WORLD WAR TWO STUDIES ASSOCIATION
(formerly American Committee on the History of the Second World War)
Board ot Directors
NEWSLETTER
PcnDaDeUl Directors
Charles F. Delzell
Vanderbilt University
Arthur L. Funl:.
Gainesville, Florida
H. Stuart H uglles
Univenity Of California,
San Diego
Forrest C. Pogue
Arlington, Virginia
Temas CIpiriDg 1992
Martin BlumensoD
Wasbington, D.C.
William H. Cunliffe
National Arcbives
SLanley L. Fall:.
AleJlalldria, Virginia
Maurice MaOoff
Rockville, Maryland
Ernest R. May
Harvard University
Ronald H. Spe<:tor
George Wasbington University
Gerbard L. Weinberg
University of Nortb Carolina
at Chapel Hill
Earl F. Ziemlr.e
University of Georgia
Temas CIpiriDg 1993
Dean C. Allard
Naval Hi.torieal Center
Stepben E. Ambrose
Unrvenity of New Orleans
Robert Dallel:.
University of California,
lAo Angeles
Harold C. Deulscb
Sl Pau~ Minnesota
Roy Ie. Flint
Elberton, Georgia
David Kahn
Great Neek, New Yorir.
Ricbard H. Kobn
University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill
Carol M Petillo
Boston College
Robert WolCe
National Arebives
Temas CIpiriDg 1994
James L. Collins, Jr.
Middleburg. Virginia
Jobn Lewi. Gaddi.
Obio University
Robin Higllam
Kansas State University
Warren F. Kimball
Rutg.... University, Newarlr.
Al}io!et~:~tion
on War,
Revolution and Peace
Russell F. Weir)ey
Temple University
RoberLa Woblstetter
Pan Heuristics
lAo Angeles, CaliCornia
Janet Ziegler
Univ....ity oC California,
lAo Angeles
Donald S. Delwil....,.Chairman
Department of niotory
Soua~~~.treUniv....ity
Carbondale, mino;' 62901
ISSN 0885-5668
No. 47
ISBN 0-89126-060-9
Spring 1992
Anne S. Wells, Newsleuer Editor
Department of History and
lJolitics
Virginia Military I",titute
Lexington, Virgmia 24450
CONTENTS
WWT.SA
General Information
The Newsletter
Annual Membership Dues
ACHSWW Business Meeting, Chicago,
by Donald S. Detwiler
Election of New Directors
D. Oayton James. Secretary
Deoartment oC History and
'politics
Virginia MiliLary I",titute
Lellmgton, Virgmia 24450
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Robin Higbam. ArcbiYi.t
Department oC History
~ann~t~~~~=""&'s06
TIle World War Two
Studies Associatioo is
affiIialed with:
Ameticao Historical AsIociation
400 A Stree~ s.E.
Washington, D.C. 20003
Comite International d1iistoire
de la DeUllieme GuelTe Moodiale
Institute d'Histoire du
FORTHCOMING CONFERENCES
1992 Annual Meeting
Conference at the National Archives, May 27-28,
1992, by Donald S. Detwiler
Other Conferences
RECENT PROGRAMS
La Salle Conference on "1941: America Enters the
World," by Donald S. Detwiler
Texas Governor's Conference on World War II
Hofstra Conference on "The United States and
Japan in World War If'
Conference on "The Pacific War and Modern Memory,"
by Theodore F. Cook, Jr.
Our Joint Session with the AHA on the Philippines,
1941-1942
Other Papers of Interest at the AHA Meeting
Virginia and World War II
Meaning, Memory, and World War II
OAH Sessions on World War II
Conference on Home Fronts
SMH Papers on World War II
Battle for the Atlantic Conference
Homefront in the South
World War II Papers at MHI Conference
Australian Conference on the Battle of the Coral Sea
(Continued on following page)
44, '["eemg: 1~;::r~1 Moucbez
75014 Paris, France
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01HERNEWS
World War II Veteran Survey Project
Researcher's Query About Eichmann Associate
New Enigma Publication
Naval Publications
National Archives WWWII Publications
NARA Guides to German Records, by Robert Wolfe
Cold War International History Project
Guide to German Archives
Journal of American-East Asian Relations
AFHRA Research Grants
RESEARCH MATERIALS
An Insider's View, Number 4: World War II Holdings
of the U.S. Army Military History Institute,
by Richard 1 Sommers
Select Bibliography of Books and Articles in English
Relating to the World War II Era
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WORLD WAR II
STUDIES ASSOCIATION
(formerly the American Committee on the History of the Second World War)
GENERAL INFORMATION
Established in 1967 "to promote historical research in the period of World War II
in all its aspects," the World War Two Studies Association, whose original name was the
American Committee on the History of the Second World War, is a private organization
supported by the dues and donations of its members. It is affiliated with the American
Historical Association, with the International Committee for the History of the Second
World War, and with corresponding national committees in other countries, including
Austria, Belgium, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Italy, the
Netherlands, Poland, Romania, the Soviet Union, Spain, the United Kingdom, and
Yugoslavia. The WWTSA meets annually with the American Historical Association. The
1992 annual meeting will be held in the last week of December in Washington.
THE NEWSLEITER
The WWTSA issues a semiannual newsletter, which is assigned International
Standard Serial Number [ISSN] 0885-5668 by the Library of Congress. Back issues of the
Newsletter are available from Robin Higham, the WWTSA archivist, through Sunflower
University Press, 1531 Yuma (or Box 1009), Manhattan, KS 66502-4228.
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Please send data and suggestions for the Newsletter to:
Anne S. Wells
Editor, WWTSA Newsletter
Department of History and Politics
Virginia Military Institute
Lexington, VA 24450
ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP DUES
Membership is open to all who are interested in the era of the Second World War.
Annual membership dues of $10.00 are payable at the beginning of each calendar year.
Students with U.S. addresses may, if their circumstances require it, pay annual dues of $2.00
for up to six years. These dues will increase to $15.00 and $5.00, respectively, for the
1993 calendar year. There is no surcharge for members abroad, but it is requested that
dues be remitted directly to the secretary of the committee (not through an agency or a
subscription service) in U.S. dollars. The Newsletter, which is mailed at bulk rates within
the United States, will be sent by surface mail to foreign addresses unless special
arrangements are made to cover the cost of airmail postage.
Please send dues to:
D. Clayton James
Secretary, WWTSA
Department of History and Politics
Virginia Military Institute
Lexington, VA 24450
ACHSWW BUSINESS MEETING, CHICAGO
by Donald S. Detwiler
The meeting was convened at 5:00 P.M., December 28, 1991, by Donald S. Detwiler,
chairman, at the Chicago Hilton Hotel.
The financial report was given by D. Clayton James, secretary. Total receipts,
including dues, a transfer of $50.00 from the former secretary, and donations totaling $20.00
from two directors, exceeded disbursements during the past year by $153.93. This sum,
however, included funds that have been remitted as dues in advance; if these advance
payments are taken into account, the treasury has, as of the end of the current year, a
deficit of $6.07.
Detwiler announced that the ACHSWW-AHA joint session on the Philippines
campaign of 1941-1942 would be held on December 30, 1991, at 1:00 P.M., in Hilton Room
4M. He expressed his appreciation to Dean C. Allard for setting up the meeting. The
session at the 1992 annual meeting will focus on Operation Barbarossa. It is being
coordinated by Timothy P. Mulligan. The session at the following annual meeting, to be
held in January 1994 in San Francisco, will be organized by James.
Detwiler complimented the newsletter and its bibliography.
James moved that the name of the organization be changed from the American
Committee on the History of the Second World War to the World War Two Studies
Association, noting that the organization includes by no means historians only, but also
specialists on the World War II period in other disciplines as well. Moreover, the
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organization is not a committee of some other society, but rather a self-sufficient association
counting among its members not only leading American authorities on the World War II
era but also a number of important foreign scholars as well. Harold C. Deutsch, in
seconding the motion, stressed that the proposed name would make the organization more
attractive to younger historians. Richard H. Kohn approved and noted that the group
consisted not just of military historians but had a broader interdisciplinary appeal. Gerhard
L. Weinberg supported the new name. The motion to change the name, as moved, was
unanimously approved.
Detwiler announced that the ballots for the election of directors for the 1992-1994
term were mailed out with the fall newsletter. The deadline for returning them to the
secretary is the end of January 1992.
Detwiler announced that, as a matter of policy, people nominated for director or to
be on the joint program should be members in good standing. Program chairmen should
select projected participants from active members.
Detwiler reported on the proposed program for two joint conferences of our
organization and the National Archives, tentatively to be held in late May 1993 at the
National Archives auditorium in downtown Washington and in fall 1994 or spring 1995 at
the new National Archives building now being completed at College Park, Maryland. A
copy of the draft program, as delivered to the Archivist of the United States, Don W.
Wilson, and as circulated at the ACHSWW business meeting, is included later in this issue.
The program was drafted by a committee of five: the chairman and the secretary of
ACHSWW; Robert Wolfe and William H. Cunliffe, ACHSWW directors who are members
of the staff of the National Archives; and George C. Chalou, the member of the National
Archives staff who directed the conference on the OSS held at the Archives in July 1991.
In the discussion of the planned conferences, it was noted that members of the ACHSWW
will be invited to attend without having to pay a registration fee and that preliminary plans
have been made for publication of the proceedings of the two conferences, under the
editorship of the designated director of the conference, Robert Wolfe of the National
Archives staff (who also edited the proceedings of the joint conference on the postwar
occupation of Germany and Japan, Americans as Proconsuls). The projected participants
should be selected from the active membership, and the occasion also should be utilized
to recruit new members. Detwiler pointed out that the AHA requires that all participants
in joint sessions must be or become AHA members.
As a final order of business, it was moved, seconded, and unanimously resolved that
the annual dues of the committee be raised, as of 1993, from $10.00 to $15.00, except for
students, whose dues will be raised from $2.00 to $5.00.
The meeting adjourned at 7:03 P.M.
[Ed. note: The name change does not affect the affiliation with the International
Committee for the History of the Second World War.]
ELECTION OF NEW DIRECfORS
Congratulations to the following eight members who were elected to serve as
directors with terms expiring at the end of 1994: James L. Collins, Middleburg, Virginia;
John Lewis Gaddis, Ohio University; Robin Higham, Kansas State University; Warren F.
Kimball, Rutgers University, Newark; Agnes F. Peterson, Hoover Institution; Russell F.
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Weigley, Temple University; Roberta Wohlstetter, Pan Heuristics, Los Angeles; and Janet
Ziegler, University of California, Los Angeles.
FORTHCOMING CONFERENCES
1992 ANNUAL MEETING
The annual meeting of the World War Two Studies Association will be held in
Washington, D.C., during the last week of December, in conjunction with the annual
meeting of the American Historical Association. The exact time and place of our business
meeting and session of papers will be announced in the fall issue of this newsletter and in
the AHA's program booklet.
As our program chairman for 1992, Timothy P. Mulligan of the National Archives
organized the following session:
"The Soviet-German War: New Sources, Changing Interpretations"
Chair: Susan B. Linz, Department of Economics, Michigan State University
Panelists:
Juergen Foerster, German Military History Research Office (on recently discovered
records in the former German Democratic Republic, with consideration of
the controversial interpretations of the German invasion of the Soviet Union
reflected recently in the German historians' controversy)
David M. Glantz, Soviet Army Studies Office, U.S. Army General Staff and
Command College, Fort Leavenworth (on the Soviet Army in World War II
in light of increasingly available primary sources)
Gabriel Gorodetsky, Institute for Soviet and East European Studies, Tel Aviv
University (on questions of access to Soviet diplomatic and political archives,
as well as views of Soviet policy and strategy)
Timothy P. Mulligan, National Archives (who will close the session, offering some
observations regarding research resources at the National Archives, as will
be described in the Guide to World War II Military Records, which he is
preparing)
CONFERENCE AT THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES, MAY 27-28,1993
by Donald S. Detwiler
As announced at the December 1991 annual meeting, a program committee,
composed of this organization's chairman and secretary and George C. Chalou, William H.
Cunliffe, and Robert Wolfe of the National Archives, drafted the proposal reproduced
below for two conferences to be held complementary to the National Archives and Records
Administration's commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of World War II. In his letter
of February 7, 1992, to the chairman, the Archivist of the United States, Don W. Wilson,
agreed to host the first conference, with the understanding that arrangements for the
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second can be made after the first has been held. The initial conference is to be at the
National Archives, in downtown Washington, on Thursday (including an evening session)
and Friday, May 27 and 28, 1993, under the direction of Robert Wolfe, a senior NARA
archivist and a senior WWTSA director.
Like our invitational conference fifteen years ago on the postwar occupation of
Germany and Japan, the May 1993 conference will be conducted without honoraria or
compensation for expenses being provided for the platform speakers and without a
registration fee for those attending. Just as the proceedings of that conference were
published (Americans as Proconsuls: United States Military Government in Germany and
Japan. 1944-1952, ed. by Robert Wolfe [Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press,
1984]), the presentations and discussion of the 1993 conference are to be recorded in full
and the proceedings published, with biographical notes on platform speakers and a listing
of all audience participants.
Because of limited seating in the National Archives auditorium, where all sessions
will be held, attendance will be on an invitational basis. Members of the association
planning to attend the conference will be asked to indicate, by a check mark on their
membership renewal form for 1993, whether they wish to receive individual letters of
invitation to participate. Nonmembers wishing to attend will, of course, be welcome to join
the association and receive invitations accordingly. (A substantial number of current
members joined us in 1977 on the occasion of that conference in Washington.)
Considering that the conference is being held the Thursday and Friday before
Memorial Day Weekend 1993, members who do not live within commuting distance may
wish to consider staying at the Hotel Harrington, at 11th and E Street, N.W., half a block
north of Pennsylvania Avenue and three from the Archives. The Harrington (at
[800] 424-8532 or [202] 628-8140) advertises in the Sunday New York Times a special rate
of $59.50 (plus tax) per couple per night, any night, not just weekends, minimum stay, two
nights, including free continental breakfast and free parking in the garage next door.
According to the Harrington's group sales manager, there are currently no plans to change
the special NYT rate, which must be requested when registering, and although no block of
rooms is being set aside for conference participants, those making timely reservations at the
special rate will be very welcome.
