International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
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Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2013
ISSN 2319 - 4847
Characterization and Investigation of Tensile
and Compression Test on Sisal Fibre
Reinforcement Epoxy Composite Materials
Used as Orthopaedic Implant
Dr. K R Dinesh1 , Jagadish S P 2, Dr. A Thimmanagouda3 , Dr. Neeta Hatapaki4,
1
Principal and Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineeing College, Raichur, India
2
Assistant Professor, Research Scholar-VTU
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rao bahadur y mahabaleswarappa engg college, Bellary, India
3
Professor and Head
Department of Industrial Production Engineering, Rao Bahadur Y Mahabaleswarappa Engg. College,Bellary, India
4
Senior Medical Officer,
Govt. Wellesly TB & Chest disease Hospital, Vijayanagar Institute of Medical College, Bellary
Abstract
This paper constitutes the Tensile strength and compression strength of 10%,20% and 30% Natural (Sisal) fibre reinforcement
epoxy composite materials used as bio-material. An attempt has been made to develop 10%, 20% and 30% sisal fibre
reinforcement epoxy composite materials with low density and economical, according to ASTM D – 3039 and ASTM D-1621 using
resin -LY556 as a matrix material and hardener -HY 951 with 10%, 20% and 30% Sisal fibres as the reinforcement material (with
fiber weight fraction) using hand layup fabrication technique. The Tensile strength and compression strength tests were
conducted on the varying percentage standard samples prepared. It is found that appreciable improvements in Tensile strength,
compression strength properties of the 30% natural (sisal) fibers reinforced epoxy composites (SFRECM) when compared with 10
% and 20% SFRECM. This study suggests 30% SFRECM can be used for different applications in the human body bone
replacement or orthopaedic implant. But according to literature survey the human femur bone mean tensile strength in males is
39.74±4.80 MPa and in female it is 30.08±7.96 MPa. The mean compressive strength in males is found to be 141.6±15.91 MPa
and in females it is observed to be 118.91±18.99 MPa .,In this research work it is found that the Tensile strength of 30% Natural
(Sisal) fiber reinforcement epoxy composite material is 77 N/mm2 but compression strength of 30% Natural (Sisal) fiber
reinforcement epoxy composite material is 64.66 N/mm2.And hence in this work Tensile strength of 30% Natural (Sisal) fiber
reinforcement epoxy composite material is matches the femur bone tensile strength but compression strength will not match
.Hence further work is require by increasing the % of Weight fraction of sisal fiber to fabricate the specimen and ultimately it
reaches to the femur bone compression strength.
Keywords: Hand layup Fabrication Technique, Tensile strength and compression strength, Bio-Material, 10%, 20% and
30% Sisal fibre Reinforcement epoxy Composite Materials (SFRECM), Orthopaedic applications, femur bone.
1. INTRODUCTION
A biomaterial is a material that interacts with human tissue and body fluids to treat, improve, or replace anatomical
element(s) of the human body. Biomaterial devices used in orthopaedics are commonly called implants; these are
manufactured for a great number of orthopaedic applications.Biological materials such as human bone allografts
(transplants of tissue between genetically different individuals) are considered to be biomaterials because they are used in
many cases in orthopaedic surgery. Biocompatibility is the primary characteristic that a medical device should have in
any orthopaedic application; that is, it must not adversely affect the local and systemic host environment of interaction
(bone, soft tissues,ionic composition of plasma, as well as intra- and extracellular fluids)[1,2].
1.1Femur Bone:- Femur is the thigh bone of the human body[32], which bears the maximum load while running
,walking, lifting the load, standing, jumping, Dancing other sports activities, and it is susceptible to fracture in High
Velocity road traffic accidents, a fall from height and Natural disasters. In old age the osteoporotic femur may have
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Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2013
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fractures like intertrochantric, subtrochantric and neck of femur, even with trivial trauma like slip in the bath room,fall
from the bed and tripping. According to literature survey femur bone outside layer will have thick surface ie,compact
bone,inside of femur layer will have thin surface ie,Cancellus bone [3],from these bone we have to collect the mechanical
properties like tensile ,Compression, Bending strength and Wear properties of the bone.In this research work
Characterizing the 10%,20% and 30% (Weight fraction) natural Sisal fibre material with Epoxy resin LY-556 and
compare the Experimental results with orthopaedic field /Femur bone.
Fig 1.1: Anatomy of femur: a) a schematic representation of the hip bone, b) the ball-and-socket joint of a femur attached
through a ligament and c) a detail histology of the femur where the spongy bone exhibits a large range of porosity[3]:
Fig 1.2: Typical compact bone with Haversian system (a), schematic view of the orientation of collagen and HAp crystal
within bone matrix (b) and preferred mode of orientation along the longitudinal direction[3,4].
