as tor rrlvately owned hill
pasland owners were leasing
1936 Gorton found that private
tures, othor conditions ar
for sted aroaa are
0
similar.
That Is, the non-
at the rate there
of 1 pox' A.U.M.
ccessible
road
razin tralls,
their b
pastures
for and
are fenoes around tenon-forested areas, and these nonThis study was made on bill pas-
unit month).
forested areas are 1 cated (1nirna1
1n the
same re 10n as the
prlvately own d pastures.
tl t t e head char e
areas of t e
a3 that for
seeDlS to indlcate
ade tor
zl
the non-forested
the should
non-forested
the Monald
cLIOnald Forost
beares
a ofout
the s Forest,
e
razi
Accordln
tor oh
~vldence
tures that are similar in physical characteristics to
on
~riv
to the G.
~.
tel,. owned pastures.
the survey made by Ceigor shows that the carrying capac-
forest Servio , prices paid
dur10 1935 and 1936
were 53 peroent And 75
ity per aer of the non-forested areas on the
peroen~respectlve1y,
below t e base rloe estab11shed
0
10 1931.
The 1041 rrioe
Aithouch
conald
is notbel~w
as high as
for rrivately
owned bill pasaForest
atil1
the
1031 base,
tures, other conditions are siiaiiar. That is, the non-
45
bsin 85 percent otth. 1t1 price. Therefore, the rute
of 1 per A,U,Y. seow'e u reaaonsble charge to niake for
grazing on the non-forested areas of the Ie)ons1d Forest,
beouse oven thoutj.h the 1941 prices for sheep arc still
belcw the 191 brace, they r' sbove the pricee paid for
ehe'p in 195 and 13U when tiEI rate of ei per
Interest, eto. le ae tollo
w
It
This value is for orio cow month or fivn shep
used.
('1
The author
monthu.
nt
v
t
1
111 as toll
Ino
II
on 11 :
-
In
e area t
1,04
1.
Dorea.
or 63¢.
t 0
7
therefore
a grazing fee
p iced
ontb
,ear
oata
e
of 'O pe
hp month tn srrtvth, at future values.
\l
at
baa
-
1
to
W, *. 1orton (10) a]o found in hi otudy that
1.
0
1
=
-
.00
rnatntsnancc and ixnnrovement costs eount to 1
5 xl
pr
.00
8 dperf year onrhill yaaturee.
tot Thisa is the cost used
acre
roaa annual 'nc
pe
or
ooniputitione be1ow
u tr o 1bi the author in mskirtr
ino thene
d
A suvai'y of the cai'ryin cajacity, rczin' fee,
thtorost, etc. Is o.e fo11o:
46
improvement oost or IB¢ per aore
r y ar fro
gives a net
r aore.
these f
nnual inoome of 45¢
es
parable to those for Do
00
tation of 70 years was used.
the
6~¢
To make
as-flr a ro-
The net inco e
46
er acre
improvement cost of l8' per acre per yEar from the 63
at 70 years le found by substitutl
Cn..
(1.0pn-l)
.bp
In the formula:
gives a net annual income of 45 per acre.
To make
Cn : .45(1.0370 _1)these
=fl.gures
.45(6.91)
orto those for Dou1as"fir a rocomparable
.03
.03
en..
103.65
The net Inoome
to be
103.65.
103.65 or
7.M
w. •
tures on
The abov
tation of 70 years was used. The net income Ter acre
er
The
ore at 70 years 18 thus found
re8ent atvalue
thi8
Inoom inlsthe formula;
70 years of
is found
by substituting
13.10 per aore.
Cn - a(]..OpTt-l)
Gorton (10) found in hie study
that hill pseOp
.
ivats lands were worth about 13 per aore.
figure of
13.10
Cn = 45(l.0370_l)
.45(6,91) or
er aore
see s to oompare
.03
favorably with Gorton's findi
oarryi
.03
s inas uoh as the lcwer
oapacity of the non-forestedlO3.65
area of the
Cii
o
MoDonald Forest is offset by the taxes paid on priv te
land.