In the conference program below, only the platform speakers in the third of the six
conference sessions are named. Not only have the other participants not been identified,
but the paper titles themselves are by no means cut in stone. As explained at the 1991
annual meeting, when the program was presented and accepted, the titles indicate the
coverage the program committee proposes, but are subject to revision or even substantial
modification, depanding on the perspectives of the speakers and the nuances of their
papers.
THE PROGRAM COMMIITEE WOULD WELCOME ANY SUGGESTIONS OR
NOMINATIONS FOR PARTICIPATION. PLEASE SEND THEM DIRECfLY TO
DONALD S. DETWILER, DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY, SOUTHERN ILLINOIS
UNIVERSITY AT CARBONDALE, CARBONDALE, ILLINOIS 62901, OR TO
D. CLAYTON JAMES, DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND POLITICS, VIRGINIA
MILITARY INSTITUTE, LEXINGTON, VA 24450.
The proposed program for the two conferences is as follows:
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AMERICA AT WAR, 1941-1945
Two Conferences Based in Part on Recently Opened NARA Records
Conference[s] Director: Robert Wolfe
FIRST CONFERENCE, MAY 27-28,1993
FROM THE BEGINNING TO THE "END OF THE BEGINNING," 1941-1943
Thursday, May 27,9:00-12:00 A.M.
Greetings
The Archivist of the United States
The Chairman of the World War Two Studies Association
Introduction
The Conference Director
Session I: From Disaster to Turnabout in Asia and the Pacific
"'Day of Infamy': A Failure of Intelligence or a Pretext Gone Awry?"
"American Intervention in East Asia"
[Break]
"Fallback and Turnabout in the Pacific"
Comment
Discussion
Thursday, May 27, 1:30-5:00 P.M.
Session II: Welding the Wartime Alliance
"An 'English-Speaking Union' for War"
"Mobilizing the Americas Against the Axis"
"From Atlantic Charter to U.N. Joint Declaration"
Comment
Discussion
[Break]
Session III: National Archives Resources for the History of the Second World War
Chair: Don W. Wilson, Archivist of the United States
Panel: Timothy P. Mulligan, "Military Records"
David Langbart, "Diplomatic Records"
William H. Cunliffe, "Non-Textual Records"
Questions and Discussion
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Thursday, May 27, 7:00-9:30 P.M.
Session IV: Press. Radio. and Cinema: Reporting and Promoting War (presentations
illustrated with press, radio, and film selections)
"Henry Luce: The William Randolph Hearst of World War II?"
"Voice of America, 1941-1945: Truth in Propaganda?"
"Why We Fight: Newsreels and Other Documentaries"
Comment
Discussion
Friday, May 28, 9:00-12:00 A.M.
Session V: Arsenal of Democracy
"American Capitalism's Finest Hour? Wages versus Prices"
"Women in Wartime: WAACS, WAYES, and Rosie the Riveter"
Comment
Discussion
[Break]
Session VI: Civil Rights and Asylum Under Wartime Security
"Cotton Fields to Detroit: Rural to Urban Ghetto?"
"Nisei, Issei, and Other 'Enemy Aliens'"
"Immigration Quotas or Anti-Semitism? The Failure to Provide a Safe Haven for
European Jewry"
Comment
Discussion
Friday, May 28, 1:30-4:45 P.M.
Session VII: Stepping Stones to Europe
"Engagement in the Atlantic: From Non-Belligerence to Belligerence"
"The 'Soft Underbelly' of Europe"
Comment
Discussion
[Break]
Session VIII: Midway in the War: A Review of Our First and a Preview of Our Second
Conference
Panel with audience discussion
Adjournment of First Conference
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SECOND CONFERENCE, FALL 1994 OR SPRING 1995
FROM THE "BEGINNING OF THE END" TO THE END, 1943-1945
DAY ONE, Morning (9:00-12:30)
Greetings
The Archivist of the United States
The Chairman of the World War Two Studies Association
Introduction
The Conference Director
Session I: Know Thy Enemy: Intelligence Operations
"Human Intelligence: A.k.a. 'Spies'"
"Signal Intelligence: MAGIC AND ULTRA"
[Break]
"Scientific and Technical Sources: FIAT, CIOS, and BIOS"
"Captured Enemy Documents"
Comment
Discussion
DAY ONE, Afternoon (2:00-5:00)
Session II: Victory in Europe
"Toward a Second Front in Europe: The Controversies over Allied Strategy"
"Bombing Fortress Europe"
[Break]
"'Liberators and Conquerors': The American Crusade in Europe"
Comment
Discussion
DAY ONE, Evening (7:00-9:30)
Session III: Entertainment Supports and Exploits the War (presentation, with comment
by a panel of media historians, of World War II music and film selections)
'Hollywood at War: Mix Well, Muscle and Sentiment"
"Music Reflects the Moods: War Drums and Love Songs"
Discussion
DAY TWO, Morning (9:00-12:00)
Session IV: Victory over Japan
"Island-Hopping Back to the Philippines"
"Campaign Across the Pacific"
[Break]
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"Finale in East Asia"
"Air Warfare and Atomic Bombing"
Comment
Discussion
DAY TWO, Afternoon (1:30-4:45)
Session V: American Leaders and Commanders in the Second World War
"Roosevelt as Commander in Chief'
"Marshall, MacArthur, and Eisenhower: A Study in Contrasts"
"King, Nimitz, and Arnold: Global War at Sea and in the Air"
Comment
Discussion
[Break]
Session VI: The Good War? Changing Interpretations from the Onset to the End of the
Cold War
Panel with audience discussion
Adjournment of the Second Conference
OTHER CONFERENCES
Dec. 27-30, 1992
American Historical Association annual meeting, Washington, D.C.
Spring 1993
"Technology, Strategy, Operations, and Tactics in a World at War,
1914-1945," Conference of the Midwest Consortium on Military
History. Contact John F. Guilmartin, Jr., Department of History, Ohio
State University, Columbus, OH 43210.
April 15-18, 1993 Organization of American Historians annual meeting, Anaheim,
California
May 21-24, 1993
"Allies and Alliances." Annual meeting of the Society for Military
History. Contact W. A. B. Douglas, Director of History, National
Defence Headquarters, Ottawa, Canada K1A OK2; (613) 998-7044.
June 3-4, 1993
"World War II: A 50-Year Perspective." Contact Thomas O. Kelly
II, Department of History, Siena College, 515 Loudon Road,
Loudonville, NY 12211-1462.
Jan. 6-9, 1994
American Historical Association annual meeting, San Francisco,
California
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RECENT PROGRAMS
LA SAlLE CONFERENCE ON
"1941: AMERICA ENTERS THE WORLD"
by Donald S. Detwiler
A one-day conference on America's entry into the war and its transformation in 1941
into a global conflict was held at La Salle University in Philadelphia, on December 5, 1991.
John Lukacs, Chestnut Hill College, chaired the morning session, in which P. M. H. Bell,
University of Liverpool; Evan B. Bukey, Univeirsity of Arkansas; Donald S. Detwiler,
Southern Illinois University at Carbondale; and Bernard Wasserstein, Brandeis University,
participated. William Henhoeffer, CIA, ret.; Robert Maddox, Penn State University;
Russell F. Weigley, Temple University; Theodore A. Wilson, University of Kansas; and
Robert H. Ferrell and J. Gary Clifford, Indiana University, participated in the afternoon
session, chaired by John Rossi, La Salle University.
The proceedings of this conference are being prepared for publication, which will
be announced in a subsequent newsletter. Meanwhile the paper by William Henhoeffer,
who served the five years before his retirement in 1990 as the curator of the CIA's
Historical' Intelligence Collection, has been published separately as a monograph, The
Intelligence War in 1941: A 50th Anniversary Perspective, by the Center for the Study of
Intelligence, Office of Training and Education, CIA (TE/CSI 92-002, March 1992, 43 pp.).
Russell F. Weigley's paper, "The Not-So-Good War: Reflections on the American Conduct
of World War II," develops the theme that the United States did not give sufficient
attention to the most effective allocation of its resources in fighting the world's greatest
war. (The argument of Weigley's multi-faceted, meticulously documented paper is reflected
in the title, noted elsewhere in this newsletter, of the final session of the second of the two
proposed conferences to be held at the National Archives.)
[Ed. note: The conference subtitle was "A Retrospective Analysis of America's Entry into
World War II and the Significance of 1941 to World Order." The titles of the other papers
were Bell, "Winter Journeys: Britain and the Grand Alliance, December 1941 (Churchill
to Washington, Eden to Moscow)"; Bukey, "Popular Sentiment in Greater Germany in
1941"; Detwiler, "1941: The War Becomes a World Conflict--The Emergence of the Second
World War"; Wasserstein, "Shanghai, December 1941: World Conflict in a Microcosm";
Ferrell and Clifford, "Roosevelt at the Rubicon: The Great Convoy Debate of 1941";
Maddox, "U.S. Perceptions of the Soviet Union Before and After Operation Barbarossa";
and Wilson, "Chasing Rainbows, Squaring Circles, and Designing Victory: The Battle for
Control of America's Military Mobilization, 1941."]
TEXAS GOVERNOR'S CONFERENCE ON WORLD WAR
n
This four-day program was entitled "1941: Texas Goes to War" and was held at the
University of North Texas, Denton, December 4-7, 1991. The numerous exhibits included
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portraits of Women Airforce Service Pilots; the University's role in World War II;
memorabilia from veterans, organizations, and businesses during the war; militaria of the
36th "Texas" Division; military vehicles of the war period; videotaped reminiscences of
veterans and civilians; vintage war movies; and fashions of the early 1940s.
The first day, December 4, included four sessions of papers, two featured addresses,
a panel, and a play. The first session, "Science Goes to War," was chaired by Max Lale.
The four papers were Kent McGregor, "The Origins of Remote Sensing Technology in
WWII"; Wayne Bounds, "Mulberries, Gooseberries, and Swiss Rolls: The Feeding of an
Invasion"; R. E. Montgomery, "Twelve Training Bases in Texas"; and Bobby Johnson,
"Remembering Camp Fannin: East Texas Reflects on WWII." The second session was
chaired by Larry Swindell and entitled "New Stories from an Old War." The papers were
"October 1945," by John Howison; "Snow Bank," by Sallie Strange; "Navy Blue and Gold,"
by Jim Lee; and "John Wayne Must Die," by Robert Flynn. James W. Byrd served as chair
for the third session, "Texas Records the War," in which the papers were Tom Pilington,
"The Military Tradition in Texas Literature"; Charles Linck, "Eye Deep in Hell"; and Wallin
McCardell, "Front Pages of Selected Texas Daily Newspapers Covering World War II in
1941." The fourth session was on "World War II Stage and Screen" and was chaired by
Gerald Duchovnay. Four papers were presented: "The Development of the Hollywood
War Film During World War II," by Steve Fore; "The Flying Fortress in England," by Don
Staples; "Bieme Laly's I Wanted Wings and the Romance of Randolph Field," by R. S.
Gwynn; and "Something for the Boys," by Linda Bailey. The featured addresses, in the
afternoon and evening, respectively, were James MacGregor Burns, "The Bill of Rights
During WWII," and Paul Fussell, "Poetry of Three Wars." There were also an afternoon
panel on "Women in Uniform" (participants not listed in the program) and an evening
theater performance of "Nothing for the Boys." The play was presented again the following
two nights.
The second day, December 5, was packed with even more sessions, twenty in all,
several running simultaneously as during the previous day's activities. The first session was
"Women at War," chaired by Marianne Verges. The papers were Cynthia Guidici, "The
Demobilization of the Female Labor Force"; Charles Schultz, "My Victory Garden Is My
Battlefield"; Marianne Verges, "The History of the WASPs"; and Brenda G. Brown, "The
Female War." A simultaneous session that morning was entitled "From Toys to Tragedy"
and was chaired by Charles Martin. The three presentations were "Childhood Treasures
from the Forties," by Ron Fink; "The Evolution of the T-Patch," by Bill Kilpatrick; and
"Just One Soldier," by Sherry Yellin. Another session was on "The Soft Underbelly of
Europe" and included a panel made up of Robert Martin, R. E. Montgomery, and Hugh
Kirkpatrick. There was also a morning session on "Pearl Harbor," which was chaired by
D. Clayton James. It consisted of papers by Robert S. La Forte, "Pearl Harbor: An
Overview," and Ronald E. Marcello, "Pearl Harbor: Reaction to Battle." Also there was
a panel of Pearl Harbor survivors: Truett Davis, William Robert, Eaton M. Matthews,
Floyd Ray, and Robert W. Saunders. In the session on "The Psychology of the POW" the
panelists were Lester R. Smith, Oliver Allen; and Worth Speed. Bill DeOre led a session
on "Cartoons in War" elsewhere at the same time, and the final morning session, "Newsmen
Remember Pearl Harbor," was a panel consisting of Jack Maguire, Charles Dameron, and
Dave Taylor. The luncheon address was "Speculating on Different Options in the Pacific
War," by D. Clayton James.
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That afternoon's schedule included a session called "They Also Served," which was
chaired by Jim Rogers and included papers by Steve Poe, "Conscientious Objectors: The
World War II Solution"; Brenda Herbel, "Pyote Army Air Field: The Rattlesnake Bomber
Base"; Jack Duncan, "POWs at Princeton"; and Bill Kilpatrick, "The American Volunteer
Group." Tony Mares chaired a session on "Minorities Go to War." Its presentations were
Eric Jacobson, "We Would Only Be Fooling Ourselves: The Felix Longoria Story"; Harve
King, "An Mrican-American Goes to War"; and Joe Blaylock and John Briggs, "The
Tuskegee Airmen." A session on "The Lost Battalion" was chaired by D. Clayton James.
Papers were given by Robert S. La Forte, "The Death Railway: An Overview," and Ronald
E. Marcello, "Surviving the Death Railway." A panel followed, consisting of members of
the Lost Battalion: James W. Gee, Crayton R. Gordon, Charlie Pryor, Luther Prunty, and
Raymond Reed. Francis Abernethy chaired a session on "Words and Music of War," which
included papers by Dale Odom, "Texas Country Music Goes to War"; Archie McDonald,
"World War II Music"; and Leon Stokesbury and Paul Fussell, "The Poetry of WWII." A
simultaneous roundtable discussion was led by Martha L. Nelson on "Denton Goes to War."
