Faculty of Information & Communication Technology
Final Year Project Harmonised Guidelines
Final
B.Sc. I.T. (Hons.) in Artificial Intelligence Degree
Contents
1.
Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 5
Study Unit Description ............................................................................................................................ 6
Components of an FYP ............................................................................................................................ 9
2.
Important Milestones.................................................................................................................... 10
3.
The Progress Report ...................................................................................................................... 12
3.1 Purpose ....................................................................................................................................... 12
3.2 Format and Expected Content .................................................................................................... 12
4.
The FYP Report .............................................................................................................................. 14
4.1 Proposed Structure ..................................................................................................................... 14
4.2 The Introduction Chapter ........................................................................................................... 15
4.3 Background and Literature Review............................................................................................. 15
4.4 Literature Review........................................................................................................................ 16
4.5 Specification and Design ............................................................................................................. 16
4.6 Implementation .......................................................................................................................... 16
4.7 Evaluation ................................................................................................................................... 17
4.8 Future Work ................................................................................................................................ 17
4.9 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 17
4.10
Supporting Structures ........................................................................................................... 18
4.10.1 The Title Page ............................................................................................................................................. 18
4.10.2 Declaration of Authenticity for Undergraduate Students ...................................................... 18
4.10.3 The Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ 19
4.10.4 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................. 19
4.10.5 Appendices .................................................................................................................................................. 19
4.11
5.
Formatting and Layout .......................................................................................................... 20
The Review Paper .......................................................................................................................... 22
5.1 Purpose ....................................................................................................................................... 22
5.2 Format and Expected Content .................................................................................................... 22
6.
Abstract for FYP Brochure ............................................................................................................. 23
6.1 Purpose ....................................................................................................................................... 23
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6.2 Format and Expected Content .................................................................................................... 23
7.
The Poster ..................................................................................................................................... 24
7.1 Purpose ....................................................................................................................................... 24
7.2 Format and Expected Content .................................................................................................... 24
8.
The Viva Voce (Oral Examination) ................................................................................................. 25
8.1 Purpose ....................................................................................................................................... 25
8.2 Format and Expected Content .................................................................................................... 25
9.
The External Examiner................................................................................................................... 26
10. The Hard Bound Copies ................................................................................................................. 27
11. Miscellaneous................................................................................................................................ 29
12. Appendices .................................................................................................................................... 30
12. 1 Dissertation Template.............................................................................................................. 30
12. 2 Review Paper Template (ACM) ................................................................................................ 31
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Document Management
Date
Version
Compiled By
Notes
26th September 2014
0.1
Joel Azzopardi
First Draft
26th November 2015
0.2
Joel Azzopardi
Updated Version
Group Members
Dr Joel Azzopardi
Prof. Alexiei Dingli
Mr Michael Rosner
Email Distribution List:
joel.azzopardi@um.edu.mt, alexiei.dingli@um.edu.mt, mike.rosner@um.edu.mt
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Appendices
Appendix A – Dissertation Template …………………………………………………........................................... 12.1
Appendix B – Review Paper Template (ACM) ……………………………………………………........................... 12.2
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1. Introduction
This document has been derived from the Final Year Project Harmonisation Guidelines prepared by the Faculty
of ICT in 2011, for students enrolled in an ICT undergraduate degree programme. Its aim is to provide a clear
description of how these guidelines have been adapted for the B.Sc. I.T. (Hons.) in Artificial Intelligence degree
programme.
This document contains and refers to material:
1. Published on the ICT Website of the University of Malta (http://www.um.edu.mt/ict, last retrieved
October 2011).
2. The document “A Short Guide to Dissertation Writing” published by the, then, Department of
Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence.
3. The document “Notes for the Presentation of Final-Year Dissertations in the Faculty of Engineering” by
Prof. Robert Ghirlando.
Students are also encouraged to read the University’s official regulations on FYPs also.
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Study Unit Description
Study Unit Coordinator(s): Various
Semester: 1 & 2
ECTS Credits: 24 (Faculty of ICT).
Tutorials / Practicals: 0
Lectures: A seminar titled “How to write a literature review”
The final-year project is the largest single piece of work assigned to students throughout their degree. It is
intended both to consolidate the skills gained throughout the degree programme as well as prepare students
to undertake and participate in projects upon graduation. Thus, the aims as well as the criteria of assessment
of the final-year project are rather wide-ranging.
There are two phases in a Final Year Project:
1. Phase 1 is the Preliminary Stage where students start discussions with potential supervisors on
possible Final Year Project titles / areas to be undertaken.
2. Phase 2 is the Commencement Stage where students, following confirmation by the Board of Studies
on the project selected, will start working on their Final Year Project.
Both phases involve deadlines to which students will be asked to adhere to.
The main components of this study unit will comprise the following:
1. A Review Report, in the form of a 6-page scientific paper, whose aim is to demonstrate the skills of the
student in condensing the salient and relevant parts of his/her effort in the form of a review,
highlighting the road-map of the scientific method that was adopted in tackling the issues that were
exposed through the student’s background research, (including the background research itself), work
carried out, results obtained, and conclusions drawn. This can also serve as a summary of the student’s
work, as well as to guide the assessment process of the external examiner.
2. A written dissertation in the form of a report detailing the context, effort, reasoning and conclusions
of the student’s academic endeavor. The specific qualities expected in this dissertation are
summarized below:
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Work:
•
Originality: to conceive of and develop original ideas and designs;
•
Research methods: to use sound scientific methods of research;
•
Problem-solving skills: to solve problems in a structured and rational manner;
•
Achievement: to produce complete and correctly functioning artefacts.
Management:
•
to work on one’s own initiative, subject to a minimum of one (1) communication per
month between student and supervisor;
•
It is the student’s responsibility to ensure that communication will take place. Supervisors
will ‘raise a flag’ when they notice that students are repeatedly ignoring meeting requests;
•
to keep to deadlines;
•
to adequately plan project work;
•
to coordinate with third parties (including artifacts developed by such).
Communications Skills:
•
to produce adequate user documentation relating to the artifact produced;
•
to identify and explain the relevant concepts clearly;
•
to report comprehensively on the work produced.
The recommended number of pages for the dissertation write-up is 35 pages. The maximum number
of pages is 40 inclusive of references.
Requests for additional pages must reach the Faculty, one month before submission.
This study unit also requires the production of:
1. A progress report (to be presented in the form of 6-page work-in-progress paper, and a 1-page work
plan), which needs to be agreed upon, approved and signed off, by both student and supervisor(s).
Further work on this study unit can only proceed after due sign off of this report.
2. A suitable poster displaying the highlights of the student’s project is also required as part of the
deliverables of this study unit. Students are obliged to submit the poster in terms of Regulation 79 of
the General Regulations for University Undergraduate Awards, 2004. Students who fail to submit the
poster may not be permitted to graduate. The poster will also be used by the student as a visual aid for
the description of the project during the viva-voce (oral defence).
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3. A 1-page abstract for the ICT FYP Exhibition.
Method of Assessment (Non-Compensatable):
Review Paper: (10%)
Dissertation, Presentation & Oral Examination: (90%)
If the student fails to pass, and with the recommendations of the external examiner and the panel of
supervision assigned, students will be allowed to re-submit their dissertation and redo their presentation & oral
examination. In such case, the maximum grade that may be awarded shall be grade D.
Important Notes:
•
Final year project areas of interest will be made available online. However, students are allowed to
approach lecturers to discuss any ideas regarding any titles they might have.
•
Students must attend the students’ annual project exhibition, which normally takes place sometime
during the first two weeks of July.
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Components of an FYP
This section lists the items that a student is expected to deliver during the course of an FYP. This list also
includes components that do not necessarily contribute to the final grading of the FYP.
•
Progress report (in the format of a work-in-progress scientific paper with a maximum length of 6 pages
and a 1-page work-plan).
•
First draft to supervisor.
•
Spiral-bound copies.
•
Review paper.
•
1-page abstract for ICT FYP Exhibition.
•
Poster.
•
Hard-bound copies.
These deliverables are highlighted and placed on a timeline in the next section.
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2. Important Milestones
Period
Milestone
Notes
(Approximate*)
Previous Year
April
Publishing of FYP Titles and The first approved Final Year Project titles and
Areas of interest.
Areas of Interest will be made available to
students.
April
Final Year Project information Students are encouraged to do their utmost to
session.
May
attend.
Submission of project proposals Before Final Year Project titles and areas of
/ agreement forms by students.
interest are made available online and during this
time frame, students are ALLOWED to approach
lecturers to discuss any ideas regarding any Final
Year Project titles that they might have.
Project
proposals
and
any
agreement
arrangements are to be recorded and submitted
through the apposite agreement template.
The selection of the title should be based on the
specialization in which the student has enrolled.
May
Title accepted or rejected.
Official notification from departmental offices.
The complete list of allocated titles will be made
available online.
Beginning of ‘FYP Year’
December,
before Submission of progress report.
recess.
An electronic copy of the Progress Report (in PDF
Format), has to be submitted according to
established board’s procedures.
January, Mid
Feedback by examiners on the
progress report. This is given
through the supervisor.
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February, End (Week Submission of Background and Recommended Milestone
4)
Literature Review chapter(s) to
the supervisor for reviewing.
March, Mid (Week 3)
Submission
of
Design
and Recommended Milestone
Methodology chapter(s) to the
supervisor for reviewing.
April, Mid (Week 2)
Submission
of
Evaluation Recommended Milestone
chapter to the supervisor for
reviewing.
April
Final call for students to submit All requests are to be forwarded via email to
any requests for changes in departmental secretary.
their Final Year Project titles.