The net income rer acre at 70 years is thus found
to
be ft03.65. The present value of this income is
Summary
13.lO per acre.
103:
The objeotive of this study
was
t~ determine to
OX'
whioh use, timber
owing or grazi
, the non-forested
areas ot the. lIloJ.lonald lo'orest should be put.
Values have
W. W. Gorton (10) found in his study that hill pas-
been determined tor
ow
Do
tures on
as-fir and Ponderosa
'5.vate lands were worth about
13 per core.
The abovi figure of 13.i per acre seems to compare
47
pine on the non-forested areaS.
deter lned tor grazl
Th
Mc
nald
Returns have also been
sheep on the non-toreste
47
crest ls looated about seven miles
north ot Corvallls, Ore on.
At the rr sent tlme t
pine on the non-forested areas.
are 4,821 aor s inoluded in the tor st.
had
areas.
very interestl
re
Returns have also been
Th1e .rea haa
determinedOr1g1nally,
for grazing sheep onspeculat10n
the non-forested areas.
h1story.
was the chlef intent of ownershlp but praotlces resulted
1n misuse rather
The
cLionald Forest is located about seven miles
an 1'proper land use.
r and use PI' ct1ces have been oh
ed mater1ally in
north 01' Corvallis, 0reon.
At the rresent time there
the fourteen years slnce the land has been under the
ownersh1
of the
4,621 acres included
This area has
chool of are
Forestry.
Roadsin the
andforrst.
tra11s
have been constructed, ar
restocked, and thinni
s have been artltioially
had a very interesting history. Originally, speculation
s have been made.
Also, many
benef1ts have acorued to students throu
the continued
was the chief intent of ownership but practices
resulted
use ot the forested area tor instruction and research
purposes.
in misuse rather tan.1rroper land use,
Topo
aphy of the
this region.
cJ.)ona1>d Forest ls typ1cal ot
land use practices )-iavo been
changed
That is, the area consists of round,
materially
in
rol11ng hills with small relatively level areas in be-
the fourteen years since the land has been under the
tweon.
The
so11 ls rather shallow and lnfert11e in
Roadson
and trails
sots, espeoially on the southern
art3chool
ot ofthe
torest
ownership of the
Forestry,
the Jackson and Cockerham add1t ons where the
areas ex1st.
The
roble
have been constructed, areas have been artificially
oDonald Forest 1s looated in an area that
restocked, and thinnings have boon made.
receives avout 40 inches ot ra1nfall
ually.
benefits have accrued to
use of the
Also, many
students throurh
forested ares for
the continued
instruction and research
48
The t"o maln
to w ich the
UUII
or oan be put are timber
Donald
rowing and
orest hall
azin.
Part of
48
t e area ill us d for recreation but t ls is a subordinate use of the land.
The two main uses to which the Metonald Forest ha8
The forest Industry Is a very 1m ortant industry
in thls region.
A 1 rge
and crazing.
or can he put are
ercentage
oftixnber
thegrowing
people
are Part of
dependent on forest industries as a means of livelithe area is used for recreation but this is a sub-
hood.
A rioulture and 11vestoc
portant industries In
raisin
are al80 im-
nton County.
ordinate use of the land.
Future indications are that the counties within
the
The be
forest
industry is a very
important
illamette Valley wl1l soon
supnlying
a large
portlon of 1 g. to the mills In this reglon.
portation faol1lties on the
good there .bould be a
in this region.
Mc~onald
industry
Since trans-
A large percentage of the people are
Forest are very
arket
for all forest products
dependent on forest industries as a means of liveli-'
produced.
owl
'or
of the :oDonald
and livestock raisin
are also
hood.onAr1oulture
Douglas-f1r
the non-forested
areaS
orost the assumptlon. were as followsl
Rotation. 70 yearsl
81
costs,
6 per
o"in
portant industries in flenton County.
stock,
2.50 per
eroent) log price,
9.50
er year; interest 3
the
Valley
will. soon
suprlying a large
erWillarnotte
.;
d yleld
at berotatlon,
r acre.
sidered as Site III for
The total
portion of
Do
lcgs
a-fir.
is con-
to the mills in this region.
areas.
rowi
Do
This amounts to a
Since trans-
RSlIluts of the
above computations slow a net
inco 0 of
portation facilities
in 70 years for
.; 10 -
.; planting
costs,
7.75
per
acre) within
Future
indication3
are that
the counties
protection costs, s¢ per acr
35,200 board feet
tm-
36.93 per aore
on the Mconald 1orest are very
as-fir on the non-forested
rosont value of
4.67
or
good there should be a riarket f or all forest products
produced.