Also at the same time was "Wartime Recollections," a session chaired by John Howison,
with presentations by Carol Lamme, "Texas Goes to War"; John Howison, "A Prolonged
War"; Harriet Gross, "Seven Years Old at Pearl Harbor"; and Warren Ferguson, "I Never
Said Goodbye." Another simultaneous session was "Homefront Recollections," which Jim
Lee chaired. Its papers were "A Boy in Chillicothe," by Robert Flynn; "Waiting to Enlist,"
by A. C. Greene; "California or Bust," by Fran Vick; and "Where Everybody Was," by Joyce
G. Roach. That evening there was a special presentation by Robert Wagner, "Hollywood
and the OWl Films of WWII."
On December 6 there were panels of veterans of World War II: two in the morning
on "Joint Services" and "Submariners" and two in the afternoon, "Pilots" and Tuskegee
Airmen." There was one panel on "POWs" on December 7, as well as a ceremony,
Confederate Air Force flyover, and parade.
HOSTRA CONFERENCE ON
'THE UNITED STATES AND JAPAN IN WORLD WAR IT'
This conference was held at Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York, on
December 5-7, 1991; it was sponsored by the Hofstra Cultural Center and the Franklin and
Eleanor Roosevelt Institute. The co-directors were Douglas Brinkley, John F. Sears, and
F. Kevin Simon. The opening addresses were by Stephen E. Ambrose, "'Just Dumb Luck':
American Entry into World War Two"; and Doris Kearns Goodwin, "Franklin and Eleanor
at War: The American Home Front in World War II." A late-morning panel on
December 5 was chaired by William J. vanden Heuvel and was entitled "FDR:
Commander-in-Chief'; the panelists were Frank Friedel, Warren F. Kimball, Robert W.
Love, Jr., and Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.
That afternoon there were three simultaneous early-afternoon sessions of papers and
three later-afternoon ones. "Operations Against Japan," a session chaired by William R.
Emerson, included papers by Kenneth E. Hamburger, "Chennault, Stilwell, and the
Roosevelt 'Backchannel"'; John Shortal, "Eichelberger and the Philippine Campaign"; and
George Eaton, "From Luzon to Luzon: General Walter Krueger's Return to the
Philippines," the session commentator being Bradford A. Lee. A concurrent session on
I
14
"Japan, Philosophy, and War" was chaired by Porter McKeever and consisted of three
papers: "Japanese Wartime Rhetoric in the Traditional Philosophical Context," by Marleen
Kassell; "An Intellectual Foundation for the Road to Pearl Harbor: Quincy Wright and
Tachi Sakutaro," by Hatsue Shinohara; and "Shumei Okawa and His Ideal of a Renascent
Asia," by Makiyo Hari. Douglas Brinkley chaired a session on "Roosevelt, National
Security, and the Pacific War," which was made up of presentations by James Fetzer, "The
Avoidable War: The United States and Japan, 1941"; Steven L. Rearden, "From Pearl
Harbor to Nagasaki: Changing Perspectives on American National Security"; and R. V. A.
Janssens, "Franklin D. Roosevelt and Japan," with commentary provided by Arthur M.
Schlesinger, Jr.
Of the later sessions, one was on "The Invasion of Japan" and chaired by Paul L.
Miles. The presentations were "Assault versus Siege: The Debate over the Final Strategy
for the Defeat of Japan," by Charles F. Brower; "Iron Ass and Fire Bombs: Curtis LeMay
and the Strategic Bombing of Japan," by Conrad C. Crane; and "Casualty Estimates and
the Invasion of Japan," by Lee T. Wyatt. R. Gordon Hoxie chaired a session entitled "The
United States and Japan on the Eve of War." It consisted of papers by Joseph E. Lee,
"Congressman James P. Richard's Opposition to the 1941 Revision of the Neutrality Act:
A Southerner Parts Company with His President"; Barney J. Rickman III, "Battling Against
the Tide: The Japan Connection's Attempts to Avert a Japanese-American War, 1937­
1941"; and R. W. Miller, "Atlantic Crisis, Pacific Deterrence, and Acceleration of ABC-I,
Spring 1941," with commentary by Warren F. Kimball. Also there was a session on "The
Japanese-American Internment Camps During World War II," with Sherri Wells as chair
and Michael D'lnnocenzo as commentator. The papers were by Mac Holland, "John J.
McCloy and the Internment of Japanese-Americans," and Gordon O. Taylor, "The Floating
World: Japanese-American Memory of the Relocation Camps, 1942-1991." The activities
on the 5th began with a film, "FDR: Prelude to Pearl Harbor," and closed with another,
"Pearl Harbor," with Lance Bird commenting on the latter.
On December 6 the early-morning programs were a panel, "POWs, Internees, and
the Pacific War," with Linda Longmire as chair and Arnold Bocksel and Thomas Passarenti
as discussants; and a forum, "The Navy Department in World War II," which was chaired
by William J. vanden Heuvel and included C. Douglas Dillon, George Elsey, Townsend
Hoopes, and Paul H. Nitze. There were three simultaneous late-morning sessions, one of
which was "Pearl Harbor Remembered: A Dramatic Reenactment" by Edwin M.
Nakasone. Another session was on "Admiral Yamamoto and Japanese Naval Strategy,"
chaired by David Facey-Crowther and consisting of four papers: "Yamamoto: The Man
Who Planned Pearl Harbor," by Edwin P. Hoyt; "The Yamamoto Mission and Its
Mtermath," by R. Cargill Hall; "The Influence of America on Japan's Naval Strategy in
World War II," by Jarrett C. Schulz; and "Sheathing the Emperior's Sword: The
Assassination of Isoruke Yamamoto," by Jerry R. Kelley. "The Media and Public
Perceptions in the Pacific War" was the title of another session, which was chaired by
Henry Morgenthau III, with commentary by Louis J. Kern. The papers were by Francis
R. Cooley, "Cartoons, Politics, and Race: A Critical and Quantitative View of How the
Axis Powers Were Viewed During the United States' Involvement as a Belligerent"; Roger
W. Purdy, "Form Without Content: Domei Tsushinsu and Japan's Wartime News
Network"; and Reginald Kearney, "A Myth of Consensus: Pro-Japanese Sentiment Within
the Black Community During World War II."
15
There were four sessions in the early afternoon of the 6th. "The Pacific War" was
a session chaired by Douglas Brinkley, with papers by Akira Iriye, "Japan and the Coming
of War"; and Lloyd Gardner, "China as Japan." Another session was "The Arsenal of
Democracy: Industrial Mobilization and the 'V for Victory' Program," which had Richard
Griffiths as chair and John Kenneth Galbraith as commentator. The presentations were
"'V for Victory' Program," by Theodore Wilson; "The Struggle for Survival," by Eliot
Janeway; "Washington at War," by Robert Nathan; and "Jean Monnet in Washington," by
John Gillingham. A session entitled "Gaining Ground in Asia" was chaired by F. Kevin
Simon, with Townsend Hoopes as commentator. The three papers were "The Japanese
Occupation of America's Pacific Colony: The Philippine Commonwealth Sustained," by
Grant K. Goodman; "General Brehon B. Somervell and the China-Burma-India Theater,"
by John K. Ohl; and "Santa Cruz and the Guadalcanal Campaign: A Retrospective," by
John Prados. David Dileo chaired a session on "The United States and Japan: Strategic
and Industrial Aims, 1941-1945." The presentations were Justin H. Libby, "Pan Am and
the Navy: Pacific Partners"; William J. Ikerman, "Kamikaze"; and Gerald Berkeley, George
J. Boughton, and Robert A. Underwood, "Guam's Role in World War II."
In the late afternoon of the 6th there were two concurrent programs, one being a
panel on "Dawn of the Nuclear Age." It was chaired by Verne Newton, and the discussants
were David A. Rosenberg, Robert Bowie, McGeorge Bundy, Frank J. Smist, Jr., and John
P. Meiers. The other was a session entitled "Pearl Harbor," which was chaired by Donald
C. Watt and consisted of three papers: "The United States, Japan, and the Panama Canal,"
by John Major; "The Soviet Union and Pearl Harbor," by Thomas Saunders; and "The
Royal Navy and Pearl Harbor," by Gilbert Gordon. After the banquet there were three
special addresses: Robert Sherrod, "War Correspondent in the Pacific War"; George S.
McGovern, "B-24 Bomber Pilot in World War II"; and D. Clayton James, "Rethinking the
Roles of China and the North Pacific, 1942-1945."
The conference ended on December 7 with three successive programs. First was
a session on "Pearl Harbor II," which was chaired by Theodore A. Wilson and commented
upon by J. Garry Clifford. It consisted of presentations by David Kahn, "Intelligence and
Pearl Harbor"; Jon Bridgman, "The Last Hours, or the Relevance of the Heisenberg
Interminancy Principle to Micro-History"; and Michael Schaller, "The General and the
President Reconsidered: MacArthur, Roosevelt, and Pearl Harbor." The next session was
entitled "Pearl Harbor III" and was chaired by Nigel Hamilton. The papers were "The
United States Navy and Pearl Harbor," by Robert W. Love, Jr.; "Prelude to Pearl Harbor:
The Diplomatic Dress Rehearsal," by Frederick Marks; and "Pearl Harbor in Global
Context," by Waldo Heinrichs. Finally, there was a Pearl Harbor memorial ceremony
presided over by William J. vanden Heuvel, the speakers being Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.;
Albert Gore, Sr.; Pamela Harriman; William J. Crowe, Jr.; and Anne Roosevelt.
16
CONFERENCE ON
"THE PACIFIC WAR AND MODERN MEMORY"
by Theodore F. Cook, Jr.
[Ed. note: William Paterson College, Wayne, New Jersey, sponsored a conference on
December 5-7, 1991, entitled "The Pacific War and Modern Memory: War, Culture, and
Society." The conference coordinators were Theodore F. Cook, Jr., Carol Gruber, and
Marina Cunningham.]
... I can honestly report that it was a success and produced a number of the most
extraordinary moments I have been fortunate to witness....
I have just completed an oral history of the Japanese experience during World War
Two, co-authored with Haruko Taya, to be published next year by The New Press, former
Pantheon director Andre Schiffrin's new effort. I am experienced with the turn of oral
testimony, and how often we walk on the edge of disaster, but I organized this conference
in the belief that it was crucial to build on the anniversary of the start of the Japan-U.S.
war to look at how that war has been instrumental in the two nations' mutual perceptions
and to examine the ease with which scholars viewing the events from national perspectives
so easily fall into convenient patterns. I think we rocked some boats.
The keynote remarks by Japan's leading Americanist Nagayo Homma and one of
America's premier Japan scholars Marius B. Jansen, immediately reversed polarities.
Friday afternoon provoked a very animated discussion focusing on the issue of historical
interpretation and memories of the events of the Pacific War, and other wars, after fifty
years. Yue-him, Serge Durflinger, and Gerhard Krebs presented three differing national
views--China, Canada, and Germany--while Hisao Iwashima, former director of Japan's
War History Office (and himself a member of Japan's midget submarine force at the end
of the war) set the tone for discussion by addressing the disjunctions in the communications
between the United States and Japan both before and since the war.
On Saturday, in the panel I chaired on witnesses of war, we heard the two former
enemies, Robert Haney and Kiyofumi Kojima, exchange amazing stories of hardship and
captivity, buttressed too by Otto SChwarz, head of the U.S.S. Houston Survivors'
Association. They really challenged many in the audience who seemed locked into the
Pearl Harbor-Hiroshima definition/delimitation of the war. These men were joined on the
panel by an avid colonist to Manchuria, Mrs. Yoshi Fukushima, who went there despite
warnings from her family about the course the war was taking and then had to excape with
her infant son back to Japan in an ordeal lasting more than 900 days following the entry
of the Soviet Union into the war in August 1945.
In the afternoon we tried to look at the cultural impacts of the war on postwar
Japanese and American society and politics. One particularly interesting event was Kyoko
Hirano's talk on Japanese film, which was accompanied by a showing, on December 7,
1991, of Japan's wartime film about the Pearl Harbor film, Hawaii, Malaya Operations,
which gave a dramatic illustration of just how different wartime images were on opposite
sides of the Pacific. AI Berger of the University of North Dakota looked at American
perceptions of the war in American fantasy literature and "fantasy wars," as Professor
Berger described American strategic war plans in the postwar era looking to avoid nuclear
Pearl Harbors. Robert Angel of the University of South Carolina brought us up to the
17
present with an examination of how the World War Two experience affected the evolution
of the Japanese premiership, particularly the notion of centralized elective leadership, the
postwar Constitution notwithstanding. John Sbrega, author of the monumental The War
Against Japan. 1941-1945, did a great job at helping us wrap things up on the final evening.
It was a good conference, signficantly different from many of those organized over
the past several months. More importantly, I think we have identified a work-to-be-done
agenda which will take us through the remainder of the war and beyond. . . .
OUR AHA JOINT SESSION ON TIlE PHILIPPINES, 1941-1942
The title of the session was "New Research on the Philippines Campaign, 1941­
1942: A Multinational Perspective." It was chaired by Dean C. Allard, director of the
Naval Historical Center. Commentary was provided by him and Carol M. Petillo of Boston
College. The first paper was "MacArthur's Generalship: A Bad Decision Unredeemed,"
by John W. Whitman of Springfield, Virginia. The second presentation was "The Japanese
Navy in the Invasion of the Philippines," by David C. Evans of the University of Richmond.
The session was well attended and much appreciated, although regrettably it was scheduled
by the AHA during the final period on the last day, December 30, 1991.
OTHER PAPERS OF INTEREST AT TIlE AHA MEETING
Besides the above-mentioned, there were a number of sessions and papers related
to World War II on the program of the American Historical Association at Chicago,
December 27-30, 1991. There were two sessions of interest on the 28th, the first entitled
"Italy and America: Cross-Cultural Perceptions in the Fascist Era," which was chaired by
Spencer Di Scala and commented upon by James E. Miller. The papers were "Fascist
Intellectuals and the Image of America," by Emilio Gentile; "Wartime America: The Anti­
Fascist View," by Elena Aga-Rossi; and "Fascism, Italy, and America: The Italian American
Perspective," by Philip V. Cannistraro. Also that day was a session on "The 'High Noon'
of U.S. Military Racial Segregation, 1941-1951," with Bernard Nalty serving as chair and
commentator. The four presentations were Stanley Sandler, "Home Front/Battle Front:
Military Racial Violence in the Zone of the Interior, 1941-1945"; Phillip McGuire, "African­
Americans and the Desegregation of the Armed Forces, 1940-1950"; Mary Haynes, "An
Oral History of the 24th Infantry Regiment"; and Alan Gropman, "The Air Force, 1941­
1951: From Racial Segregation to Integration."