1.2 .Mechanical Properties of Femur Bone:Table 1.1 : Statistical analysis of Femur bones mechanical strength for both male and female [33].
Mechanical Test
≤ 30 years
31 – 50
51 – 70 years
> 70
P value
(13)
years
(15)
years
(13)
(14)
Tensile Strength MPa
43.44±3.62
39.82±4.29
33.16±6.43
30.16±7.09
< 0.001
Compresive strength MPa
155.8±9.53
142.37±12.12 124.44±15.40
115.29±12.94
< 0.001
D.T. Reilly et.al.in 1974,They found compact bone will have compressive strength of 170 N/mm2 and Tensile strength of
120 N/mm2 and Trabecular Bone will have Tensile strength of 2.2 N/mm2 [5].
Literature Survey: The Bone, which is a natural composite material, consists mainly of collagen fibers and an inorganic
bone mineral matrix in the form of small crystal called apatite. Collagen is the main fibrous protein, the composite of
mineral component in the body. Cartilage is a collagen based tissue which contains large protein saccharit molecules that
form a gel in which collagen fibrous are bonded [1,2,38].No health risk of Sisal fibre [6], Utilization of Sisal in
orthopaedics [18], natural fibres represent an environmentally friendly alternative by virtue of several attractive attributes
that include lower density, lower cost, non-toxicity, ease of processing, renewability and recyclability [19-21]
,Biocomposite materials based on biopolymers and natural fibers used as bone implants[12].Much of natural product
obtained from plants having own medicinal values such as biologically active phytochemicals are normally present in
leaves, roots, barks and flowers [22] and there are number of medicinal plants which possess anti fertility property [23].
Nanocomposites have its own importance such as ZnO is an ecofriendly material and non toxic for human bodies and also
used in biomedical applications [24]. Hybrid Polymer Matrix Composites are used for Biomedical Applications [28]. It is
found that red mud particulates results in improvement of erosion wear resistance of both the bamboo and glass fiber
composites [29].
A Bio-material is defined as any systemically, pharmacologically inert substance or combination of substances utilized for
implantation within or incorporation with a living system to supplement or replace functions of living tissues or organs.
Biomaterial devices used in orthopedics are commonly called implants; these are manufactured for a great number of
orthopaedic applications [16]. Wear behaviour due to the presence of both particulate fillers and the reinforcing
fibers[26]. The field of corrosion in biological systems is young and fertile as man knows only little about his physiology
and its interactions with the foreign body is much more complicated and hence the mission will continue [30].Finally
current used orthopaedic implants have the tendencies to fail after long period of usage, due to the corrosion issue of
implant in the human body[27],
The main fundamental requirements that orthopedic devices must fulfill in order to function adequately are summarized
as follows. It should be Biocompatibility, Appropriate Design and Manufacturability of Implants, Mechanical and
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Biological Stabilities. Corrosion Resistance. Resistance to Implant Wear and Aseptic Loosening. Properties of
Biomaterials [7], Requirements of Biomaterials are It must be inert or specifically interactive. It must be Biocompatible.
Mechanically and chemically stable. Biodegradable. Processable (for manufacturability): It must be machinable,
moldable, and extrudable.Nonthrombogenic (if blood contracting). Sterilizable. Non-carcinogenic, non-pyrogenic, nontoxic, non-allergenic, blood compatible, non-inflammatory. Physical Characteristics Requirements: Strength, Toughness,
Elasticity, Corrosion-resistance, Wear resistance, Long term stability.[8]:Ways in Which Materials Can Fail are
Corrosion ,Fatigue ,Wear [9,10,25]
Corrosion: Gradual degradation of material by electro-chemical attack, when placed in the electrolytic environment of
the body. Corrosion can be minimized by, Choosing a corrosion resistant material ,Treating the surface with a passivating
layer prior to use ,Not using combinations of metals in close proximity,Careful operating technique to reduce surface
scratching. ,Using non modular implants.
Wear : The removal of material from solid surfaces by mechanical action[10].Effects of wear: Most predominant in joint
prostheses. Joint wears out but prior to this, the particles produced by wear (metal or polyethylene or cement particles) are
phagocytosed by osteoclasts causing osteolysis and therefore loosening of components.
