ITU-T FORUM ON IMPLEMENTATION OF WTSA-08 DECISIONS
AND
WORKSHOP ON BRIDGING THE STANDARDIZATION GAP
(Nadi, Fiji, 16-17 September 2009)
Measuring Standardization Capability
of developing countries
Kang, Shin-Won
Professor
Sunchon National University
Nadi, Fiji, 16-17 September 2009
Contents
1. Overview
2. Influential Factors on the Standardization Gap of
Developing Countries
3. Standardization Capacity Measurement Model for
Developing Countries
4. Method of Measurement of SCI (Standardization
Capability Index) of Developing Countries
5. Conclusion
Nadi, Fiji, 16-17 September 2009
2/16
I. Overview
o The ITU-T is aware of the importance of bridging the
standardization gap between developed and developing countries,
and makes diverse efforts to address this problem.
o It is imperative to strengthen the standardization capability of
developing countries. It is also necessary to confirm activities for
strengthening standardization capabilities and to propose the
related improvement measures.
o This raises the need to identify various factors that influence
standardization capabilities, and to devise a composite index
reflecting all of these factors.
o Thus, as part of the KCC-ITU joint project aimed at bridging the
standardization gap, the ITU-TTA jointly developed indicators to
measure the standardization capability of developing countries.
o This presentation aims to identify and measure the
standardization capability of developing countries, and to
efficiently bolster their standardization capability and bridge the
standardization gap.
Nadi, Fiji, 16-17 September 2009
3/16
II. Influential Factors on the Standardization
Gap of Developing Countries
o As discussed at the ITU meetings, the key variables that influence
the standardization gap of developing countries are outlined as
follows.
□ Human Resources
o According to ITU Resolution 123, the standardization gap is the result
of a lack of human resources, which leads to an imbalance in the
application of interfaces between developed and developing countries.
□ ICT Infrastructure
o According to ITU Resolution 123, the digital divide influences the
causes of the standardization gap and its expansion. This digital divide
can be measured in terms of an imbalance in the access to ICT.
□ Policy and Regulation
o According to the presentation made by Patrick MASAMBU at the GSS
(Global Standards Symposium), the standardization gap is influenced by
the government's regulation policy on standardization.
Nadi, Fiji, 16-17 September 2009
4/16
□ Implementation System
o In its presentation at the GSS, ETRI emphasized the importance of the
government's systematic efforts to bridge the standardization gap.
- To execute standardization efficiently, the government is responsible for
the standardization work, while the TTA is in charge of standardization
activities carried out on the basis of standardization experts' contributions
or of its own contributions to international standardization organizations.
- Korea is providing systematic support for the development of ICT standards
and ICT standardization activities.
□ International Standardization Activity
O ITU explains that, to bridge the standardization gap, gradual
steps need to be taken according to each individual country's level of
standardization; he explains such gradual steps by conceptualizing "the
Standardization Development Ladder."
- Step 1: Increase the application of recommendations and the use of websites.
-
Step
Step
Step
Step
Step
Step
Step
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
Encourage national training and capacity-building in use of R.
Pursue ITU sector and associate membership.
Participate in study groups and related meetings.
Attracting ITU meeting/establish regional groups to foster participation.
Giving contributions at study groups and related meetings.
Nominate representatives as study group chairs, vice chairs, etc.
Enter proposals at WTSA on future study questions and work programs.
Nadi, Fiji, 16-17 September 2009
5/16
III. Standardization Capability Measurement
Model for Developing Countries
o As evidenced in many researches, a tool for analyzing a country's
standardization capability objectively and systematically is needed, and it is
deemed to be the standardization capability index (SCI).
□ Configuration System of SCI
o Standardization capability components comprise those from the many
existing researches conducted by the WEF, IDC, EIU, ITU, and the UN.
- Namely, SCI, SCCI (Standardization Capability Component Index), and
SCMI (Standardization Capability Measurement Indicators).
o The configuration of SCI components are follows as;
- SCI is an index used to identify the overall standardization level of a
developing country. It involves weighting SCCI.
- SCCI is used to identify the standardization capability of each component,
and they are calculated on the basis of SCMI.