On December 29 there were three sessions related to World War II. One was a
session on "The Spanish Civil War: Reactions from Abroad," which was chaired by Bruce
Vandevort, the commentators being Robert J. Soucy and Joyce S. Goldberg. The papers
were "Nazi Propagandist Goebbels Looks at the Spanish Civil War," by Robert H. Whealey;
"Italian Facism, Carlo Rosselli, the French Government, and the Spanish Civil War, 1936­
1937," by Joel Blatt; and "Unheeded Advice: United States Ambassador Claude G. Bowers
on American Policy Toward Spain, 1936-1939," by Peter J. Sehlinger. "Pearl Harbor as
Symbol: A Fifty-Year Retrospective" was the title of a session that was chaired by Emily
S. Rosenberg. Edward T. Linenthal spoke on "'Rust and Sea and Memory in This Strange­
Graveyard': Pearl Harbor," and Yue-him Tam's paper was on "To Bury the Unhappy Past:
18
The Pacific War in Japanese Textbooks." Another session of relevance was "World War
II and the Structure of American Cities." The chair was Zane L. Miller, and the
commentators were Roger W. Lotchin and John F. Bauman. The two papers were
"Chicago Neighborhoods and the Irony of World War II," by Perry R. Duis, and "A
'Blueprint for Victory': Defense Public Housing," by Kristin S. Bailey.
VIRGINIA AND WORLD WAR IT
"Bringing the War Home: Virginia and the World War II Experience" was the title
of a conference sponsored by the Virginia Historical Society and the National Endowment
for the Humanities, March 5-7, 1992, at Richmond, Virginia. The program began on the
5th with a book fair and the keynote address by Richard Polenberg, "'The Good War'? A
Reappraisal of the American Home Front."
The next day there were four sessions of papers and two panels, usually with several
running concurrently. The program began with a paper by Franklin D. Mitchell, "America
at the Crossroads, 1939-1941." The following discussion was moderated by Raymond
Gavins, with commentaries by Ernest C. Bolt, Jr., Lorraine M. Lees, and Charles W.
Johnson. Christopher Silver served as chair and Ronald L. Heinemann as commentator
on a session on "Social Change." The two papers were "War, Virginia Neighborhoods, and
Social Change," by Christopher Silver, and "Crisis at Hampton Roads: The Problems of
Wartime Congestion, 1942-1944," by Phyllis A. Hall. "The Influence of War on Race" was
the title of another session, wherein the papers were "Race Relations in Virginia During
World War II: An Overview," by Raymond Gavins, and "The Intersection Between Race,
Work, and Expectation," by Earl Lewis. The moderator was Marie Tyler-McGraw, and the
commentators were Nelson Lichtenstein and John Kneebone. Another session was "The
Uses of Education," chaired by Edgar A. Toppin, with comments by James Sweeney and
Charles W. Sydnor, Jr. The presentations were Jennings Waggoner and Robert Baxter,
"Higher Education Goes to War: The Impact of World War II on the University of
Virginia"; and Edwin T. Hardison, "Radio and World War II: The Psychology of Victory."
The subject of another session was "Women and the War," which was moderated by Cindy
Aron. Comments were provided by Sandra G. Treadway and Charles W. Johnson. The
papers were "Virginia and Women in the Military During World War II," by D'Ann
Campbell, and "The Experience of Negro WACs and WAVEs in World War II," by Regina
T. Akers. "The Local Perspective" was the title of a session that Edgar A. Toppin
moderated and Ronald L. Heinemann critiqued. The two presentations were Albert Keim,
"The Politics of Conscience: Rockingham County's Conscientious Objectors During the
War," and Emily Salmon, "Franklin County During World War II." Another session was
on "Life in Uniform," with Carl Boyd as moderator and comments by Regina T. Akers and
Phyllis A. Hall. The papers were "Basic Training: Laboratory of Social Democracy," by
Craig M. Cameron, and "Virginians Abroad," by John Quarstein.
On the 6th and 7th there were three panel discussions (the program does not give
the panelists): "Remembering Pearl Harbor"; "Coming of Age"; and "Women in the
Workplace." The conference closed with a paper by Richard Polenberg, "The Wartime
Transformation of American Society: Assessing the Conference." The ensuing discussion
featured comments by D'Ann Campbell, Franklin D. Mitchell, and Earl Lewis.
19
MEANING, MEMORY, AND WORLD WAR IT
Three days of programs were held at the Senior Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, on
"Meaning and Memory: World War II in the American Experience--An Examination of
the Impact of the War on American Society," March 21, April 11, and May 23, 1992. The
sponsors were Piedmont Virginia Community College, the Senior Center, Inc., Albemarle
County Historical Society, and the Virginia Foundation for the Humanities and Public
Policy. The first day's program was on "Wartime Memoirs" and consisted of presentations
by Hans Schmitt on his memoir, Lucky Victim: An Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times,
1933-1946; Klaus Luthardt on From Displaced Person to American Citizen; Edward L.
Beach on his Run Silent. Run Deep; and Mary Lee Settle on her memoir, All the Brave
Promises: Memoirs of Aircraft Woman 2nd Class 2146391. "Oral History and World War
II" was the subject of the second day's program. The speakers were Arthur Kelly, "Finding
Memories"; Benis M. Frank, "Writing History from the Spoken Word"; and Douglas Day,
"Interviewing for Fact and Fiction." The final day's program was on "Military History and
the Pacific War." The presentations were "Doing Oral History on the USS Sauflay," by
Lynn Sims; "First-Person Accounts of the Pacific Theater," by Paul Stilwell; and "Marine
Testaments from the Pacific War," by Benis M. Frank. Each program was concluded with
a classic World War II movie, followed by critique and discussion of it.
OAR SESSIONS ON WORLD WAR IT
There were four sessions related to World War II at the annual meeting of the
Organization of American Historians, Chicago, April 2-5, 1992. One was entitled
"Constructions of Patriotism and Citizenship During 'The Good War'." It was chaired by
Maurice Isserman, with commentary by Robert B. Westbrook. The three papers were
'''What Has Become of the Manhood of America?': The Implications of Women's Military
Service for Definitions of Citizenship and Patriotism During World War II," by Leisa D.
Meyer; '''It is a Sorry Comment on the Rights of Democratic Life': The Lew Ayres Case
and World War II Conscientious Objection," by Jennifer Frost; and '''He-Men' and Christian
Mothers: The America First Movement and the Gendered Meanings of Patriotism," by
Laura McEnaney. "African-American Migration to World War II-Era California and
Hawaii" was the subject of another session. James R. Grossman presided, and David
Katzman and Nichols Lemann offered comments. The presentations were Shirly Ann
Moore, "California Dreams, California Realities: African-American Migration to Richmond,
California, During World War II"; Paul R. Spickard, "Black Lives in Los Angeles During
World War II"; and David Farber, "African Americans in Hawaii During World War II."
A third relevant session was "Different American Homefronts During World War
II: Age, Gender, and Locale," which was chaired by Karen T. Anderson, with the
commentary by her also. The papers were "America's School-Age Children Fight the War:
Political Socialization, Participation, and Patriotism," by William M. Tuttle, Jr.; "Fragile
Connections: Women and Men in Hawaii During World War II," by Beth Bailey; and
"Berkeley During World War II Seen Through the Eyes of Children," by Natsuki Aruga.
The fourth session was entitled "Military Strategies and Operations Against Japan, 1944­
1945." Carol M. Petillo presided, and Malcolm Muir, Jr., and Michael Schaller were
commentators. The papers were "Defeating Japan: The Joint Chiefs, National Policy, and
20
the Pacific, 1944," by Charles F. Brower IV; and "Invading Japan:
DOWNFALL," by John Ray Skates.
Operation
CONFERENCE ON HOME FRONTS
The Eisenhower Center of the University of New Orleans sponsored a conference
on "Home Fronts During World War II: A Comparative Perspective," April 10-11, 1992.
On the first morning there were two successive sessions: "Home Fronts in Eastern Europe
and East Asia" and "Home Fronts in Western Europe." The former was chaired by
Radomir Luza, and the presentations were by D. K. Dziewanowski, "The Polish Home
Front," and Thomas Havens, "The Japanese Home Front." The latter session, chaired by
Stephen E. Ambrose, consisted of three papers: "The British Home Front," by M. R. D.
Foot; "The GIs in Wartime Britain," by David Reynolds; and "The French Home Front,"
by Sarah Fishman. The first of the two successive afternoon sessions on the 10th was
entitled "The Central European Home Fronts." It was chaired by Gunter Bischof and was
made up of three presentations: Rolf-Dieter Muller, "The German Home Front: Society
and Economics"; Gerd R. Euberschar, "The German Home Front: Politics, Propaganda,
Mentalite"; and Evan B. Bukey, "In the Provinces of the Third Reich: The 'Austrian'
Home Front." The next session was on "The American Home Front: A Local
Perspective--New Orleans," which was chaired by Arthur Q. Davis. The three papers were
"The Home Front in Louisiana," by Jerry P. Sanson; "New Orleans During World War II,"
by James H. Morrison; and "Paukenschlag in the Gulf: German U-Boat Operations in the
Gulf of Mexico in 1942," by William B. Lee. That evening the keynote address was "The
Russian and American Home Fronts," by Georgi Arbatov and Stephen E. Ambrose.
On April 11 there were two successive morning sessions. The first was "The
American Home Front," which was chaired by Joseph Logsdon. The papers were given by
Leon F. Litwack, "African-Americans During World War II"; Judy B. Litoff and David C.
Smith, "Understanding the Home Front: The World War II Letters of American Women";
and Jacob Vander Meulen, "American Industry: A Case Study of American Aircraft
Production During World War II." The second session was chaired by Arnold Hirsch and
focused on'''The American Home Front: A Regional Perspective--The South." The papers
were "The Transformation of Southern Cities During World War II: An Overview and
Assessment," by Roger W. Lotchin and David Long; "Memphis: A Case Study," by Roger
Biles; and "Nashville: A Case Study," by Robert Spinney. The conference was concluded
with after-lunch closing remarks by Stephen E. Ambrose, director of the Eisenhower
Center.
SMH PAPERS ON WORLD WAR II
There were a number of relevant papers and sessions at the annual meeting of the
Society for Military History, which met at Fredericksburg and Quantico, Virginia, April 10­
12, 1992. The program was hosted by the Marine Corps Command and Staff College,
Quantico. The first session was on "Air Power in Land and Amphibious Campaigns in
World War II." It was chaired by Robin Higham, with comments by Martin Van Creveld.
The papers were by James S. Corum, "The Luftwaffe's Army Support Doctrine, 1934-1941";
21
Timothy D. Gann, "Fifth Air Force Light and Medium Bomber Operations During 1942
and 1943"; David A. Dawson, "The Impact of Air Power on the Military Feasibility of a
Cross-Channel Invasion in 1943"; and Bernard V. Moore II, "The Secret Air War Over
France: United States Army Air Forces Special Operations in Support of OVERLORD."
In a session on "Amphibious Warfare Developments in the Inter-War Years" one paper was
particularly relevant: Edward J. Drea, "The Development of Imperial Japanese Army
Amphibious Warfare Doctrine." The session on "Airpower: Commentaries on the Bomber,
Bombs, and Bombing" probably had much on World War II, though most of the paper
titles were not specific. Also on the 10th was a session on "Operations in the
Mediterranean During World War II," with Joseph L. Strange serving as chair and Malcolm
Muir as commentator. The presentations were "Terminal Force: The Only Surrender of
the U.S. Army to the French in World War II," by Robert L. Follis; "Beginner's Luck?
Reflections on the Allied Invasion of Sicily, july-August 1943," by Thomas E. Nutter; and
"'Leros Is a Bitter Blow to Me': German Operations in the Aegean, Fall 1943," by Kevin
C. Ruffner. In a session on "Behind the Lines Specialists: Rangers and Partisans in the
Second World War and Korea," one paper was relevant: David W. Hogan, "Rangers Lead
the Way? The Problem of Misuse of U.S. Army Ranger Units in World War II." Scott
W. McKenzie was chair and Ronald E. Spector commentator on a session entitled "The
Pacific Area in the 20th Century: From Plans to Combat." There were three papers:
Michael E. Unsworth, "Coast Defense: Roles, Missions, and War Plan Orange"; Edward
S. Miller, "U.S. Plans for Joint Amphibious Operations in Micronesia, 1921-1941"; and
Phyllis A. Zimmerman, "'Braiding the Cord': The Role of Evans F. Carlson's 2nd Marine
Raider Battalion in Amphibious Warfare." In the session on "The U.S. Army Experience
in East Asia," one paper related to World War II: Marc Gallicchio, "About Face:
American Army Officers and the Chinese Army, 1941-1946."
On April 11 two papers were relevant in the session on "The Military in Central
European Politics in the 19th and 20th Centuries": Norman J. W. Goda, "A Reassessment
of German Motives for the Capture of Gibraltar in 1940," and Daniel E. Rogers,
"Occupation Generals and Occupation Policies: The Western Allied Armies and the
Transformation of the German Party System, 1945-1949." Dean C. Allard was chair and
Kenneth J. Hagan commentator on a session entitled "Navy-Marine Corps Operations in
World War II: The Pacific." Unfortunately two of the three readers of papers were unable
to come. The papers scheduled to be given were "The Carrier's Dilemma in Amphibious
Operations," by Daniel K. Blewett; "Operations at Cape Gloucester: Preparing for the
Assault," by Claude B. Cross; and "The Role of the Dive Bombers in the Carrier-versus­
Carrier Battles of the Pacific War, 1942-44," by Harold L. Buell. Another session was
"Dieppe Reconsidered," which was chaired by Theodore L. Gatchel, with commentary by
Brereton Greenhouse. The presentations were "The Tactical Consequences of the
Decision-Making Process: The State of the Dieppe Controversy," by Brian L. Villa; and
"The Responsibility of General Bernard Montgomery for Dieppe, Reconsidered," by Peter
Henshaw. The banquet address on the 11th was "MacArthur, Eisenhower, and Joint,
Combined, and Amphibious Operations," by D. Clayton James.
