2012 Kansas Performance Tests with Grain Sorghum Hybrids continuously cropped summer fallow irrigated Report of Progress 1077 Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service TABLE OF CONTENTS 2012 Grain Sorghum Crop Review Statewide Growing Conditions, Diseases, Insects, Harvest Statistics.....................................................................1 2012 Performance Tests Objectives and Procedures ......................................................................................................................................2 Entrants in the 2012 Performance Tests Table 1......................................................................................... 3 Northeast Manhattan, Riley County Belleville, Republic County 2012 Yield Summary Multi-year Summary Table 2.........................................................................................4 Table 3..........................................................................................5 Table 4..........................................................................................6 Figure 4 ........................................................................................7 Southeast Ottawa, Franklin County Parsons, Labette County 2012 Yield Summary Table 5..........................................................................................8 Table 6 ........................................................................................9 Table 7.......................................................................................10 West Garden City, Finney County Multi-year Summary Table 8........................................................................................11 Figure 5 ......................................................................................12 Irrigated Colby, Thomas County Garden City, Finney County Tribune, Greeley County 2012 Yield Summary Multi-year Summary Table 9........................................................................................13 Table 10......................................................................................14 Table 11 .....................................................................................15 Table 12......................................................................................16 Figure 6 ......................................................................................17 Entries in the 2012 Kansas Grain Sorghum Performance Tests Table 13......................................................................................18 Electronic Access, University Research Policy, and Duplication Policy ...............................................back cover Contribution no. 13-102-S from the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station. -i- 2012 GRAIN SORGHUM CROP REVIEW Statewide Growing Conditions Diseases The 2012 Kansas grain sorghum growing season was extremely challenging for most of the state for the second year in a row. Although grain sorghum is well suited for hot, arid growing conditions, the 2012 crop was stressed beyond its limit of endurance in many regions of the state with extended periods of high heat and very limited rainfall. (Figure 1). Heat stress was a statewide problem that affected pollination and grain-filling, either forcing the sorghum to develop at an accelerated pace or causing the plants to stop growth altogether. Many fields failed to make a crop. The dryland grain sorghum performance tests at Beloit, Assaria, Hutchinson, Hays, Tribune, and Colby were abandoned because of acute drought conditions. The irrigated test at Hutchinson was lost to bird feeding. As was the case in 2011, disease pressure in 2012 was very low. Early planted sorghum that received some rain before the drought suffered significantly from Fusarium seedling blight. Sooty stripe, the most common foliar disease of sorghum in Kansas, was very difficult to find except in a few irrigated fields. The quality of the grain sorghum crop was directly affected by the adverse conditions; less than 10% of the crop was rated in good or excellent condition by the end of the growing season (Figure 2). 100% 80% 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Surplus Short Very Short Adequate 60% 40% 20% 3-Oct 12-Sep 22-Aug 1-Aug 11-Jul 20-Jun 30-May 9-May 18-Apr 28-Mar 7-Mar 0% Figure 1. Statewide status of topsoil moisture 100% 80% The most significant disease present in 2012 was stalk rot. Both Fusarium stalk rot and charcoal rot were present at above normal levels, resulting in occasional lodging. Even where lodging did not occur, the heads on stalk rot-infected plants generally are smaller and result in reduced yields. No other diseases were a significant issue in 2012. Other diseases observed included Fusarium neck rot, rough spot, head smut, crazy top downy mildew, and bacterial streak. (Doug Jardine, Kansas State University Department of Plant Pathology) Insects Seedling plants struggled throughout much of the state due to the hot, dry weather. Because the plants were already subjected to enormous stress, chinch