1. Point-to-area communication
2. Coordination
3. Interference
SMS4DC training seminar
27 November – 1 December 2006
Caribbean Seminar for Training of the Trainers in Spectrum Management
Management System for Developing Countries SMS4DC)
St John’
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Type of communications (ITU-R
1
V.662-3) :
•
point-to-point communication (2.07)
•
point-to-multipoint communication (2.08)
•
point-to-area communication (2.09)
Point-to-point communication:
Communication provided by a link, for example, a radio-relay link
between two stations located at specified fixed points
Caribbean Seminar for Training of the Trainers in Spectrum Management
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2
1
Point-to-multipoint communication:
Communication provided by links, for example, radio-relay links between
a single station located at a specified fixed point and a number of stations located at
specified fixed points.
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3
Point-to-area communication:
Communication provided by links between a station located at a specified
fixed point and any number of stations located at non-specified points in a given area
which is the coverage area of the station located at the fixed point.
Land Mobile
Broadcasting
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4
2
ITU-R recommendations for point-to-area communication :
•
P.370 ( Broadcasting )
VHF AND UHF PROPAGATION CURVES FOR THE FREQUENCY
RANGE FROM 30 MHz TO 1 000 MHz
Broadcasting services
•
P.529 ( Land Mobile )
PREDICTION METHODS FOR THE TERRESTRIAL LAND MOBILE
SERVICE IN THE VHF AND UHF BANDS
•
P.1546 ( Land Mobile & Broadcasting )
METHOD FOR POINT-TO-AREA PREDICTIONS FOR TERRESTRIAL
SERVICES IN THE
FREQUENCY RANGE 30 MHz TO 3 000 MHz
Caribbean Seminar for Training of the Trainers in Spectrum Management
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5
FIGURE 1a
Field strength (dB( µ V/m)) for 1 kW e.r.p.
P.370
90
80
70
60
h 1 = 1 200 m
50
Field strength (dB(µV/m))
h1 :
the effective
height of the transmitting
antenna is defined as its
height over the average
level of the ground between
distances of 3 and 15 km
from the transmitter in the
direction of the receiver
h1 =
h1 =
40
600 m
300 m
30
20
h1 = 150
m
h1 =
m
75
h1 = 37.5 m
10
0
– 10
– 20
– 30
– 40
– 50
10
20
50
100
200
400
Logarithmic scale
600
800
1 000
Linear scale
Distance (km)
Frequency: 30-250 MHz (Bands I, II and III); land; 50% of the time;
50% of the locations; h2 = 10 m; ∆ h = 50 m
Free space
D01
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6
3
FIGURE 9
Field strength (dB( µ V/m)) for 1 kW e.r.p.
P.370 (Cont.)
90
80
70
60
50
h 1 = 1 200 m
Field strength (dB(µV/m))
40
h 1=
600 m
h 1=
300 m
30
20
10
h 1 = 150
m
h 1 = 75
m
h 1 = 37.5 m
0
– 10
– 20
– 30
– 40
– 50
10
20
50
100
200
400
600
Logarithmic scale
800
1 000
Linear scale
Distance (km)
Frequency: 450-1 000 MHz (Bands IV and V); land; 50% of the time;
50% of the locations; h2 = 10 m; ∆ h = 50 m
Free space
D16
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P.370 (Cont.)
For locations other than 50%, probability distribution curves are presented in Figs. 5 and 12.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 12
Ratio (dB) of the field strength for a given percentage of the receiving
locations to the field strength for 50% of the receiving locations
Ratio (dB) of the field strength for a given percentage of the receiving
locations to the field strength for 50% of the receiving locations
20
40
15
30
10
20
10
Ratio (dB)
Ratio (dB)
5
0
–5
0
– 10
– 10
– 20
– 15
– 30
– 20
1 2
5
10
20
40
30
60
50
80
90
95
98 99
70
– 40
1 2
5
10
20
40
30
Percentage of receiving locations
60
50
80
90
95
98 99
70
Percentage of receiving locations
Frequency: 30-250 MHz (Bands I, II and III)
Frequency: 450-1 000 MHz (Bands IV and V)
Analogue systems
Analogue systems
Digital systems
(>1.5 MHz bandwidth)
D12
Digital systems
(>1.5 MHz bandwidth)
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D19
8
4
P.370 (Cont.)
FIGURE 6
Application of the parameter ∆ h for broadcasting services
∆h :
the parameter ∆h is used to define the
degree of terrain irregularity; for broadcasting
services it is applied in the range 10 km to 50 km
from the transmitter.