The fracture moments in femur throughout skeletal development ranged from 20 Nm (for a pediatric specimen) to 630
Nm(for an adult male)[31]. When Femur Bone is subjected to Mechanical tests and found that the overall trend is towards
higher toughness during both tensile and compressive tests. The mean tensile strength in males is 39.74±4.80 MPa and in
female it is 30.08±7.96 MPa. The mean compressive strength in males is found to be 141.6±15.91 MPa and in females it
is observed to be 118.91±18.99 MPa. This data is of an averaged over an age of 19 – 83 years which includes both male
and female [33]. Density of Cortical bone 2.0208 (g/cm3) and Trabecular bone is 1.3712 (g/cm3)[34,37]. The cortical
bone in the femoral neck is relatively highly loaded in the osteoporotic case, cortical bone might play a larger role in load
transfer and bone strength than often suggested and should be accounted for in analyses of bone strength[35].They found
analysis of predicting the load-bearing capacities of human femurs using quantitative computer tomography (QCT)-based
beam theory[36].
The goals of the present Research work are:
1. To produce the Bio-composite materials of different compositions
2. To report Tensile and compression properties to femur bone.
3. To study Tensile and compression properties of biomaterials.
4. To compare results of Tensile and compression with different compositions of Bio-composite material to
orthopaedic field/Femur Bone.
The paper is organized as follows. In section 1, Introduction of biomaterials and requirements are listed. In section 2, the
method of preparation of composite materials is explained. In section 3, gives the detail of Tensile and compression of
experimental process. In section 4 Results of experimental process for different specimen are tabulated. In section 5,
conclusions and future scope of paper are listed.
2. METHODOLOGY
Fabrication Method and Preparation of Sisal Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Composite
Each layer of fabric was pre-impregnated with matrix material which is prepared by mixing general purpose (polyester)
Epoxy resin (LY556), accelerator and catalyst in the weight ratio of 1:0.02:0.026 respectively and these layers were
placed one over the other in the mould with care to maintain practically achieved tolerance on fabric alignment. Casting
was cured under light pressure for 2 hours before removal from the mould.Hand lay-up technique is used [09, 10,11,13] to
prepare specimen as shown in Fig.1.
2.1 Natural Fibre Preparation:- Here continuous fibre with random orientation is used for fabricate the natural fibre
composites. First the natural fibres are cleaned in the distilled water. The cleaned natural fibres are dried in the sun light.
The dried natural fibres are again cleaned by chemical cleaning process. In chemical cleaning process the 80% sodium
hydroxide is mixed with 20% distilled water. The dried natural fibres dipped in the diluted sodium hydroxide solution. Its
again dried in sun light .The dried natural fibres are cut in the length of 500mm by manually. The cut natural fibres are
used in fabricate the natural(Sisal)fibre reinforced epoxy composite material (SFRECM).
Fig 2.1 Sisal Fibre
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Materials Used for Fabrication Work:- Natural fiber-(sisal fibre), Epoxy resin LY556 and Hardener HY 951.
2.2 Requirements For Fabricate Natural Fibre Composites
Epoxy resin,Hardener,Natural Fibre,Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH),Weighing Machine,Roller,Bowl, Stirrer,Oven or Furnace
to dry the specimen
2.3 Fabrication Process: this mould and loose the clamps and remove the fabricated material and for this material Zip
some coat is applied to fill the pits or blow holes after this go for annealing process for dry the material by maintaining
the temperature of 82
for an 15 minutes and take out the material Mould Preparation And Fabrication Process For
Tensile, Compression,: Take the Top mould or Die which is made up of Cast Iron of size 360mm 300mm
20mm in
rectangular shape And similarly Take the Bottom mould or Die which is made up of Cast Iron of size 360mm 300mm
20mm mm in rectangular shape and place these moulds one above the other and tight these plates by means of 2” CClamps. Surrounding Die very thick rubber sheet is used to prevent the material and to avoid air or blow holes on the
specimens and this rubber sheet is withstand up to temperature of 100
The working surface was cleaned with thinner
to remove dirt and a thin coat of wax is applied on the surface to get smooth finish. Then a thin coat of polyvinyl alcohol
(PVA) is applied for easy removal of mould. sisal fabrics are cut to the required dimensions for test specimen preimpregnated with matrix material and placed one over the other in the mould. Take this mould and place in oven/furnace
for annealing process up to one hour by maintaining the temperature of 80
after completion of this process take the
mould for hot blow-up process by maintaining 99 upto 2 hours for dry the material. take from furnace and wait for one
hour and cut the material according to required size i.e. as per ASTM standards. After this go for finishing process by
means smooth filing. Hand lay-up technique is used to prepare specimen as shown in Fig. 2.3. The working surface was
cleaned with thinner to remove dirt and a thin coat of wax is applied on the surface to get smooth finish. Then a thin coat
of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is applied for easy removal of mould. sisal fabrics are cut to the required dimensions for test
specimen pre-impregnated with matrix material and placed one over the other in the mould. Casting was cured under
light pressure for 2 hours before removal of mould. All test specimens were molded and prepared according to ASTM-D3039(250x25x3) and ASTM-D-1621(50x50x3) standard to avoid edge and cutting effect, thereby minimizing stress
concentration effect. Specimen length, width, gauge length, depth and configuration for each test, test specimens are
showed in the Fig 3.1, 3.2
Fig. 2.3: Hand lay-up technique
Fig.2.4 Furnace for annealing
Fig.2.5 Mixing process
The present invention focuses on fabrication of natural fiber – (sisal fibre) reinforced epoxy composite material round rod
with epoxy resin Grade LY556 and Hardener HY 951, instead of orthopaedics alloys such as titanium, cobalt chrome,
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stainless steel, and zirconium, this plate material can be used for internal and external fixation on human body for
fractured bone or orthopaedic implant [7] or any other suitable Bio-medical field.