bug feeding heavily impacted many fields. Even those fields with what would usually be considered non-economic infestation levels were negatively impacted because of the stress already created by the weather, and either eventually died or seemed to be in a state of suspended growth, neither dying nor producing any grain. Many fields that did produce grain did have sorghum headworm infestations, but those were not as common as in previous years. (Jeff Whitworth, Kansas State University Department of Entomology) Harvest Statistics 60% Very Poor Poor Fair Good Excellent 40% 20% 12-Sep 29-Aug 15-Aug 1-Aug 18-Jul 4-Jul 20-Jun 6-Jun 23-May 9-May 0% The Kansas Agricultural Statistics Service predicted a 82.5 million-bushel crop in the October 11 Crops Report, down 24% from last year (Figure 3). The number of acres harvested was down 100,000 acres from last year, at 2.1 million. The average yield estimate of 40 bushels per acre is 15 bushels lower than last year’s yield. Kansas leads the nation in sorghum acreage planted and harvested but is second behind Texas in production. (Kansas Agricultural Statistics Service, Topeka) Figure 2. Condition of 2012 Kansas sorghum crop (Crop-Weather Reports, Kansas Agricultural Statistics Service, Topeka) -1- Total bushels Figures 4 through 6 graphically summarize yield and maturity information over the past 3 years for each region. In these figures, hybrid performance is standardized by using the average of two check hybrids present in every test. The number beside each bar shows the number of tests in which a given hybrid was compared with the check hybrids. Symbols beside each bar indicate if performance of a hybrid was significantly greater (+) or lower (-) than the average performance of the check hybrids. As with individual test results, small differences should not be overemphasized. Relative ranking and large differences are better indicators of performance. Million acres 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 2000 1998 1996 0 Most tests were planted at a rate 25 to 30% greater than the desired population and thinned only to remove doubles. Planting to stand enables evaluation of product performance for the entire growing season. Figure 3. Historical Kansas grain sorghum production 2012 PERFORMANCE TESTS Objectives and Procedures Three or four plots (replications) of each hybrid were grown in a randomized complete block design at each location. Each harvested plot consisted of two rows trimmed to a specific length ranging from 20 to 30 feet at the different locations. Grain Sorghum Performance Tests, conducted annually by the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, provide farmers, extension workers, and seed industry personnel with unbiased agronomic information on many of the grain sorghum hybrids marketed in the state. Because entry selection and location are voluntary, not all hybrids grown in the state are included in tests, and the same group of hybrids is not grown at all test locations. Grain yields are reported as bushels per acre of shelled grain (56 lb/bu) adjusted to a moisture content of 12.5%. Yields also are presented as a percentage of test average to speed recognition of highest-yielding hybrids. Hybrids yielding more than 100% of the test average year after year merit consideration. Adaptation to individual farms for appropriate maturity, stalk strength, and other factors also must be considered. A summary of growing-season weather data is given in individual test discussions. These data are from the nearest weather-reporting station and often are supplemented with information from the test site. Precipitation graphs include cumulative lines for 2012 and the 30-year normal in addition to daily rainfall amounts since last fall. Temperature graphs include daily maximum and minimum temperatures compared with normal. General trends in precipitation and temperature relative to normal are readily observed in the graphs. A table with monthly totals and averages for the growing season also is included. The percentage of lodged stalks is reported when appropriate. Both broken stalks and stalks leaning more than 45 degrees from vertical were considered lodged, although most were harvestable with modern machinery. Severely lodged stalks or dropped heads that could not be picked up by normal harvest procedures were not included in yield. Because harvest often is delayed until latest maturing entries are ripe, early and mid-season hybrids could lodge simply because they must wait well past their optimum harvest date. The growth unit or growing degree day concept was developed to measure the amount of heat available for growth and maturation. To calculate the daily growing degree day accumulation, add the maximum temperature and the minimum temperature for each day, divide by 2, and subtract a base temperature of 35°F. Any temperature below 35°F was considered to be 35°F. Explanatory information precedes data summaries for each test. Tables 2 through 12 contain results from the individual performance tests. Hybrids are listed in order of increasing