9
acre.
A 70-10
~
rot at on was foun
that Ilho od th high st t:r sont
to
alu
0
be ro
of
t1 n
or
0011
49
acro.
A 70year
acre.
rotation was found to he the rotation
that showed the highest present value of the soil per
acre.
the value of growing Ponderosa pine,
In determini
the entire
area ws
Site III.
The values were determined by
assumed to fall betweer Site II and
foot volumes for both site index 100
uaing the board
end site index 110.
o
Other assumptions made were as follows:
yesrs;
rowirig stock, $2.50
M.; pint1ng costs,
per
acro
'7.75 per
M.;
logging
costs,
6 per
acre; protection costs, 5i
year; interest, 3 percent; log price, 41O.5O
and yield at rotation, 20,500 board feet per
ror
acre
per
per
Rotation, 70
C or
tte index 100,
70 years is
5,98
per
value of 76 per acre.
1xr'ected income at the end of
acre,
This
amounts to a present
The highest rresent va:Lue of the
50
mpI'ovements
needed
Im
1"0 em nt
n ded on these
the e non-£oreated
non-£or ted ar
r
before either
th r
b
be
gr
zi
.razl
or timber
plan
t 1m' er.management
n gem n t I
n eCan
n
ut 1n
n effeot
rf at are
r boundary
put
ound r fenoes.
fene s.
efor a. grazBefore
gra.v.inR
lIB nlan
lan Is Dut
ut into effect
ffeet it will be necessary
neees
y to
Improvementa needed on these non-forested
om drift
build some
1ft fenees.
f n e.
S 0
som am
seed
some
gm~ll areas
to
1"0
Al 0, it may
m y be nnecessary
c aary to
Also,
~rass.
before
r
s.
either
To determine
d t
in the value
vatu of us!
usi
eas
e s for
(')
zing, it
raz1ng or timber nanagement plan
On
the
non"'foreated
t e non-fo
e t d
r head
f
e d Der
er inmonth
onth
fo
plan is put into effect
on t
oad
of sh
e
h
of
an annual
return
ann all'
t 1"n "'of
areas
he put in effect are boundary
fences. Before a graz;vould
wao
80 ostimatod
stimatod th
rg would
a ccnar
~razing,
1"
( a of 20
matte
20¢
27
a
50
660
~660
,razing
razing
it will be necessary to
for twelve
briMsS
t Ive months brl
al'OG.
Ul'O
drift
fences. This
2 aores.
1"0
ounta
on build
1,042
1, some
is itamounts
Also,
•
may
be necesiary to
to a gross annual return~of
per
r turn of 83¢ P
l' acro.
acr
Maintenono
• lnt n c
If
seed some small areas to grass,
pOl"
and improve~ent
ount to 1ls¢l- perI' acre
im rove~ nt costs amount
ere
yyoar.
sr.
3¢ gives
Subtractln~
Subtract
in 1St
·lves a net annual
18¢ from
fro G3d
nu 1 return of
., .-·1
45¢ per aore.
ere.
To determine the value of using the non-forested
In 70 years,
interest,
year , at 3 percent
perc nt Int
r t, this
amounts
prosent
ount to :103.65
103.65 per acre.areasThe
pr ent value ot this
for graz1n, it wan estimated that a charge would
net
n t income
ineo e is
ls $13.10
13.10 per acre.
used
dso
o tt
ina1
In 1
A 70-year period was
,as
be tare
20 per red
head per
monthth
for sheep.
us
beofcompured
with
the
valu(razing
e oould
could
comp
Ith
valua
for growing
gro in Douglas-fir
Dougl a-flr on
n the
th non-forestod
non- o·eatod areas.
raaa.