On April 12 two of the papers in the session on "The Medical and Psychological
Dimensions of War" may have been relevant, but their titles are not clear about the period
discussed. Anne C. Venzon served as chair and J. Kenneth McDonald as commentator on
a session entitled "Amphibious Warfare in World War II: The British." The papers were
by Donald F. Bittner, "Britannia's Drawn Sword: Joint Planning for 'Atlantic Islands'
22
Expeditions, 1940-1941"; Raymond Callahan, "Are There Lessons Learned? Churchill,
Gallipoli, and Anzio"; and Donald E. Graves, "Fourth Service or Perennial Problem? The
British Combined Operations Organization, 1941-1943." Another session was "Diversity:
Aspects of Naval Warfare in World War II," with William S. Dudley as chair and Gordon
W. Rudd as commentator. The presentations were "Admiral Ernest J. King, Operation
Roll of Drums, and the Historians: What Really Happened Off the East Coast in Early
1942?" by Robert W. Love, Jr.; "Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay: Master of Amphibious
Operations," by W. J. R. Gardner; and "Operation Switchback: A Case Study in Short­
Range Amphibious Assaults," by Terry Copp. One paper was relevant in the session on
"Perspectives of the Art of War, 1587-1973": Stuart Thomson, "North Africa, 1942: The
Impact of Sea Power." Donald F. Bittner was the conference and program chairman.
BATfLE FOR THE ATlANTIC CONFERENCE
A conference on the "Battle for the Atlantic" was held at the Naval Historical
Center, Washington, D.C., in conjunction with the annual meeting of the North American
Society for Oceanic History, April 23-25, 1992. On the first day there was one session,
"War for the Atlantic: Views from the Top," which was chaired by Emile J. Chaline. The
papers were "De Gaulle and the Free French Navy," by Emile J. Chaline; "Admiral Ernest
J. King and His Role in the Formulation of Atlantic Planning," by Robert Love; "The
Atlantic in the Strategic Perspective of Hitler and Roosevelt, 1940-1941," by Werner Rahn;
"The Views of Knox and Stimson on Atlantic Strategy and Planning," by Jeffrey Barlow; and
"Churchill, Seapower, and Strategy, 1939-1940," by Andrew Lambert.
On April 24 there were eight sessions, some running simultaneously. One was on
"The U.S. Merchant Marine and the Naval Armed Guard," with Charles Dana Gibson as
chair. The papers were by Thomas A. King, "The Merchant Marine Cadet Corps at Sea";
Stansel E. DeFoe, "The Naval Armed Guard"; and Robert Seager II, "A Merchant Mariner
in World War II." Another session was entitled "The U-Boat Campaign on the U.S. East
Coast," which was chaired by William N. Still, Jr. There were two papers: James T.
Cheatham, "Memories of the U-Boat War Off the Outer Banks," and Roland A. Bowling,
"The Negative Influence of Mahan on the Protection of Shipping in the Battle of the
Atlantic." Daniel Masterson chaired a session on "The Battle of the South Atlantic," which
included three presentations: "Planning the Defense of the South Atlantic, 1939-1941," by
Theresa L. Kraus; "Of Saboteurs and Subterfuge: Direct German Efforts, Based in Latin
America, to Affect the Battle of the Atlantic," by John F. Bratzel; and "The Memoirs of
Captain Fred Krage, Master of the Weserland, German Blockade Runner, 1939-1944," by
Harold D. Huycke. A session on "Canada and the War in the Atlantic" was chaired by W.
A. B. Douglas and was made up of three presentations: Roger Sarty, "The Royal Canadian
Air Force and Naval Intelligence: A Canadian Perspective"; Marc Milner, "The Royal
Canadian Navy and the Atlantic War: An Overview"; and Douglas McLean, "The Anglo­
Canadian Support Group and the Offensive Against the U-Boats, 1944-1945."
After the preceding morning sessions on the 24th, the afternoon program began with
two simultaneous sessions:
"From Keel to Camera:
Views of U.S. Submarine
Construction" and "The War for the Atlantic as Seen Through Film." The former was
chaired by William Galvani and consisted of two papers: Gary E. Weir, "Meeting Wartime
Demand: The Expansion of the American Industrial Base for Submarine Construction,
23
1939-1943," and Catherine T. Tuggle, "All the Subs a Stage: The Submarine War
Photographs of Edward Steichen." Harold D. Langley chaired the latter session; Larry Suid
made the one presentation, "Images of the War at Sea." Later in the afternoon were two
more concurrent sessions. One was "Convoy Support Operations on the East Coast,"
chaired by Virginia S. Wood. The papers were "The Coast Guard's Captains of the Port
During World War II," by Robert M. Browning; "The Port of New York and the Battle of
the Atlantic," by Joseph Meany; and "U.S. Merchant Ship Sinkings in World War II," by
James E. Valle. The concurrent session was entitled "Surface Raiders and Hunter-Killer
Groups" and was chaired by Dean C. Allard. Donald Steury spoke on "German Surface
Raiders in the Atlantic" and Philip Lundeberg on "Operation Teardrop: A Reappraisal of
Hunter-Killer Operations, March-April 1945."
The final session was on April 25, "Codebreaking and Countermeasures." Its chair
was Edward J. Marolda, and the following papers were presented: "The German Effort,
1939-1941," by Jurgen Rohwer; "The British Effort, 1941-1943," by J. David Brown; and
"The Role of the Codebreakers, 1943-1945," by David Kahn.
HOMEFRONT IN TIIE SOUTH
A symposium called "World War II: The Homefront in the South" was held at
Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, May 1-2, 1992. Nine organizations and
institutions were co-sponsors, the chief ones being the National Archives, Southeast Region;
the Southern Labor Archives of Georgia State University; and the Friends of the National
Archives. The keynote address was "Tuskegee Airmen," by Benjamin O. Davis, Jr. The
rest of the two-day program consisted of seventeen panel discussions. The panel titles and
the chairs were '''Bringing the Military to the South'," Marc Gilbert; "Florida in World War
II," Neil Betten; "Race and Ethnic Relations," Ron Bayor; "Ethnicity in Wartime," Jonathan
Goldstein; "The Air Force and the War," Don Schewe; "Southern Institutions and War," Pat
Howard; "Southern Cities Transformed," Robert McMath; "Mobilizing the South," James
C. Cobb; "Nazi Germany, the South, and Nativism," Gird Romer; "Women in the Military,"
Linda Lane; "World War II Comes to Augusta," Florence Corley; "POWs in the South,"
Linda Matthews; "The 'Ditto' Paper War: World War II in Selected Southern Archives,"
Gayle P. Peters; "Southern Culture and the War," Bob Dinwiddie; "The Southern Economy
in Wartime," Leslie S. Hough; "The African-American Community and the War," Gail
O'Brien; "Southern Towns and the Wartime Economy," Sandra Behel. Part of the program,
too, was "a display of WWII planes, complete with Army Air Corps uniformed 'reenactors,'
and a War Bonds hanger show" at the DeKalb-Peachtree Airport.
WORLD WAR II PAPERS AT MHI CONFERENCE
The U.S. Army Military History Institute at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, hosted
a military history conference on May 1-2, 1992, in honor of Edward M. (Mac) Coffman, the
distinguished scholar in military history who retired from the University of Wisconsin,
Madison, history faculty at the end of the school year. Program participants were former
students of Coffman mainly, along with several renowned military historians. The program
produced several papers of relevance to World War II: Marvin Fletcher, "The Gold Star
24
Mothers Pilgrimages"; Daniel Bailey, "Leslie J. McNair and the Army Training Program,
1940-1944"; and Rick Kehrberg, "The Horse, Army Socialization, and Its Impact on
Mechanization, 1920-1940."
AUSlRALIAN CONFERENCE ON
THE BATILE OF THE CORAL SEA
On May 7-10, 1992, the Australian National Maritime Museum, Sydney, New South
Wales, held a conference entitled "Birds of Prey: The 50th Anniversary of the Battle of
the Coral Sea." Details on speakers and papers were unavailable, but the program
participants were from "Australia, USA, Japan and elsewhere." The six sessions of papers
were entitled "The Military Threat to Australia"; "The Battle of the Coral Sea"; "The
Australian National Maritime Museum Interprets World War II"; "The Homefront";
"Perceptions: The Battle Then and Now"; and "Australian-US Bilateral Relations, 1942­
1992."
According to news from the Naval Historical Center, Dean C. Allard and Mark H.
Jacobsen of the Center attended the Sydney conference, along with two other American
historians. Allard spoke on U.S. naval policy in the Pacific, 1942-1992, emphasizing the
Australian-American alliance. Jacobsen delivered a paper on U.S. and Australian strategies
in 1942. The Australian National Maritime Museum was opened in November 1991 in a
new structure in Sydney'S Darling Harbor area. It includes a gallery covering the history
of maritime relations between the United States and Australia.
OTHER NEWS
WORLD WAR IT VETERAN SURVEY PROJECT
[Ed. note: The following article was supplied by the U.S. Army Military History Institute.
See also the later article herein on its World War II holdings.]
The U.S. Army Military History Institute is conducting a major survey project to
acquire source material on the Second World War. A follow-on to earlier surveys of
Spanish-American War and World War I vets, the project consists of an 18-page
questionnaire which is filled out by the veteran and returned to the Institute using an
attached franked mailing label. Completed surveys are then made available to the many
researchers and scholars who visit the Institute.
Much more than battle accounts, the survey is designed to elicit first-hand responses
to a wide range of subject areas. There are no true-false or multiple choice questions;
instead the veteran is encouraged to provide his own thoughts on many different aspects
of military service. Major topics include general service background, overseas service,
combat service, occupation and demobilization, and postwar experiences. Although
25
designed for the Army veteran, surveys also are being completed by Navy, Marine, and Air
Corps vets. In fact, there is one on file from a veteran who served in the German Army!
In addition to the vast experiences revealed in the surveys, many veterans also are
donating their letters, diaries, photographs, books, patches, insignia, and other items related
to their service experiences. More than one individual has sent us a copy of a three-ring
notebook that starts out, "OK kids, you kept asking what I did in the war. ..." Many of
the veterans tell us that they have been getting instructions from their wives to clean out
the attic for years, and the 50th Commemoration appears to be a great time for them to
dig out the trunks and shoe boxes. Thus, our motto has become, "From your attic to the
Army's attic," where these items will be preserved, taken care of, and shared with
researchers and future generations. All paper items are maintained at MHI while three­
dimensional artifacts are turned over to the Army Museum System.
Most surveys are distributed directly to selected veteran associations and given to
the members at a reunion. Our experience has shown that a much higher return rate is
achieved from reunions than from individual distribution. Initial units were identified to
gather representative samples from all branches, each theater of operations, and units with
unique experiences such as the 10th Mountain Division and the 442nd Infantry Regiment.
Now that those samples are gathered, we are working with all veteran groups interested
in participating. Associations range from the division level down to the regimental and
battalion levels. Surveys also are mailed to individuals upon request.
Many of the 2,500 veterans who have returned questionnaires thus far comment that
the responses are time consuming, yet they frequently attach additional pages of comments
and personal war stories. Two of the more interesting group responses prove that almost
everyone remembers where they were and what they were doing on December 7, 1941, and
that the GI Bill played a tremendous role in shaping the postwar society. Other common
answers reveal unique personal experiences in basic training as well as what it was like to
be in combat for the first time. One old vet, responding to a question about fraternizing
with locals, indicated, "I'll never tell."
All veterans who forward a completed survey to the Institute receive a thank-you
letter acknowledging their donation and interest in preserving the heritage of our Army.
The individual's name, units, items donated, and additional information are entered into an
electronic database to facilitate office management functions. The surveys and collateral
materials are then forwarded to the Archives Branch where they are organized, cataloged,
cross-referenced, and then stored in acid-free folders and boxes. Photographs are sent to
the Special Collections Branch and organized in a separate collection, which is cross­
referenced with the same collection numbers as the archival material. Three-dimensional
items are boxed and forwarded to the Museum System at the Center of Military History.
The Military History Institute's goal is to acquire 100,000 completed surveys.
Hopefully, the increased activities of the ongoing 50th Commemoration will help us reach
large numbers of veterans. Your help also would be greatly appreciated. If you know of
veteran groups meeting in your area or can help us identify other groups that might be
26
interested, please write:
U.S. Army Military History Institute
ATTN: Assistant Director, Historical Services
Carlisle Barracks, PA 17013-5008
At the same time, remember that these surveys and materials are available to
everyone for research and study. Whether you are looking for branch-oriented or unit
histories, or just soldier experiences, think about our WWII Survey Project.
RESEARCHER'S QUERY ABOUT EICHMANN ASSOCIATE
Milton Dank, 1022 Serpentine Lane, Wyncote, PA 19095, writes that, in connection
with research broadening the treatment in his book, The French Against the French:
Collaboration and Resistance (New York: Lippincott, 1974), he has been searching for
details regarding the life and career of SS-Obersturmfuehrer Theodor Dannecker,
Eichmann's representative in Paris from July 1940 to about November 1942, as well as
information regarding his alleged death. Some sources affirm that "Dannecker was killed
in an airplane crash in the Balkans (date unknown) where he had been sent in disgrace
after being caught in various peculations in France" and another reports "that he had
hanged himself in a U.S. Army military prison ... in 1946 or 1947"; but "a query to the
Army brought a reply that there is no such man or incident in their records." Dank would
appreciate any help that can be given locating the relevant records on Dannecker, either
in the United States or abroad.
NEW ENIGMA PUBLICATION
The chairman of the German Committee, Jurgen Rohwer, curator of the Foundation
of the Library for Contemporary History in Stuttgart, has written that Zdzislaw Jan Kapera
of Krakow sent him the first issue of an annual of which he is editor, The Enigma Bulletin
(No.1, December 1990) and asked his help in contacting experts in this field to review his
publication in their journals and promote distribution. The first issue includes an article
by Gilbert Bloch on "The French Contribution to the Breaking of 'Enigma'" (pp. 3-14) and
a note by Tadeus Lisicki on ttpolish Radio Intelligence in the Battle of Monte Cassino" (pp.