days to half bloom when that information is available, so hybrids of similar maturity appear together. Relative maturity is measured both in terms of number of days from planting to half bloom and grain moisture at harvest. Maturity can be critical when considering a sorghum hybrid for a specific cropping system. Small differences in yield or other characteristics should not be overemphasized. Least significant differences (LSD) are shown at the bottom of each table. Unless two entries differ by at least the LSD shown, little confidence can be placed in one being superior to the other. -2- The coefficient of variability (CV) can be used to estimate the degree of confidence one can have in published data from replicated tests. In this testing program, a CV of less than 10% generally indicates reliable, uniform data, whereas a CV of 10 to 15% is not uncommon and usually indicates that data are acceptable for the rough performance comparisons desired from these tests. Tests with a CV greater than 15% still may be useful, especially in situations with low yields. Table 1. Entrants in the 2012 Kansas Grain Sorghum Performance Tests Asgrow/DeKalb Monsanto Seed St. Louis, MO 800-335-2676 www.asgrow.com Gayland Ward Seed Hereford, TX 806-258-7394 gaylandwardseed.com Hoegemeyer Hooper, NE 402-654-3399 hoegemeyer.com Star Seed, Inc. Osborne, KS 800-782-7311 gostarseed.com Channel Bio Lincoln, NE 800-279-7999 channelbio.com Golden Acres Genetics Waco, TX 254-761-9838 gaseed.com Pioneer Brand Pioneer Hi-Bred, Intl., Inc. Lincoln, NE 800-228-4050 pioneer.com Triumph Seed Co., Inc. Ralls, TX 888-521-7333 triumphseed.com Drussel Seed, Inc. Garden City, KS 620-275-2359 drusselseedandsupply.com -3- NORTHEAST KANSAS DRYLAND GRAIN SORGHUM TEST Agronomy North Farm, Manhattan; Jane Lingenfelser, agronomist Reading silt loam; Soybean in 2011 40 150 - 0 - 0 lb/a N, P, K Target stand of 55,000 plants/acre; 3.8 in. spacing 20 Good planting conditions; extremely hot during summer months. 10 Precipitation 2012 Norm. Nov.-Mar. April May June July August Sept. Oct. Totals: 11.5 2.0 1.1 3.3 0.6 4.2 1.6 0.6 24.8 5.1 2.6 4.5 5.1 4.0 3.5 3.8 2.3 30.9 Average Temp. 2012 Norm. 42 60 71 77 86 77 68 56 59 30 53 64 73 79 78 70 53 52 5 30 Planted on 4/27/2012; Harvested on 8/23/2012 Month 6 Precipitation (inches) 4 3 cumulative 2 1 0 daily 0 GDU N 2012 Norm. 0 0 100 806 575 80 1090 918 1186 1158 60 1366 1369 40 1199 1317 974 1035 20 767 387 0 7,388 6,759 N D J F M A M J J A S O Daily Temperatures (F) plant D J F M A M bloom J J A harvest S O Table 2. Riley County Dryland Grain Sorghum Performance Test, 2010-2012 BRAND NAME DEKALB DEKALB DEKALB GOLDEN ACRES GOLDEN ACRES MATURITY CHECK MATURITY CHECK PIONEER PIONEER PIONEER DEKALB GOLDEN ACRES DEKALB MATURITY CHECK PIONEER DKS36-06 DKS44-20 DKS49-45 GA 5556 GA 3545 MEDIUM EARLY 84G62 84P80 85G03 DKS51-01 GA 5745 DKS53-67 LATE 85Y40 Average CV (%) LSD (0.05) ACRE YIELD, BUSHELS 2-Yr. 3-Yr. 2012 2011 2010 AVG. AVG. 90 97 89 101 99 97 83 117 110 105 100 81 106 95 114 99 10 14 96 103 97 --92 73 108 112 98 --106 103 104 98 6 9 94 105 100 --116 86 118 -113 --- 93 100 93 --94 78 113 111 102 --105 106 94 99 118 109 100 98 10 -13 -- 93 102 95 --102 81 114 -105 --106 97 112 99 --- YIELD AS % 2011-2012 OF TEST Days Grain Days Grain Test Plnt to Moist. to Moist. Wt. Ht. AVERAGE 2012 2011 2010 Blm % Blm % lb/bu in. Ldg % Pop. 1000 ppa Hds. per Plnt 90 98 90 102 100 98 84 119 111 106 101 82 107 96 116 100 10 14 20 13 14 15 8 7 9 19 15 14 14 16 10 15 6 13 -12 45 46 49 44 47 39 47 49 42 44 41 46 50 48 46 46 8 6 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 0 98 105 99 --94 75 11 114 100 --108 105 106 98 6 9 94 106 100 --116 86 118 114 --105 95 118 100 10 13 68 69 69 --69 68 70 70 69 --70 70 70 69 --- 15 17 16 --16 14 19 19 16 --18 17 17 17 --- 66 66 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 68 68 68 69 69 67 1 1 16 20 18 16 17 19 16 23 23 18 19 17 22 20 21 19 8 2 60 60 60 60 60 61 61 58 58 58 60 59 59 59 59 59 1 1 *Unless two varieties differ by more than the LSD, little confidence can be placed in one being superior to the other. Top LSD group in bold. -4- 54 50 55 48 50 52 49 53 55 52 53 46 48 53 52 51 2 1 NORTHEAST KANSAS DRYLAND GRAIN SORGHUM TEST North Central Kansas Exp. Field, Belleville; Randall Nelson, agronomist; Michael Larson and Doug Stensaas, technicians Crete silt loam; Soybean in 2011 40 150 - 20 - 0 lb/a N, P, K Planted on 5/24/2012; Harvested on 10/11/2012 Target stand of 50,000 plants/acre; 4.2 in. spacing Warm, relatively normal precipitiation in the spring months. Abnormally hot and dry in the summer. 10 Precipitation 2012 Norm. Nov.