3.1. Compositions of the selected materials
There are three different compositions of the composite materials have been selected for the characterisations of
composite materials are as follows:
Composition:- Proportion (Fibre weight Fraction) of Sisal Fibre 1) 10% Sisal Fibre + 80% Resin +10%
Hardener.Similarly take & Weight the 20% and 30% sisal fibre by means of Electronic Weighing machine for
Fabrication work. (Proportion of resin, accelerator and catalyst in the weight ratio of 1:0.02:0.026) The resin and
hardener were taken in the ratio of 10: 1 parts by weight, respectively. Then, a pre-calculated amount of hardener was
mixed with the epoxy resin and stirred for 20 minutes before pouring into the mold.
10% Fibre Fraction
20% Fibre Fraction
30% Fibre Fraction
Figure.3.1 shows the Tensile specimen of 10%,20% and 30%SFRECM before testing.
10% Fibre Fraction
20% Fibre Fraction
30% Fibre Fraction
Figure.3.2 shows the Compression specimen of 10%,20% and 30%SFRECM before testing.
Sl no
Table3.1 Composition, Mass, Volume and Density of Tensile (with Tab) Specimens:Weight of Volum Mass of Densit Volum Weight Mass
Densit
of
Sisal Fibre e
of Sisal
y
of e
of of
of
y
of
Sisal
used
for Sisal
Fibre
the
Epoxy Epoxy( Epoxy( the
fibre
fabrication
Fibre
used for Sisal
used
Resin - Resin - Resin (
used
work;wf=m
used
fabricati Fibre ( for
LY556 LY556 ρr)
to
g
for
on work ρf)
fabrica )Wr
)mr=w/
gm/
prepar
(in
fabrica
mf=w
kg/c tion
g
cm3
e the Grams)
tion
/g
m3
work
specim
(for
work=
Vr
ens
Tensile we vf
use tabs to
hold
the
specimens
in machine
& Flexible
Specimens)
%
Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2013
Mass of
HardnerHY
951used
for
fabricatio
n work
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01
02
03
10
%(No
of
specim
ens
=03)
20
% (No
of
specim
ens
=03)
30
%(No
of
specim
ens
=03)
25gms
25m
2.54
0.10
l=
25c
m3
25x1+(25
x10/100)=2
7.5gms
27.5
ml=
27.5
cm3
2.80
27.5x1+(
27.5x10/10
0)=30.25gm
s
30.2
5cm3
3.08
0.10
1
0.10
1
250
ml=25
0cm3
250
ml=
391
gms
225
ml=22
5cm3
225
ml=
362.
94gms
200
ml=20
0cm3
200
ml=
328.