275 head ci' sheep on the area for twelve iionths brings
Conelus16n
Cone "'ion
n
an annual return of 660 on 1,042 acres. This amounts
1.
The
non~forested
non~forested
n- or
areas
are s on the
t e
Mc~one1d
c~on&1d
¥orest
'or st
to a gross annual return of 63 per acre, Maintenance
r s
~esent
nt
a very distinct management
man ementt problem.
oble •
Land us
b
practices in the future should
be such
that
hould
s:entch
h
th
t tthe
0 acre
t por yoar.
and improve
costs
amount
to l3 most
per
roritable
use
us 1
rofit b
u
tor these
thee areas
ar as without
ound for
out causing
caus1n
Subtracting l3
45
per acre.
from 63
gives a net
In 70 years, at 3
annual return 01'
percent interest,
this
51
&n7
plaoa.
anyd.t.rloratloa
deterioration to
to take placa.
2.
Thefor"st
for3t industry
very important in
Th.
Indu"t17 iS
ls v.17
la t'ne
thie
region and
benefits wll1
will accrue
regll)n
rmd benerite
aCcru. to a larger
largar number
nUllb.r of
of
people by
areas of the
1'.01'1.
b7 Erow1n
£:I'Owl1>8 timber on the
th. non-forested
non-foreet.d ar...
,oDon8ld
cDona1d Foreet.
Forest
:5.
DouziaB-fir can
'own on
on the
the non-fore.t.d
non-forested
Doue;las-rir
oan be
be grown
areas of
of tl~
the MoDoaald
McDonald Fora.t
Fo'cst to .how
show aa pr•••nt
present value
value for
area.
the 8011
soil of
of tt.u7
U.67 per
the
rer acre.
aore.
t.
yine can
non-forested
Ponderosa ~in.
erm be grcwn
grown on
oa the non-fore.t.d
tireas to
to show
show • a ~·re88nt
present sol1
soil value
value of
areas
76%per
peraore
acre for
for
76~
site index 100.
100, and Sb.21
acro for
for alt.
site Ind.x
index 110.
110.
sU.
fi.21 per aoro
5.
The non-forestell
non-fcreted arers
a year-around
The
area. have
have.
year-around
carrying capaolt,.
capacity of 1)75
275 .1.••
sheep
properly IIl&nIlL.d.
managed.
oer171ng
1' iif
f rroper'17
\..ae1az
eas1ns the
the lan<1
land for
for £ruing
grazing sho,,"
shows a r,res.nt
present .011
soil value
o!
acre.
of '13.10
t13.10 per ecre.
6.
Apparent17.
••elng the
the non-forest.d
non-forested ar.ae
areas for
for
Aprorently, lleosin
az1n~ shows the &rreateat
reateat ~r.8ont
grazing
present value
value to
to the
the 8011.
soil.
!;owav.,.
usur&no. of'
of thls
depends
Eowever, nssurance
this value
value from
from gru1.n..1
grazin dapends
upon
upon rigld
rigid .nforoem.nt
enforcement of
of aa rans.
range r:rm.......nt
ianagement plan.
plan.
Bibliography
1.
1.
Annual Cruise,
Cruia.. , The.
TAe.
Publi.hed
Fore.try
Published by
by th..
the Forestry
Colleg...
Vol.
XX,
Club, er"l'on
Oregon ~tata
XX, 1939.
Club,
t.nte College.
2.
Anonymous.
Summary
Owner.hip and
end U...
Surnrary ot
of Ownership
[Joeot
of th..
the
IIcn:>nald
Foreat.
1n Professor
Prot....or
McDonald Forest. A
A .hort
short paper
paper in
.Uli.on'.
Wflhison'stUe••
riles.
3.
3,
Bruc",
n:>nald.
Economical Log
Lo. and
Bruce, Donald.
and '!'re.
Tree Limit••
Limits.
....
t Coaet
(8), Augu.t,
West
Vol. 66 (6),
Coast Lumberman.
Lumberman. Vol.
August, 1939,
p.
p. 41.