-Mar. April May June July August Sept. Oct. Totals: 2.5 2.9 0.5 3.2 2.9 2.4 0.8 1.7 16.9 4.0 1.7 2.3 3.6 4.7 3.4 3.3 2.6 25.6 Average Temp. 2012 Norm. 39 58 70 76 82 73 65 53 56 27 52 63 73 78 77 68 51 50 5 30 20 Month 6 Precipitation (inches) 4 3 cumulative 2 1 0 daily 0 GDU N 2012 Norm. 0 0 100 723 534 80 1050 886 1159 1149 60 1305 1368 40 1135 1310 932 987 20 722 375 0 7,025 6,609 N D J F M A M J J A S O Daily Temperatures (F) plant D J F M A M bloom J J A harvest S O Ldg % Pop. 1000 ppa Hds. per Plnt --------------------- --------------------- --------------------- Table 3. Republic County Dryland Grain Sorghum Performance Test, 2010-2012 BRAND NAME YIELD AS % 2011-2012 ACRE YIELD, BUSHELS OF TEST Days Grain Days Grain Test Plnt 2-Yr. 3-Yr. to Moist. to Moist. Wt. Ht. AVERAGE 2012 2011 2010 AVG. AVG. 2012 2011 2010 Blm % Blm % lb/bu in. GOLDEN ACRES PIONEER DEKALB DEKALB MATURITY CHECK MATURITY CHECK PIONEER GOLDEN ACRES GOLDEN ACRES DEKALB DEKALB GAYLAND WARD GAYLAND WARD MATURITY CHECK PIONEER PIONEER DEKALB GA 5745 85G03 DKS36-06 DKS44-20 EARLY MEDIUM 85Y40 GA 3545 GA 5556 DKS49-45 DKS51-01 GW8320 GW9417 LATE 84G62 84P80 DKS53-67 Average CV (%) LSD (0.05) 79 104 113 122 128 99 98 115 104 103 108 110 109 88 126 114 89 107 10 19 120 125 137 157 95 125 102 146 137 150 ---149 153 118 154 126 8 16 -141 140 154 104 149 157 --155 ---149 161 -160 140 8 19 100 114 125 140 112 112 100 131 120 127 ---118 140 116 122 116 --- -123 130 144 109 124 119 --136 ---129 147 -134 124 --- 74 98 106 115 121 93 92 108 98 97 101 104 102 83 118 107 84 107 10 17 95 99 108 124 75 99 80 116 108 119 ---118 121 93 122 126 8 13 -101 100 111 75 106 112 --111 ---107 115 -115 140 8 14 64 64 65 65 62 66 67 69 68 70 ---69 70 71 73 67 --- 15 15 14 15 15 16 15 15 15 15 ---16 16 15 15 15 --- 68 68 69 69 69 69 69 71 71 72 72 72 72 75 75 76 78 72 2 2 17 16 15 15 17 18 16 16 16 16 15 17 15 17 18 16 15 16 9 2 60 61 62 61 61 59 60 61 60 61 61 60 61 60 59 60 61 60 1 1 *Unless two varieties differ by more than the LSD, little confidence can be placed in one being superior to the other. Top LSD group in bold. -5- --------------------- Table 4. NORTHEAST Kansas Grain Sorghum Hybrid Yield Summary (% of test avg.), 2012 BRAND/NAME RLD RPD MTD AVG. DEKALB DKS36-06 90 106 -- 98 DKS44-20 98 115 -- 106 DKS49-45 90 97 -- 93 DKS51-01 101 101 -- 101 DKS53-67 107 84 -- 96 -- 104 -- -- -- 102 -- -- 100 108 -- 104 GA 5556 102 98 -- 100 GA 5745 82 74 -- 78 PIONEER 84G62 119 118 -- 118 84P80 111 107 -- 109 85G03 106 98 -- 102 85Y40 116 92 -- 104 84 121 -- 102 LATE 96 83 -- 89 MEDIUM 98 93 -- 95 AVERAGES (bu/a) 99 107 -- 103 CV (%) 10 10 -- -- LSD (0.05) 14 17 -- -- GAYLAND WARD GW8320 GW9417 GOLDEN ACRES GA 3545 MATURITY CHECK EARLY RLD = Riley Co., Manhattan RPD = Republic Co., Belleville MTD= Mitchell Co., Beloit abandoned -8- -6- Yield (bu/a) 30 4060 DEKALB DKS53-67 8 PIONEER 84G62 70 50 80 Maturity (days to bloom) 60 110 120 70 60 90 100 + 62 64 66 68 70 Moisture (%) 72 12 6 8 8 6 8 PIONEER 85G03 8 6 8 DEKALB DKS44-20 8 6 PIONEER 85Y40 8 6 8 Check-LATE 8 6 8 Check-MEDIUM 8 6 8 DEKALB DKS37-07 6 4 MAT CHK EARLY 8 6 - - 13 14 15 16 17 8 6 8 Values inside bars indicate the number of comparisons with checks. Symbols (+,-) indicate if statistically higher or lower than mean of checks. Figure 4. NORTHEAST Kansas sorghum hybrid standardized performance summary, 2010-2012 -7- 18 SOUTHEAST KANSAS NO-TILL DRYLAND GRAIN SORGHUM TEST East Central Kansas Experiment Field, Ottawa; Eric Adee, agronomist; Jim Kimball, technician Woodson silt loam; Soybean in 2011 40 90 - 30 - 10 lb/a N, P, K Target stand of 55,000 plants/acre; 3.8 in. spacing 20 June, July and August extremely hot and dry; very poor conditions for pollination and grain fill. 10 Month Nov.-Mar. April May June July August Sept. Oct. Totals: 14.0 1.4 2.2 0.5 1.2 0.6 5.2 1.0 26.2 5.6 2.9 4.1 4.9 4.0 3.2 4.0 2.1 30.8 Average Temp. 2012 Norm. 44 62 72 77 86 78 70 56 60 32 56 65 74 80 79 71 55 53 GDU 2012 Norm. 0 808 1115 1191 1362 1221 1027 788 7,512 5 30 Planted on 5/16/2012; Harvested on 9/20/2012 Precipitation 2012 Norm. 6 Precipitation (inches) 0 634 953 1186 1401 1362 1062 416 7,014 4 3 cumulative 2 1 0 daily 0 N D 100 J F M A M J J A S O Daily Temperatures (F) 80 60 40 20 plant bloom harvest 0 N D J F M A M J J A S O Ldg % Pop. 1000 ppa Hds. per Plnt --------------- --------------- --------------- Table 5. Franklin County Dryland Grain Sorghum Performance Test, 2010-2012 BRAND NAME DEKALB MATURITY CHECK MATURITY CHECK DEKALB PIONEER PIONEER MATURITY CHECK PIONEER DEKALB PIONEER DEKALB DKS44-20 MEDIUM EARLY DKS51-01 85Y40 85G03 LATE 84P80 DKS49-45 84G62 DKS53-67 Average CV (%) LSD (0.05) YIELD AS % 2011-2012 ACRE YIELD, BUSHELS OF TEST Days Grain Days Grain Test Plnt 2-Yr. 3-Yr. to Moist. to Moist. Wt. Ht. AVERAGE 2012 2011 2010 AVG. AVG. 2012 2011 2010 Blm % Blm % lb/bu in. 56 64 45 55 49 57 31 31 27 14 34 42 11 7 82 70 62 -74 66 76 82 69 80 82 72 11 11 69 59 49 -55 54 62 -52 55 50 58 10 8 69 67 54 -61 62 53 57 48 47 58 57 --- 69 64 52 -59 59 56 -49 50 55 57 --- 134 151 108 130 116 136 73 75 63 33 80 42 11 16 114 120 97 102 86 84 --102 96 92 94 106 107 114 -96 91 111 95 115 86 72 58 11 10 15 14 67 66 67 -70 71 73 74 75 74 75 71 --- 14 14 13 -15 16 15 15 16 14 16 15 --- 65 65 67 68 69 70 76 77 77 77 79 72 3 3 13 12 12 12 13 12 13 13 14 13 15 13 9 2 55 56 53 52 55 55 56 57 55 55 55 55 3 3 *Unless two varieties differ by more than the LSD, little confidence can be placed in one being superior to the other. Top LSD group in bold. -8- --------------- SOUTHEAST KANSAS DRYLAND GRAIN SORGHUM TEST Southeast Agricultural Research Center, Parsons; Kelly Kusel, technician Parsons silt loam; Soybean in 2011 40 120 - 0 - 0 lb/a N, P, K Target stand of 45,000 plants/acre; 4.6 in. spacing 20 Dry at planting: some rows were very late emerging. Hot, dry summer with poor head emergence. Fast drydown due to weather. 