- SCMI comprises qualitative or quantitative measurement indicators that can
explain the SCCI.
o Thus, the SCCI can be measured using SCMI, while the SCI can be
measured using the SCCI.
Nadi, Fiji, 16-17 September 2009
6/16
Standardization
Capability
Index
(SCI)
Standardization
Capability
Component
Indices
(SCCI)
Standardization
Capability
Measurement
Indicators
(SCMI)
[Figure 1] Configuration System of SCI
Nadi, Fiji, 16-17 September 2009
7/16
□ Configuration System of SCCI (Standardization Capability
Component Index)
o This research reflected the existing ITU discussions in defining the
indices and indicators designed to measure the levels of
standardization capability.
o Also, the SCI development considered six components to measure
the overall levels of standardization capability holistically and accurately.
Standards
development
Capacity
Standardization
Human
Resources
Government
Standards
Policy
Nadi, Fiji, 16-17 September 2009
[Figure 2] Configuration
of SCSI
ICT
Infrastructure
SCI
National
Standards
Use and
Adoption
Involvement
with ITU
Standards
Setting
8/16
□ Configuration of SCMI (Standardization Capability Measurement
Indicators)
o SCI could be generally measured by a government's investment in
standardization, the level of standardization human resources, the level
of established domestic standards, and the government's role and
contribution to international standardization organizations.
o However, these quantitative indicators alone cannot accurately
measure the standardization capability of developing countries.
Therefore qualitative indicators are needed.
o Also, to measure standardization capability more accurately, and to
examine standardization capability by sector, measurement components
indices are needed.
o Thus, SCI was measured on the basis of quantitative and
qualitative indicators, and the standardization capability sector was
examined in six components.
- Since standardization concerns numerous components, the six
components were defined to measure their respective levels of
standardization capability.
Nadi, Fiji, 16-17 September 2009
9/16
<Table 1> Configuration of Standardization Capability Component Indices and
Its Measurement Indicators
Standardization
Development
Capacity
Standardization
Human
Resources
Nadi, Fiji, 16-17 September 2009
1) Existence of a national ICT standards body and/or standardization
committee? (5-point scale)
2) Participation in international ICT standards development processes
(e.g. ITU, ISO, IEEE, IETF, W3C) (5-point scale)
3) Participation in regional ICT standards development
processes (5-point scale)
4) Private industry involvement in ICT standards development (5-point
scale)
5) Adequacy of technical infrastructure to participate in ICT standards
development (5-point scale)
6) Number of domestic standards in past year (statistical data: SD)
7) Number of patent applications filed in past year (SD)
8) Number of ICT R&D institutions in country (SD)
1) How many individuals are engaged in domestic standardization
organizations? (SD)
2) How many standards experts would you estimate your country has?
(SD)
3) How many standards experts in your country are from the
business/private sector? (SD)
4) Other ICT standards body training held in country in past year (SD)
5) ICT standards conferences held in country in past year (SD)
6) Access to electronic training courses and materials (5-point scale)
7) Availability of government-sponsored ICT standards training (5-point
scale)
8) ICT standards courses and curricula in higher education (e.g.