94gms
39.8
5
36.9
9
25
ml=25c
m3=
22.5
0.16
25
ml=25c
m3=
22.5
0.16
25
ml=25c
m3=
22.5
4
33.5
2
0.15
9
7
Volume of specimen :LxWxT;250x25x3=18750mm3 =18.75cm3
Table 3.2 Rule of mixtures/ Volume Fraction:- Volume of specimen :LxWxT250x25x3=18750mm3
Sl
Wei Weight Mass
Density Mass
Mass
Sum of Volume
no
ght
of the of the of the Fractio Fractions Mass
fraction
of
Tensile Tensile Tensile
ns
(Weight
Fractions of resin
the
Test
Test
Test
(Weight Fraction)
Tensil (Vr)
spec specim specim specime Fractio of Matrix e:Tensile:ime
ens(gm ens(gm ns
n)
of of
Wf+Wm=
Vr=
n(g
) after ) after
( ρc)
Fibre of Tensile = 1
Mr. ρc/
m)
curing( curing(
Tensile Wm= wm/
Mc . ρr
after Under
Under
=Wf=
wc
curi dry
dry
wf/ wc
ng(
conditi conditi
Und on)
on)
er
gms
gms
Wet
Wc
Mc
cond
ition
)
0
46.7
4.76
0.25
25/46
391/46
8.90
13.28
1=1
4 8
4.89
0.26
.75
.75=8.37
0% 38.5
48.0
4.63
0.24
=0.534
gms 1
=av
=avg
7
45.4 g=
=
8=avg
4.76
0.25
=46.75
0
45.3
4.62
0.24
27.50
362.94
8.60
11.98
2=2
4 3
4.67
0.24
/45.69= /45.69=8
0% 12.9
45.8
4.67
0.24
0.60
.00
4
8
=av
=avg
gms
45.8 g=
=
7
4.65
0.24
=av
g=45.6
9
0
41.4
4.22
0.22
30.25
328.94
8.57
10.65
3=3
3 2
4.25
0.22
/41.85= /41.85=7
0% 81.6
41.7
4.31
0.22
0.722
.85
9
8
=av
=avg
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gms
42.3
7
g=
4.26
=
0.22
=av
g=41.8
5
Table 3.3 Rule of mixtures/ Volume Fraction:- Volume of specimen :LxWxT250x25x3=18750mm3 =18.75cm3
fiber
Fibre Mat Sum
Mass(
Mass(
Sum of
volum Volu rix
of
Weight Weight mass
e
me
Vol Volu
fractio fractio fraction
Tensile specimens
fractio Fract ume me
n)
n)
=
n(Vf)
ions
Frac Fracti
Fractio Fractio
Wf+
Vf
=Vf= tion ons
ns
ns
Wm=1
= 1 – vf/ vc s=V /Tensi
Of
Of
Vr
le:fibre=
Matrix
=
m=
vm/
Vf+
Wf= wf/ =Wm=
vc
Vm=
wc
wm/ wc
=12.28
33
1.
10.98
46
9.65
66
1
3.33
14.
66
2.24
1
13.
46
2.10
2
1
0.66
12.
32
1.94
1.
1.
0.53
3
0.60
2
8.904
7.95
8.556
7.86
8.591
4
0.72
3
8.37
1
8
From these experimental results it shows that by increasing the % of (Weight Fraction)Sisal fibre it decreases the weight
of the specimens and also it decreases the density of the specimen.
3.2To find the Volume Fraction of Fibre:- The volume fraction of fiber was calculated by a method which enables the
rule of mixtures to be applied and the measured composite properties to be analysed. The method involves measuring the
density of the composite ( ρc) of mass (Mc) at a given mass fraction of the resin (Mr) Volume fraction of resin (Vr) was
calculated using the formula [39]:
Vr= Mr. ρc/ Mc. ρr;where ρr is the density of resin in g/cm3;Then the fiber volume fraction is determined;Vf = 1 –
Vr.;Vr= Mr. ρc/ Mc. ρr
Vr=39.85X.25/4.76X0.159=9.96/.756=13.28;Vf = 1 – Vr.;Vf = 1-14.49= -12.28
Volume Fractions:1).Fibre Volume Fractions=Vf= vf/ vc = (Volume of Fibre/Volume of Composite)
Vf=25/18.75=1.33
2).Matrix Volume Fractions=Vm= vm/ vc = (Volume of Matrix /Volume of Composite)
Vm=250/18.75=13.33
3).Sum of Volume Fractions:- Vf +Vm=1; vf+ vm =vc;1.33+13.33=14.66
Mass Fractions:-1).Mass Fractions (Weight Fraction) of Fibre=Wf= wf/ wc = (Mass of Fibre/Mass of Composite)
Wf=2.54/4.76 =0.5344
2). Mass Fractions (Weight Fraction) of Matrix= Wm= wm/ wc = (Mass of Matrix/Mass of Composite)
Wm=39.85/4.76=8.371
3).Sum of Mass Fractions:- Wf +Wm=1; 0.53+8.371=8.904
wf+ wm =wc; 25+391=416(under wet condition)
4). Mass Fractions and Volume Fractions related as:Wf=
x Vf/ =.10x25/.25=10; Wm=
x Vm/
Wm=0.159 X 250/.25=39.75/.25=159
Wf +Wm=1; 10+159=169
The Density of composite in terms of mass fractions= 1/
Wf /
+Wm /
1/
10/0.10 + 159/0.159 = 100+1000=110 1/
;
=1/1000=0.00090;
From: definition of Fibre
and matrix Volume fractions is given by;
gm/cm3
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S
l
n
o
Table3.4 Mass,Volume and Density of Compression Test Specimens:Weight
of Volum Mass
Volume of Weight Mass Density
Fibre used for e
of of
Epoxy(Resi of
of
of
the
fabrication work
fibre
Fibre
n -LY556) Epoxy Epox Resin (
(in Grams)
Cm3
m=
used
for (gms)
y
ρr)=Mas
(for
w/g
fabrication
w=
m= s/Volum
Compression &
work
mg
w/g
e=gm/cm
3
Hardness test)
w=mg
%
of
Sisal
fibre
used to
prepare
the
specime
ns
Mass
of
Hardne
r -HY
951
used
for
fabrica
tion
work
10
ml=15
gms
0
10%(
4.50gms
4.50
0.45
125
179.