10 Precipitation 2012 Norm. Nov.-Mar. April May June July August Sept. Oct. Totals: 5.0 5.4 3.9 1.6 0.7 3.3 3.0 0.8 23.6 10.3 3.7 5.0 4.8 3.6 3.8 4.5 1.9 37.5 Average Temp. 2012 Norm. 45 62 71 76 86 79 61 58 60 39 57 65 74 80 79 71 59 57 GDU 2012 Norm. 0 852 1112 1179 1362 1250 823 817 7,395 5 30 Planted on 5/10/2012; Harvested on 8/28/2012 Month 6 Precipitation (inches) 0 668 952 1178 1385 1345 1075 421 7,022 4 3 cumulative 2 1 0 daily 0 N D 100 J F M A M J J A S O Daily Temperatures (F) 80 60 40 20 plant bloom harvest 0 N D J F M A M J J A S O Table 6. Labette County Dryland Grain Sorghum Performance Test, 2010-2012 BRAND NAME HOEGEMEYER MATURITY CHECK DRUSSEL SEED GOLDEN ACRES MATURITY CHECK DEKALB PIONEER CHANNEL DEKALB DEKALB TRIUMPH STAR SEED DEKALB MATURITY CHECK GAYLAND WARD exp6128 EARLY DSS R6611 GA 5745 MEDIUM DKS44-20 85Y40 6B85 DKS49-45 DKS51-01 TR 457 SSD1002.6 DKS53-67 LATE GW9417 Average CV (%) LSD (0.05) YIELD AS % 2011-2012 ACRE YIELD, BUSHELS OF TEST Days Grain Days Grain Test Plnt 2-Yr. 3-Yr. to Moist. to Moist. Wt. Ht. AVERAGE 2012 2011 2010 AVG. AVG. 2012 2011 2010 Blm % Blm % lb/bu in. 23 26 31 27 36 34 30 21 20 20 22 14 35 24 24 26 13 5 ------------------- -124 --151 150 --142 ---148 153 -141 5 10 -75 --94 92 --81 ---92 89 -83 --- ------------------- 90 100 120 104 140 130 117 80 79 79 85 54 137 93 91 26 13 18 ------------------- -88 --107 106 --100 ---105 108 -141 5 7 ------------------- ------------------- 56 57 58 58 58 59 59 60 61 61 61 62 64 64 66 60 2 2 13 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 12 12 13 12 13 12 4 1 54 55 56 55 55 56 56 55 55 56 55 56 56 54 56 55 1 1 *Unless two varieties differ by more than the LSD, little confidence can be placed in one being superior to the other. Top LSD group in bold. -9- 40 43 42 42 45 45 48 45 46 48 39 47 44 45 48 44 3 2 Ldg % Pop. 1000 ppa Hds. per Plnt 37 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 -4 52 61 50 59 54 51 56 56 56 55 42 57 58 48 45 54 5 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 0 Table 7. SOUTHEAST Kansas Grain Sorghum Hybrid Yield Summary (% of test avg.), 2012 BRAND/NAME CHANNEL 6B85 FRD -- LBD 80 AVG. -- MATURITY CHECK EARLY 108 100 104 73 93 83 151 140 146 AVERAGES (bu/a) 42 26 34 CV (%) 11 13 -- LSD (0.05) 16 18 -- LATE DEKALB DKS44-20 134 130 132 DKS49-45 63 79 71 DKS51-01 130 79 105 DKS53-67 80 137 109 DRUSSEL SEED DSS R6611 -- 120 -- GAYLAND WARD GW9417 -- 91 -- GOLDEN ACRES GA 5745 -- 104 -- HOEGEMEYER exp6128 -- 90 -- PIONEER 84G62 33 -- -- 84P80 75 -- -- 85G03 136 -- -- 85Y40 116 117 117 STAR SEED SSD1002.6 -- 54 -- TRIUMPH TR 457 -- 85 -- MEDIUM FRD = Franklin Co., Ottawa LBD = Labette Co., Parsons - 10 - WESTERN KANSAS FALLOW GRAIN SORGHUM TEST Southwest Research-Extension Center, Garden City; Monty Spangler, technician Keith silt loam; Wheat in 2011 40 100 - 0 - 0 lb/a N, P, K Target stand of 35,000 plants/acre; 6.0 in. spacing 20 Fairly decent stand considering all elements it had to deal with. Dry and hot in the spring and summer. 10 Month Nov.-Mar. April May June July August Sept. Oct. Totals: 3.9 1.5 0.3 0.9 2.1 1.0 1.1 0.9 11.7 Average Temp. 2012 Norm. 2.8 1.6 2.9 3.0 2.5 2.2 1.6 0.9 17.1 38 56 67 77 82 75 67 52 56 34 50 61 72 78 75 68 55 52 GDU 2012 Norm. 0 741 990 1148 1276 1170 958 720 7,003 5 30 Planted on 5/17/2012; Harvested on 10/26/2012 Precipitation 2012 Norm. 6 Precipitation (inches) 0 472 831 1115 1321 1260 973 356 6,328 4 3 cumulative 2 1 0 daily 0 N D 100 J F M A M J J A S O Daily Temperatures (F) 80 60 40 20 plant bloom harvest 0 N D J F M A M J J A S O Ldg % Pop. 1000 ppa Hds. per Plnt ----------------------------- ----------------------------- 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 14 0 Table 8. Finney County Dryland Grain Sorghum Performance Test, 2010-2012 BRAND NAME ASGROW DEKALB PIONEER STAR SEED TRIUMPH STAR SEED MATURITY CHECK DEKALB MATURITY CHECK DEKALB DRUSSEL SEED DRUSSEL SEED PIONEER PIONEER DEKALB PIONEER TRIUMPH TRIUMPH MATURITY CHECK TRIUMPH DRUSSEL SEED TRIUMPH STAR SEED STAR SEED TRIUMPH PULSAR DKS28-05 86G32 SSD3928.3 TR 438 SSD1085.4 EARLY DKS36-06 MEDIUM DKS37-07 DSS B6506 DSS R6611 87P06 85Y40 DKS44-20 85G03 TR 448 TR 457 LATE TR 4951 DSS B64 TR 4941 SSD1002.61 SSD1002.6 TRX85131 Average CV (%) LSD (0.05) 2011-2012 YIELD AS % ACRE YIELD, BUSHELS OF TEST Days Grain Days Grain Test Plnt AVERAGE 2-Yr. 3-Yr. to Moist. to Moist. Wt. Ht. 2012 2011 2010 AVG. AVG. 2012 2011 2010 Blm % Blm % lb/bu in. 40 72 48 48 24 29 30 39 28 38 38 32 38 30 31 34 22 29 25 15 25 16 17 18 26 32 14 6 ----------------------------- 104 102 117 ---96 117 124 117 117 --124 111 106 102 -127 -115 ----111 9 14 72 87 82 ---63 78 76 77 77 --77 71 70 62 -76 -70 ----71 --- ----------------------------- 125 228 151 151 74 91 93 123 