Recommendations will then be asked for from
respective supervisors, prior to submission to the
Board of Studies for its consideration and
endorsement.
May, Beginning (Week Submission of First Draft to Review of work submitted beyond this deadline is
1)
supervisor for review.
May, Mid
Feedback by supervisor on first
at the discretion of the supervisor.
draft.
May, End
Submission of Spiral Bound
Copies.
June
Submission of Review Report.
May / June
Submission of 1-page abstract
for ICT Final Year Student
Projects Exhibition.
June
Submission of Poster.
June
Oral
examinations
and
demonstrations.
July
Submission
of
Hard
Bound
Copies of report.
* exact dates will be published yearly.
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3. The Progress Report
3.1
Purpose
An ICT Final Year Project requires the production of a progress report, which needs to be agreed upon,
approved and signed off, by both student and supervisor(s). Students are obliged to produce a report
according to departmental procedures. Further work on this study unit can only proceed after due approval of
this report.
The main aims of the progress report are:
•
To establish a checkpoint between supervisor and student. The problem (aims and objectives),
methodology and evaluation plan should have been defined by this point.
•
Establish a plan of action milestones and as such to ascertain whether the timeline proposed by the
student is realistic.
•
An opportunity for the supervisor(s) to give feedback on the plan of action.
•
A unique opportunity for the student to receive feedback from examiners on the research being
carried out.
3.2
Format and Expected Content
The Progress Report should consist of 2 main components:
•
A work-in-progress paper (max. 6 pages) that provides a clear description of the aims and objectives, a
description about work related to the chosen area (literature review) and a description of the
proposed solution, as well as an evaluation plan.
•
A work plan (e.g. in the form of a Gantt chart) (max. 1 page) that describes the plan for the remaining
months – start of coding, system design and implementation, evaluation, start of dissertation writing,
etc..
The work-in-progress paper must be written in scientific paper format and should be written in a style similar
to that of a professional academic work shop or conference proceedings. The following structure is suggested:
•
Abstract
•
Introduction – Introduction to the area, motivation for the project, and a defense of why the problem
is non-trivial.
•
Aims and Objectives.
•
Background research and Literature review.
•
Proposed Solution – Methods and techniques used or planned.
•
Evaluation Plan – The evaluation strategy and techniques that is being proposed.
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•
Conclusions including expected outcomes and difficulties/challenges.
•
Bibliography.
The work-in-progress paper should not be longer than six (6) pages (including all the sections listed above but
not including the Work Plan).
The Work plan should be a single page that describes:
• Identification of the subtasks and their dependencies.
• Arrangement of these subtasks and dependencies on a timeline/Gantt chart.
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4. The FYP Report
4.1
Proposed Structure
In general, the structure of an FYP report will consist of:
1. Title page.
2. Declaration of Authenticity for Undergraduate Students.
3. Abstract.
4. Acknowledgements.
5. Table of contents.
6. Other tables and lists.
7. Main content:
a. Introduction – Including section on Aims and Objectives.
b. Background.
c. Literature review
d. Design.
e. Implementation.
f.
Evaluation – including a section on how similar systems in literature have been evaluated (if
applicable).
g. Future work.
h. Conclusions.
8. Glossary (options).
9. Table of abbreviations (optional).
10. Appendices:
a. Including user guides (if necessary), contents of the CD (or other digital media), questionnaires
(if applicable), complete data collected or samples.
11. Bibliography and References.
Please refer to the template as available through Appendix A (12.1). LaTeX resources are also available
through the apposite FYP webpage.
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4.2
The Introduction Chapter
•
Introduce the area and the FYP without assuming that the reader has any special knowledge in the
area.
•
The aims and goals of the project.
•
Any non-aims of the project (e.g. in a purely theoretical project, the development of an artifact would
not necessarily be an aim).
•
The approach used.
•
Any assumptions.
•
A high level description of the project.
4.3
Background and Literature Review
The purpose of the background section is to provide the typical reader with information that they cannot be
expected to know but which they will need in order to fully understand and appreciate the rest of the project.
This section may describe such things as:
•
the wider context of the project,
•
the anticipated benefits of the system,
•
the likely users of the system,
•
any theory associated with the project,
•
the software/hardware development method(s) used,
•
any special diagramming conventions used,
•
existing software (or hardware) that is relevant to the system,
•
Etc…
Note on the “Typical Reader”: in the case of an FYP the potential readers would usually be:
•
The supervisor(s).
•
An external examiner.
•
Other ICT students.
Since projects will likely include different kinds of theory, programming language choices, compilers,
software/hardware components, APIs, development boards and IC technologies, one cannot always assume
that the reader will be familiar with the details of all of them. Certain assumptions may be made on the
background of the potential reader (e.g. it would be fair to assume that the audience will be familiar with
general programming concepts, object oriented principles, basic circuit theory and system design). However,
when more esoteric choices are made (e.g. dependency on a proprietary image processing library or design
kit), the author will want to elaborate and use references to guide the reader.
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4.4
Literature Review
The literature review component of the report should include:
•
An extensive study in the area of interested, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of existing
methods.
•
A review of the state-of-the-art (Description of similar systems) published material in the area.
•
A summarization of the published material in the area.
•
A critical analysis of exiting material and methods.
•
An explanation showing why the literature chosen to review is relevant to the FYP.
4.5
Specification and Design
The purpose of this section is to give the reader a clear picture of the system/artifact/project/work that has
been created in the FYP and why it has been created in the way chosen.
Details:
•
Fine details, specifically details of the system (software or hardware) should be left out. Also, any
complete rigorous specification is better relegated to an appendix.
•
Using diagrams (including but not limited to flowcharts and system level block diagrams) is strongly
recommended.
•
Any design choices have to be justified (e.g. by discussing the implications of different design choices
and then giving reasons for making the choices made).
•
The design of the project will almost certainly have evolved during development. Focus should be
made on the project as it is in its final state but often there are good reasons for describing
intermediate states too (e.g. to discuss details of the design method used).
4.6
Implementation
The Implementation section is similar to the Specification and Design section in that it describes the system
but it does so at a finer level of detail, generally down to the code / theorem / algorithm / circuit / hardware…
level. It can also describe any problems that may have arisen during implementation.
•
In case of a software development project, the description of all the code in the system should be
avoided, as well as quoting large “pieces” of code. The student should describe the overall system
structure, and focus on the most important parts. Complete source code listings should be put on the
accompanying digital media (e.g. CD or DVD). One must be especially critical to the operation of the
system.
•
Mentioning unforeseen problems encountered during implementation.
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•
Explanation of a seemingly disproportionate amount of project time taken up in dealing with such
problems. The implementation section gives you the opportunity to show where that time has gone.
4.7
Evaluation
The evaluation component of an FYP is critical.
•
One has to make sure and explain why all tests used to evaluate the system are relevant, using
evidence from the literature about similar systems, and justifying any deviations from standard
approaches;
•
Demonstration that system works as intended (or not, as the case may be);
•
Include comprehensible summaries of the results obtained;
•
If a complete evaluation was not possible or feasible, the student should describe an ideal evaluation
scenario, and how the evaluation performed fits into this ‘ideal’ scenario;
•
The student must also critically evaluate the system in the light of the results obtained, describing its
strengths and weaknesses;
•
4.8
Ideas for improving it can be carried over into the Future Work section.
Future Work
Whether by the end of the project all the original aims and objectives have been completed or not, there is
always scope for future work. Also the ideas will have grown during the course of the project beyond what the
student could hope to do in the time available. The Future Work section is for expressing these unrealised
ideas. It is a way of recording 'I have thought about this'. A good Future Work section should provide a starting
point for someone else to continue the work which has been done. Note that the focus in this section should
be more on future research (and research questions coming out of the current research) rather than just on
ways how to enhance the developed artefact.
4.9
Conclusions
The Conclusions section should be a summary of the project and a restatement of its main results, i.e. what
has been learnt and what it has achieved. An effective set of conclusions should not introduce new material.
Instead it should draw out, summarise, combine and reiterate the main points that have been made in the
body of the dissertation and present opinions based on them.
The Conclusions section marks the end of the dissertation proper.
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4.10 Supporting Structures
4.10.1 The Title Page
The title page should include:
•
The title of the dissertation,
•
The name of the author,
•
The name of the supervisor and the co-supervisor,
•
The name of the department and college,
•
The date of the completion of the dissertation,
•
The qualification for which the dissertation is a part.
4.10.2 Declaration of Authenticity for Undergraduate Students
Available to download from
http://www.um.edu.mt/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/254319/authenticityformug.pdf
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4.10.3 The Abstract
This is a summary of the dissertation. It must be less than 300 words long. It should give enough information to
allow a potential reader to decide whether or not the whole dissertation will be of interest to them. It should
briefly describe the main features of the dissertation including the aims and conclusions, brief overview of the
results obtained and a critical statement of the success of the approach. It should be both self-contained and
self-explanatory, and it should refer to anything not mentioned in the rest of the dissertation.
4.10.4 Acknowledgements
This section should be used to record any debt for the use of facilities or help from particular sources. You
should mention any organisations that have helped fund the project. Also, for placement students, it would be
diplomatic to include the name of the supervisor in the host organisation where the student was placed and
any of his or her colleagues who helped you.
4.10.5 Appendices
Appendices are repositories for material which the student wishes to include in the dissertation but which
would seriously obstruct the flow of ideas put anywhere in the main body. Printouts of the final version of any
code should be avoided – the code must be available digitally on accompanying media.
Examples of items that could go in appendices are:
•
A glossary of terms.
•
Fundamental and basic theory.
•
Schematic Diagrams.
•
Detailed notes on the programming language chosen.
•
A user’s guide.