engineering courses), either in the country or region (5-point scale)
10/16
Government
Standards
Policy
National
Standardization
Use and
Adoption
Nadi, Fiji, 16-17 September 2009
1) Existence of national procedures for developing standards by
government or standardization organization (5-point scale)
2) Existence of a national ICT standards agency, department, or
advisory council (5-point scale)
3) Existence of a national ICT standards strategy (5-point scale)
4) Government Laws, regulation and policies on ICT standards (5-point
scale)
5) Government funding and investment in ICT standardization (SD)
1) Government interoperability framework or ICT standards
procurement policy (5-point scale)
2) Adequacy of technical infrastructure for accessing standards for
those involved in implementing standards (5-point scale)
3) National use of ITU Recommendations, either in product
procurement or development (SD)
4) Increasing development of technology products and market share
based on international ICT standards (SD)
11/16
Involvement
with ITU
Standards
Setting
1) Number of ITU TIES accounts (SD)
2) Total number of ITU sector members and associate members (SD)
3) Number of ITU recommendations downloaded in past year (SD)
4) Number of participation in ITU meetings, study groups, and focus
groups (meeting) in past year (SD)
5) Number of participants in ITU meetings, study groups, and focus
groups (meeting) in past year (SD)
6) Number of contributions submitted to the ITU in past year (SD)
7) Number of ITU officials (chairpersons, vice chairpersons, rapporteurs,
etc.) (SD)
8) Total number of conferences (meeting) and workshops for ITU
international standardization held in past year (SD)
◇ PC
1)
Number of PCs? (SD)
◇ Internet
ICT
Infrastructure
2) Number of Internet subscribers? (SD)
3) Number of broadband Internet subscribers? (SD)
4) Number of wireless Internet subscribers? (SD)
5) Number of Internet security servers? (SD)
6) Number of Internet hosts? (SD)
7) International Internet bandwidth? (SD)
8) Number of WiFi hotspots? (SD)
◇ Telecommunications
9) Number of wire telephony subscribers? (SD)
10) Number of mobile telephony subscribers? (SD)
◇ Broadcasting
Nadi, Fiji, 16-17 September 2009
11) Number of TVs? (SD)
12) Number of cable TV subscribers? (SD)
12/16
IV. Method of Measurement of SCI of
Developing Countries
□ Measurement of SCI
o A SCI estimation model should be developed to identify the levels of
standardization capability, and an objective method of measurement
should also be worked out.
o The SCI is a single value that is calculated by putting together diverse
measurement indicators.
o Measurement of SCI
Nadi, Fiji, 16-17 September 2009
13/16
o SCMI: In the case of quantitative (statistical) data
- In comparison with the developing country which has the highest
capability level, or with the ITU's prescribed reference value, the
values of other developing countries' standardization indicators are
examined and these countries' standardization capability items are
measured.
- 100 * (Comparable Actual Value / Reference Maximum
Value)
o SCMI: In the case of qualitative data
- Each detailed measurement indicator can be calculated using the
following equation on the basis of the answers to a 5-point scale survey.
- Indicator = (number of No. 1 answers ×100 + number of No. 2
answers×75 + number of No. 3 answers×50 + number of No. 4
answers×25 + number of No. 5 answers×0) / total number of answers
- When the indicator is the reference value 50, this means that the
number of both positive and negative answers to the questions is equal;
more than 50 means a higher number of positive answers than negative
answers; under 50 means a higher number of negative answers.
Nadi, Fiji, 16-17 September 2009
14/16
□ Measurement of SCCI weight
o A general method of measuring standardization capability involves the
calculation of a representative value based on the arithmetic mean.
- However, with this method, the individual measurement items' contribution
to standardization capability is disregarded from a holistic perspective, and
any structural change in standardization is not properly reflected; thus,
various problems arise - for instance, when many items are used to measure
the basic indicators, the related indices have a relatively smaller weight.
o Factor analysis is a solution to these problems.
- Factor analysis can solve the problems surrounding the arithmetic meanbased weighting method to a certain degree.
- However, due to the peculiar nature of factor analysis, a series of
variables which have a high correlation will obtain a high weighting, while
those variables which have a low correlation will obtain a very low to zero
weighting.
o Thus, in this report, the Delphi method, which is a method of weighting
based on the judgment of ITU standardization experts, is proposed to
minimize these problems and to rationalize the weighting of SCCI.
o The Delphi method - in the event there is a lack of generalized and
standardized data on the current status - is a prediction technique which
can objectify expert tuition. It is widely used.
Nadi, Fiji, 16-17 September 2009
15/16
VI. Conclusion
o This report aims to measure and identify developing countries'
standardization capability levels, and thus to bolster their standardization
capability efficiently and bridge the standardization gap.
o Six components indices by sector were introduced to identify which of the
component is crucial or important to the SCI.
- This segmentation enables a more efficient comparative analysis of the
component indices, and thus is expected to play a significant role in
bridging the gap between the components.
- Current and future standardization capability can be measured using
qualitative and quantitative indicators, and thus a more efficient and
future-oriented standardization capability can be bolstered.
- Since it is very important to secure reliable data in measuring the
standardization of developing countries, 45 measurement indicators were
strictly selected by considering the practicality and applicability of said
indicators above all else.
o Further considerations/discussions are as follows:
- In this report, 45 measurement indicators were established, but efforts should
be made to increase the number of such indicators with a view to measuring
standardization capability more accurately.