88 120 120 103 121 96 97 107 69 93 80 48 78 50 55 57 82 32 14 20 ----------------------------- 93 92 105 ---86 105 111 105 105 --112 100 96 92 -115 -103 ----111 9 12 ----------------------------- ----------------------------- 80 80 82 83 83 84 85 86 86 87 87 88 89 89 90 92 92 92 93 93 94 97 97 100 101 89 7 9 17 18 19 18 19 15 19 21 15 19 19 21 9 27 21 22 19 20 10 15 19 21 15 15 32 19 5 1 54 52 54 53 54 52 50 52 52 52 55 51 48 49 51 51 51 54 50 52 51 51 52 52 48 52 1 1 *Unless two varieties differ by more than the LSD, little confidence can be placed in one being superior to the other. Top LSD group in bold. - 11 - 39 40 40 43 42 40 40 41 40 41 42 39 38 41 41 41 40 39 41 45 40 41 41 42 41 41 3 2 Yield (bu/a) 30 4070 80 5090 100 60110 Maturity (days to bloom) 120 70 56 61 66 71 Moisture (%) 76 10 Check-LATE 8 8 8 PIONEER 85G03 8 8 8 PIONEER 85Y40 8 8 8 Check-MEDIUM 8 8 8 DEKALB DKS37-07 8 8 DEKALB DKS44-20 8 8 ASGROW PULSAR 8 8 MAT CHK EARLY 8 - - 8 - 14 16 8 - - 12 8 8 8 Values inside bars indicate the number of comparisons with checks. Symbols (+,-) indicate if statistically higher or lower than mean of checks. Figure 5. WESTERN Kansas sorghum hybrid standardized performance summary, 2010-2012 - 12 - 18 WESTERN KANSAS IRRIGATED GRAIN SORGHUM TEST Northwest Research-Extension Center, Colby; Patrick Evans, agronomist Keith silt loam; Fallow in 2011 40 80 - 50 - 0 lb/a N, P, K Planted on 5/22/2012; Harvested on 10/22/2012 Target stand of 90,000 plants/acre; 2.3 in. spacing Pre-irrigation allowed good stand establishment. Summer was very dry and hot with near recordsetting highs in July. 10 Month Nov.-Mar. April May June July August Sept. Oct. Totals: 1.2 2.5 0.4 0.5 2.4 1.0 0.6 0.7 9.2 Average Temp. 2012 Norm. 2.3 1.4 2.9 3.4 3.1 2.1 1.6 0.4 17.2 38 55 64 76 80 74 66 51 55 28 49 59 70 76 74 66 48 49 GDU 2012 Norm. 0 725 937 1119 1244 1135 933 701 6,794 0 421 762 1054 1285 1216 910 324 5,972 5 30 20 Precipitation 2012 Norm. 6 Precipitation (inches) 4 3 cumulative 2 1 0 daily 0 N D 100 J F M A M J J A S O Daily Temperatures (F) 80 60 40 20 plant bloom harvest 0 N D J F M A M J J A S O Table 9. Thomas County Irrigated Grain Sorghum Performance Test, 2010-2012 BRAND NAME PIONEER PIONEER MATURITY CHECK GOLDEN ACRES MATURITY CHECK PIONEER DEKALB PIONEER DEKALB GOLDEN ACRES MATURITY CHECK DEKALB DEKALB PIONEER PIONEER 87P06 86G32 EARLY GA 3545 MEDIUM 85Y40 DKS51-01 85G03 DKS49-45 GA 3696 LATE DKS53-67 DKS54-00 84G62 84P80 Average CV (%) LSD (0.05) YIELD AS % 2011-2012 ACRE YIELD, BUSHELS OF TEST Days Grain Days Grain Test Plnt 2-Yr. 3-Yr. to Moist. to Moist. Wt. Ht. AVERAGE 2012 2011 2010 AVG. AVG. 2012 2011 2010 Blm % Blm % lb/bu in. 115 133 142 137 123 166 145 175 139 172 134 165 145 186 165 150 8 18 54 -75 -70 87 -103 73 -70 95 78 --148 -200 195 -194 190 -187 207 199 110 211 94 -82 184 8 7 10 17 84 -108 -97 127 -139 106 -102 130 112 148 129 116 --- --122 -131 149 -157 134 -130 156 141 169 -139 --- 77 89 95 92 83 111 97 117 93 115 90 110 97 125 110 150 8 12 66 -92 -86 105 -126 89 -86 115 95 134 114 82 8 12 --81 -109 106 -106 103 -101 112 108 115 -184 7 10 59 -61 -66 66 -69 68 -69 71 72 73 73 68 --- 14 -13 -15 16 -16 15 -15 15 14 15 15 15 --- 62 63 67 68 68 69 70 70 70 71 71 73 75 75 76 70 1 1 13 14 14 14 15 14 14 14 15 15 14 14 14 15 15 14 4 1 60 61 61 61 62 62 62 61 61 61 60 62 60 62 61 61 1 1 *Unless two varieties differ by more than the LSD, little confidence can be placed in one being superior to the other. Top LSD group in bold. - 13 - 45 47 47 49 50 49 53 51 53 51 52 51 54 49 51 50 2 1 Ldg % Pop. 1000 ppa Hds. per Plnt ------------------- 69 76 81 78 78 80 77 77 76 75 70 80 59 79 77 76 7 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -0 WESTERN KANSAS IRRIGATED GRAIN SORGHUM TEST Southwest Research-Extension Center, Garden City; Monty Spangler, technician Keith silt loam; Wheat in 2011 40 100 - 0 - 0 lb/a N, P, K Target stand of 70,000 plants/acre; 3.0 in. spacing 20 Hot and dry but good stands throughout season. Irrigation totaled 27.39 inches. 10 Precipitation 2012 Norm. Nov.-Mar. April May June July August Sept. Oct. Totals: 3.9 1.5 0.3 0.9 2.1 1.0 1.1 0.9 11.7 2.4 1.6 2.9 3.0 2.5 2.2 1.6 0.9 17.1 Average Temp. 2012 Norm. 38 56 67 77 82 75 67 52 56 29 50 61 72 78 75 68 50 50 GDU 2012 Norm. 0 741 990 1148 1276 1170 958 720 7,003 5 30 Planted on 4/17/2012; Harvested on 10/26/2012 Month 6 Precipitation (inches) 0 472 831 1115 1321 1260 973 356 6,328 4 3 cumulative 2 1 0 daily 0 N D 100 J F M A M J J A S O Daily Temperatures (F) 80 60 40 20 plant bloom harvest 0 N D J F M A M J J A S O Table 10. Finney County Irrigated Grain Sorghum Performance Test, 2010-2012 BRAND NAME 2011-2012 YIELD AS % ACRE YIELD, BUSHELS OF TEST Days Grain Days Grain Test Plnt AVERAGE 2-Yr. 3-Yr. to Moist. to Moist. Wt. Ht. 2012 2011 2010 AVG. AVG. 2012 2011 2010 Blm % Blm % lb/bu in. STAR SEED MATURITY CHECK MATURITY CHECK GOLDEN ACRES PIONEER DEKALB MATURITY CHECK STAR SEED DEKALB DEKALB PIONEER STAR SEED PIONEER TRIUMPH TRIUMPH TRIUMPH PIONEER DEKALB GOLDEN ACRES STAR SEED SSD3928.3 EARLY MEDIUM GA 3545 85Y40 DKS51-01 LATE SSD1002.6 DKS49-45 