AID TO ADAPT
THE SENSITIVITY OF EU AID TO
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION IN
SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES
stefano.moncada@um.edu.mt
1
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Methodological note
3. Principle of EU Development policy
4. Instruments and Aid Delivery in EU Development policy
5. Climate Change Adaptation and Development:
Mainstreaming Efforts and Financial flow to SIDS
6. Conclusions
STEFANO MONCADA - Ph.D. RESEARCH ‘AID TO ADAPT’
2
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
PRINCIPLES OF EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY
EU INSTRUMENTS AND AID DELIVERY
EU MAINSTREAMING EFFORTS AND FINANCIAL FLOW TO SIDS
CONCLUSIONS
PAPER PART OF A PHD ENTITLED
‘Aid to Adapt. The Sensitivity of EU Aid to Adaptation to Climate
Change in Small Island Developing States - Implications for
Development’
BUILDS ON A FIRST PAPER PRESENTED AT THE ICP
WORKSHOP IN COLOGNE (APRIL 2011)
Where concept and case for the Mainstreaming Plus theory in the
context of SIDS was established
PHD OVERALL RESEARCH
3
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
PRINCIPLES OF EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY
EU INSTRUMENTS AND AID DELIVERY
EU MAINSTREAMING EFFORTS AND FINANCIAL FLOW TO SIDS
CONCLUSIONS
THIS PAPER FOCUSES ON
EU aid effectiveness vis-à-vis increasing adaptive capacity through
mainstreaming climate change adaptation into ODA, with a focus
on SIDS that are also LCDs
PHD OVERALL RESEARCH
4
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
PRINCIPLES OF EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY
EU INSTRUMENTS AND AID DELIVERY
EU MAINSTREAMING EFFORTS AND FINANCIAL FLOW TO SIDS
CONCLUSIONS
EUROPEAN STUDIES
Role of European Commission & Effectiveness of Policy
DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
Aid Allocation and Effectiveness
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION (?)
Mainstreaming plus theory
DEFINITIVELY SOCIAL SCIENCES
FIELD & DISCIPLINES
5
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
PRINCIPLES OF EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY
EU INSTRUMENTS AND AID DELIVERY
EU MAINSTREAMING EFFORTS AND FINANCIAL FLOW TO SIDS
CONCLUSIONS
LOW LYING & ISLAND NATIONS WITH COMMON
DEVELOPMENTAL CHALLENGES
IMPORTANCE OF THE SUBJECT: SIDS
6
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
PRINCIPLES OF EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY
EU INSTRUMENTS AND AID DELIVERY
EU MAINSTREAMING EFFORTS AND FINANCIAL FLOW TO SIDS
CONCLUSIONS
IMPORTANCE OF THE SUBJECT
7
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
PRINCIPLES OF EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY
EU INSTRUMENTS AND AID DELIVERY
EU MAINSTREAMING EFFORTS AND FINANCIAL FLOW TO SIDS
CONCLUSIONS
LITERATURE REVIEW WITH INTENTION TO IDENTIFY GAPS
EU AID FINANCED UNDER THE GENERAL BUDGET
EXCLUDING EDF
LIMITATIONS AND AWARENESS
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
8
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
PRINCIPLES OF EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY
EU INSTRUMENTS AND AID DELIVERY
EU MAINSTREAMING EFFORTS AND FINANCIAL FLOW TO SIDS
CONCLUSIONS
Prior to 2000 objectives were not explicit and aid coordination poor
Statement on Development and MDGs (2000) prompted EU to adopt
European Consensus on Development (2005) which introduced
concepts such as harmonisation & coordination of aid
2005 Aid effectiveness communications
i. Enhancing knowledge base; ii. administrative harmonization
iii. Increasing co-ordination
Policy Coherence for Development & 2007 Code of Conduct on
Complementarity and Division of Labour
PRINCIPLES OF EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY
9
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
PRINCIPLES OF EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY
EU INSTRUMENTS AND AID DELIVERY
EU MAINSTREAMING EFFORTS AND FINANCIAL FLOW TO SIDS
CONCLUSIONS
Reform reduced aid instruments from 35 to 10
Geographic and Thematic Areas
Most SIDS are financed through EDF and DCI
Through Joint Multi-annual Programming (JMP) based on Poverty
Reduction Strategies (PRS) and Country Strategy Papers
Shifting away from projects, favoring budget support and sectoral
approach
EU AID INSTRUMENTS
10
Instrument
Tenth EDF
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
PRINCIPLES OF EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY
Coverage
Replaces
FundingAND
& %AID
of Total
Aid
EU INSTRUMENTS
DELIVERY
Africa, Caribbean and PacificEU
(ACP)
Ninth EDF
22,682 (32) FLOW TO SIDS
MAINSTREAMING
EFFORTS AND FINANCIAL
and Overseases Countries and
CONCLUSIONS
Territories (OCT)
Development Cooperation
Instrument (DCI)
Asia, Latin America, some CSI,
South Africa; five thematic budget
lines
ALA, TACIS, ten thematic budget 16,897 (24)
lines
Humanitarian Aid
Instrument for stability
Humanitarian crises
Crisis response and preparedness;
global challenges
Largely unchanged
Rapid Reaction Mechanism
5.613 (8)
2,062 (3)
European Instrument for
Democracy and Human Rights
Initiative (EIDHR)
Democracy, rule of law, human
rights
Previous EIDHR regulation
1,103 (2)
Instrument for Pre-Accession
(IPA)
Western Balkans, Turkey
PHARE, ISPA, SAPARD, CARDS,