Important notes:
•
Students are to submit 3 copies of their FYP dissertation/report to the Department’s office.
•
Assessment takes place on the basis of the contents of the spiral-bound copy and any accompanying
material. Any final artifacts, documents, source code, an electronic version of the report itself, etc…
should be included in a CD with every spiral-bound copy submitted.
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4.11 Formatting and Layout
Paper Size:
A4.
Printing:
One-Sided.
Line Spacing:
1.5.
Font Size:
12pt for main content, 10pt allowed for auxiliary content.
Font Type:
Serif font (e.g. Times New Roman) for main content and headings.
Monospace font (e.g. Courier New) for algorithms, procedures.
Margins:
25mm top, bottom, right, and 37mm left (to allow for binding).
Page numbering:
Arabic numerals, bottom of page, centred.
Maximum length:
The recommended number of pages for the dissertation write-up is 35 pages. The
maximum number of pages is 40 inclusive of references.
Requests for additional pages must reach the Faculty, one month before submission.
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4.12 Sample Title Page
<Final Year Project Title>
<Author’s Full Name>
<Department Name>
University of Malta
<Month and Year>
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
<Degree Name>
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5. The Review Paper
5.1
Purpose
The aim of the Review Report, in the form of a 6-page scientific paper, is to demonstrate the skills of the
student in condensing the salient and relevant parts of his/her effort in the form of a review, highlighting the
road-map of the scientific method that was adopted in tackling the issues that were exposed through the
student’s background research, (including the background research itself), work carried out, results obtained,
and conclusions drawn. This can also serve as a summary of the student’s work, as well as to guide the
assessment process of the external examiner.
5.2
Format and Expected Content
The review paper must be written in scientific paper format and should be written in a style similar to that of a
professional academic workshop or conference proceedings. The following structure is suggested:
•
Abstract.
•
Introduction and Background.
•
Aims and Objectives.
•
Design.
•
Implementation.
•
Results and Evaluation.
•
Conclusions and future work.
•
Bibliography.
Important notes:
•
Three copies of the Review Report are required and should be submitted to the Department’s office.
•
An electronic copy of the report (in PDF Format) has to be forwarded via email to departmental office.
Please refer to the template as available through Appendix B (12.2). LaTeX resources are also available
through the apposite FYP webpage.
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6. Abstract for FYP Brochure
6.1
Purpose
Students are required to submit an abstract of their FYP for inclusion in the yearly FYP brochure. The FYP
brochure is handed out during the annual FYP exhibitions but is also used by the Faculty as a showcase of its
work at conferences and in meetings with external stakeholders.
6.2
Format and Expected Content
•
The abstract should consist of circa 250 words outlining the general purpose, methods and
achievements of the FYP.
•
Two relevant, high-resolution images must be submitted.
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7. The Poster
7.1
Purpose
The Poster is intended to present the project in a poster session at a conference or exhibition. The emphasis
should be on a visual style of communication with attention given to the, generally, short time span available
to the reader.
7.2
Format and Expected Content
•
The poster should be presented printed on an A1 gloss 190GSM photo paper.
•
It should be in portrait.
•
It should be accompanied with two poster hangers (top and bottom).
Posters are usually expected to be in colour and use a combination of graphics, captions, diagrams and short
text notes to describe the FYP as concisely, yet clearly, as possible.
The title of the project, the name of the student as well as that of the supervisor(s) should be clearly visible on
the poster.
Note:
•
The posters will be displayed during the annual ICT exhibition. A requirement sheet will be made
available to students where they will indicate any resources that they might require to exhibit their
project.
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8.
The Viva Voce (Oral Examination)
8.1
Purpose
The main purpose of the presentation is to demonstrate the student’s ability to communicate their work and
achievements. In addition to this, it is also an opportunity for the student to demonstrate their artifact (if any).
Students will be graded based on the quality of the material they present, their communication skills,
adherence to the time requirements of the presentation and demonstrating that they truly understand the
FYP area.
8.2
Format and Expected Content
Each project will be allocated 30 minutes of presentation time, which will be subdivided as follows:
1. The first part (5 minutes) will be allocated to the actual FYP presentation. This part will consist of a
poster presentation whereby the student will give an overview of the research performed.
2. The second part (5 minutes) will consist of a demonstration of the artifact, or visualisation of the
obtained results developed as part of the research.
3. The third part will consist of questions from the examiner(s).
Demonstrations are to be conducted on machines belonging to the students. It is the responsibility of the
students to ensure that their demonstration is functioning before their actual allocated presentation time slot.
In cases when students require departmental machines and resources for their demonstrations, the Faculty
will do its best to satisfy these requests. However, it still remains the responsibility of the students to ensure
the correct functioning of their demonstrations.
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9. The External Examiner
As per Regulation 20 (2) (c) of the University Assessment Regulations, 2009, whenever deemed necessary,
external examiners may moderate the results and /or recommend changed to unpublished marks of all
compulsory final year study-units assessed at the end of the last semester, including the dissertation studyunit when one is required.
Therefore students are required to be on call, in case external examiners wish to meet with them and evaluate
issues associated to their dissertation.
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10.
The Hard Bound Copies
Before producing the Hard Bound copies, through their respective supervisor(s), students are asked to
ensure that there are no nominal changes proposed by the Board of Examiners.
As per regulation 84 of the General Regulations for University Undergraduate Awards, 2004, 'Before graduating, and where applicable, students shall present two hard bound copies of the dissertation to
the Faculty, and one electronic version for the University Library, which shall include a signed declaration of
authenticity. The electronic version must conform to the standards set by the University of Malta Library'.
Students are therefore required to submit bound copies of their FYP report as follows:
•
One for each supervisor (students who are co-supervised must submit an additional copy of their
report for the co-supervisor), and
•
The Departmental archives.
Associated media must to be included with the supervisor’s and departmental copies.
Hard Bound Copies covers should be black with silver or gold writing (see examples below).
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Students are also required to submit an electronic copy of their final dissertation on a single CD-ROM or via
email to the Department. Dissertations must be in PDF format.
Students are asked to refer to the following links for further guidance –
•
Electronic Thesis & Dissertation (ETD) Guide –
http://www.um.edu.mt/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/230745/new_guidelines_manual_-_nov14.pdf.
•
Guidelines to Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETD) University of Malta Library Video Tutorial –
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YR3TIeHBF3E.
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11.
Miscellaneous
1. The FYP report should be submitted together with a digital medium which should contain:
a. A soft copy of the report in PDF format.
b. Any source code, system diagrams, etc... related to any artifact that has been developed.
c. Executable versions of the artifact (if any).
2. Acceptable digital media are ‘USB pen drives’ or Compact Discs. Submission of digital content on
floppy discs (this is known to happen) is not acceptable.
3. The student may be asked, in writing or by email, by the supervisor/s, examiner/s or the Departmental
or Faculty Office, to submit the report directly to a Moodle space for assignment.
4. With the exception of excerpts to illustrate algorithms, design and capabilities, full source code should
not be printed in the report.
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12.
Appendices
12. 1 Dissertation Template
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❖♥ ❲#✐%✐♥❣ ❛ ❋✐♥❛❧ ❨❡❛# ,#♦❥❡❝%
❏♦❤♥ ❙♠✐'❤
❙✉♣❡+✈✐-♦+✭-✮✿ ❏♦❤♥♥② ❙♠✐(❤② ❛♥❞ ❏♦♥ ❙♠②(❤❡
University of Malta
❋❛❝✉❧'② ♦❢ ■❈❚
❯♥✐✈❡+-✐'② ♦❢ ▼❛❧'❛
❖❝(♦❜❡/ ✷✵✶✺
❙✉❜♠✐%%❡❞ ✐♥ ♣❛+%✐❛❧ ❢✉❧✜❧❧♠❡♥% ♦❢ %❤❡ +❡1✉✐+❡♠❡♥%2 ❢♦+ %❤❡ ❞❡❣+❡❡ ♦❢ ❇✳❙❝✳ ■❈❚ ✐♥
❆+%✐✜❝✐❛❧ ■♥%❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ✭❍♦♥2✳✮
UNIVERSITY OF MALTA
FACULTY/INSTITUTE/CENTRE/SCHOOL__________________________
DECLARATION OF AUTHENTICITY FOR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
Student’s I.D. /Code _____________________________
Student’s Name & Surname _________________________________________________
Course _________________________________________________________________
Title of Long Essay/Dissertation
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
I hereby declare that I am the legitimate author of this Long Essay/Dissertation and that it is my
original work.
No portion of this work has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or
qualification of this or any other university or institution of higher education.
I hold the University of Malta harmless against any third party claims with regard to copyright
violation, breach of confidentiality, defamation and any other third party right infringement.
______________________
Signature of Student
11.06.2015
______________________
Date
❆❜"#$❛❝#✿
❍❡"❡ ✐$ ❛ ♦♥❡ ♣❛❣❡ $✉♠♠❛"② ♦❢ .❤❡ ♣"♦❥❡❝.✳ ❚❤❡ ❡♠♣❤❛$✐$ $❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ♦♥ ♠♦.✐✈❛.✐♦♥✱
❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡✱ $♦❧✉.✐♦♥ ♣"♦♣♦$❡❞ ❛♥❞ "❡$✉❧.$✳ ■. $❤♦✉❧❞ ❣✐✈❡ .❤❡ "❡❛❞❡" ❛♥ ♦♣♣♦".✉♥✐.② .♦ ❛$$❡$$
✐♥ ❛ ❢❡✇ $❡❝♦♥❞$ ✇❤❡.❤❡" ✐. ✐$ ♦❢ ✐♥.❡"❡$. .♦ ❤✐♠ ♦" ❤❡"✳
■. ✐$ ✇♦".❤✇❤✐❧❡ "❡♠❡♠❜❡"✐♥❣ .❤❛. .❤✐$ ✐$ ♥♦. ❛ ♠✉"❞❡" ♠②$.❡"②✱ $♦ .❡❧❧ .❤❡ "❡❛❞❡" ✇❤❛.
②♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞ ✇✐.❤♦✉. ❢♦"❝✐♥❣ ❤✐♠ ♦" ❤❡" .♦ "❡❛❞ .❤"♦✉❣❤ .❤❡ "❡$. ♦❢ .❤❡ "❡♣♦". ❜❡❢♦"❡
.❤❡② ❝❛♥ ✉♥❞❡"$.❛♥❞ .❤❡ "❡$✉❧.$ ♦❢ .❤❡ ♣"♦❥❡❝.✳
❚❤✐$ ❛❜$."❛❝. $❤♦✉❧❞ ♥♦. ❡①❝❡❡❞ ♦♥❡ ♣❛❣❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❞♦❡$ ♥♦. ❝♦✉♥. .♦✇❛"❞$ .❤❡ ♣❛❣❡ ❧✐♠✐.✳
❆❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥+,✿
■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ )♦ )❤❛♥❦ ▼✉①①✉✱ ♠② ❤❛♠2)❡3✱ ❢♦3 ❤✐2 ❝♦♥)✐♥✉♦✉2 2✉♣♣♦3) ❛♥❞ ❢♦3 ❦❡❡♣✐♥❣ ♠❡
❝♦♠♣❛♥② )❤3♦✉❣❤♦✉) )❤✐2 ♣❛2) ②❡❛3✳ ❚❤❛♥❦2 ♠✉2) ❛❧2♦ ❣♦ )♦ ♠② ❝❛) ❢♦3 3❡❢3❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❢3♦♠
❡❛)✐♥❣ ▼✉①①✉✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ♠② 2✉♣❡3✈✐2♦32 ✇❡3❡ ❛❧2♦ ♦❝❝❛2✐♦♥❛❧❧② ❤❡❧♣❢✉❧✳
❈♦♥#❡♥#%
✶ ■♥#$♦❞✉❝#✐♦♥
✶
✷ ❙#$✉❝#✉$❡ ●✉✐❞❡❧✐♥❡/
✶
✸ ❙#②❧❡ ●✉✐❞❡❧✐♥❡/
✸
✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉/✐♦♥/
✹
✐
▲✐"# ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉)❡"
✶
❋✐❣✉%❡ ❝❛♣*✐♦♥- ❣♦ ❜❡❧♦✇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✐✐
✺
▲✐"# ♦❢ ❚❛❜❧❡"
✶
◆♦#❡ #❤❛# #❛❜❧❡ ❝❛♣#✐♦♥- ❣♦ ❛❜♦✈❡ #❤❡ #❛❜❧❡
✐✐✐
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✹
❖♥ ❲#✐%✐♥❣ ❛ ❋✐♥❛❧ ❨❡❛# ,#♦❥❡❝%∗
❏♦❤♥ ❙♠✐'❤†
❙✉♣❡$✈✐'❡❞ ❜②✿ ❏♦❤♥♥② ❙♠✐(❤② ❛♥❞ ❏♦♥ ❙♠②(❤❡
❖❝(♦❜❡/ ✷✵✶✺
✶ ■♥#$♦❞✉❝#✐♦♥
4❧❡❛6❡ ❛❧❧♦✇ ♠❡ (♦ ✐♥(/♦❞✉❝❡ ♠②6❡❧❢✳ ■ ❛♠ ❙♠✐(❤✱ ❏♦❤♥ ❙♠✐(❤✳ ■ ❤❛✈❡ ✇♦/❦❡❞ ♦♥ ♠② ✜♥❛❧
②❡❛/ ♣/♦❥❡❝( ✉♥(✐❧ ✐( ❞/♦✈❡ ♠❡ ❝/❛③②✱ ❞/✐✈✐♥❣ ♠② 6✉♣❡/✈✐6♦/6 ❝/❛③② ✐♥ (❤❡ ♣/♦❝❡66✳ ❚❤✐6
/❡♣♦/( ✐6 (❤❡ ❢/✉✐( ♦❢ (❤❛( ❝/❛③✐♥❡66✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ■ ❤♦♣❡ ■ ❝❛♥ 6❤❛/❡ ✇✐(❤ ②♦✉✳ ▲✉❝❦✐❧② ■ ❤❛❞
▼✉①①✉ ♠② ❤❛♠6(❡/ (♦ ❦❡❡♣ ♠❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥②✳ ■ ❤♦♣❡ ②♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ 6♦✉❧♠❛(❡ (♦♦✳
◆♦.❡✿ ❏♦❤♥ ✐6 ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ❝/❛③②✳ ❉♦ ♥♦( ✐♥(/♦❞✉❝❡ ②♦✉/6❡❧❢ ❤❡/❡✱ ❜✉( ♠♦(✐✈❛(❡ ②♦✉/ ✇♦/❦✱
✐♥(/♦❞✉❝❡ ②♦✉/ ♣/♦❥❡❝( /❡6✉❧(6✱ ❛♥❞ ♣/❡6❡♥( ❛♥ ♦✉(❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ (❤❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥(✳ ❙(✉❞② (❤❡ ✐♥(/♦✲
❞✉❝(✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ♣❛♣❡/ ♦/ (✇♦ ❛♥❞ ❡♠✉❧❛(❡ (❤❡✐/ 6(②❧❡✳
✷ ❙#$✉❝#✉$❡ ●✉✐❞❡❧✐♥❡/
❚❤✐♥❦ ♦❢ ②♦✉/ /❡♣♦/( ❛6 (❤❡ (❡❧❧✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛ 6(♦/②✳ ❚❤❡/❡ ✐6 ♥♦ ✜①❡❞ 6(/✉❝(✉/❡ ②♦✉/ /❡♣♦/( ❤❛6 (♦
❛❞❤❡/❡ (♦✱ ❜✉( (❤❡/❡ ❛/❡ 6♦♠❡ ♣❛/(6 ♦❢ (❤❡ 6(♦/② ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇✐❧❧ ✐♥✈❛/✐❛❜❧② ♠❛♥✐❢❡6( (❤❡♠6❡❧✈❡6
✐♥ (❤❡ /❡♣♦/(✳ ❇❡❧♦✇ ✐6 ❛ ❧✐6( ♦❢ (②♣✐❝❛❧ ♣❛/(6 ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛② ♦/ ♠❛② ♥♦( ❜❡ 6❡❝(✐♦♥6 ✐♥ (❤❡
/❡♣♦/(✿
❆❜'.$❛❝.✿ ❚❤❡ ❛❜6(/❛❝( 6❤♦✉❧❞ ❛❝( ❛6 ❛ 6(❛♥❞✲❛❧♦♥❡ ✭✈❡/②✮ ❜/✐❡❢ ❞❡6❝/✐♣(✐♦♥ ♦❢ (❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡
6(♦/②✿ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥(❡①(✱ (❤❡ 6♦❧✉(✐♦♥✱ ❤♦✇ ❡✛❡❝(✐✈❡ ✐( ✇❛6 ❢♦✉♥❞ (♦ ❜❡✳ ❚❤❡/❡ ✐6 ♥♦ ❜❡((❡/
✇❛② (♦ ❧❡❛/♥ ❤♦✇ (♦ ✇/✐(❡ ❛♥ ❛❜6(/❛❝( (❤❛♥ ❜② ❝❛/❡❢✉❧❧② /❡❛❞✐♥❣ (❤❡ ❛❜6(/❛❝(6 ♦❢ ❣♦♦❞
♣❛♣❡/6✳ ❚❤✐6 ✐6 ✉6✉❛❧❧② (❤❡ ❧❛6( ♣❛/( ♦❢ (❤❡ /❡♣♦/( (♦ ❜❡ ✇/✐((❡♥✳
∗
■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ )♦ )❤❛♥❦ ▼✉①①✉✱ ♠② ❤❛♠2)❡3✱ ❢♦3 ❤✐2 ❝♦♥)✐♥✉♦✉2 2✉♣♣♦3) ❛♥❞ ❢♦3 ❦❡❡♣✐♥❣ ♠❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥②
)❤3♦✉❣❤♦✉) )❤✐2 ♣❛2) ②❡❛3✳ ❚❤❛♥❦2 ♠✉2) ❛❧2♦ ❣♦ )♦ ♠② ❝❛) ❢♦3 3❡❢3❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❢3♦♠ ❡❛)✐♥❣ ▼✉①①✉✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ♠②
2✉♣❡3✈✐2♦32 ✇❡3❡ ❛❧2♦ ♦❝❝❛2✐♦♥❛❧❧② ❤❡❧♣❢✉❧✳
†
❙✉❜♠✐))❡❞ ✐♥ ♣❛3)✐❛❧ ❢✉❧✜❧❧♠❡♥) ♦❢ )❤❡ 3❡?✉✐3❡♠❡♥)2 ❢♦3 )❤❡ ❞❡❣3❡❡ ♦❢ ❇✳❙❝✳ ■❈❚ ✐♥ ❆3)✐✜❝✐❛❧ ■♥)❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡
✭❍♦♥2✳✮✳
✶
❚❤✐# ✐# ♦♥❡ ♦❢ (❤❡ ❢❡✇ ♣❛,(# ✐♥ (❤✐# ❧✐#( ✇❤✐❝❤ ②♦✉ ❝❛♥ ♥❡✈❡, ❞♦ ✇✐(❤♦✉( ❛#
❛ #❡♣❛,❛(❡ #❡❝(✐♦♥✳ ▼♦(✐✈❛(❡ (❤❡ ♣,♦❜❧❡♠ ✇❤✐❝❤ ②♦✉, ,❡#❡❛,❝❤ ❤❛# ❜❡❡♥ ❛❞❞,❡##✐♥❣✱
❛♥❞ ✐♥(,♦❞✉❝❡ (❤❡ ♣,♦❜❧❡♠✱ ②♦✉, #♦❧✉(✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢♦,♠❛❧❧② ♣,❡#❡♥( (❤❡ ,❡#✉❧(#✳ ❆( (❤❡
❡♥❞ ♦❢ (❤❡ #❡❝(✐♦♥✱ ♦♥❡ ✉#✉❛❧❧② ❡①♣❧❛✐♥# (❤❡ #(,✉❝(✉,❡ ♦❢ (❤❡ ,❡#( ♦❢ (❤❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥(✳
■♥"#♦❞✉❝"✐♦♥✿
❋♦, (❤❡ ,❡❛❞❡, (♦ ✉♥❞❡,#(❛♥❞ ②♦✉, ✇♦,❦✱ ❤❡ ♦, #❤❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❤❛✈❡ (♦ ✉♥❞❡,#(❛♥❞