18.
0.146
No of
ml=125cm3 63
31
specime
ns =03)
0 20%(
4.5x1+(4.5x10
4.95
0.50
110
166.
16.
0.154
10
2 No of /100)=4.95gms
ml=110cm3 20
94
ml=15
specime
gms
ns =03)
0 30%(
4.95x1+(4.95x
5.45
0.55
100
151.
15.
0.154
10
3 No of 10/100)=5.45gm
ml=100cm3 10
40
ml=15
specime s
gms
ns =03)
From this it shows that by increasing the % of Sisal fibre it decreases the weight of the specimens and decreases the
density of the specimen.
Rule of mixtures/ Volume Fraction calculated by using the formula Vr= Mr. ρc/ Mc. ρr
Vf = 1 – Vr.
1
Table 3.5 Rule of mixtures/ Volume Fraction:- Volume of specimen :LxWxT:50x50x3=7500mm3=7.5 cm3
% of Weight Mass
Densit Mass
Mass
Sum
Volume
fiber
Fibre Matrix
Sisal
of the of the y
of Fractio Fractions
of Mass fraction volume Volu Volum
fibre
specim specim specim ns
(Weight
Fraction of resin fraction me
e
Reen(gm) en(gm) en:Mas (Weigh Fraction)
s:(Vr)
(Vf)
Fract Fractio
inforce after
after
s/Volu t
of
Wf+Wm
Vr=
Vf =
ions
ns=
d
curing
curing
me
Fractio Matrix=
=1
Mr. ρc/
1 – =Vf=
Vm=
Epoxy dry
dry
gm/c n) of Wm= wm/
Mc. ρr
Vr
vf/ vc vm/ vc
Resin
conditi conditi m3
Fibre= wc
=
Compo on)
on)kg/
Wf= wf/
site
gmf
gms
wc
m=w
/g
9.48
0.96
0.12
8.47 6
8
10%
8.89
0.86
0.11
0.49
20.09
20.58
16.51
0.
16.6
(No of
avg= 3
5
8
15.51
6
6
specim 8.946
0.90
0.12
ens
6
0
=03)
avg=
avg=
0.911
0.121
20%(N
o
of
specim
ens
=03)
9.28
9.42
9.37
avg=
9.356
0.94
5
17.2
6
0.12
6
0.96
0
Sum
of
Volum
e
Fracti
ons
Vf+
Vm=1
0.52
0.12
17.71
18.23
14.62
13.62
0.
66
14.6
6
15.3
2
8
0.95
0.12
5
7
avg=
0.956
avg=
0.127
Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2013
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Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2013
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30%(N
o
of
specim
ens
=03)
8.38
9.53
8.27
avg=
8.72
0.85
4
0.11
3
0.97
1
0.61
17.32
0.12
17.93
13.36
12.36
0.
72
13.3
3
14.0
5
9
0.84
0.11
3
2
avg=
0.889
avg=
0.118
From these experimental results it shows that by increasing the % of (Weight Fraction) Sisal fibre it decreases the weight
of the specimens and also it decreases the density of the specimen.
Fig.3.3:Electronic(Computer Interfaced) Universal Testing Machine of capacity 40 Ton Setup for Tensile
Test,Flexibility,Compression and Rockwell machine for hardness test.
4.RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1.Results and Graph’s for Tensile and Compression Test
Graph 4.1.1.10% SFRECM for Tensile test specimen
Graph 4.1.2.20% SFRECM for Tensile test specimen
Graph 4.1.3.30% SFRECM for Tensile test specimen
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Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2013
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Sl.
No
01
02
03
04
Table 4.1.Tabular column shows Graph’s Result of Tensile Test of 10% SFRECM.
Displacem
Peak
Maximum
ent
Breaking
Area
Ultimate Stress
Elongat
Load(Fma
Displaceme
At Fmax
Load (kN)
(mm2)
(kN/mm2)
ion-%
x) (kN)
nt(mm)
(mm)
4.460
0.600
4.080
5.400
75.00
0.059=59 N/mm2
1.33%
4.460
5.700
4.640
5.700
75.00
0.062=62 N/mm2
3.80%
4.140
8.500
4.140
8.600
75.00
0.055=55 N/mm2
5.73%
5.460
2.200
5.460
2.200
75.00
0.073=73 N/mm2
1.33%
Yeild
Stress
(kN/m
m2)
0.054
0.055
0.050
0.061
Table 4.2.Tabular column shows Graph’s Result of Tensile Test of -20%SFRECM.
