International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com
ISSN 2319 - 4847
Special Issue for National Conference On Recent Advances in Technology and Management for
Integrated Growth 2013 (RATMIG 2013)
Management of Livelihood: Study of Selected Villages
in Mulshi Tahsil in Maharashtra State.
Amar M Dhere1, G.M.Pondhe2, Janradan A Pawar3
1
Faculty, Environmental Science, Indira College of Commerce and Science, Pune, 411033,
prof.amardhere@gmail.com
2PVP
Head P.G. Deptt. of Environmental Science,
College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Pravaranagar-Loni Dist. Ahemadnagar.
3
Vice-Principal,
Indira College of Commerce and Science, Pune 411033.
ABSTRACT
This research article aims to find the management of livelihood with the selected case study of Mulshi tahsil in Pune district. There are four
villages selected through the purposive sampling method. However, information related to livelihood is collected from the 400 respondents
which are selected through the accidental sampling method. Livelihood of the respective villages are purely depends on the agricultural
activities. Although these villages are not so far from the Pune City but the development was very poor. The Japanese Cooperation support
these villagers to earn the money from milk and allied agriculture activities but their benefits are limited to some class. Education, medical
and economic filed in the selected villages are lagging behind the development of villagers. Therefore this study suggests that, there may be
urgent attention for proper management of livelihood activities to give them opportunities to develop.
Key Words- livelihood , agriculture, village, management.
1. Introduction
Livelihood means of supporting one's existence, especially financially or vocationally; living: to earn a livelihood as a
tenant farmer. Livelihood could be explained as how the people access the resources (land, water, forest etc), what they get in the
ways to access the resources, how they exploit the resources to build assets and how those assets reduce their vulnerability to
stress (ill health, hunger etc).
A livelihood is a means of making a living. It encompasses people’s capabilities, assets, income and activities required to
secure the necessities of life. A livelihood is sustainable when it enables people to cope with and recover from shocks and stresses
(such as natural disasters and economic or social upheavals) and enhance their well-being and that of future generations without
undermining the natural environment or resource base.
Contingency Approach to Livelihood Promotion:In 1989, Vijay Mahajan and Thomas Dichter, proposed an alternate livelihood promotion strategy through a paper: ‘A
Contingency Approach to Enterprise Promotion’. They argued that promoting enterprises was complex and a better approach was
to identify the bottleneck and work on that. In many cases, credit could be the only constraint. In such cases, minimalist credit
was right and does work well. In other cases, credit is needed but is not the main constraint, what are needed could be skills,
inputs or markets. Their argument was, though a large variety of services are required, all of them are not required at the same
time and in every case. Thus the offering should be contingent upon what is needed in the situation. They also asserted that only a
Organized By: GNI Nagpur, India
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com
ISSN 2319 - 4847
Special Issue for National Conference On Recent Advances in Technology and Management for
Integrated Growth 2013 (RATMIG 2013)
specialized type of organization could do it. And as it is difficult to build competencies to address all these factors in-house,
collaboration become necessary. This approach can be graphically explained. A barrel is made of planks of different heights. The
planks of different heights represent different factor conditions. Maximum livelihoods that can be supported are determined by
the weakest factor (credit in the figure 1 here). The livelihood intervention agency needs to identify the bottleneck and provide
services to overcome them. At any point in time, one deficient factor is addressed, till, in comparison, another factor become
deficient and needs attention. Thus, various inputs become critical at various times and need to be addressed.
Rational of Study:The present study is pioneer effort of the livelihood planning livelihood refer to discover livelihood of rural area in
Mulshi tahasil of Pune district. The study area of this product is range part of Mulshi tahasil, work our study villages are 25-40km
far from the Pune city. Whereas it 10km far from Rajiv Gandhi InfoTech Park Hinjewadi. These villages are situated at hilly
places and neglected from the development. During our visit for NSS-national service scheme to the Khamboli village during
dec.10 we found that livelihood issue are central area for the discuss among us. Therefore we are decided to study the livelihood
of selected villages in the Mulshi tahasil. It is also interesting to see that Japanese Corporation- a autonomous agency run by
Japanese government spend enough amount on so many project to enhance the economical prosperity of these villages. Therefore
the study will get the vital contribution to know right about the economical, social aspect of the Khamboli, Pimpolie, Javal and
Katarkhadak village in the Mulshil tahasil.
Methodology
A) Objectives:
1. To find the social and economical characteristics with livelihood thinking.
2.
To check the resources for the earning in the study area.
3.
To analyze several issues of livelihood
this supported the future planning.
B) Study area:
There are four villages selected in the Mulshil
tahasil. These are Katarkhadak, Khamboli, Pimpolie
and Javal. Information of these villages is narrated in
the table number 1.
Table No. 1 Information of study villages.