❛ ♥✉♠❜❡, ♦❢ (❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ (❡❝❤♥✐=✉❡# ♦, ,❡#✉❧(#✳ ❚❤✐# ✐# ✇❤❡,❡ (❤❡② ❣♦✳ ❋♦, ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ✐❢
②♦✉ ✉#❡ ▲❙❆✱ ②♦✉ #❤♦✉❧❞ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ ✇❤❛( ▲❙❆ ✐#✳ ❉♦ ♥♦( ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ✉♥♥❡❝❡##❛,② (❤✐♥❣#
❥✉#( (♦ #❤♦✇ (❤❛( ②♦✉ ,❡❛❞ ❛ ♣❛♣❡, ❤❡,❡✳ ❯#✐♥❣ (❤❡ #❛♠❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ②♦✉ #❤♦✉❧❞ ♥♦(
❡①♣❧❛✐♥ ♦(❤❡, #(❛(✐❝ ❛♥❛❧②#✐# ♦, ❝♦♠♣✐❧❡, ♦♣(✐♠✐#❛(✐♦♥ (❡❝❤♥✐=✉❡# ♥♦( ,❡❧❡✈❛♥( (♦ ②♦✉,
❛♣♣,♦❛❝❤✳
❇❛❝❦❣#♦✉♥❞✿
❲❤✐❧❡ (❤❡ ❜❛❝❦❣,♦✉♥❞ ❣❛✈❡ (❤❡ ,❡❛❞❡, (❤❡ (♦♦❧# (♦ ✉♥❞❡,#(❛♥❞ ②♦✉,
✇♦,❦✱ (❤✐# #❡❝(✐♦♥ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥# ,❡#✉❧(# ❢,♦♠ ♦(❤❡, ♣❛♣❡,#✱ ,❡❧❛(✐♥❣ (❤❡♠ (♦❣❡(❤❡, ❛♥❞
✇✐(❤ ②♦✉, ✇♦,❦✳ ❚❤✐# #❡❝(✐♦♥ #❤♦✉❧❞ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❛♥ ,❡✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ (❤❡ #(❛(❡✲♦❢✲(❤❡✲❛,( ✭#✐♠✐❧❛,
#②#(❡♠#✮ ✐♥ (❤❡ ❛,❡❛ (❤❛( ②♦✉ ❛,❡ ✇♦,❦✐♥❣ ♦♥✳ ❙✉❝❤ #②#(❡♠# ❝❛♥ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❝♦♠♠❡,❝✐❛❧
#②#(❡♠#✱ ❜✉( ♠♦,❡ ✐♠♣♦,(❛♥(❧② #②#(❡♠# ❞❡#❝,✐❜❡❞ ✐♥ ♣✉❜❧✐#❤❡❞ ❧✐(❡,❛(✉,❡✳ ❨♦✉ #❤♦✉❧❞
♣,♦✈✐❞❡ ❛ ❝,✐(✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②#✐# ✭❤✐❣❤❧✐❣❤(✐♥❣ #(,❡♥❣(❤# ❛♥❞ ✇❡❛❦♥❡##❡#✮ ♦❢ (❤❡ ❡①✐#(✐♥❣
#②#(❡♠#✳ ❚❤❡,❡ ✐# ♥♦(❤✐♥❣ ♠♦,❡ ❢,✉#(,❛(✐♥❣ (❤❛♥ ✜♥❞✐♥❣ ❛ ❧✐#( ♦❢ ♣❛,❛❣,❛♣❤# ❡❛❝❤
❞❡#❝,✐❜✐♥❣ ❛ ❞✐✛❡,❡♥( ♣❛♣❡, ✇✐(❤♦✉( #②♥(❤❡#✐#✐♥❣ ❤♦✇ (❤❡ (❡❝❤♥✐=✉❡# ❛,❡ ❧✐♥❦❡❞✱ ❛♥❞
❤♦✇ (❤❡✐, ❛♣♣,♦❛❝❤ ✐# ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥(❛,② ♦, ❞✐✛❡,❡♥( ❢,♦♠ ②♦✉,#✳
▲✐"❡#❛"✉#❡ ❘❡✈✐❡✇✿
❚❤❡ ♣✉,♣♦#❡ ♦❢ (❤✐# #❡❝(✐♦♥ ✐# (♦ ❣✐✈❡ (❤❡ ,❡❛❞❡, ❛ ❝❧❡❛, ♣✐❝(✉,❡ ♦❢ (❤❡ #②#✲
(❡♠✴❛,(✐❢❛❝(✴♣,♦❥❡❝(✴✇♦,❦ (❤❛( ❤❛# ❜❡❡♥ ❝,❡❛(❡❞ ✐♥ (❤❡ ❋❨K ❛♥❞ ✇❤② ✐( ❤❛# ❜❡❡♥
❝,❡❛(❡❞ ✐♥ (❤❡ ✇❛② ❝❤♦#❡♥✳ ❉❡#✐❣♥ ❝❤♦✐❝❡# #❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❥✉#(✐✜❡❞ ✭❡✳❣✳ ❜② ❞✐#❝✉##✐♥❣
(❤❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛(✐♦♥# ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡,❡♥( ❞❡#✐❣♥ ❝❤♦✐❝❡# ❛♥❞ (❤❡♥ ❣✐✈✐♥❣ ,❡❛#♦♥# ❢♦, ♠❛❦✐♥❣ (❤❡
❝❤♦✐❝❡# ♠❛❞❡✮✳ ❏✉#(✐✜❝❛(✐♦♥# ❛,❡ ❜❛#❡❞ ♦♥ ②♦✉, ♣❡,#♦♥❛❧ ❡①♣❡,✐❡♥❝❡# ❛# ✇❡❧❧ ❛# ♦♥
,❡#✉❧(#✴♦❜#❡,✈❛(✐♦♥# ♠❡♥(✐♦♥❡❞ ✐♥ ❧✐(❡,❛(✉,❡✳ ■( ✐# ❝,✉❝✐❛❧ (❤❛( ✇❤❡,❡ ❞✐✛❡,❡♥( ❞❡✲
#✐❣♥ ♦, #♦❧✉(✐♦♥ ♦♣(✐♦♥# ✇❡,❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✱ ②♦✉ ❞✐#❝✉## (❤❡♠ ❛♥❞ ✇❤② ②♦✉ ✇❡♥( ❢♦, (❤❛(
♣❛,(✐❝✉❧❛, #♦❧✉(✐♦♥ ✐♥ (❤✐# #❡❝(✐♦♥✳
❉❡4✐❣♥✿
◆♦✇ ❝♦♠❡# (❤❡ ♣❛,( ✇❤❡,❡ ②♦✉ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ ②♦✉, ❛♣♣,♦❛❝❤ ✭#♦❧✉(✐♦♥✮ ✐♥ ❞❡(❛✐❧✳
❘❡♠❡♠❜❡, (❤❛( ②♦✉, ,❡♣♦,( ✐# ♥♦( #②#(❡♠ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥(❛(✐♦♥ ✖ ②♦✉ ♥❡❡❞ ♥♦( ❣✐✈❡ ❞❡✲
(❛✐❧# ❛❜♦✉( ❛♥② ♣,♦❣,❛♠# ②♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ ✇,✐((❡♥ ✭✉♥❧❡## (❤❡② ❛,❡ ❞✐,❡❝(❧② ,❡❧❡✈❛♥( (♦ ②♦✉,
♣,♦❥❡❝(✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡#❝,✐♣(✐♦♥ #❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛( (❤❡ ❛❧❣♦,✐(❤♠ ❧❡✈❡❧✱ ❛♥❞ ✐( ❝❛♥ ❛❧#♦ ❞❡#❝,✐❜❡
❛♥② ♣,♦❜❧❡♠# (❤❛( ♠❛② ❤❛✈❡ ❛,✐#❡♥ ❞✉,✐♥❣ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥(❛(✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐# #❡❝(✐♦♥ ❣✐✈❡# ②♦✉
(❤❡ ♦♣♣♦,(✉♥✐(② (♦ #❤♦✇ ✇❤❡,❡ (❤❛( (✐♠❡ ❤❛# ❣♦♥❡✳
▼❡"❤♦❞♦❧♦❣②✿
✷
❊✈❛❧✉❛%✐♦♥✿ ❆ ✜♥❛❧ ②❡❛' ♣'♦❥❡❝, ✐. ♥♦, ❛ ♣'♦❣'❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡✱ ❜✉, ❛ .❝✐❡♥,✐✜❝ ❡♥❞❡❛✈✲
♦✉'✳ ■, ✐. ❝'✉❝✐❛❧ ,❤❛, ②♦✉ ❡✈❛❧✉❛,❡ ②♦✉' '❡.✉❧,.✱ ✇❤❡,❤❡' ✐, ✐. ❛ ;✉❛❧✐,❛,✐✈❡ ❞✐.❝✉..✐♦♥✱
❛♥ ❡♠♣✐'✐❝❛❧ .,✉❞② ♦' ❛ ❢♦'♠❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②.✐.✳ ■♥ ,❤✐. .❡❝,✐♦♥ ②♦✉ ✇✐❧❧ ♥❡❡❞ ,♦ ❞❡♠♦♥.,'❛,❡
,❤❛, ,❤❡ .②.,❡♠ ✇♦'❦. ❛. ✐♥,❡♥❞❡❞ ✭♦' ♥♦,✮✱ ❛♥❞ ♣'♦✈✐❞❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣'❡❤❡♥.✐❜❧❡ .✉♠♠❛'②
♦❢ ,❤❡ '❡.✉❧,. ♦❜,❛✐♥❡❞✳ ■❢ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡,❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛,✐♦♥ ✇❛. ♥♦, ♣♦..✐❜❧❡ ♦' ❢❡❛.✐❜❧❡✱ ②♦✉
.❤♦✉❧❞ ❞❡.❝'✐❜❡ ❛♥ ✐❞❡❛❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛,✐♦♥ .❝❡♥❛'✐♦✱ ❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ ,❤❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛,✐♦♥ ♣❡'❢♦'♠❡❞ ✜,.