49-50). The second issue (December 1991) contains an article by the editor on radio
intelligence in the Battle of Warsaw, articles on Enigma and Lacida, and a current
bibliography compiled by the editor. Write to the editor at the Enigma Press, ul. Borsucza
3/58, 30-408 Krakow, Poland, to request a free leaflet with information on the first two
issues, to solicit a review copy, or to receive subscription information.
27
NAVAL PUBLICATIONS
In commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of World War II, the Navy Department
Library is publishing a series of ten bibliographies, including both books and articles,
concerning the Navy's role in the war. The bibliographies on Pearl Harbor and Wake
Island have already been published. Copies can be requested by contacting the Navy
Department Library, Building 44, Washington Navy Yard, Washington DC 20374-0571.
Guide to the Naval Historical Center, a new brochure, can be requested by
contacting the Editor, Naval Historical Center, Building 57, Washington Navy Yard,
Washington, DC 20374-0571.
NATIONAL ARCHIVES
wwn PUBLICATIONS
The National Archives issues a newsletter concerning its activities and programs
commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of World War II. To request placement on its
mailing list, write to National Archives, Public Affairs Office, NSE-I, Room G-6,
Washington, DC 20408.
A new publication is World War II Resources from the National Archive and Its
National Audiovisual Center, which is a 56-page catalog of items available from the
National Archives. To receive a free copy, write to National Archives, NEPF, Washington,
DC 20408.
NARA GUIDES TO GERMAN RECORDS
by Robert Wolfe
The National Archives has now processed on microfiche, accompanied by front
matter on 8 by 11 paper, record items descriptions for six additional Guides to German
Records Microfilmed at Alexandria, Va., Nos. 85-90. If you wish to have these Guides
mailed to you ... please respond ... to the following address:
National Archives and Records Administration
German Guides (NNR-CG)
Washington, DC 20408
If you prefer paper copies of record item descriptions at 25 cents per page, you
should send your order to the above address enclosing your remittance made payable to
the "National Archives Trust Fund (NNR-CG)." The number of pages containing such
descriptions in each of these Guides is:
No. 85. Records of the German Armed Forces High Command, OKW/Wi Rue
Amt, Part VIII. T77. 83 rolls. 70 pages.
No. 86. Records of the German Armed Forces High Command, OKW/Wi Rue
Amt, Part IX. T77. 207 rolls. 132 pages.
No. 87. Records of the German Army High Command, OKH, Part V. T78. 227
rolls. 111 pages.
No. 88. Records of Private German Enterprises and Individuals. T83 and T253.
138 rolls. 31 pages.
28
No. 89. Records of the Plenipotentiary for the Serbian Economy. T 175. 68 rolls.
29 pages.
No. 90. Miscellaneous German Records, Part IV. T 84. 123 pp.
You will be charged only for those pages bearing descriptions, but not those
containing front matter, should you opt for all-paper copies....
[Ed note: Robert Wolfe is director, Captured German Records Staff, Textual Records
Division, National Archives and Records Administration.]
COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECf
The Cold War International History Project has been established at the Woodrow
Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C. According to the inaugural
issue of its bulletin, the CWIHP "seeks to disseminate new information and perspectives
on the history of the Cold War emerging from previously inaccessible sources on 'the other
side' of the superpower rivalry that dominated international relations after World War II.
The project supports the full and prompt release of historical materials by governments on
all sides of the Cold War, and aims to accelerate the process of integrating new sources,
materials, and perspectives from the former 'Communist bloc' with the historiography of .
the Cold War evolved over the past few decades largely by Western scholars reliant on
Western archival sources. It also seeks to transcend barriers of language, geography, and
regional specialization to create new links among scholars interested in Cold War history."
The CWIHP's activities include the publication of the Bulletin and working papers,
the awarding of fellowships to young historians from the former Communist bloc to study
in the United States, and the organization of international conferences and meetings.
Among the articles in the first issue of the Bulletin are "Report from Eastern
Europe," by P. J. Simmons, "Soviet Archives: The Opening Door," by James G. Hershberg,
and "New Chinese Sources on the History of the Cold War," by Steven M. Goldstein and
He Di. Simmons has also written a working paper, "Archival Research on the Cold War
Era: A Report from Budapest, Prague, and Warsaw." Both the Bulletin and the working
paper are available upon request. Please contact James G. Hershberg, Coordinator,
CWIHP, Woodrow Wilson Center, 1000 Jefferson Drive, S.W., Washington, DC 20560.
GUIDE TO GERMAN ARCHIVES
A new guide to German archives, including the archives of the former East
Germany, has been published by the German government. In order to receive a copy,
contact Hans Booms or Tilman Koops, Deutsch Bundesarchiv, Potsdamerstrasse 1,5400
Koblenz, Germany; telephone: (49) 261-5050.
JOURNAL OF AMERICAN-EAST ASIAN RELATIONS
The first issue of The Journal of American-East Asian Relations was published in
the spring of 1992. Edited by Michael A. Barnhart, the journal "seeks to fill a need long
29
felt by the scholarly communities of the Americas and East Asia for a publication that will
bring them and their works closer together. The Journal will focus on historical and recent
developments in American-East Asian relations broadly defined: diplomatic, economic,
security, cultural." The co-chairs of the Editorial Advisory Board are Akira Iriye and
Warren 1. Cohen.
The Journal is published quarterly by Imprint Publications, Inc., 100 East Ohio
Street, Suite 630, Chicago, Illinois 60611; (312) 642-2768; fax: (312) 642-7070. Individual
subscriptions are available for $30.00.
Among the articles in the first issue is "My Year with Ambassador Joseph C. Grew,
1941-1942: A Personal Account," by Robert A. Fearey.
AFHRA RESEARCH GRANTS
[Ed. note: The following information was provided by the Air Force Historical Research
Agency.]
The Air Force Historical Research Agency (AFHRA) announced research grants to
encourage scholars to study the history of air power through the use of the USAF historical
document collection at the Agency. The Agency will make several awards up to $2500
each to individuals who meet the criteria in this announcement and are willing to visit the
Agency for research during Fiscal Year 1993 (which ends 30 September 1993). Recipients
will be designated "Research Associates of the Air Force Historical Research Agency."
Applicants must have a graduate degree in History or related fields, or equivalent
scholarly accomplishments. Their specialty or professional experience must be in
aeronautics, astronautics, or military related subjects. They must not be in residence at
Maxwell AFB, Alabama, and must be willing to visit the Air Force Historical Research
Agency for a sufficient time to use the research materials for their proposed projects.
Active duty military personnel are also eligible to receive a grant.
Proposed topics of research may include, but are not restricted to, Air Force history,
military operations, education, training, administration, strategy, tactics, logistics, weaponry,
technology, organization, policy, activities, and institutions. Broader subjects suitable for
a grant include military history, civil-military relations, history of aeronautics or astronautics,
relations among U.S. branches of service, military biographies, and international military
relations. Preference will be given to those proposals that involve the use of primary
sources held at the Agency. Proposals for research of classified subjects cannot be
considered for research grants. As a general rule, records before 1955 are largely
unclassified. Examples of classified subjects include nuclear weapons and war planning,
weapons systems presently in the Air Force inventory, and Air Force operations during the
Vietnam War.
Applicants can request an application from the Commander, Air Force Historical
Research Agency, Maxwell AFB AL 36112-6678. The completed application must be
returned by 31 October 1992.
30
RESEARCH MATERIALS
[The article below marks the fourth in a series entitled "An Insider's View," which consists
of essays by professional archivists, historians, and administrators at the foremost research
repositories and centers of military studies in the United States.]
AN INSIDER'S VIEW, Number 4
WORLD WAR II HOLDINGS
OF THE U.S. ARMY MILITARY HISTORY INSTITUTE
by Richard J. Sommers
The U.S. Army Military History Institute (MHI) is the Army's official central
repository for historical source material. The Institute acquires, preserves, and makes
available for study sources on American military history, particularly the history of the
regular, national guard, reserve, volunteer, and militia land forces of the United States.
European military history, 1740-1945, is also well represented in the Institute's library. The
Institute's holdings of 240,000 books, 9,000 bound volumes of periodicals, 750,000
photographs, 500 films, and 5,600,000 manuscripts have been acclaimed by researchers as
the finest military history collection in America.
The Institute is situated at historic Carlisle Barracks, adjacent to the town of Carlisle,
Pennsylvania 17013-5008. The facility occupies all four floors of Upton Hall as well as the
equivalent of two floors in a second building. Operating the Omar N. Bradley Museum and
the post museum is also an MHI responsibility. The Army War College library and the
post library, however, are located in other buildings on the base and do not form part of
the Institute.
As an Army facility and as a member of the Carlisle Barracks community, MHI
serves the War College, the Army, and the Defense Department. The Institute also serves
the public, both professional and lay. Professors, authors, scholars, graduate and
undergraduate students, teachers, veterans, buffs, and genealogists constitute the majority
of users. Each year thousands upon thousands of researchers phone or write to MHI, and
many thousands more do research on site. The Institute is open 8:00-4:30, Monday through
Friday, except for the ten Federal holidays. The Easter season, the academic summer, the
day after Thanksgiving, and the Christmas season (except for December 25 and January
1) are not legal holidays, so the facility remains open then.
There are three public service branches. The Historical Reference Branch (phone:
717-245-3611; autovon 242-3611) has charge of books, periodicals, military newspapers,
documents, and other printed matter. The Special Collections Branch (phone: 717-245­
3434; autovon 242-3434) and its Audio-Visual sub-section (phone 717-245-4428; autovon
242-4428) handle still and motion pictures, maps, sound recordings, patches, and insignia.
The Archives Branch (phone: 717-245-3601) is responsible for manuscript letters, diaries,
31
memoirs (including oral history transcripts), personal papers, retained copies of official
papers, and other unpublished sources.
Most books published after 1915 may be borrowed on interlibrary loan, up to six
volumes at a time. Photographs and manuscripts, as unique items, do not circulate but are
available for study at the Institute. Limited copying service can be provided, but serious
scholars are well advised to visit MHI and verify that they actually want copies before
placing an order.
Within all three branches World War II, quite understandably, is exceptionally well
represented. This article will focus on manuscript holdings of the Archives Branch.
Readers should bear in mind that the 15,000 World War II volumes in the library and the
175,000 World War II photographs, 300 World War II maps, and 100 World War II films
in the Special Collections Branch constitute a significant body of material, which contains
much useful information.
Some of these holdings are listed in various books of the Special Bibliographic
Series of the U.S. Army Military History Research Collection (the Institute's former name).
Books 6, Manuscript Holdings (two volumes); 8, A Suggested Guide to the Curricular
Archives of the U.S. Army War College; and 13, Oral History (two volumes), are
particularly pertinent to the papers in this article. Books 4, United States Army Unit
Histories (two volumes); 16, World War II (four volumes); 19, Audio-Visual Articles (two
volumes); and 21, Master List of Periodical and Newspaper Holdings, cover printed and
sound material at MHI.
Published primarily in the 1970s and in some cases out of print now, these volumes
are available in the libraries of many learned institutions (often in their Government
Documents section). The guides are a good starting place for bibliographic research but,
of course, do not reflect the thousands of acquisitions which have arrived in recent years.
For updated information on holdings, researchers are welcome to contact the three public
service branches of MHI or simply to visit the Institute, confident that its vast World War
II holdings include relevant resources. This article will highlight some of those manuscript
resources.
Most manuscript holdings are the personal papers of individual officers and soldiers.
Some of these manuscripts shed light on the coming of World War II. Among them are
the papers of Army attaches in foreign capitals, including the recollections of Bradford G.
Chynoweth and the unabridged diaries of Raymond E. Lee (England), the memoirs of
Truman Smith (Germany), and the reminiscences of Evan D. Yeaton (Soviet Union). The
papers of William S. Biddle concern his service on the Lytton Commission on Manchuria,
while the diary of Charles L. Bolte and the oral history transcript of Frank S. Besson, Jr.,
reflect assistance to the United Kingdom prior to December 1941.
Several of those officers became generals during the war. One of the strongest
elements of MHI manuscript holdings is the Army's senior leadership in the Second World
War and over the ensuing half century. Hundreds and hundreds of Army generals have
contributed historical source material to the Institute.
32
Among them are officers in the War Department, including Thomas T. Handy (oral
history), John E. Hull (memoirs and oral history), Brehon B. Somervell (papers), and
Albert C. Wedemeyer (oral history). Louis B. Hershey, the director of Selective Service,
is represented by 1100 boxes of papers plus an oral history on his whole career; the Second
World War takes up a considerable proportion of those papers. The period 1941-1945 is
more preponderant still among the 300 boxes of papers and 160 reels of microfilm of
William J. Donovan, the director of the Office of Strategic Services. Other collections from
generals who served primarily in America include Henry S. Aurand (oral history), Benjamin
O. Davis, Sr. (papers), Hugh A. Drum (papers), Leslie R. Groves, Jr. (diaries), George
Grunert (diaries), Guy V. Henry, Jr. (memoirs), Kenyon A. Joyce (memoirs), and Francis
B. Mallon (papers).
Archival collections of generals serving in the European Theater are even more
numerous. At SHAEF, army group, and army level, the Institute has manuscripts of Omar
N. Bradley (his diary, oral history, and papers and the diary and papers of his aide-de­
camp Chester B. Hansen), Harold R. Bull (papers), Hobart R. Gay (diary and oral history),
Courtney H. Hodges (oral history about him and also the diary of his aide-de-camp William
C. Sylvan), Frank J. McSherry (papers), James E. Moore (oral history), Arthur S. Nevins
(papers), Floyd L. Parks (diary), and William H. Simpson (papers). Corps commanders
include J. Lawton Collins (oral history), Charles H. Corlett (memoirs), Alvan C. Gillem
(oral history and papers), Ernest N. Harmon (memoirs), and Matthew B. Ridgway (oral
history and papers). At the division level may be mentioned Terry D. Allen (letters), Bruce
C. Clarke (oral history), Holmes E. Dager (papers), James M. Gavin (oral history), Charles
H. Gerhardt (memoirs), Robert W. Hasbrouck (papers), William M. Hoge (oral history),
John W. Leonard (memoirs and papers), William M. Miley (papers), Maxwell D. Taylor
(oral history), Orlando Ward (papers), Isaac D. White (oral history), and Ira T. Wyche
(letters). Oral histories of Ira C. Eaker, William E. Kepner, and Elwood R. Quesada
represent the Army Air Forces. Medical and logistical support are documented in the
papers of Paul R. Hawley, the memoirs of John C. H. Lee, the papers of Robert M.