Population
Name of village
Male
Female
Schools
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Hospitals
Voters
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com
ISSN 2319 - 4847
Special Issue for National Conference On Recent Advances in Technology and Management for
Integrated Growth 2013 (RATMIG 2013)
Pimpolie
600
700
Up to 6th Standard
Nil
800
Katarkhadak
700
400
Up to 6th Standard
01 health clinic
600
Javal
700
300
Up to 7th Standard
Nil
500
Khamboli
800
400
Up to 10 th
Standard
Nil
700
C) Sample and Data Collection:
We have visited 4 villages and they are Katarkhadak, Khamboli, Pimpolie and Javal. Total houses in the
villages are 400 houses. In Katarkhadak 93 houses, Khamboli 100 houses, Javal 107 houses and Pimpolie 100 houses.
The secondary resources for reviewing the results are collected from books, journals articles and websites.
Results and Discussion
Table No. 2 Village
Villages
Katarkhadak
Respondents
93
Percent
23.3
Khamboli
100
25
Javal
107
26.8
Pimpolie
100
25
Total
400
100
In table number 1 respondents are covered in the all villages. There are equal respondents are covered in the study
villages.
Table No. 3 Educational status of respondent.
School
Respondents
Percent
Up to 10th
225
56.3
Graduation
4
1
Post Graduation
3
0.8
Illiterate
168
42.1
Total
400
100
Organized By: GNI Nagpur, India
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com
ISSN 2319 - 4847
Special Issue for National Conference On Recent Advances in Technology and Management for
Integrated Growth 2013 (RATMIG 2013)
We get more male respondents during excursion. Females are busy with house work and some are gone for collection of the
water from reservoir and hand pump.
Up to 10th standard schooling is available in the Khamboli village were students from adjoining villages are studied.
Then many of them are not done the future education. Majority of respondents are illiterate this may be one of the reason to their
under-development. Average family size of study is 6 were 28 members are seen in single family and many families have more
than 10 members. In that sex ratio is equal.
Table No. 4 Land holding pattern study area
Responses
Respondents
Percent
Yes
376
94
No
24
6
400
100
Total
Table No.5 Facilities for Irrigation
Irrigation facilities
Respondents
Well
Percent
19
4.8
Well and Tube well
3
0.8
Well, Tube well And Rain Water
1
0.3
Well and Rain Water
3
0.8
25
6.3
Tube well and Canal
4
1
Tube well, Canal and Rain Water
3
0.8
Canal
22
5.5
Canal and Rain Water
12
3
246
61.5
4
1
Other
29
7.3
None
29
7.3
Total
400
100
Tube well
Rain water
Rain Water and Other
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International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com
ISSN 2319 - 4847
Special Issue for National Conference On Recent Advances in Technology and Management for
Integrated Growth 2013 (RATMIG 2013)
In the table number 6 there are 94% member of the family have their own land. This clearly shows that people in the
villages have only source of income is farming. Rain water is a major source of irrigation. Therefore agricultural activities are
seasonal and these people pool limited agricultural resources.
Diag. No. 1 House Type
Well
Built
61%
Non
Built
39%
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International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com
ISSN 2319 - 4847
Special Issue for National Conference On Recent Advances in Technology and Management for
Integrated Growth 2013 (RATMIG 2013)
Yes 41%
No 59%
Diag. No. 2 Latrine Facility
In the study area well build houses and comparative to this the latrine facility is lacking in many houses.
Table No. 6 Drinking Water Facility.
Drinking water
Respondents
Percent
Hand pump
98
24.5
Hand pump & pipeline
3
0.8
Hand pump and Reservoir
1
0.3
197
49.3
Pipeline and Reservoir
9
2.3
Pipeline, Reservoir and other
4
1
Reservoir
54
13.5
Reservoir and other
3
0.8
Other
31
7.8
Total
400
100
Pipeline
Water resources are plentiful in the study area but scattered in the pond and streams away from study villages. Panchayat
like Khamboli, Pimpolie and Katarkhadak having pipeline for water but for Javal villagers are relies on hand pump. Some time
electricity shortage has hard time to supply water form pipeline. Therefore villagers especially women, girls and boys are walking
for hour to collect the water. One special thing is evolved in our study. Khamboli Panchayat having Shivkaline water supply
scheme. In the scheme water our to of the mountain are stored in stream and supply it from pipeline to the villagers without
Organized By: GNI Nagpur, India
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com
ISSN 2319 - 4847
Special Issue for National Conference On Recent Advances in Technology and Management for
Integrated Growth 2013 (RATMIG 2013)
electricity and pumps. Gravitationally movement makes them possible to get the rain water. Such types of the schemes are
inspirational to the others.