✐♥,♦ ,❤✐. ➶➫✐❞❡❛❧❵ .❝❡♥❛'✐♦✳ ❨♦✉ ♠✉., ❛❧.♦ ❝'✐,✐❝❛❧❧② ❡✈❛❧✉❛,❡ ,❤❡ .②.,❡♠ ✐♥ ,❤❡ ❧✐❣❤,
♦❢ ,❤❡.❡ '❡.✉❧,. ♦❜,❛✐♥❡❞✱ ❞❡.❝'✐❜✐♥❣ ✐,. .,'❡♥❣,❤. ❛♥❞ ✇❡❛❦♥❡..❡.✳
❋✉%✉+❡ ❲♦+❦✿ ❲❤❡,❤❡' ❜② ,❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ,❤❡ ♣'♦❥❡❝, ❛❧❧ ,❤❡ ♦'✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❛✐♠. ❛♥❞ ♦❜❥❡❝,✐✈❡. ❤❛✈❡
❜❡❡♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡,❡❞ ♦' ♥♦,✱ ,❤❡'❡ ✐. ❛❧✇❛②. .❝♦♣❡ ❢♦' ❢✉,✉'❡ ✇♦'❦✳ ❆❧.♦ ,❤❡ ✐❞❡❛. ✇✐❧❧ ❤❛✈❡
❣'♦✇♥ ❞✉'✐♥❣ ,❤❡ ❝♦✉'.❡ ♦❢ ,❤❡ ♣'♦❥❡❝, ❜❡②♦♥❞ ✇❤❛, ②♦✉ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❤♦♣❡❞ ,♦ ❞♦ ✐♥
,❤❡ ,✐♠❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❋✉,✉'❡ ❲♦'❦ .❡❝,✐♦♥ ✐. ❢♦' ❡①♣'❡..✐♥❣ ,❤❡.❡ ✉♥'❡❛❧✐.❡❞ ✐❞❡❛.✳
■, ✐. ❛ ✇❛② ♦❢ '❡❝♦'❞✐♥❣ ❵■ ❤❛✈❡ ,❤♦✉❣❤, ❛❜♦✉, ,❤✐.✬✳
❈♦♥❝❧✉1✐♦♥1✿ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ♣'❡.❡♥, ②♦✉' ❝♦♥❝❧✉.✐♦♥. ✶✳ ❚❤✐. ✐. .✐♠✐❧❛' ,♦ ,❤❡ ✐♥,'♦❞✉❝,✐♦♥✱ ❡①✲
❝❡♣, ,❤❛, ♥♦✇ ②♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ ,❤❡ ❧✉①✉'② ,❤❛, ②♦✉ ❝❛♥ ❛..✉♠❡ ,❤❛, ,❤❡ '❡❛❞❡' ❤❛. '❡❛❞ ,❤❡
✇❤♦❧❡ '❡♣♦',✱ ❛♥❞ ②♦✉ ♠❛② ,❤✉. ♣'❡.❡♥, ②♦✉' ❝♦♥❝❧✉.✐♦♥. ✐♥ ❛ ♠♦'❡ ,❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ✇❛②✳
❆❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥%1✿ ■❢ ②♦✉ ✇❛♥, ,♦ ,❤❛♥❦ ❛♥②♦♥❡✱ ✐, ❝❛♥ ❣♦ ❤❡'❡✳
❇✐❜❧✐♦❣+❛♣❤②✿ ❘❡❧❡✈❛♥, ✇♦'❦ ②♦✉ '❡❢❡''❡❞ ,♦ ✐♥ ②♦✉' '❡♣♦', .❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❧✐.,❡❞ ❤❡'❡✳ ❚❤❡
❛✐♠ ♦❢ ,❤❡ ✐♥❢♦'♠❛,✐♦♥ ✐♥ ,❤❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣'❛♣❤② ✐. ,♦ ❡♥❛❜❧❡ ,❤❡ '❡❛❞❡' ,♦ ✉♥✐;✉❡❧② ✐❞❡♥,✐❢②
,❤❡ .♦✉'❝❡ ✐❢ ♦♥❡ ✇❡'❡ ,♦ ❜❡ ❧❡❢, ❧♦❝❦❡❞ ✉♣ ✐♥ ❛ ❧✐❜'❛'② ✇✐,❤♦✉, ✐♥,❡'♥❡, ❛❝❝❡..✳ ❏✉., ❛
♣❛♣❡' ,✐,❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❧✐., ♦❢ ❛✉,❤♦'. ✇✐❧❧ ❣❡, ②♦✉ ♥♦✇❤❡'❡✱ .♦ ♠❛❦❡ .✉'❡ ②♦✉ ✐❞❡♥,✐❢② ❛❧❧ ,❤❡
'❡❧❡✈❛♥, ✐♥❢♦'♠❛,✐♦♥✱ .✉❝❤ ❛. ,❤❡ ❝♦♥❢❡'❡♥❝❡ ♦' ❥♦✉'♥❛❧ ✇❤❡'❡ ❛ ♣❛♣❡' ✇❛. ♣✉❜❧✐.❤❡❞✱
♦' ,❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐.❤❡' ♦❢ ❛ ❜♦♦❦✳ ❯.✐♥❣ ❇■❇❚❊❳ ❤❡❧♣. ❜② ❣✐✈✐♥❣ ②♦✉ ❛ ❧✐., ♦❢ ✜❡❧❞. ,♦ ✜❧❧ ✐♥✱
❛♥❞ ❜② ❝'❡❛,✐♥❣ ❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣'❛♣❤② ✉.✐♥❣ ❛ .,❛♥❞❛'❞ .,②❧❡✳
✸ ❙"②❧❡ ●✉✐❞❡❧✐♥❡+
❍❡'❡ ❛'❡ .♦♠❡ .,②❧❡ ❣✉✐❞❡❧✐♥❡. ✇❤✐❝❤ ②♦✉ .❤♦✉❧❞ ❢♦❧❧♦✇ ✇❤❡♥ ✇'✐,✐♥❣ ②♦✉' '❡♣♦',✿
✶✳ ❚❤❡ ❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❡❞ ❧❡♥❣,❤ ♦❢ ,❤❡ ❞✐..❡',❛,✐♦♥ ✐. '❡♣♦', ✐. ✸✺ ♣❛❣❡. ✐♥❝❧✉.✐✈❡ ♦❢ ✜❣✉'❡.✱
,❛❜❧❡. ❛♥❞ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣'❛♣❤② ❜✉, ♥♦, ,❤❡ ,✐,❧❡ ♣❛❣❡✱ ,❤❡ ❧♦♥❣ ❛❜.,'❛❝,✱ ,❛❜❧❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♥,❡♥,.