10%
∆h
Tx
90%
0
50 km
10
D13
Distance from transmitter
FIGURE 7
FIGURE 8
Attenuation correction factor as a function of the distance d (km) and ∆ h
Attenuation correction factor as a function of the distance d (km) and ∆ h
30
30
∆ h ( m ) = 500
25
20
∆ h ( m ) = 500
15
300
10
At te nua tion correcti on factor (dB )
A ttenuation correction factor (dB)
25
150
100
80
5
50
0
30
20
–5
300
20
15
150
10
100
80
5
50
0
30
10
–5
20
– 10
10
50
100
150
200
250
300
10
– 10
0 10
Distance, d (km)
50
100
150
200
250
300
Distance, d (km)
Frequency: 80-250 MHz (Bands II and III)
D14
D15
Frequency: 450-1 000 MHz (Bands IV and V)
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P.370 (Cont.)
If more precision is required for predicting the field
strength for reception conditions in specific areas, e.g.
in a small receiving area, a correction may be made
based on a “terrain clearance angle”.
FIGURE 19
Terrain clearance angle
θ negative
θ
FIGURE 17
10 m
Tx
Terrain clearance angle correction factor
16 km
20
UHF
10 m
θ positive
10
θ
VHF
Rx
D29
Terrain clearance angle :
This angle, θ, should be representative of those
angles in the reception area, which are measured
between the horizontal at the receiving antenna
and the line which just clears all obstacles
within 16 km in the direction of the transmitter.
The example in Fig. 19 also indicates the sign
convention which is negative if the line to the
obstacles is above the horizontal.
Correction (dB)
0
– 10
– 20
– 30
– 40
– 20
– 15
– 10
–5
5
0
Clearance angle, θ (degrees)
D27
Where the relevant terrain clearance angle
information is available, Fig. 17 (or the equivalent
equations) should be used in place of the ∆h
correction .
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10
5
P.1546
FIGURE 17
FIGURE 1
2 000 MHz, land path, 50% time
100 MHz, land path, 50% time
120
120
110
110
100
100
90
90
80
80
Maximum (free space)
Maximum (free space)
70
70
60
60
50
Field strength (dB(µV/m)) for 1 kW e.r.p.
Field strength (dB(µV/m)) for 1 kW e.r.p.
50
h1 = 1 200 m
40
30
h1 = 10 m
20
10
0
h1 = 1 200 m
40
30
20
h1 = 10 m
10
0
–10
–10
–20
–20
Transmitting/base
Transmitting/base
–30
–30
antenna heights, h1
1 200 m
–40
antenna heights, h1
1 200 m
–40
600 m
600 m
300 m
–50
300 m
–50
150 m
150 m
75 m
–60
–70
75 m
–60
37.5 m
20 m
37.5 m
20 m
–70
10 m
10 m
–80
–80
10
1
100
1
1 000
10
100
1 000
Distance (km)
Distance (km)
50% of locations
50% of locations
h2: representative clutter height
h2: representative clutter height
1546-01
1546-17
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P.1546 (Cont.)
FIGURE 26a
FIGURE 27
Terrain clearance angle: the general case
Terrain clearance angle correction
2 000 MHz
600 MHz
θ positive
Correction (dB)
100 MHz
θ
R (m)
16 km
25
20
15
10
5
0
–5
–10
–15
–20
θ negative
–25
θ
100 MHz
–30
R (m)
–35
600 MHz
2 000 MHz
–40
0
Rx
Tx
10
20
30
40
50
Terrain clearance angle (degrees)
1546-26a
1546-27
This angle, θ, is measured relative to the line from the receiving/mobile antenna which just clears all
terrain obstructions in the direction of the transmitter/base antenna over a distance of up to 16 km but not
going beyond the transmitting/base antenna.