4.
Chandler. Robert
.F •• Jr.
The Innuence
of GrazChandler,
Robert-F.,
Jr. The
Influence of
Grazing
upon
Cert~1n
So11
and
Climatic
Condition.
inj upon CertIn Soil and Climatic Conditions
1n
Farm ,00d].ands.
"oodland.. Jour.
For. 33
38 (3):
(3), 226,
228,
in Fani
Jour. For.
lIarch,
March, 1940.
Jour.
For.
Jour. For.
5.
Comments
Chapman,
H.
Chapman, H.
H. H,
Commentsonon"Rotationa."
"Rotations."
3!!
(10).
790,
October,
1940.
38 (10): 790, October, 1940.
6.
6,
Churchill,
Georc.. Vi,
W.
The
ot Grazing
GraZing on
on
Churchill, George
The Ettect.
bffocts of
R..production
in
th..
n:>ugloa-t1r
R..gion.
15
1'1'.
Reproduction in the Douglas-fir ReElon. 15 pp.
Thesi.,
1932.
Thesis, 1932.
7.
Cowlin, Robert iI.. Allowable Cut,
Cowlin,
Depletion, and
and
Cut, Depletion,
Growth
1n
the
n:>uelaa-t1r
Region.
•
...
t
Co••
tile
Douglaa-fir Region. West Coastt
Growth in
Lumberman. 66 (3);
(3); 30,
30" March, 19~9.
1939.
8.
Craddock,
George W.
W.
Keeping our
Soil ..
Craddock, (leorge
our WUd-land
Mid-land Soils
in
Plac... Jour. Pore
(9), 861, September,
In Place,
For, 36 (9):
September, 1938.
9.
Evan.,
R. M.
II.
lIul
tipl.-U... Forest
Pore.t!.anggernent.
I!lnegement.
Evans, B,
Multiple-Use
Jour.
For. 36
36 (10):
(10),1028,
1028, October,
October, 1938!
1938.
Jour. For.
10.
Gorton, V.
Vi. W.
'II.
Cost
and Grazing Valu..
WUlamette
Cost and
Value of Wlllanrntte
Valley
and Southern
Southern Oregon
Valley and
Ore:on Farm
FarmPaetureo.
Pastures.
(unpublished
(unpublished manuscript).
manuscripti.
11.
Pallauer,
Prank 3.
J.
Pittalls
Int..rpr.. tinl!LumLumHajJauer, Frank
Pitfalls IninInterpreting
ber Consumption
Pore 37
37 (1):
(1):
Consrunption Trends. Jour.
Jour. For.
47,
January, 1939.
1939.
47, January,
B_mar,
A. H,
H.
Intereat and
Hararnar,C.C.E.H. and
and lIua...an,
Mussnan, A.
Interest
Jour. b:or
Credit Coata
Costs in Forest
Cred1t
Foreat Restoration.
Reltoration. Jour.
For.
M
(1). 3'?',
37, January,
30 (1):
January, 19(0.
1940.
13.
Rawley, It.
R. C.
Fawley,
C,
14.
Heiberg, Svend 0.
He1berg,
O.
f'oreat
Forest So11a
Soils 1"
In Relat10n
Relation to
SUv1cultura.
(1): 42,
42. JanuSilviculture. Jour.
Jour. For.
For. 37 (1):
ary,
ary, 1939.
1930.
15.
and Gorton,
aorton, "_
. "..
Hochrnuth, N.• R.. and
Hochmuth,
16.
lu.
Ingr_.
•
12.
17.
17.
Foreat
lret.etion.
Forest Protection.
Sona,
Ne. York, 1937.
1037.
Sons, Inc., New
John
i1ey &
Uey"
Ranch OrganiOrgan1zat10n
Uae 1n
zation and
and Ran.e
Range t3se
inCooe
Coosand
andCurry
Curry ClounUel.
Counties,
OreEon At
Aunt.
r10. hxp.
up. 8th.
Sta. Lull.
ull. 381,
381,
Oregon. Ore£on
DeoeJlber,
December, 1940.
1940.