✶
❆♥❞ ♥♦$❡ $❤❡ ♣❧✉*❛❧✱ ✉♥❧❡-- ②♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ *❡❛❝❤❡❞ ❥✉-$ ♦♥❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉-✐♦♥✳
✸
❚❛❜❧❡ ✶✿ ◆♦)❡ )❤❛) )❛❜❧❡ ❝❛♣)✐♦♥/ ❣♦ ❛❜♦✈❡ )❤❡ )❛❜❧❡
◆❛♠❡ ❆❣❡ ❙♠✐(❤*♦♥✐❛♥ ❢❛❝(♦/
❏♦❤♥
❏♦❤♥♥②
❏♦♥
✷✶
✺✸
✸✺
✶✳✷
✶✳✽
✶✳✸
❛♥❞ )❤❡ ❧✐/)/ ♦❢ ✜❣✉=❡/ ❛♥❞ )❛❜❧❡/ ✭✐❢ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞✮✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡=✱ ♠❛❦❡ /✉=❡ ②♦✉ ❞♦ ♥♦) ❡①❝❡❡❞
✹✵ ♣❛❣❡/✳ ❆♥② ♠❛)❡=✐❛❧ ❜❡②♦♥❞ )❤❡ ✜=/) ✹✵ ♣❛❣❡/ ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦) ❜❡ )❛❦❡♥ ✐♥)♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥) ❜②
)❤❡ ❡①❛♠✐♥❡=/✱ /♦ ♠❛❦❡ /✉=❡ ②♦✉ /)✐❝❦ )♦ )❤✐/ ❧✐♠✐)✳ ❚=②✐♥❣ )♦ ✇✐♥ /♣❛❝❡ ❜② ❝❤❛♥❣✐♥❣
♠❛=❣✐♥/✱ ❢♦♥) /✐③❡✱ ❧✐♥❡ /♣❛❝✐♥❣✱ ❡)❝✳ ✐/ ♥♦) ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♠❛② =❡/✉❧) ✐♥ ❢❛✐❧✐♥❣ )❤❡
♣=♦❥❡❝)✳
✷✳ ❨♦✉ ♠❛② ❝✐)❡ ♣❛♣❡=/ ❜② ✉/✐♥❣ )❤❡ ▲❛❚❊❳ ❭❝✐#❡④❛❛❛⑥ ❝♦♠♠❛♥❞✱ )♦ ♦❜)❛✐♥ ❬▼✐)✾✻❪✳
❈✐)✐♥❣ ♠✉❧)✐♣❧❡ ♣❛♣❡=/ ♠❛② ❜❡ ❞♦♥❡ ✉/✐♥❣ ❛ /✐♥❣❧❡ ❭❝✐#❡④❛❛❛✱❜❜❜⑥ ❝♦♠♠❛♥❞ )♦
♣=♦❞✉❝❡ ❛ =❡❢❡=❡♥❝❡ ❧✐❦❡ ❬▼✐)✾✻✱ ❙♠❡✵✼❪✳
✸✳ ❆❧✇❛②/ ❝❛♣✐)❛❧✐/❡ =❡❢❡=❡♥❝❡/ )♦ ❝♦♥❝=❡)❡ /❡❝)✐♦♥/✱ )❛❜❧❡/ ❛♥❞ ✜❣✉=❡/ ✖ /❡❡✱ ❢♦= ❡①❛♠✲
♣❧❡✱ ❙❡❝)✐♦♥ ✶✱ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✶ ❛♥❞ ❋✐❣✉=❡ ✶✳
✹✳ ❈❛♣✐)❛❧✐/❡ ❛❧❧ ✇♦=❞/ ✐♥ /❡❝)✐♦♥/ ❛♥❞ /✉❜/❡❝)✐♦♥/ ❡①❝❡♣) ❢♦= ❛=)✐❝❧❡/✱ ♣=❡♣♦/✐)✐♦♥/ ❛♥❞
❝♦♥❥✉♥❝)✐♦♥/✳ ■❢ ②♦✉ ❞♦ ♥♦) ❦♥♦✇ )❤❡ ❞✐✛❡=❡♥❝❡ ❜❡)✇❡❡♥ ❛ ♣=❡♣♦/✐)✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛ ♣=♦♣♦✲
/✐)✐♦♥✱ ■ /✉❣❣❡/) ②♦✉ ❧♦♦❦ )❤❡ )❡=♠/ ✉♣ ✐♥ ❛ ❣=❛♠♠❛= ❜♦♦❦✳
✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉'✐♦♥'
❚❤❡=❡ ✐/ ♥♦) ♠✉❝❤ )♦ ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❤❡=❡✳
✹
University of Malta
❋✐❣✉$❡ ✶✿ ❋✐❣✉$❡ ❝❛♣+✐♦♥. ❣♦ ❜❡❧♦✇
❘❡❢❡#❡♥❝❡&
❬▼✐+✾✻❪ ❏♦❤♥. ▼✐+❤✳ ❚❤❡ ♣.②❝❤♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ $❡❢❡$❡♥❝❡. ✐♥ ♣❛♣❡$.✳ ❇❉◆ ❈♦♠♣✉(✐♥❣
❙✉-✈❡②1✱ ✷✽✭✹✮✿✶✾✻✕✶✾✾✱ ✶✾✾✻✳
❬❙♠❡✵✼❪ ❏♦ ◆✳ ❙♠❡❡+❡✳ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣-❛♣❤✐❡1 ■ ❍❛✈❡ ❑♥♦✇♥ ✳ ❘✐♥❣❡$ J✉❜❧✐.❤❡$.✱ ✷✵✵✼✳
✺
12. 2 Review Paper Template (ACM)
The paper template presented in ACM Format was taken from
http://www.acm.org/sigs/publications/proceedings-templates.
31 | P a g e
Alternate ACM SIG Proceedings Paper in LaTeX Format∗
[Extended Abstract]
†
§
‡
¶
G.K.M. Tobin
Ben Trovato
Institute for Clarity in
Documentation
1932 Wallamaloo Lane
Wallamaloo, New Zealand
Lars Thørväld
Institute for Clarity in
Documentation
P.O. Box 1212
Dublin, Ohio 43017-6221
larst@affiliation.org
Lawrence P. Leipuner
webmaster@marysvilleohio.com
Sean Fogarty
Brookhaven Laboratories
Brookhaven National Lab
P.O. Box 5000
NASA Ames Research Center
Moffett Field
California 94035
Palmer Research Laboratories
8600 Datapoint Drive
San Antonio, Texas 78229
trovato@corporation.com
lleipuner@researchlabs.org fogartys@amesres.org
ABSTRACT
LAT
This paper provides a sample of a
EX document which
conforms, somewhat loosely, to the formatting guidelines for
ACM SIG Proceedings. It is an alternate style which produces a tighter-looking paper and was designed in response
to concerns expressed, by authors, over page-budgets. It
complements the document Author’s (Alternate) Guide to
Preparing ACM SIG Proceedings Using LATEX2ǫ and BibTEX.
This source file has been written with the intention of being
compiled under LATEX2ǫ and BibTeX.
The developers have tried to include every imaginable sort
of “bells and whistles”, such as a subtitle, footnotes on title, subtitle and authors, as well as in the text, and every
optional component (e.g. Acknowledgments, Additional Authors, Appendices), not to mention examples of equations,
theorems, tables and figures.
To make best use of this sample document, run it through
LATEX and BibTeX, and compare this source code with the
printed output produced by the dvi file. A compiled PDF
∗(Produces the permission block, and copyright information). For use with SIG-ALTERNATE.CLS. Supported by
ACM.
†A full version of this paper is available as Author’s Guide to
Preparing ACM SIG Proceedings Using LATEX2ǫ and BibTeX
at www.acm.org/eaddress.htm
‡Dr. Trovato insisted his name be first.
§The secretary disavows any knowledge of this author’s actions.
¶This author is the one who did all the really hard work.
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for
personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are
not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies
bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to
republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific
permission and/or a fee.
WOODSTOCK ’97 El Paso, Texas USA
Copyright 20XX ACM X-XXXXX-XX-X/XX/XX ...$15.00.
The Thørväld Group
1 Thørväld Circle
Hekla, Iceland
Charles Palmer
cpalmer@prl.com
version is available on the web page to help you with the
‘look and feel’.
Categories and Subject Descriptors
H.4 [Information Systems Applications]: Miscellaneous;
D.2.8 [Software Engineering]: Metrics—complexity measures, performance measures
General Terms
Theory
Keywords
ACM proceedings, LATEX, text tagging
1. INTRODUCTION
The proceedings are the records of a conference. ACM
seeks to give these conference by-products a uniform, highquality appearance. To do this, ACM has some rigid requirements for the format of the proceedings documents: there
is a specified format (balanced double columns), a specified
set of fonts (Arial or Helvetica and Times Roman) in certain specified sizes (for instance, 9 point for body copy), a
specified live area (18 × 23.5 cm [7” × 9.25”]) centered on
the page, specified size of margins (1.9 cm [0.75”]) top, (2.54
cm [1”]) bottom and (1.9 cm [.75”]) left and right; specified column width (8.45 cm [3.33”]) and gutter size (.83 cm
[.33”]).
The good news is, with only a handful of manual settings1 ,
the LATEX document class file handles all of this for you.
The remainder of this document is concerned with showing, in the context of an “actual” document, the LATEX commands specifically available for denoting the structure of a
proceedings paper, rather than with giving rigorous descriptions or explanations of such commands.
1
Two of these, the \numberofauthors and \alignauthor commands, you have already used; another, \balancecolumns, will be used in your very last run of LATEX
to ensure balanced column heights on the last page.
2.
THE BODY OF THE PAPER
Typically, the body of a paper is organized into a hierarchical structure, with numbered or unnumbered headings
for sections, subsections, sub-subsections, and even smaller
sections. The command \section that precedes this paragraph is part of such a hierarchy.2 LATEX handles the numbering and placement of these headings for you, when you
use the appropriate heading commands around the titles of
the headings. If you want a sub-subsection or smaller part
to be unnumbered in your output, simply append an asterisk to the command name. Examples of both numbered and
unnumbered headings will appear throughout the balance of
this sample document.
Because the entire article is contained in the document
environment, you can indicate the start of a new paragraph
with a blank line in your input file; that is why this sentence
forms a separate paragraph.
2.1
Type Changes and Special Characters
We have already seen several typeface changes in this sample. You can indicate italicized words or phrases in your
text with the command \textit; emboldening with the command \textbf and typewriter-style (for instance, for computer code) with \texttt. But remember, you do not have
to indicate typestyle changes when such changes are part
of the structural elements of your article; for instance, the
heading of this subsection will be in a sans serif3 typeface,
but that is handled by the document class file. Take care
with the use of4 the curly braces in typeface changes; they
mark the beginning and end of the text that is to be in the
different typeface.
You can use whatever symbols, accented characters, or
non-English characters you need anywhere in your document; you can find a complete list of what is available in
the LATEX User’s Guide[5].