Table No. 7 Fuel for Cooking
Fuels
Respondents
Percent
Wood
73
18.3
Wood and Cow dung
87
21.8
2
3
0.5
0.8
4
1
Wood, Cow dung, Agro residue and Paddy
Thrash and LPG
1
0.3
Wood, Cow dung, Agri residue and Kerosene
2
0.5
Wood, Cow dung and Paddy thrash
Wood, Cow dung and LPG
1
13
0.3
3.3
Wood, Cow dung, Kerosene and Other
11
2.8
Wood, Cow dung and Kerosene
21
5.3
Wood, Cow dung, Kerosene and Other
6
1.5
Wood, Cow dung and Other
2
0.5
1
13
0.3
3.3
Wood and kerosene and LPG
1
0.3
Wood and Kerosene
3
0.8
102
25.5
Wood, Kerosene , cow dung
3
0.8
Cow dung and Other
1
0.3
Agro residue
25
6.3
Paddy thrash
4
1
14
3.5
LPG and Kerosene
1
1
LPG, kerosene , cow dung
1
0.3
Wood, Cow dung, dry grass
Wood, Cow dung and Agro residue
Wood, Cow dung, Agro residue and Paddy
Thrash
Wood ,cow dung and kerosene
Wood and LPG
Cow dung
LPG
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International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com
ISSN 2319 - 4847
Special Issue for National Conference On Recent Advances in Technology and Management for
Integrated Growth 2013 (RATMIG 2013)
Kerosene
1
0.3
Other
1
0.3
Total
400
100
Above table gives information on flues used for cooking in the study area. Because of easy access of wood from the
forest and farm people use wood as a chief source of fuel with cow dung and amount of Kerosene before to light on these fuels.
Burning of these fuels creates smoke; results air pollution. We investigated that 93% houses have kitchens outside the homes in a
small and congested room without proper ventilation. In this concern we watch the responses on the smoke problem.
Table No. 11 Saving Account in a Bank
Respondents
Percent
Yes
238
59.5
No
162
40.5
Total
400
100
Saving account
Many villagers in the study universe having bank saving account but the but only 29 % of them are taking a loan for
agriculture and other activities. In Javal village highest number of the respondents has their account in a Bank at Ghotwade Phata
and Pirangut villages. None of the village have any bank, they are open their account at Ghotwade Phata and Pirangut branches.
May be this is the reason they not get access to the bankers and not apply for loan.
Table No. 12 Member of Self Help Group (SHG)
SHG member
Respondents
Percent
Yes
178
44.5
No
222
55.5
Total
400
100
Many members joined the Self help Groups especially they are women. These SHGs are not functioned properly. In this
concern we dig out the causes like inadequate information, not get access to reach at tahasil level offices, irregular transportation
services and gender bias. Illiteracy is one of the concern to the SHG women fails to pool fund and mobilise resources for
economic empowerment through SHG.
During asking the question on the migration of the family members, 31% respondents replied positively. Many of the
respondents says that they are migrated for the job to Mumbai for eight months and in monsoon time they came in village for rice
cultivated and stayed here up to harvesting.
Table No. 13 Annually save some money.
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International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com
ISSN 2319 - 4847
Special Issue for National Conference On Recent Advances in Technology and Management for
Integrated Growth 2013 (RATMIG 2013)
Saving of Money
Respondents
Percent
Yes
126
31.5
No.
274
68.5
Respondents not discover how much money they are save therefore we are not find this from this study. We find that
only agriculture is occupation these people are having for their livelihood. This agriculture sole depend on the rainfall. This study
is the only effort made by us to reach the problem of these people to the world level; someone to come forward to join the hand
with us to do the fruitful things for these people.
Conclusions
Nearly 57% respondents complete their schooling upto 10 th std. which is available itself in village. Where as 42%
respondents is illiterate. This may be, of the cause of their poverty or low economic activities. During searching their earning
from the allied agriculture activities, we found that buffaloes, cows are more in numbers. This means that they are earning from
milk production. Even asking about their bank linkages, very few respondents have account in bank and members of self help
group. The study area is well known for its rice cultivation but lack of irrigation facilities limited resources, limited school and
migration result unfair economical growth which contributed to poverty problem. It needs to provide intension to improve
irrigation facilities, rice processing industries floriculture, vegetable farming, will bring the change in their life. Good tar road and
higher educational facilities improve the social and economical values.
References
[1] . Vijay Mahajan and Tom Dichter- A Contingency Approach to Small Business and Micro-enterprise Development; Small
Enterprise Development 1.1 (March 1990). Also available with BASIX in Hyderabad
[2] . James R Held- Clusters as an Economic Development Tool: Beyond the Pitfalls; Economic Development Quarterly,
10:3:249-261 (August 1996)
[3] . JC Kumarappa- Economy of Permanence; Akhil Bharat Sarva Seva Sangh, Rajghat, Kashi, 1942
[4] . Richard Douthwaite- Short Circuit: Strengthening Local Economies for Security in an Unstable World; A Resurgence
Book from Green Books, UK, 1996
[5] . A.P. Fernandez, The MYRADA experience: the Intervention of a Voluntary Agency in the emergence and growth of
People Institutions for Sustained and Equitable Management of Micro-Watersheds, MYRADA 1993
[6] . Bharat Kakade, The Watershed Manual, BAIF
[7] . E.M.Tideman, Watershed Management, Guidelines for Indian Conditions, Omega Scientific Publishers, 1996.
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