ITU Kaleidoscope 2014 Living in a converged world -­‐ impossible without standards? An experimental test bed for the
evaluation of the hidden terminal
problems on the IEEE 802.15.5
standard
David Rodenas-Herraiz, Antonio-Javier Garcia-Sanchez,
Felipe Garcia-Sanchez and Joan Garcia-Haro
Department of Information and Communications Technologies
Universidad Politecnica de Cartagena (Spain)
1 Summary
• Motivation
• IEEE 802.15.5
– Mesh Network Forma0on – Asynchronous Energy Saving Mode • Architecture and Implementation
• Performance Evaluation
Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 3-5 June 2014
ITU Kaleidoscope 2014 - Living in a converged world - impossible without standards?
2 Motivation
Wireless Mesh Sensor Networks (WMSNs)
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Destination
Wireless Mesh Sensor Network (WMSN) Wireless sensor platform: TelosB
device provided by MEMSIC Inc.
Mesh capability
Source
Link
Scalability
Energy reliability
efficiency
Self-organization
Interoperability
Robustness
Security
… Multi-hop mesh routing
Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 3-5 June 2014
ITU Kaleidoscope 2014 - Living in a converged world - impossible without standards?
3
Motivation
Wireless Mesh Sensor Networks (WMSNs)
216 surveyed industrial
automation professionals
and end users (%)
75% have installed or planed a Wireless
Sensor Network
75% consider employing IEEE 802.15.4-based
WSNs including mesh capability
20% intend to exclusively use Wireless Mesh
Sensor Network solutions
Fig. 1.3. Trend shown by the industrial automation market in the last few years. On
World (Hatler et al., 2012)
By 2016, 39% applications and services will be uniquely
enabled by Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Mesh Networks
(LR-WPAN Mesh) (Hatler et al., 2012)
Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 3-5 June 2014
ITU Kaleidoscope 2014 - Living in a converged world - impossible without standards?
4
Motivation
Wireless Mesh Sensor Networks (WMSNs)
Smart Santander City
Up to 12.000 nodes deployed in Santander (Spain) to create a Smart City
Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 3-5 June 2014
ITU Kaleidoscope 2014 - Living in a converged world - impossible without standards?
5 Motivation
Wireless Mesh Sensor Networks (WMSNs)
GreenOrbs
More than 1000 nodes deployed in TianMu Mountain, Zhejiang (China),
for long-term ecological surveillance
Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 3-5 June 2014
ITU Kaleidoscope 2014 - Living in a converged world - impossible without standards?
6 Motivation
Wireless Mesh Sensor Networks (WMSNs)
Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 3-5 June 2014
ITU Kaleidoscope 2014 - Living in a converged world - impossible without standards?
7
Motivation
Wireless Mesh Sensor Networks (WMSNs)
Feature
Multi-hop mesh routing
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NA
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Scalability
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NA
NA
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Energy efficiency
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Link reliability
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NA
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End-to-end reliability
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NA
NA
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Robustness
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NA
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Interoperability
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Self-organization
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Security
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û
NA
NA
ü
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NA
Mobility support
ü
ü
NA
û
ü
ü
ü
Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 3-5 June 2014
ITU Kaleidoscope 2014 - Living in a converged world - impossible without standards?
8
Motivation
Wireless Mesh Sensor Networks (WMSNs)
Decisions
Use of IPv6
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Compatible
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Compatible
In-network addressing
scheme
16bit
128bit
16bit
16-bit
16-bit
16-bit
16-bit
Available source code
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Open issue
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Open issue
Free-payment
contributions
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Memory and CPU
usage
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Cost
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Flexibility
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Large-scale networks
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Energy-saving support
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Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 3-5 June 2014
ITU Kaleidoscope 2014 - Living in a converged world - impossible without standards?
9
Motivation
Wireless Mesh Sensor Networks (WMSNs)
• The IEEE released in 2009 the IEEE 802.15.5
standard to extend traditional Low-Rate
Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs)
to scalable, robust, energy-efficient and
interoperable WMSNs
• Despite the sought after features already
offered by this standard, there is still very few
experimental work accessing the performance
of IEEE 802.15.5 networks
• Lack of an open-source implementation
available to the scientific and development
communities
Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 3-5 June 2014
ITU Kaleidoscope 2014 - Living in a converged world - impossible without standards?