Sl.
No
Peak
Load(Fmax
) (kN)
Displacement
At Fmax
(mm)
Breaking
Load
(kN)
Maximum
Displacement
(mm)
Area
(mm2
)
Ultimate
Stress
(kN/mm2)
Elongati
on-%
01
02
03
2.660
5.940
6.220
3.44
3.400
2.700
2.660
5.940
4.300
3.400
3.500
2.800
75.00
75.00
75.00
0.035
0.079
0.083
1.33
1.33
2.00
Yeild
Stress
(kN/m
m2)
0.054
0.061
0.061
Table 4.3.Tabular column shows Graph’s Result of Tensile Test of -30%SFRECM.
Sl.
No
Peak
Load(Fmax
) (kN)
Displacement
At Fmax mm)
Breaking
Load
(kN)
Maximum
Displacement
(mm)
Area
(mm2)
Ultimate
Stress
(kN/mm2)
Elong
ation
-%
01
02
03
5.800
5.420
5.480
2.600
3.300
3.5
4.22
4.300
4.220
2.700
3.700
3.700
75.00
75.00
75000
0.077
0.072
0.073
1.33
1.33
1.33
Yield
Stress
(kN/mm
2)
0.062
0.057
0.063
4.1.Tensile strength:-From experimental results it is found that for 10% SFRECM peak load=5.460kN,we get Ultimate
stress=73(N/mm2),similarly for 20% SFRECM peak load=6.220kN,we get Ultimate stress=83(N/mm2), similarly for 30%
SFRECM peak load=5.800kN,we get Ultimate stress=77(N/mm2) ,from this conclude that by increasing the weight
fraction of sisal fibre it increases the strength of the specimen and From this experimental results the tensile strength of
specimen will match the femur bone tensile strength.
Fig:-4.1 Tensile test Specimens after the testing
4.3. Compression Test: Compression tests on composite specimens were carried out according to ASTM–D 1621
standard to determine compressive strength and modulus of elasticity for SFREC to observe the behaviour of SFREC
under load. The Prepared specimens are showed in the fig 3.2 and tested specimens are shown in Fig.4.2.
Table 4.4 Tabular column shows Manually taken readings (without soft copy Graph’s Result)of Compression Test of 10%SFRECM.
Peak Load
Maximum
C/S
Load
Breaking
Compressive Strength
Sl.No
FMAX(kN
Displacement
Area
(kN)
Load kN
(PKL/Area)(kN/mm2)
)
-mm
mm2
01
6.00
6.38
6.38
0.2
150.000
0.042=42.53N/mm2
02
7.75
7.92
7.92
0.5
150.000
0.052=52.80N/mm2
03
6.80
7.10
7.10
0.4
150.000
0.047=47.33N/mm2
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Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2013
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Table 4.5 Tabular column shows Experimental Results of Mannually taken readings (without soft copy Graph’s Result)of
Compression Test of -20%SFRECM
Peak Load
Maximum
C/S
Load
Breaking
Compressive Strength
Sl.No
FMAX(kN
Displacement
Area
(kN)
Load kN
(PKL/Area)(kN/mm2)
)
-mm
mm2
01
8.44
8.66
8.66
0.4
150.000
0.057=57.73N/mm2
02
7.53
7.74
7.74
0.4
150.000
0.051=51.6N/mm2
03
8.12
8.15
8.15
0.35
150.000
0.054=54.33N/mm2
Table 4.6 Tabular column shows Manually taken readings (without soft copy Graph’s Result)of CompressionTest of 30%SFRECM
Peak Load
Maximum
Load
Breaking
C/S Area
Compressive Strength
Sl.No
FMAX(kN
Displacement
(kN)
Load kN
mm2
(PKL/Area)(kN/mm2)
)
-mm
01
9.58
9.6
9.6
0.6
150.000
0.064=64.00N/mm2
02
9.65
9.7
9.7
0.3
150.000
0.064=64.66 N/mm2
03
9.25
9.3
9.3
0.4
150.000
0.062=62.00N/mm2
Fig:-4.2 Compression test Specimens after the testing
Graph 4.1.4.Comparison of peak load of SFRECM for Tensile test
Graph 4.1.5.Comparison of peak load of SFRECM for compressive test
5. CONCLUSIONS
1.From experimental results it is found that sisal fibre will have good tensile strength and compression strength,
2. The main emphasis of the work was on development, testing and characterization of these composites to know their
suitability and adaptability for orthopaedic implants
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3. From the Tensile test it was found that the Peak load, UTS and % elongation of sisal fiber reinforced Epoxy composite
is increasing with increase in the fiber percentage
4. From Tensile test experimental results it is found that for 10% SFRECM peak load=5.460kN,we get Ultimate
stress=73(N/mm2) ,similarly for 20% SFRECM peak load=6.220kN,we get Ultimate stress=83(N/mm2),similarly for
30% SFRECM peak load=5.800kN,we get Ultimate stress=77(N/mm2) ,from this conclude that by increasing the weight
fraction of sisal fibre it increases the strength of the specimen and these results will match /get the Femur Bone
mechanical properties.