DKS54-00 84G62 SSD1002.61 84P80 TR 4951 TR 4941 TRX85131 85G03 DKS53-67 GA 3696 SSD483.8 Average CV (%) LSD (0.05) 139 128 149 150 152 146 162 139 159 162 181 121 166 127 134 149 155 158 141 140 148 6 13 -79 97 116 103 -120 -104 115 127 -129 105 112 109 121 112 125 -108 12 19 -115 157 -149 -158 -156 144 168 --154 159 --160 --140 8 15 -103 123 133 127 -141 -132 138 154 -148 116 123 129 138 135 133 -128 --- -107 134 -135 -147 -140 140 159 --129 135 --143 --132 --- 94 86 101 101 102 99 109 94 108 109 123 82 112 86 90 101 105 107 95 95 148 6 9 -73 89 107 95 -111 -96 106 117 -119 97 104 100 112 103 115 -108 12 18 -82 112 -106 -112 -111 103 119 --110 113 --114 --140 8 11 ------------------------ -15 15 15 16 -15 -15 16 16 -17 16 15 16 16 17 16 -16 --- 59 64 67 68 68 69 70 70 71 72 73 73 73 73 73 75 76 76 78 79 71 6 6 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 17 16 17 17 16 17 16 5 1 57 59 60 59 61 60 59 59 58 58 59 58 60 58 59 58 58 59 59 57 59 2 1 *Unless two varieties differ by more than the LSD, little confidence can be placed in one being superior to the other. Top LSD group in bold. - 14 - 50 51 49 51 49 57 52 55 56 53 50 54 53 49 50 53 53 55 53 57 52 8 6 Ldg % Pop. 1000 ppa Hds. per Plnt ------------------------ 44 52 46 48 58 43 42 47 53 39 60 46 50 23 26 50 53 56 42 48 46 11 7 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 0 WESTERN KANSAS IRRIGATED GRAIN SORGHUM TEST Southwest Research-Extension Center, Tribune; Alan Schlegel, agronomist; Dewayne Bond, assistant scientist Ulysses silt loam; Fallow in 2011 40 130 - 30 - 0 lb/a N, P, K Target stand of 70,000 plants/acre; 3.0 in. spacing 20 Hot and extremely dry during the growing season. Irrigation amounts totaled 21.5 inches. 10 Month Nov.-Mar. April May June July August Sept. Oct. Totals: 2.1 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.5 1.0 0.7 5.5 1.8 1.3 2.3 2.5 2.6 2.3 1.3 0.6 14.7 Average Temp. 2012 Norm. 38 57 65 79 81 75 63 51 55 30 49 59 70 76 74 66 49 49 5 30 Planted on 5/16/2012; Harvested on 11/2/2012 Precipitation 2012 Norm. 6 Precipitation (inches) 4 3 cumulative 2 1 0 daily 0 GDU N 2012 Norm. 0 0 100 779 430 80 948 772 1164 1063 60 1248 1287 40 1129 1209 906 934 20 691 340 0 6,865 6,035 N D J F M A M J J A S O Daily Temperatures (F) plant D J F M A M bloom J J A harvest S O Table 11. Greeley County Irrigated Grain Sorghum Performance Test, 2010-2012 BRAND NAME 2011-2012 YIELD AS % ACRE YIELD, BUSHELS OF TEST Days Grain Days Grain Test Plnt AVERAGE 2-Yr. 3-Yr. to Moist. to Moist. Wt. Ht. 2012 2011 2010 AVG. AVG. 2012 2011 2010 Blm % Blm % lb/bu in. MATURITY CHECK GOLDEN ACRES CHANNEL GOLDEN ACRES MATURITY CHECK PIONEER DEKALB CHANNEL DEKALB MATURITY CHECK CHANNEL TRIUMPH TRIUMPH PIONEER TRIUMPH DEKALB DEKALB PIONEER PIONEER EARLY GA 3545 7B30 GA 3696 MEDIUM 85Y40 DKS51-01 7B11 DKS49-45 LATE 6B85 TR 4941 TR 4951 85G03 TRX85131 DKS53-67 DKS54-00 84G62 84P80 Average CV (%) LSD (0.05) 138 158 182 175 154 177 168 145 168 163 170 159 163 153 171 183 181 195 191 168 8 19 125 ---179 180 --204 183 ---201 -199 187 185 199 185 6 16 ----------------------- 131 ---167 178 --186 173 ---177 -191 184 190 195 177 --- ----------------------- 82 94 108 104 92 105 100 86 100 97 101 95 97 91 102 109 108 116 114 168 8 11 67 ---97 97 --110 99 ---108 -107 101 100 108 185 6 9 ----------------------- 67 ---70 72 --74 73 ---73 -75 75 76 78 73 --- 12 ---12 12 --12 12 ---14 -13 12 12 12 12 --- 72 74 74 74 74 75 75 76 77 77 77 78 78 78 79 79 80 81 82 77 2 3 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 11 11 11 11 11 13 11 12 11 11 11 11 7 1 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 59 60 60 60 60 60 58 60 59 60 60 60 60 1 1 *Unless two varieties differ by more than the LSD, little confidence can be placed in one being superior to the other. Top LSD group in bold. - 15 - 52 51 50 52 50 51 55 53 51 54 54 50 62 53 52 53 60 52 56 53 8 6 Ldg % Pop. 1000 ppa Hds. per Plnt ----------------------- 71 71 76 78 75 78 72 58 75 65 87 57 60 80 74 78 62 75 77 72 12 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 0 Table 12. Kansas IRRIGATED Grain Sorghum Hybrid Yield Summary (% of test avg.), 2012 BRAND/NAME RNI THI GRI FNI AVG. RNI THI GRI CHANNEL FNI AVG. AVERAGES (bu/a) -- 150 168 148 155 6B85 -- -- 101 -- -- CV (%) -- 8 8 6 -- 7B11 -- -- 86 -- -- LSD (0.05) -- 12 11 9 -- 7B30 -- -- 108 -- -- DKS49-45 -- 93 100 108 100 DKS51-01 -- 97 100 99 99 DKS53-67 -- 110 109 107 109 DKS54-00 -- 97 108 109 105 GA 3545 -- 92 94 101 96 GA 3696 -- 115 104 95 105 DEKALB GOLDEN ACRES PIONEER 84G62 -- 125 116 123 121 84P80 -- 110 114 112 112 85G03 -- 117 91 105 104 85Y40 -- 111 105 102 106 86G32 -- 89 -- -- -- 87P06 -- 77 -- -- -- -- -- -- 94 -- STAR SEED SSD1002.6 SSD1002.61 -- -- -- 82 -- SSD3928.3 -- -- -- 94 -- SSD483.8 -- -- -- 95 -- TR 4941 -- -- 95 90 -- TR 4951 -- -- 97 86 -- TRX85131 -- -- 102 101 -- EARLY -- 95 82 86 88 LATE -- 90 97 109 99 MEDIUM -- 83 92 101 92 TRIUMPH MATURITY CHECK RNI=Reno Co., Hutchinson abandoned THI=Thomas Co., Colby FNI=Finney Co., Garden City - 16 - GRI=Greeley Co., Tribune Yield (bu/a) 30 PIONEER 84G62 DEKALB DKS53-67 