10 The IEEE 802.15.5 LR-WPAN Mesh standard
Anatomy of the current communication stack
OSI Reference
Model APPLICATION
LAYER
PRESENTATION
LAYER
LR-WPAN Mesh Application
SESSION LAYER
TRANSPORT LAYER
NETWORK LAYER
IEEE 802.15.5 Low-Rate Wireless
Personal Area Network Mesh
layer
DATA LINK LAYER
IEEE 802.15.4-2006
Medium Access Control (MAC) layer
PHYSICAL LAYER
IEEE 802.15.4-2006
Physical (PHY) layer
Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 3-5 June 2014
ITU Kaleidoscope 2014 - Living in a converged world - impossible without standards?
11 The IEEE 802.15.5 LR-WPAN Mesh standard
Mesh network formation
[14] +
[Branch B]
Branch 1
(1-15)
A
0
(0-65534)
Branch
B
[8] + [3]
= [11]
4
(4-15)
[11] + [3]
= [14]
Mesh Coordinator [1]
10
11
(10) (11)
[1]
7
(9-15)
[1] + [1] + [3] + [3] = [8]
[1] + [3] = [4]
12
(12-15)
Mesh device Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 3-5 June 2014
ITU Kaleidoscope 2014 - Living in a converged world - impossible without standards?
15
(15)
[1]
End device 12 The IEEE 802.15.5 LR-WPAN Mesh standard
Asynchronous Energy Saving (ASES) mode
• Conceived for the majority of traditional WSN
applications
Wakeup Interval (WI)
RECEIVER
ID
SENDER
ID
WN
WN
AD
ID
Ack WN
WN
DATA
Wakeup
Notification
(WN)
AD
time
AD
ID
WI
AD
time
AD
Transmission by
means of the
unslotted CSMA-CA
Data arrival
Wait for the
Active Duration
receiver’s WN
(AD)
WI = meshBaseActiveDuration·2WO [ms] AD = meshBaseActiveDuration·2AO [ms] 0 ≤ Active Order (AO) ≤ Wakeup Order (WO) ≤ 14
Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 3-5 June 2014
ITU Kaleidoscope 2014 - Living in a converged world - impossible without standards?
13 IEEE 802.15.5 Architecture for TinyOS
IEEE 802.15.4 implementation
(TKN154) by J.-H. Hauer
14 Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 3-5 June 2014
ITU Kaleidoscope 2014 - Living in a converged world - impossible without standards?
Performance Evaluation
The hidden terminal problem
RX
ID
AD
ID
DATA
DATA
TX 2 …
ID
AD
WN
TX 2
DATA
TX 1
AD
time
time
DATA
RX
WN
DATA
TX 1
DATA
• The HT problem gives rise to message
collisions, leading to further retransmissions
and messages lost
• High energy waste
ID
time
Hidden terminals
Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 3-5 June 2014
ITU Kaleidoscope 2014 - Living in a converged world - impossible without standards?
15 Performance Evaluation
25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
Scenario (1.i)
Receiver 25 m
Scenario (1.ii)
25 m
Sender Scenario (2)
– Deployed TelosB devices in an indoor scenario
– Traffic generation rate: 0.1, 1 and 2 messages per
second (127 bytes at the IEEE 802.15.4 PHY layer)
– All nodes configured with WO = 4 (WI = 80 ms) and
AO = 3 (AD = 40 ms)
Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 3-5 June 2014
ITU Kaleidoscope 2014 - Living in a converged world - impossible without standards?
16 Results: Single-hop scenario
Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 3-5 June 2014
ITU Kaleidoscope 2014 - Living in a converged world - impossible without standards?
17 Results: Mesh scenario
Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 3-5 June 2014
ITU Kaleidoscope 2014 - Living in a converged world - impossible without standards?
18 Conclusions and Future Work
• Developed first opensource implementation
of the IEEE 802.15.5
LR-WPAN Mesh
standard for TinyOS
• Assessed WMSN
operation considering
HT problems
• HT problems degrade
significantly the WMSN
performance
q
q
Complete the
implementation of the
IEEE 802.15.5 standard
Investigate and
evaluate solutions to
alleviate the HT
problems in an IEEE
802.15.5 networks
The complete software can be found in the following repository:
https://github.com/upct/mesh802155.git
Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 3-5 June 2014
ITU Kaleidoscope 2014 - Living in a converged world - impossible without standards?
19 Thanks!
antoniojavier.garcia@upct.es Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 3-5 June 2014
ITU Kaleidoscope 2014 - Living in a converged world - impossible without standards?
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