2.2
Math Equations
You may want to display math equations in three distinct
styles: inline, numbered or non-numbered display. Each of
the three are discussed in the next sections.
2.2.1
Inline (In-text) Equations
A formula that appears in the running text is called an
inline or in-text formula. It is produced by the math environment, which can be invoked with the usual \begin. .
.\end construction or with the short form $. . .$. You
can use any of the symbols and structures, from α to ω, available in LATEX[5]; this section will simply show a few examples
of in-text equations in context. Notice how this equation:
limn→∞ x = 0, set here in in-line math style, looks slightly
different when set in display style. (See next section).
2.2.2
Display Equations
A numbered display equation – one set off by vertical
space from the text and centered horizontally – is produced
2
This is the second footnote. It starts a series of three footnotes that add nothing informational, but just give an idea
of how footnotes work and look. It is a wordy one, just so
you see how a longish one plays out.
3
A third footnote, here. Let’s make this a rather short one
to see how it looks.
4
A fourth, and last, footnote.
by the equation environment. An unnumbered display
equation is produced by the displaymath environment.
Again, in either environment, you can use any of the symbols and structures available in LATEX; this section will just
give a couple of examples of display equations in context.
First, consider the equation, shown as an inline equation
above:
lim x = 0
n→∞
(1)
Notice how it is formatted somewhat differently in the displaymath environment. Now, we’ll enter an unnumbered
equation:
∞
X
x+1
i=0
and follow it with another numbered equation:
Z π+2
∞
X
xi =
f
i=0
(2)
0
just to demonstrate LATEX’s able handling of numbering.
2.3 Citations
Citations to articles [1, 3, 2, 4], conference proceedings [3]
or books [6, 5] listed in the Bibliography section of your article will occur throughout the text of your article. You should
use BibTeX to automatically produce this bibliography; you
simply need to insert one of several citation commands with
a key of the item cited in the proper location in the .tex
file [5]. The key is a short reference you invent to uniquely
identify each work; in this sample document, the key is the
first author’s surname and a word from the title. This identifying key is included with each item in the .bib file for
your article.
The details of the construction of the .bib file are beyond
the scope of this sample document, but more information
can be found in the Author’s Guide, and exhaustive details
in the LATEX User’s Guide[5].
This article shows only the plainest form of the citation
command, using \cite. This is what is stipulated in the
SIGS style specifications. No other citation format is endorsed or supported.
2.4 Tables
Because tables cannot be split across pages, the best placement for them is typically the top of the page nearest their
initial cite. To ensure this proper “floating” placement of
tables, use the environment table to enclose the table’s contents and the table caption. The contents of the table itself
must go in the tabular environment, to be aligned properly
in rows and columns, with the desired horizontal and vertical rules. Again, detailed instructions on tabular material
is found in the LATEX User’s Guide.
Immediately following this sentence is the point at which
Table 1 is included in the input file; compare the placement
of the table here with the table in the printed dvi output of
this document.
To set a wider table, which takes up the whole width
of the page’s live area, use the environment table* to enclose the table’s contents and the table caption. As with a
single-column table, this wide table will “float” to a location
deemed more desirable. Immediately following this sentence
is the point at which Table 2 is included in the input file;
Table 1: Frequency of Special Characters
Non-English or Math Frequency Comments
Ø
1 in 1,000 For Swedish names
π
1 in 5
Common in math
$
4 in 5
Used in business
Ψ21
1 in 40,000 Unexplained usage
fly.eps
Figure 1: A sample black and white graphic (.eps
format).
rosette.ps
Figure 4: A sample black and white graphic (.ps format) that has been resized with the psfig command.
antiderivative for f on [a, b], then
Z b
f (t)dt = G(b) − G(a).
a
again, it is instructive to compare the placement of the table here with the table in the printed dvi output of this
document.
2.5
Definition 1. If z is irrational, then by ez we mean the
unique number which has logarithm z:
Figures
log ez = z
Like tables, figures cannot be split across pages; the best
placement for them is typically the top or the bottom of
the page nearest their initial cite. To ensure this proper
“floating” placement of figures, use the environment figure
to enclose the figure and its caption.
This sample document contains examples of .eps and .ps
files to be displayable with LATEX. More details on each of
these is found in the Author’s Guide.
As was the case with tables, you may want a figure that
spans two columns. To do this, and still to ensure proper
“floating” placement of tables, use the environment figure*
to enclose the figure and its caption. and don’t forget to end
the environment with figure*, not figure!
Note that either .ps or .eps formats are used; use the
\epsfig or \psfig commands as appropriate for the different file types.
2.6
The other uses the definition environment, created by
the \newdef command:
Theorem-like Constructs
Other common constructs that may occur in your article
are the forms for logical constructs like theorems, axioms,
corollaries and proofs. There are two forms, one produced by
the command \newtheorem and the other by the command
\newdef; perhaps the clearest and easiest way to distinguish
them is to compare the two in the output of this sample
document:
This uses the theorem environment, created by the
\newtheorem command:
Theorem 1. Let f be continuous on [a, b]. If G is an
fly.eps
Two lists of constructs that use one of these forms is given
in the Author’s Guidelines.
There is one other similar construct environment, which
is already set up for you; i.e. you must not use a \newdef
command to create it: the proof environment. Here is a
example of its use:
Proof. Suppose on the contrary there exists a real number L such that
f (x)
lim
= L.
x→∞ g(x)
Then
f (x)
f (x)
= lim g(x)· lim
= 0·L = 0,
l = lim f (x) = lim gx ·
x→c
x→c
x→c
x→c g(x)
g(x)
which contradicts our assumption that l 6= 0.
Complete rules about using these environments and using
the two different creation commands are in the Author’s
Guide; please consult it for more detailed instructions. If
you need to use another construct, not listed therein, which
you want to have the same formatting as the Theorem or
the Definition[6] shown above, use the \newtheorem or the
\newdef command, respectively, to create it.
A Caveat for the TEX Expert
Because you have just been given permission to use the
\newdef command to create a new form, you might think
you can use TEX’s \def to create a new command: Please
refrain from doing this! Remember that your LATEX source
code is primarily intended to create camera-ready copy, but
may be converted to other forms – e.g. HTML. If you inadvertently omit some or all of the \defs recompilation will
be, to say the least, problematic.
3.
Figure 2: A sample black and white graphic (.eps
format) that has been resized with the epsfig command.
CONCLUSIONS
This paragraph will end the body of this sample document. Remember that you might still have Acknowledgments or Appendices; brief samples of these follow. There is
still the Bibliography to deal with; and we will make a disclaimer about that here: with the exception of the reference
Table 2: Some Typical
Command
A Number
\alignauthor
100
\numberofauthors
200
\table
300
\table*
400
Commands
Comments
Author alignment
Author enumeration
For tables
For wider tables
flies.eps
Figure 3: A sample black and white graphic (.eps format) that needs to span two columns of text.
to the LATEX book, the citations in this paper are to articles
which have nothing to do with the present subject and are
used as examples only.
4. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This section is optional; it is a location for you to acknowledge grants, funding, editing assistance and what have you.
In the present case, for example, the authors would like to
thank Gerald Murray of ACM for his help in codifying this
Author’s Guide and the .cls and .tex files that it describes.
5.
ADDITIONAL AUTHORS
Additional authors: John Smith (The Thørväld Group,
email: jsmith@affiliation.org) and Julius P. Kumquat
(The Kumquat Consortium, email: jpkumquat@consortium.net).
6. REFERENCES
[1] M. Bowman, S. K. Debray, and L. L. Peterson.
Reasoning about naming systems. ACM Trans.
Program. Lang. Syst., 15(5):795–825, November 1993.
[2] J. Braams. Babel, a multilingual style-option system
for use with latex’s standard document styles.
TUGboat, 12(2):291–301, June 1991.
[3] M. Clark. Post congress tristesse. In TeX90 Conference
Proceedings, pages 84–89. TeX Users Group, March
1991.
[4] M. Herlihy. A methodology for implementing highly
concurrent data objects. ACM Trans. Program. Lang.
Syst., 15(5):745–770, November 1993.
[5] L. Lamport. LaTeX User’s Guide and Document
Reference Manual. Addison-Wesley Publishing
Company, Reading, Massachusetts, 1986.
[6] S. Salas and E. Hille. Calculus: One and Several
Variable. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1978.
APPENDIX
A. HEADINGS IN APPENDICES
The rules about hierarchical headings discussed above for
the body of the article are different in the appendices. In
the appendix environment, the command section is used
to indicate the start of each Appendix, with alphabetic order
designation (i.e. the first is A, the second B, etc.) and a title
(if you include one). So, if you need hierarchical structure
within an Appendix, start with subsection as the highest
level. Here is an outline of the body of this document in
Appendix-appropriate form:
A.1
Introduction
A.2
The Body of the Paper
A.2.1
Type Changes and Special Characters
A.2.2
Math Equations
Inline (In-text) Equations.
Display Equations.
A.2.3
Citations
A.2.4
Tables
A.2.5
Figures
A.2.6
Theorem-like Constructs
A Caveat for the TEX Expert
A.3
Conclusions
A.4
Acknowledgments
A.5
Additional Authors
This section is inserted by LATEX; you do not insert it.
You just add the names and information in the \additionalauthors command at the start of the document.
A.6
References
Generated by bibtex from your .bib file. Run latex, then
bibtex, then latex twice (to resolve references) to create the
.bbl file. Insert that .bbl file into the .tex source file and
comment out the command \thebibliography.
B.
MORE HELP FOR THE HARDY
The sig-alternate.cls file itself is chock-full of succinct and
helpful comments. If you consider yourself a moderately
experienced to expert user of LATEX, you may find reading
it useful but please remember not to change it.