Littlejohn, and the diary of Raymond G. Moses.
Several of those officers transferred from the North African/Mediterranean theaters.
The invasion from the Mediterranean through the South of France into the European
Theater is reflected in the diary of Jacob L. Devers, the memoirs of Reuben E. Jenkins,
the diary and papers of John E. Dahlquist, and the papers of John W. O'Daniel and
Withers A. Burress.
Other generals, meantime, continued serving in Italy. Those at more senior levels
include Mark W. Clark (oral history), John P. Lucas (diary-memoir and papers), Willis D.
Crittenberger (papers), Lawrence C. Jaynes (papers), Geoffrey Keyes (clippings), Carter
B. Magruder (oral history), Richard B. Moran (papers), and Lyman L. Lemnitzer (oral
history). At divisional level may be mentioned Edward M. Almond (oral history and
papers), Charles L. Bolte (papers), John B. Coulter (diaries), and William G. Livesay
(clippings).
33
Also reflecting service in North Africa, this time in the Middle East Theater, are the
papers of Russell L. Maxwell. The papers of Raymond L. Walsh, moreover, cover his
service in the U.S.S.R., accommodating American pilots who overflew Gennany and landed
inside Russian lines.
While these officers were fighting the Axis powers in Europe and North Africa,
other generals battled Japanese forces in Asia and the Pacific. The memoirs and papers
of Haydon L. Boatner cover his service in Burma. The fall of the Philippines and the
ensuing imprisonment may be traced in the diaries of Jonathan M. Wainwright and Edward
P. King, the letters of Clinton A. Pierce, and the recollections of Lewis C. Beebe.
The papers of General Russell W. Volckmann reflect continuing guerrilla resistance
in the Philippines. The Allied drives which carried the war from Australia back to the
Philippines and on to Okinawa are covered, at theater and army level, in the papers of
Charles A. Willoughby and Stephen J. Chamberlin, the oral history and papers of George
H. Decker, and the memoirs of Robert L. Eichelberger. Division commanders in the
Southwest Pacific and Central Pacific include William H. Arnold (oral history), Andrew
D. Bruce (papers), William H. Gill (memoirs), Paul J. Mueller (papers), and Roscoe B.
Woodruff (memoirs).
Virtually all the officers mentioned so far wore at least two stars and served as
division commanders or higher or as senior staff members. The Institute also has the
papers of many brigadier generals of staff and line, including Paul D. Adams (oral history),
Clyde D. Eddleman (oral history), George W. Smythe (papers), Arthur G. Trudeau (oral
history and papers), Andrew C. Tychsen (memoirs), and John L. Whitelaw (letters).
Besides all these generals of World War II, MHI holds manuscripts of numerous
officers who commanded companies, battalions, or regiments, 1941-1945, and who went on
to become prominent leaders in the postwar era. Among many such future generals may
be mentioned Creighton W. Abrams (oral history about him), Ferdinand J. Chesarek (diary
and oral history), William E. DePuy (oral history), Hamilton H. Howze (papers and oral
history), Joseph H. Heiser (oral history), Harold K. Johnson (oral history), Henry A. Miley
(oral history), James H. Polk (oral history), William P. Yarborough (oral history), and
Melvin Zais (papers and oral history). Similarly, junior staff officers who achieved
prominence in the quarter century after 1945 include Paul W. Caraway (papers and oral
history), Theodore J. Conway (papers and oral history), Lawrence J. Lincoln (papers),
Bruce Palmer, Jr. (oral history), William W. Quinn (papers and oral history), and Robert
J. Wood (papers and oral history).
Even with the wartime or subsequent eminence of all these generals, the Institute
does not confine its holdings exclusively to papers of prominent personages. It has letters,
diaries, memoirs, and papers of thousands of other junior officers, noncoms, and enlisted
personnel who never achieved high rank but who served faithfully. Some had been in the
prewar Army; others made a career in the postwar Army; but most served only during the
conflict itself. Regulars, national guards, and reservists; staff and line; each theater and the
Zone of the Interior--all are represented in these holdings.
34
For many of these individuals, their papers fill one or several boxes and are filed
under the person's particular name; in such cases, catalog cross-references indicate the
soldier's unit or units. In most instances, however, the given person's papers fill a folder
within a larger collection, such as the World War II Miscellaneous Collection or the Retired
Army Collection.
The largest and potentially most promIsmg of these aggregate collections is the
World War II Survey. Continuing from the highly successful surveys on the Spanish­
American War/Philippine Insurrection and on World War I, the current project
systematically approaches veterans to donate their papers, pictures, and publications. To
help elicit their recollections, an 18-page historical questionnaire is furnished to them.
Each person's donation is put in a separate folder; the folders are then grouped into boxes
by divisions, branches, senior headquarters, etc. So far, over 3000 veterans have
contributed historical material to the survey. Tens of thousands of additional donations are
projected over the rest of this decade. Singly, these accounts capture the uniqueness of
each individual's experiences. Cumulatively, they convey the military experience of the
American GI in the Second World War.
Veterans associations have generously cooperated with the Institute, especially
through the Survey, to obtain historical donations from their members. Among the units
which are already represented by particularly sizable holdings are the 1st Armored Division,
the 10th Mountain Division, Merrill's Marauders, the 442nd Infantry Regiment, and the 1st,
29th, 42nd, 70th, 80th, 97th, 99th, 100th, and Americal infantry divisions. The Disabled
Officers Association, the Jewish War Veterans, and the Military Order of Foreign Wars
have also placed archives in the Institute.
Office files of veterans associations--in contrast to the personal papers of individual
people--are truly archival in nature. Another real archive at MHI is the curricular files of
the U.S. Army War College (AWC). Such files from the 1920s and 1930s contain the
student papers of Dwight D. Eisenhower, George S. Patton, and many other prominent
officers of World War II. More generally, the curricular archives form the fabric in which
the Army's senior educational institution taught the officers who would become its leaders
after America entered the war. Then, too, the course material and lectures indicate how
the War College evaluated the Ethiopian War, the Spanish Civil War, the outbreak of
hostilities in 1939, the relationships with potential allies and adversaries, and other
dimensions of the worsening world situation.
The international situation became so serious by June 1940 that the War College
closed in anticipation of war and did not reopen for ten years. Some of the other activities
at Fort Humphreys (Fort McNair) during the war receive partial representation in the
AWC archives. And after the school resumed in 1950, its guest speakers included
prominent participants in the Second World War. Then, too, some of its students grounded,
their research projects in more than just theory and study. A good case in point is the
1953 student paper on "Mobility versus Firepower" by a colonel of armor named Creighton
Abrams.
35
Complementing these official and personal papers of military personnel themselves
are accounts from the home front by members of Army families and by civilian workers in
government and in war industry. Some of these civilians experienced war more directly:
those who were in Hawaii when Pearl Harbor was bombed and those who were interned
in the Philippines after the Japanese invasion.
Another major component of MHI manuscript collections is the primary source
material which historians gathered in the course of writing their studies. Much of this
documentation falls within the collection of the Office of the Chief of Military History of
the U.S. Army (predecessor of the current U.S. Army Center of Military History) and
corresponds to the acclaimed series The United States Army in World War II (the "green
books"). The largest sUb-grouping consists of diaries, memoirs, and documents which Louis
Morton used for Fall of the Philippines. Other extensive files are the interviews for Forrest
C. Pogue's Supreme Command and for George F. Howe's and Sidney T. Matthews'
volumes on Northwest Africa and the Mediterranean. The OCMH Collection also contains
unpublished studies by U.S. Army historians of German operations on the Western, Italian,
and Russian fronts.
Another Army historian, S. L. A. Marshall, has his own collection at MHI, including
his oral history memoirs and a small file on World War II. (His collection is much more
extensive for the 1950s and 1960s than for the 1940s.) Still another former Army scholar,
Charles B. MacDonald, generously donated the interviews and recollections for his
commercially published book A Time for Trumpets. The battle of the Bulge is also well
represented in the collection of the Belgian historian Maurice Delaval. The collections
of General Edward M. Flanagan, William B. Breuer, and Clay Blair contain abundant
accounts of airborne operations in the Second World War. The Blair Collection, moreover,
not only documents Ridgway's Paratroopers but also A General's Life and has material on
"Ultra" and on the 187th Glider Infantry Regiment as well. The William and James Belote
Collection concentrates on Corregidor, and the Stanley Weintraub Collection reflects the
worldwide reaction to Pearl Harbor.
Through all these kinds of sources--historian's files, curricular archives, and diaries,
letters, memoirs, oral history transcripts, and papers of generals, junior officers, enlisted
personnel, and civilians--the experiences of the American Army in the Second World War,
in all its theaters, are richly reflected. This primary manuscript material is available to
scholars. The Institute welcomes researchers to come and study its splendid holdings of
papers, photos, films, maps, and books on the history of World War II.
[Ed. note: Richard J. Sommers is the archivist-historian at the Military History Institute.
See the earlier article herein for further information about the World War II Veteran
Survey Project.]
36
SELECf BffiLIOGRAPHY OF BOOKS AND ARTICLES
IN ENGLISH RELATING TO THE WORLD WAR IT ERA
The following select bibliography is the third in a series including works published
since January 1, 1990. As did the previous installments, future bibliographies will continue
to use 1990 as the earliest date for inclusion. This bibliography was compiled with the
assistance of Erlene James.
BOOKS:
Abrahamsen, Samuel.
Library, 1991.
Norway's Response to the Holocaust.
New York:
Holocaust
Adams, David P. "The Greatest Good to the Greatest Number": Penicillin Rationing on
the American Home Front, 1940-1945. New York: Peter Lang, 1991.
Barber, John, and Mark Harrison. The Soviet Home Front. 1941-1945: A Social and
Economic Histo!)' of the USSR in World War II. London: Longman, 1991.
Barnett, Correlli. Engage the Enemy More Closely: The Royal Navy in the Second World
War. New York: W. W. Norton, 1991.
Bartov, Orner. Hitler's Army: Soldiers, Nazis, and War in the Third Reich. New York:
Oxford University Press, 1991.
Bartsch, William H. Doomed· at the Start: American Pursuit Pilots in the Philippines,
1941-1942. College Station, Tex.: Texas A&M University Press, 1992.
Ben-Moshe, Tuvia. Churchill: Strategy and Histo!)'. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner,
1991.
Berman, Aaron. Nazism, the Jews, and American Zionism, 1933-1948. Detroit, Mich.:
Wayne State University Press, 1990.
Brown, David. Warship Losses of World War Two. London: Arms and Armour Press,
1990.
Burleigh, Michael, and Wolfgang Wipperman. The Racial State in Germany, 1933-1945.
Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
Caine, Philip D. Eagles of the RAP: The World War II Eagle Squadrons. Washington:
National Defense University Press, 1991.
Cawthon, Charles R. Other Clay: A Remembrance of the World War II Infant!)'. Niwot,
Colo.: University Press of Colorado, 1990.
37
Citino, Robert. Germany and the Union of South Africa in the Nazi Period. New York:
Greenwood Press, 1991.
Coble, Parks M. Facing Japan: Chinese Politics and Japanese Imperialism, 1931-1937.
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991.
Dancocks, Daniel G. The D-Day Dodgers: The Canadians in Italy, 1943-1945. Toronto:
McClelland and Stewart, 1991.
Dedijer, Vladimir. The War Diaries of Vladimir Dedijer. 3 vols. Ann Arbor, Mich.:
University of Michigan Press, 1990. [Yugoslav partisan]
Domenico, Roy P. Italian Fascists on Trial, 1943-1948. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of
North Carolina Press, 1991.
Doolittle, James H., with Carroll V. Glines. I Could Never Be So Lucky Again: The
Memoirs of General James H. "Jimmy" Doolittle. New York: Bantam Books, 1991.
Douglas, Roy. The World War. 1939-1945:
Routledge, 1990.
The Cartoonists' Vision.
New York:
Drea, Edward J. MacArthur's ULTRA: Codebreaking and the War Against Japan, 1942­
1945. Lawrence, Kans.: University Press of Kansas, 1992.
Easton, Robert, and Jane Easton. Love and War:
Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.
Pearl Harbor through V-J Day.
Edwards, John C. Berlin Calling: American Broadcasters in Service to the Third Reich.
New York: Praeger, 1991.
Fishman, Sarah. We Will Wait: Wives of French Prisoners of War. 1940-1945. New
Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1992.
Frazier, Robert. Anglo-American Relations with Greece: The Coming of the Cold War,
1942-1947. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991.
Freeman, Roger. U.S. Strategic Airpower Europe, 1942-1945. London: Arms and Armour
Press, 1990.
Funk, Arthur L. Hidden Ally: The French Resistance, Special Operations, and the
Landings in Southern France, 1944. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1992.
Gailey, Harry. The Liberation of Guam, 21 July-19 August 1944. Novato, Calif.: Presidio
Press, 1990.
Gilbert, Martin. Churchill: A Life. New York: Henry Holt, 1991.
38
Goldstein, Donald M., and Katherine V. Dillon, eds., Fading Victory: The Diary of
Admiral Matome Ugaki, 1941-1945. Trans. by Masataka Chihaya. Pittsburgh, Pa.:
University of Pittsburgh Press, 1991.
Goodman, Grant K., ed. Japanese Cultural Policies in Southeast Asia During World
War 2. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991.
Gordon, Harry. The Shadow of Death: The Holocaust in Lithuania. Lexington, Ky.:
University Press of of Kentucky, 1992.
Graham, Helen. Socialism and War: The Spanish Socialist Party in Power and Crisis,
1936-1939. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
Hamilton, Charles. The Hitler Diaries: Fakes That Fooled the World. Lexington, Ky.:
University Press of Kentucky, 1991.
Hancock, Eleanor. National Socialist Leadership and Total War, 1941-45. New York: St.