5. From the Compression test it was found that the Peak load, break load and compressive strength of sisal fiber
reinforced Epoxy composite is increasing with increase in the fiber percentage.
6. From experimental results it is found that for 10% SFRECM peak load=7.920kN,we get Compressive Strength =52.80
(N/mm2) ,similarly for 20% SFRECM peak load=8.66kN,we get Compressive stress=57.73(N/mm2) , similarly for 30%
SFRECM peak load=9.7kN,we get Compressive stress=64.66(N/mm2) ,from this conclude that by increasing the weight
fraction of sisal fibre it increases the strength of the specimen and if we increase the weight fraction of sisal fibre we will
get the Femur Bone Compression strength.
7. From the above experimental results It indicates that the sisal fiber reinforced epoxy composites will have better
mechanical properties like tensile properties and Compressive properties by increase in the percentage of the sisal fiber.
6. SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK
1.From the experimental result compression strength of specimen will not match the compression strength of femur bone
,Therefore if we increase the weight fraction of fibre in the fabrication work to prepare the specimen and ultimately
increases strength of SFRECM and hence it matches the compression strength of femur bone. Hence, further studies are
required for development of better process and modification methods for sisal fibres to improve the bonding between the
matrix and fibre.
2. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) for the specimens to be carried out
3. Corrosion test for the specimens to be conduct.
4. For these (SFRECM) composite materials coating will be done by any suitable different bio-compatible coating
material (eg:-calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite) for to use orthopaedic field or can be used for both internal and
external fixation on the human body for fractured bone.
5. Finite Element Analysis will be carried out.
6. Research work on hybrid composites (Sisal/Coconut/Banana/Roselle fibre /fibre,jute/sisal-glass, jute/sisal-boron- other
conventional fibres) is also limited. or Polyurethane powder/Titanium powder and Detailed research in this area could
be carried. Hence, there is a wide scope for future work.
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Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2013
Page 388
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Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com
Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2013
ISSN 2319 - 4847
[38] Tony M. Keaveny University of California, San Francisco, California and University of California, Berkeley,
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Authors:1
Dr. K R Dinesh, He obtained his M.E Degree from Mysore University (SJCE-Mysore) in 1991 and his Ph.D
from University Vishweshwarayya College of Engineering Bangalore. Presently working at the capacity of
Principal and Professor Mechanical Engineering at Government Engineering College- Raichur, guiding
three Ph.D. students under VTU -Belgaum on composite materials, Bio-implant materials and Tool design, having 22
years of teaching, research and 8 years of research experience and BOE at VTU University level. Papers Publication12
Papers at National level conferences and 6 papers at National/international level journals.
Authors:2
Jagadish S P , He obtained his M.E Degree from Bangalore University -Bangalore in 2010 and pursuing parttime Ph.D from Visvesvaraya technological University –Belgaum in Bio-composite materials. Having 10 years
of teaching experience, at present he is serving as Assistant Professor in Department of Mechanical
engineering at RYMEC-Bellary. He has many national and international publications to his credit.
Authors:3
Dr. A Thimmanagouda, He obtained his M.Tech Degree from Mysore University (SJCE-Mysore) in 1991
and his Ph.D from S.K.University Ananthpur in 2011.At present he is serving as Professor, and HOD
Department of Industrial Production Engineering at RYMEC-Bellary. He served as Principal PD institute of
Technology Hospet from 2001 to 2005.He has many national and international publications to his credit. His area of
interest is Quality Management and Composite Materials. He is guiding Three Ph.D research Scholars under VTUBelgaum.
Authors:4
Dr. Neeta Hatapaki, she obtained M.B.B.S from Rajiv Gandhi University, Banglore, and M.D. in
Community Medicine, from KLE University of Medical sciences, Belgaum in May 2012. At present working
in RNTCP Program as SR. Medical Officer, at Govt. Wellesly TB & Chest disease Hospital, Vijayanagar
Institute of Medical College, Bellary. Completed thesis on Milk Borne Diseses. And presented oral paper on the same
topic in National IJCM and IPHA Conference at Karad in 2012.
Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2013
Page 389