VetetaUve
Ohanoea and
and Grazing
Grazing Use
Uee
Ingram, D.
D, C.
C.
Vegetative Changes
on Douglas-fir
Douglee-f1r Cut-over
Cut-over rend.
Land.
J.S.~.A.
Jour.
J.8.D.A. Jour.
Aer1c.
Vol. 46
43 (5),
(5). September
Slpt~ber 1,
I,
Agric. Rei.
Res, Repr1nt,
Reprint, Vol.
1631.
1c31.
Iaaae,
A.
Faotorl
Affect1~ Establishment
Isaac, Leo A.
Itabl11hment of
of
Factors Affecting
lJourlal-f1r
Sel 111nr,a.
J.3.D.A.
U.S.D.A. 01r.
Cir. 486.
466,
Douglas-fir SeudlinEs.
aah1noton,
LJ. C.,
C., 1938.
Hl38.
ashinton, D.
IR.
ii.
Jardine, J. P.,
A,,
Jardine,
T., Lindgren,
Lindgren, IT,
• A.
L•
, and Potter, E. L.
19.
Johnson, Herman M.
M,
Johnson,
20.
Kearns,
~earn.,
21.
.craebel, C.
C. J.
3, and
and Xe11o"s,
Kellogg, L.
t. F.
Kraal,el,
The
The PoreL't
Forest
Guard1anl
aterlheda. Jour.
Cjardians of
of our Watersheds.
Jour. For.
For. 36 (9):
(9).
e58,
658, Sept..ber,
September, 1938.
2~.
Lexen, Jert
lert R,
R. An
the Us.
Use ot
of Sodium
An ~per1m.nt
Expenitnent in
In the
Ars.nite
•• Pine.
Arsenite in Thinning ~ond.ro
Ponderosa
Pine. Jour.
Jour. For.
For.
37
(3): 259,
37 (3):
259, ~arch,
March, 1939.
•Eanai-ement
anae_ent of
of Range
Ran,,;eflx'azin
Graz1tlc Land. Orle;on
A"io.
Oregon Agric.
College
Lull. 366,
M6. 1I0v_blr,
college Ext.
Ext. bull.
November, 1923.
Trends in
in L\wber
Lumber Produot10n
Production
Tren"s
1n
Oregon and
(8). 620,
Jour. For. 37 (8):
in orerron
and "alhinl"ton.
Waehjnpton. Jour.
AU!'Ult,
August, 1939.
H. 3,
R.
S.
Apr11,
Apr11, 19(0.
1940.
Rotat10nl.
Rotntjons,
Jour.
(4). 339,
~39,
Jour. For.
For, M
38 (4):
Longwood, Franklin
Frankl1n R.
R.
A
Uae History
Riltory of
of }3enton
Benton
23.
A Land
Land Use
2. Longwood,
County,
Ore~on.
lIalter
Master Thel11,
Thesis, 1940. 146
146 po.
"p.
County, OreLron.
24.
Matthews,
Management of
Forests.
~atthe"l_ D.
D. M.•
lI:anarement
ot American Foreate.
cOrae-H111 Look Co
•• Inc.,
Ino., Xee
McGraw-Hill
Co.,
New York.
York, 19~5.
1935.
25.
!ccArd1e, R•
H. .I!..
li.and
and lJeyer,
Meyer, ...
W. H.
KcArdle_
E.
26.
Meyer, W.• H.•
lIeyer_
27.
~e1.r.
Meyer,
28.
Nett.
Phi11p.
'aluat10n or
of Nat5.onal
N.tional Pore.t
Neff, Philip.
Valuation
Forest
Jour. For.
For. 37
59a, Auvuat.
August, 19~9.
1939.
Land••
~7 (8):
(8): 598.
Lands. Jour.
29,
29.
Sheep on
on %sestteotNelson, Oran .,.
W.
lIel.on,
Co.t
ot Producing
Produc1 Sheep
Cost of
ern
ext Oregon Parm..
Farms. Oregon Agrio.
Aaric. Hxp.
Exp. St••
Sta. C1r.
Cir.
94
_ CorTallia.
94,
Corvallis, Orecon.