Martin's Press, 1992.
Haney, Robert E. Caged Dragons: An American P.O.W. in World War II Japan. Ann
Arbor, Mich.: Momentum Books, 1991.
Hansen, Arthur A., ed. Japanese American World War II Evacuation Oral History Project.
2 vols. Westport, Conn.: Meckler, 1991.
Hiden, John, and Thomas Lane, eds. The Baltic and the Outbreak of the Second World
War. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Jablonsky, David. Churchill: The Making of a Grand Strategist. Carlisle Barracks, Pa.:
Strategic Studies Institute, 1990.
Jagendorf, Siegfried. Jagendorfs Foundry: Memoir of the Romanian Holocaust. 1941­
1944. New York: HarperCollins, 1991.
Jeffreys, Kevin. The Churchill Coalition and Wartime Politics, 1940-1945. Dover, N.H.:
Manchester University Press, 1991.
Johnston, Robert H., ed. Soviet Foreign Policy, 1918-1945: A Guide to Research and
Research Materials. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 1991.
Keegan, John, ed. Churchill's Generals. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991.
Kersten, Krystyna. The Establishment of Communist Rule in Poland, 1943-1948. Trans.
by John Micgiel and Michael H. Bernhard. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press,
1991.
,.
39
Kimball, Warren F. The Juggler: Franklin Roosevelt as Wartime Statesman. Princeton,
N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991.
Kirkpatrick, Charles E. An Unknown Future and a Doubtful Present: Writing the Victory
Plan of 1941. Washington: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1990.
Klee, Ernst, et al., eds. ''The Good Old Days": The Holocaust as Seen by Its Perpetrators
and Bystanders. Trans. by Hugh Trevor-Roper. New York: Free Press, 1991.
Kolsky, Thomas A. Jews Against Zionism: The American Council for Judaism, 1942-1948.
Philadelphia, Pa.: Temple University Press, 1990.
Krammer, Arnold.
House, 1991.
Nazi Prisoners of War in America.
Chelsea, Mich.:
Scarborough
Lagnado, Lucette M., and Sheila C. Dekel. Children of the Flames: Dr. Josef Mengele
and the Untold Story of the Twins of Auschwitz. New York: William Morrow, 1991.
Lane, Tony. The Merchant Seaman's War. Dover, N.H.: Manchester University Press,
1991.
Lee, Loyd E., ed. World War Two: Crucible of the Contemporary World: Commentary
and Readings. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1991.
Litoff, Judy B., and David C. Smith. Since You Went Away: World War II Letters from
American Women on the Home Front. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
Long, Richard K.
Books, 1991.
A Cook's Tour of World War II.
Ann Arbor, Mich.:
Momentum
McFarland, Stephen L., and Wesley P. Newton. To Command the Sky: The Battle for Air
Superiority over Germany, 1942-1944. Blue Ridge Summit, Pa.: Smithsonian Institution
Press, 1991.
Maddox, Robert J.
Press, 1992.
The United States and World War II.
Boulder, Colo.:
Westview
Malik, Iftikhar H. US-South Asian Relations, 1940-47: American Attitudes Toward the
Pakistan Movement. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991.
Marling, Karal A., and John Wetenhall. Iwo Jima: Monuments, Memories, and the
American Hero. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991.
Mason, Theodore C. "We Will Stand By You": Serving in the Pawnee, 1942-1945.
Columbia, S.c.: University of South Carolina Press, 1991.
40
Miller, Edward S. War Plan Orange: The U.S. Strategy to Defeat Japan. 1897-1945.
Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1991.
Mommsen, Hans. From Weimar to Auschwitz: Essays in German
Philip O'Connor. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991.
His~.
Trans. by
Miiller, Klaus-Jiirgen. The Army. Politics. and Society in Germany. 1933-45: Studies in the
Army's Relation to Nazism. Dover, N.H.: Manchester University Press, 1990.
Murphy, Edward F. Heroes of World War II. Novato, Calif.: Presidio, 1990.
Murray, Williamson, and Allan R. Millett, eds. Calculations: Net Assessment and the
Coming of World War II. New York: Free Press, 1991.
Nicosia, Francis R., and Lawrence D. Stokes, eds.
Germans Against Nazism.
Nonconformity. Opposition and Resistance in the Third Reich: Essays in Honor of Peter
Hoffman. New York: Berg, 1990.
O'Brien, David J., and Stephen S. Fugita. The Japanese American Experience.
Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1991.
Paul, Allen. Katyn: The Untold Story of Stalin's Polish Massacre. New York: Scribner's,
1991.
Peterson, Edward N. The Many Faces of Defeat: The German People's Experience in
1945. New York: Peter Lang, 1990.
Platt, Rorin M. Virginia in Foreign Affairs. 1933-1941. Lanham, Md.: University Press
of America, 1991.
Ponting, Clive. 1940: Myth and Reality. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1991.
Porat, Dina. The Blue and the Yellow Stars of David: The Zionist Leadership in Palestine
and the Holocaust. 1939-1945. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990.
Posner, Gerald L. Hitler's Children: Sons and Daughters of Leaders of the Third Reich
Talk About Their Fathers and Themselves. New York: Random House, 1991.
Prange, Gordon W., Donald M. Goldstein, and Katherine V. Dillon. God's Samurai: Lead
Pilot at Pearl Harbor. Washington: Brassey's, 1990.
Ramsey, Edwin P., and Stephen J. Rivele. Lieutenant Ramsey's War. Beverly Hills, Calif.:
Knightsbridge Publishers, 1990.
Renzi, William A., and Mark D. Roehrs. Never Look Back: A History of World War II
in the Pacific. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1991.
41
Reynolds, Clark G. Admiral John H. Towers: The Struggle for Naval Air Supremacy.
Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1991.
Ringelheim, Joan, compo A Catalogue of Audio and Video Collections of Holocaust
Testimony. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1992.
Rousso, Henry. The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France Since 1944. Trans.
by Arthur Goldhammer. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991.
Royal Institute of International Affairs, compo Chronology and Index of the Second World
War, 1938-1945. Westport, Conn.: Meckler, 1990.
Rusbridger, James, and Eric Nave. Betrayal at Pearl Harbor: How Churchill Lured
Roosevelt into World War II. New York: Summit Books, 1991.
Schultz-Naumann, Joachim. The Last Thirty Days: The War Diary of the "Wehrmacht"
(German Armed Forces) High Command from April to May 1945. Trans. by D. G. Smith.
Washington: University Press of America, 1990.
Shoumatoff, Elizabeth. FDR's Unfinished Portrait: A Memoir. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University
of Pittsburgh Press, 1990.
Siklos, Pierre L. War Finance, Reconstruction, Hyperinflation, and Stabilization in
Hungary, 1938-48. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991.
Sjoberg, Tommie. The Powers and the Persecuted: The Refugee Problem and the
Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees (IGCR), 1938-1947. Lund, Sweden: Lund
University Press, 1991.
Smith, Stanley H., compo Investigations of the Attack on Pearl Harbor:
Government Hearings. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1990.
Index to
Smith, Stanley W. Prisoner of the Emperor: An American POW in World War II. Ed.
by Duane A. Smith. Niwot, Colo.: University Press of Colorado, 1991.
Stoff, Michael B., et aI., eds. The Manhattan Project: A Documentary Introduction to the
Atomic Age. Philadelphia, Pa: Temple University Press, 1991.
Szasz, Ference M. British Scientists and the Manhattan Project. New York: St. Martin's
Press, 1992.
Trotter, Ann. New Zealand and Japan, 1945-1952: The Occupation and the Peace Treaty.
Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1990.
Underwood, Jeffrey S. The Wings of Democracy: The Influence of Air Power on the
Roosevelt Administration, 1933-1941. College Station, Tex.: Texas A&M University Press,
1992.
42
Utley, Jonathan G. An American Battleship at Peace and War: The U.S.S. Tennesee.
Lawrence, Kans.: University Press of Kansas, 1991.
Vat, Dan van der. The Pacific Campaign, World War II: The U.S.-Japanese Naval War,
1941-1945. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991.
Verrier, Anthony. Assassination in Algiers: Roosevelt, Churchill. de Gaulle, and the
Murder of Admiral Darlan. New York: W. W. Norton, 1990.
Vinen, Richard, The Politics of French Business, 1936-1945.
University Press, 1991.
New York:
Cambridge
Webster, Paul. Petain's Crime: The Full Story of French Collaboration in the Holocaust.
Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1991.
Wheal, Elizabeth-Anne, Stephen Pope, and James Taylor. A Dictional)' of the Second
World War. New York: Peter Bedrick Books, 1990.
Wiesenthal, Simon. Justice Not Vengeance. Trans. by Ewald Osers. New York: Grove
Weidenfeld, 1990.
Wyant, William K. Sandy Patch: A Biography of Lt. Gen. Alexander M. Patch. New
York: Praeger, 1991.
Zemke, Hubert, and Roger A. Freeman. Zemke's Stalag: The Final Days of World War
II. Blue Ridge Summit, Pa.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991.
ARTICLES:
Allen, George R. "World War II Documents: The Find of a Lifetime." AB Bookman's
Weekly 87 (May 6, 1991): 1838-50.
Barker, Thqmas M. "The Ljubljana Gap Strategy: Alternative to Anvil/Dragoon or
Fantasy?" Journal of Military History 56 (January 1992): 57-85.
Beesly, Patrick. "Convoy PQ 17: A Study of Intelligence and Decision-Making."
Intelligence and National Security 5 (April 1991): 292-322.
Bell, A. T. J. "The Battle for Crete: The Tragic Truth." Defence Force Journal 88 (May­
June 1991): 15-18.
Bellamy, Ronald F., and Craig H. Llewellyn. "Preventable Casualties: Rommel's Flaw,
Slim's Edge." Army 40 (May 1990): 52-56.
Bennett, Ralph. "Intelligence and Strategy: Some Observations on the War in the
Mediterranean, 1941-1945." Intelligence and National Security 5 (April 1991): 444-64.
43
Bloom, Godfrey. "Battle for the Reichstag." Army Quarterly and Defence Journal 120
(July 1990): 290-94.
Bolger, Daniel P. "Zero Defects: Command Climate in the First U.S. Army, 1944-1945."
Military Review 71 (May 1991): 61-73.
Boog, Horst. "German Air Intelligence in the Second World WaL"
National Security 5 (April 1991): 350-424.
Intelligence and
"The British Army, 1940." Military Illustrated Past and Present 28 (September 1990): 10­
23,49.
Brower, Charles F., IV. "Sophisticated Strategist: General George A. Lincoln and the
Defeat of Japan, 1944-45." Diplomatic History 15 (Summer 1991): 317-37.
Butow, Robert J. C. "Pearl Harbor Jitters: Defending the White House Against Attack."
Prologue 23 (Winter 1991): 383-91.
Cagle, Malcolm W. "George Bush, Naval AviatoL" Air Power History 37 (Spring 1990):
9-18.
Charmley, John. "Essay and Reflection: Churchill as War Hero." International History
Review 13 (February 1991): 96-104.
Coletta, Paolo E. "Prelude to War: Japan, the United States, and the Aircraft Carrier,
1919-1945." Prologue 23 (Winter 1991): 343-59.
Condon-RaIl, Mary Ellen. "U.S. Army Medical Preparations and the Outbreak of War:
The Philippines, 1941-6 May 1942." Journal of Military History 56 (January 1992): 35-56.
Coox, Alvin D. "Flawed Perception and Its Effect Upon Operational Thinking: The Case
of the Japanese Army, 1937-1941." Intelligence and National Security 5 (April 1991): 239­
54.
Cox, Sebastian. "A Comparative Analysis of RAF and Luftwaffe Intelligence in the Battle
of Britain, 1940." Intelligence and National Security 5 (April 1991): 425-43.
Cullens, Jamie. "A Slight Misunderstanding: Politicians, Commanders and Greece, 1941."
Defence Force Journal 88 (May-June 1991): 51-56.
Davis, Richard G. "Operation 'Thunderclap': The US Army Air Forces and the Bombing
of Berlin." Journal of Strategic Studies 14 (March 1991): 90-111.
Day, David. "Churchill and His War Rivals." History Today 41 (April 1991): 15-21.
44
Doyle, Susan B. "German and Italian Prisoners of War in Albuquerque, 1943-46." New
Mexico Historical Review 66 (July 1991): 327-40.
Drea, Edward J. "Ultra Intelligence and General Douglas MacArthur's Leap to Hollandia,
January-April 1944." Intelligence and National Security 5 (April 1991): 323-49.
Fairclough, Adam. "Racial Repression in World War Two: The New Iberia Incident."
Louisiana History 32 (Spring 1991): 183-207.
Ferris, John. "The British Army, Signals and Security in the Desert Campaign, 1940-42."
Intelligence and National Security 5 (April 1991): 255-91.
Finch, J. H. "A Transport Officer at Dunkirk." Army Quarterly and Defence Journal 120
(April 1990): 191-97.
Fishman, Sarah. "Grand Delusions: The Unintended Consequences of Vichy France's
Prisoner of War Propaganda." Journal of Contemporary History 26 (April 1991): 229-54.
Flanagan, E. M., Jr. "The German Airborne Invasion of Crete." Army 40 (March 1990):
48-54.
Forreger, Richard. "Technical Analysis of Methods to Bomb the Gas Chambers at
Auschwitz." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 5 (1990): 403-22.
Gabel, Christoper R. "The 1941 Maneuvers: What Did They Accomplish?" Army History
14 (April 1990): 5-7.
Gallicchio, Marc. "After Nagasaki: General Marshall's Plan for Tactical Nuclear Weapons
in Japan." Prologue 23 (Winter 1991): 396-404.
Glantz, David M. "Soviet Operational Intelligence in the Kursk Operation, July 1943."
Intelligence and National Security 5 (January 1990): 5-49.
Goldsmith, Adolph O. "Experience of War: Sounds of War." MHQ: The Quarterly
Journal of Military History 3 (Winter 1991): 112.
Goulter, Christina. "The Role of Intelligence in Coastal Command's Anti-Shipping
Campaign, 1940-45." Intelligence and National Security 5 (January 1990): 84-109.
Grob, Gerald N. "World War II and American Psychiatry." Psychohistory Review 19 (Fall
1990): 41-69.
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r
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