40 Maturity (days to bloom) 60140 150 160 70 90 10050 110 120 130 + 9 + 10 50 54 58 62 66 Moisture (%) 70 9 12 + 10 8 8 PIONEER 85Y40 9 9 9 DEKALB DKS54-00 10 10 DEKALB DKS54-03 7 7 10 Check-MEDIUM 10 MAT CHK EARLY 10 + - - 16 + 10 7 + 10 - 10 10 15 10 8 + 14 + 9 PIONEER 85G03 Check-LATE 13 - 10 10 10 - Values inside bars indicate the number of comparisons with checks. Symbols (+,-) indicate if statistically higher or lower than mean of checks. Figure 6. Kansas IRRIGATED sorghum hybrid standardized performance summary, 2010-2012 - 17 - 17 Table 13. Entries in the 2012 Kansas Grain Sorghum Performance Tests BRAND GC EC PC Mat. Days GB BRAND GC EC PC Mat. Days ASGROW PULSAR B HY P E 68 CEI CHANNEL 7B30 B - - - - - 5B90 B HY P E 61 STAR SEED SSD3928.3 R Y P E 64 SSD1085.4 W W T ME 67 C,E SSD1002.6 W W T M 70 C,E E SSD1002.61 W W T M 70 C,E - SSD483.8 W W T ML 74 C,E TRIUMPH TR 457 B HY P M 43 - TR 448 C W T M 44 - 6B10 B HY P 6B85 B - - M 66 - 7B11 B HY P M 68 - ME 62 GB C,E DEKALB DKS28-05 B HY P E 58 - TRX85131 R W P L 47 E DKS36-06 B HY P E 63 - TR 4941 B HY P L 48 - DKS37-07 B HY P E 67 CEI TR 4951 B HY P L 49 - B W P E 60 CE DKS44-20 B HY P M 67 - TR 438 DKS49-45 B HY P M 70 E,I DKS51-01 B HY P M 70 E,I MATURITY CHECK R EARLY W P E 65 E DKS53-67 B HY P L 71 CEI MEDIUM W W P M 69 - DKS54-00 B HY P L 75 CEI LATE B W P L 73 - DRUSSEL SEED DSS B64 B W P ME 64 C DSS B6506 B W P ME 65 CDE DSS R6611 R W PU M 66 C GAYLAND WARD R GW9417 HY P M 69 C+E GW8320 R HY P ML 73 C+E GOLDEN ACRES GA 5556 R HY P E 62 C,E GA 5745 R HY P M 68 C,E GA 3545 B HY P M 70 C,E GA 3696 B HY P L 74 C,E HOEGEMEYER 6037 R - - ME - - exp0428 R - - L - - exp6128 R - - M - - PIONEER 87P06 R W P E 63 - 86G32 R W P E 65 - 85G03 R W P M 69 - 85Y40 W Y P M 70 - 84P80 R W P L 71 - 84G62 B Y P L 72 E Information provided by entrants: GC = grain color: bronze, cream, red, yellow, white EC = endosperm color: white, yellow, hetero-yellow PC = plant color: purple, tan Mat. = relative maturity: early, medium, late Days = days to half bloom G-bug = resistance to specific greenbug biotypes: C, E, I, K, etc. - 18 - - 47 - To access crop performance testing information electronically, visit our website. The information contained in this publication, plus more, is available for viewing or downloading at: www.agronomy.ksu.edu/kscpt Excerpts from the University Research Policy Agreement with Cooperating Seed Companies Permission is hereby given to Kansas State University (KSU) to test varieties and/or hybrids designated on the attached entry forms in the manner indicated in the test announcements. I certify that seed submitted for testing is a true sample of the seed being offered for sale. I understand that all results from Kansas Crop Performance Tests belong to the University and the public and shall be controlled by the University so as to produce the greatest benefit to the public. Performance data may be used in the following ways: 1) Tables may be reproduced in their entirety provided the source is referenced and data are not manipulated or reinterpreted; 2) Advertising statements by an individual company about the performance of its entries may be made as long as they are accurate statements about the data as published, with no reference to other companies’ names or cultivars. In both cases, the following must be included with the reprint or ad citing the appropriate publication number and title: “See the official Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service Report of Progress 1077, ‘2012 Kansas Performance Tests with Grain Sorghum Hybrids,’ or the Kansas Crop Performance Test website, www.agronomy.ksu.edu/kscpt, for details. Endorsement or recommendation by Kansas State University is not implied.” Contributors Main Station, Manhattan Jane Lingenfelser, Assistant Agronomist (Senior Author) Doug Jardine, Extension Plant Pathologist Jeff Whitworth, Extension Entomologist Mary Knapp, KSU Weather Data Librarian Edward O. Quigley, Agricultural Technician Experiment Fields Eric Adee, Topeka William Heer, Hutchinson James Kimball, Ottawa Randall Nelson, Scandia Research Centers Wayne Aschwege, Hays Patrick Evans, Colby Kelly Kusel, Parsons Alan Schlegel, Tribune Monty Spangler, Garden City Cooperators Scott Chapman, Beloit Clayton Short, Assaria Copyright 2012 Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service. Contents of this publication may be freely reproduced for educational purposes. All other rights reserved. In each case, give credit to the author(s), 2012 Kansas Performance Tests with Corn Hybrids, Kansas State University, November 2012. Contribution no. 13-102-S from the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station. Brand names appearing in this publication are for product identification purposes only. No endorsement is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products not mentioned. Publications from Kansas State University are available at: www.ksre.ksu.edu Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service SRP 1077 K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer. November 2012 3,000