OreTon, Dec8llber,
December,19?P.
l2P.
30.
Pearson, fl.
Pearson.~.
~.
Price, 1Yi1lian,
Planning tor
for Future f'ore.t
Forest
Pr10e,
Wil11am H.
Plannin
Crop••
(2): 101.
Crops. Jourl
Jourl For.
For. 38 (2):
101, Febru&r1.
February, 1940.
1940.
52.
Roth, Don C.
Hohn.
pp.
48
43 pp.
~~.
m7 Fore.t
Rudolf, P.
iihy
Forest 'lantation.
Plantations Fail. Jour.
Jour.
Rudolf.
P. 0.
fl.
(5): ~77.
377, Ma1,
May, 1959.
1939. Al.o
Also p.
n. 422.
422, 'ay,
For. 317
1i7 (5).
a1.
lG40.
1940.
M.
Saa
ert. '{erbert
Herbert C.
C.
SUv1cultural
San ert,
Silviculturaj. stud1eo
Studies on
on
the
the Jaokson
Jackson and
end Cookerham
Cockerham Addition.
Additions to the
the
cDorald Poreatt
MeDorald
Foreatt The.1a.
Thesis, 19~9.
1939. 16
15 pp.
pp.
:15.
Selb1.
ii1llamette
Valle1 Land Adaptability.
Adaptab1l1t1.
Willamette Valley
Seihy, H.• E.•
AEr1e. iixp.
AX~. &ta.
Agric.
Sta. C1r.
Cii'.120,
1°0,,)eegon
Oregonstat.
StateColl.g••
Co1lee,
Corvalli••
;r·on. 1937.
1957. 4pp.
4pp.
Corvallis, Oregon,
~6.
raph1e S....ar7
Scuôder,
Scudder
* H.• D.
D. and Hurd,
Burd, E.• F.•
Graphic
Summary
ot
Agr1eul ture and Land Ua.
on. riD.
lr. 114.
114,
Use in
in OJ'et
Oreon.
of Agriculture
The
The Yield
Yield ot
or
U.S.D.A.
Dou.la.-tir
Pacif1c Horth.eet.
Douglas-fir in the
the Psciflc
Northwest. U.~.D.A.
Tech. Bull.
Lull. 201.
201, Ha.hinston.
Vãaahinton, D.
D. C••
C., October,
1930.
Tech.
October, 19~0.
Orowth
Growth 1n
in Seleot1v.11
Selectively Cut
Cut ~ondero.a
Fonderosa
ore.t. ot
Pa01fic Northwest.
North.eat. ~.S.D.A.
U.S.D.A.
Fine Forests
of the
the Pacific
Pine
A'rll. 19M.
Tech. Ilull.
Bull. 407,
407, April,
1934.
Tech.
W. H.
H.
Yield ot
of hven-Ibed
£ven-aged Stand.
Stands ot
of Pondero••
P1ne. \J.S.D.A.
derosa Pine.
U.S.D.A. Teoh.
Tech. Bull.
Lull. 6~.
630, Wa.hwashington, D.
D. C••
C., October,
ington.
October. 1938.
(Ii):
(3): 261.
261,
Forest Land Use.
A.
Foreat
Ule.
faroh.
arch, 1940.
Jour. Por.
For. 38
Jour.
•
Oras1nh
T1mber.
Grazing and flnber.
The.i••
Thesis, 1938.
1938.
» ':.
Agr1e. Exp.
Bxp. Sta.,
Sta •• Oregon
Oregon State
State College,
Colleg•• Corvallis,
Corval11 ••
Aric.
19:15.
pp.
1935. 40
40 pp.
:57.
Spencer, John ii.
a.
Present Ifl
Land Titilization
Speneer,
Prnent
Da7 Land
UU11&aUon
Problems.
Frable'
,". Jour.
(10). 772,
Jour. For.
For. 37
37 (10):
772, Octo",er,
October, 1939.
1939.
38.
.e and
Steer, He~
Henry L.
Stunipage
andLo
Log Prices
Prices tor
for 1929•
1929.
steer,
t.