Turkey pre-accession
11,468 (16)
European Neighborhood and
Partnership Instrument (ENPI)
Mediterranean, Eastern Europe,
Caucasus, Russia, the Middle East
MEDA and TACIS
11,181 (16)
Macro-economic assistance
Case by Case
Unchanged
NP
Instrument for Cooperation with
Industrialised countries (ICI)
Cooperation and exchange
programmes
Previous ICI regulation
172 (0.2)
Instrument for Nuclear Safety
Cooperation (INSC)
Nuclear safety
Part of TACIS regulation
About 75 per year (<than 1)
Source : Carbone 2007, DAC 2007
11
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
PRINCIPLES OF EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY
EU INSTRUMENTS AND AID DELIVERY
EU MAINSTREAMING EFFORTS AND FINANCIAL FLOW TO SIDS
CONCLUSIONS
EU Aid allocation and effectiveness literature focuses on growth,
governance, poverty alleviation, vulnerability
Little focus on climate change adaptation
This is due to difficulty in measuring effective adaptation
But also tendency to measure volume of aid & climate-related aid
rather than assessing all ODA
EU aid through budget found to be little poverty oriented
EDF more poverty oriented (vis-à-vis HDI)
This might negatively effect the capacity to adapt
EU AID ALOCATION & EFFECTIVENESS
12
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
PRINCIPLES OF EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY
EU INSTRUMENTS AND AID DELIVERY
EU MAINSTREAMING EFFORTS AND FINANCIAL FLOW TO SIDS
CONCLUSIONS
2004 Action Plan Climate change in the context of development
cooperation
Funding coming through the Environment and Natural Resources
Thematic Programme (ENRTP)
2007 Global Climate Change Alliance priorities SIDS & LCDs
But little funding is provided and not coordinated with other ODA
EU VS. MAINSTREAMING
13
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
PRINCIPLES OF EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY
EU INSTRUMENTS AND AID DELIVERY
EU MAINSTREAMING EFFORTS AND FINANCIAL FLOW TO SIDS
CONCLUSIONS
(Behrens 2008) aid initiatives fragmented and dispersed
Need to have more transparent reporting mechanisms, including
tools for climate proofing all other aid programmes and initiatives
(Klein 2008) key role of GCCS but more & additional resources
(Huq and Ayers 2008) ODA can building adaptive capacity
particularly in LCDs and SIDS. 4-step approach & EU ODA could
increase its effectiveness vis-à-vis adaptation and development
objectives.
EU VS. MAINSTREAMING
14
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
PRINCIPLES OF EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY
EU INSTRUMENTS AND AID DELIVERY
EU MAINSTREAMING EFFORTS AND FINANCIAL FLOW TO SIDS
CONCLUSIONS
(Ayers et al. 2010) EU should address shortfall in its overall aid
delivery system.
(Persson 2009) With budget support less options to influence
mainstreaming in the receiving country
Literature on EU aid flows to SIDS that are also LCDs is scarce
Few studies available on mainstreaming efforts in SIDS, and existing
tend to refer to a limited selection of case studies and often within
projects sponsored by multi-donors.
EU VS. MAINSTREAMING
15
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
PRINCIPLES OF EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY
EU INSTRUMENTS AND AID DELIVERY
EU MAINSTREAMING EFFORTS AND FINANCIAL FLOW TO SIDS
CONCLUSIONS
1. Profound transformation of EU development policy
2. Post-2000 focus on poverty reduction and recently on its links with CC
3. Aid delivery system reformed but still doubts on how its low poverty
oriented focus affects the adaptive capacity of SIDS
4. Increased attention to climate change adaptation in the context of
development, but EU’s mainstreaming efforts appear to be weak, and
at times disjointed from aid operations on the ground.
CONCLUSION POINTS
16
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
PRINCIPLES OF EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY
EU INSTRUMENTS AND AID DELIVERY
EU MAINSTREAMING EFFORTS AND FINANCIAL FLOW TO SIDS
CONCLUSIONS
5. Budget and sectoral support at expenses of projects de facto weakens
effective monitoring of mainstreaming actions in receiving countries
6. Lack of proper monitoring and evaluation instruments to assess all
ODA, and not only the climate related ones
CONCLUSION POINTS
17
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
PRINCIPLES OF EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY
EU INSTRUMENTS AND AID DELIVERY
EU MAINSTREAMING EFFORTS AND FINANCIAL FLOW TO SIDS
CONCLUSIONS
Next phase of the research focuses on EU aid flow to SIDS that are also
LCDs (10) testing the mainstreaming plus theory.
Budget-Secroral Vs. Projects is still a doubt!
FUTURE RESEARCH & QUESTIONS
18
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22
Announcement
24TH Ph.D. Workshop on
International Climate Policy
Spring 2012
Freiburg, Germany
jointly organized by
University of Freiburg &
Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems
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• Call for Papers (published via email lists)
End of January/February 2012
• Abstract submission
February 2012
• Notification of acceptance/rejection
March 2012
• ICP-Workshop
Preliminary date: May, 3-5 2012
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