- Qualitative data may differ according to the respondents, and efforts
should be made to enhance the reliability of the survey results.
Nadi, Fiji, 16-17 September 2009
16/16
Thank You
Nadi, Fiji, 16-17 September 2009
17/16
Appendix: SCI Measurement
SDC
Q
A
B
C
Q
A
1
5.0
4.0
2.5
1.0
1
100
80
50
20
2
4.5
4.0
2.5
2.0
2
100
89
56
44
3
4.5
4.0
3.0
1.0
3
100
89
67
22
4
4.0
4.0
2.0
1.0
4
100
100
50
25
5
4.5
3.0
2.0
1.0
5
100
67
44
22
6
5.0
4.0
0.0
1.0
6
100
80
0
20
7
5.0
3.0
0.0
1.0
7
100
60
0
20
8
4.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
8
100
0
0
0
Nadi, Fiji, 16-17 September 2009
D
SDC
B
C
D
18/16
Appendix: SCI Measurement
SHR
1
2.0
2.0
0.0
3.0
2
2.0
3.0
3.0
3
4.0
3.0
4
3.5
5
1
100
100
0
150
1.0
2
100
150
150
50
0.0
1.0
3
100
75
0
25
4.0
0.0
1.0
4
100
114
0
29
4.5
3.0
0.0
4.0
5
100
67
0
89
6
3.5
4.0
0.0
1.0
6
100
114
0
29
7
4.0
4.0
0.0
1.0
7
100
100
0
25
8
4.0
4.0
0.0
1.0
8
100
100
0
25
Nadi, Fiji, 16-17 September 2009
SHR
19/16
Appendix: SCI Measurement
GSP
1
4.5
4.0
0.0
1.0
2
3.0
4.0
0.0
3
4.5
4.0
4
4.5
5
5.0
1
100
89
0
22
1.0
2
100
133
0
33
0.0
1.0
3
100
89
0
22
3.0
0.0
3.0
4
100
67
0
67
2.0
0.0
1.0
5
100
40
0
20
Nadi, Fiji, 16-17 September 2009
GSP
20/16
Appendix: SCI Measurement
NSUA
1
3.5
0.0
0.0
1.0
2
4.5
4.0
0.0
3
4.0
5.0
4
4.0
4.0
Nadi, Fiji, 16-17 September 2009
NSUA
1 100
0
0
29
2.0
2 100
89
0
44
4.0
3.0
3 100
125
100
75
0.0
2.0
4 100
100
0
50
21/16
Appendix: SCI Measurement
ITU_SS
1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2
2.9
0.2
0.9
3
0.0
0.0
4
0.0
5
1
0
0
0
0
1.6
2
100
6
31
54
0.0
0.0
3
0
0
0
0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4
0
0
0
0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5
0
0
0
0
6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6
0
0
0
0
7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
7
0
0
0
0
8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
8
0
0
0
0
Nadi, Fiji, 16-17 September 2009
ITU_SS
22/16
Appendix: SCI Measurement
IC
T
1
80.0
39.1
27.2
0.0
2
77.8
22.3
20.0
3
32.1
3.2
4
0.0
5
6
7
ICT
1
100
49
34
0
1.0
2
100
29
26
1
1.4
0.0
3
100
10
4
0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4
0
0
0
0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5
0
0
0
0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6
0
0
0
0
103377 27585
32754
0.0
7
100
27
32
0
8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
8
0
0
0
0
9
139.0
68.7
89.6
26.4
9
100
49
64
19
10
94.7
18.6
92.0
25.7
1
0
100
20
97
27
11
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1
1
0
0
0
0
12
57.9
1.4
0.0
0.0
1
2
100
2
0
0
Nadi, Fiji, 16-17 September 2009
23/16
Standardization Capability Index
A
B
C
D
SDC
100
70.6
33.3
21.7
SHR
100
102.5
18.8
52.6
GSP
100
83.6
0.0
32.9
NSUA
100
78.5
25.0
49.5
ITU_SS
100
6.4
30.6
54.1
ICT
100
26.5
36.8
6.8
A
SCI
Nadi, Fiji, 16-17 September 2009
B
100
C
61.3
D
24.1
36.3
24/16