Stump
,ull. 36,
Statiltical Bull.
aehington. U.
D. C.,
e.,
U.S.D.A.
U.S.D.A. StatistIcal.
36, Washington,
November, 1931.
39.
Steer,
t.
Stump&ee
andLng
L~£Prices
Prioelf tor
Steer, Henr7
Henry B.
Stpace and
or 1930.
U.S.D.A.
Statiltical Bull.
Bull. 37,
37, iit8shington,
W.lhington, D.
U.S.D.A. Statistical
D. C.,
January, 1932.
Janu&r7,
40.
Steer,
He~13.
H.
Stumpage
Steer, Henry
Stumpage .nd
and Log
Log Pricel
Prices tor
for 193119311932. U.S.D.A.
U.S.D.A. St.tiltical
Statistical lull.
Lul1. 44,
44, W.lh1ngton,
aahin"ton,
D.
I).C.,
C., December,
December, 1933.
1933.
41.
Henry B.
Steer, ~e~
D.
Stumpage
and Lo,!
Lo Prioea
Stumpage and
Prices for
for 1933.
1933.
U.S.D.A. St.tiltioal
Statistical Bull.
Lull. 49,
49, Vashington,
1). C.,
U.S.D.A.
C.,
a.h1ngton" D.
October,
October, 1934.
42.
Steers '{e~
Henry B.
Steer,
t..
Stum
andLog
Lo~
Prlcaa for
tor 1936.
1936.
Stage .8
and
Prices
¶J.3.D.A. Statiatioal
Statistical bull.
Bull. 62,
62, ~aahington,
Washington, D.
~.S.D.A.
D. C.,
Ootober,
October, 1937.
43.
Steer,
ne~ B.
H.
Stumpage
Steer, lienry
Stunipage and
and Log
Log Prioel
Prices tor
for 1937.
1937.
U.S.D.A.
D. C.,
C.,
TJ.3.D.A. StatilUcal
Statistical Bull.
Bull. 66,
66, WUhinpton,
Washington, D.
Janu&r7,
January, 1939.
44.
Steer, "'e1117
Henry B.
Steer,
H.
Stump&£;e
Stunipare and
and Log
Log Prlon
Prices tor
for 1938.
1938.
V.S.D.A.
st.tlatical lJu].l.
Dull. 71,
U.S.D.A. &tatistical
71, 'elhlngton,
Washington, D.
D. C.,
Febru&r7,
February, 1940.
46.
Thomlon,
Roy B.
B.
Are
Thomson, Roy
Are Sl.Uer
SimIlar 'lnulta
'esu1ts Obt.lned
Obtained by
by
Ua.
Use ot
of So11
Soil Rent
Rent and
and Forelt
Forest Rent
Rent Prooedurel?
Procedures?
Jour.
(10): 792,
October, 1940.
Jour. ~or.
For. 38 (10):
792, October,
1940.
46.
Tor~.rlon, E.
h. F.,
F., and
and Powers,
Powera, W.
~. L.
kean1nF
Torerson,
Meaninff and
nd
Uae
ot "flhlainette
Wl11emette So11
state
Use of
Soil Survey.
Survey. Oregon
0reon Stpte
College
90, Deo""'ber,l920.
College Agrl0.
Agric. bp.
Exp. Sta.
5th. Clr.
dr. 90,
cember,1928.
47.
47,
U.
Servloe.
T18lber
anagement HandU. S.
S. Foreat
Fore3t Service.
Timber 'anaLzement
Handbook.
Aprl1 1,
book, R.
R. 6,
6, Revlaed
RevIsed April
1, 1939.
1939.
48.
48.
U.
Servloe.
U. S.
S. Foreat
Forest Servloe
Service and
and So11
Soil Conaervatlon
Conservation Service.
Influence
Influence ot
of Veget.tioD
Ve:etation and
and ~aterahed
1atershed Tre.tmenta
Treatments
on Hun-ott,
Flow. U.S.D.A.
Run-off', SUUn",
SIltin2, and
and Stream Flow.
110. Pub.
Pub. 397,
v97, July,
JU17, 1940
Misc.