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6
Effective height clculation
Spreadsheet of stations and picture of effective height of a station
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P.370 : point-to-area calculation
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Time percentage (1 to 50%)
Location percentage (1 to 99%)
Earth Curvature (k-factor)
System type (Analog and digital)
Environment (Urban Area, Rural
Area, Suburban Area)
Land/See Discrimination key,
Clearance Angle key,
Receiver height
Area calculation using ITU-R P.370 propagation model
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7
P.1546 : point-to-area calculation
•
•
•
•
•
•
Time percentage (1 to 50%)
Location percentage (1 to 99%)
Earth Curvature (k-factor)
Land/See Discrimination key,
Clearance Angle key,
Service (Urban Mobile, Suburban or
Rolling hills Mobile, Analog
Broadcasting, Digital broadcasting)
Receiver height
Environment (Open Area, Rural Area,
Urban Area, Dense Urban Area,
Suburban Area)
•
•
Area calculation using ITU-R P.1546 propagation model
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P.525 : point-to-area calculation
•
•
k-factor
Receiver height
Area calculation using ITU-R P.525 propagation model
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8
Hata : point-to-area calculation
•
•
•
•
Hata Equation (User Defined):
Lets user to customize equation
coefficients
Receiver height
Earth Curvature (k-factor)
Environment (Open Area, Rural
Area, Urban Area, Dense Urban
Area, Suburban Area)
Area calculation using ITU-R P.529 propagation model
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Overlay Calculation
An example for application of “Overlay Calculation”
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9
Network Processor : Maximum Field Strength
Item to calculate and visualize the maximum value of field strength values produced by more
than one transmitting stations at any point inside a predefined rectangular area.
Application of maximum field strength method in analysis of
a three-station network using ITU-R P.370 propagation model
Caribbean Seminar for Training of the Trainers in Spectrum Management
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Network Processor : Maximum Field Strength (Cont.)
Application of maximum field strength method in analysis of
a three-station network using Okumora-Hata propagation model
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10
Network Processor : Maximum Field Strength (Cont.)
Application of maximum field strength method in analysis of
a three-station network using Free-Space propagation model
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Network Processor : Best Server
Item to calculate and visualize the best serving station at each point among various stations
inside a predefined rectangular area.
Three-station network processing using best server method under P.370 propagation model
(a) Best server result without considering clearance angle (b) Best server result considering clearance angle
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11
Network Processor : Best Server (Con.)
Application of best server method in analysis of a three-station network
(a) Using Free-Space propagation model
(b) Using Okumora-Hata propagation model
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Contour calculation
By selection of this item, users could define a threshold value.
Contour calculation
Area calculation
1) Tx location
2) Rx location
3) Model
1) Tx location
4) Field Strength
2) Field Strength
4) Rx location
3) Model
E = E0 (dBuV/m)
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12
Contour calculation (Cont.)
Draw Contour from File: Item to load and display saved vectors on active area calculation
result window.
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Coverage Area
Item to calculate area in km2 where inside the area, the field strength value is higher than a
threshold value.
E < Threshold Value
E > Threshold Value
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13
Coordination
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GE84
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14
GE84 : BC to BC Coordination Distance
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GE84 : BC to BC Coordination Distance (Cont.)
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15
GE84 : BC to BT Coordination Distance
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GE84 : BC to BT Coordination Distance (Cont.)
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16
GE84 : BC to FX Coordination
Pb : Nearest point to border
Border
Country Y
Country X
BC Station
E(Pb) > 0
FX stations in Country Y are affected
REGION Y : 3
(GE84 Final acts Chapter 5)
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GE84 : BC to LM Coordination (Cont.)
Pb : Nearest point to border
Border
Country Y
Country X
Country Y : MCO(Monaco)
E(Pb)>14 & H polarization
E(Pb)>6 & (V or M) polarization
Region Y : 3
E(Pb)>18 & H polarization
E(Pb)>0 & (V or M) polarization
BC Station
LM stations in Country Y are affected
(GE84 Final acts Chapter 4)
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17
Definitions
Minimum usable field strength (GE89 CHAPTER 1)
Minimum value of field strength necessary to guarantee satisfactory service quality in the
presence of natural and man-made noise but in the absence of interference from other
transmitters.
Reference usable field strength (GE89 CHAPTER 1)
The agreed value of the usable field strength that serves as a reference or basis for the Plan.
Protection ratio (RR 1.170)
The minimum value of the wanted-to-unwanted signal ratio, usually expressed in decibels,
at the receiver input, determined under specified conditions such that a specified reception
quality of the wanted signal is achieved at the receiver output.
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GE84 : Interference from (Usable Fst.)
Interference from selected stations to wanted station
35
Es1
Esi
Es1, Es2,......., Esi
Es2
Eu
( Determination of the usable field strength by the simplified
multiplication method )
Wanted
Station
Selected
Stations
Protection ratio :
(SM.851)
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18
GE84 : Interference from (Usable Fst.) (Cont.)
If (E50+As) ≥ (Et+At)
Protection ratio = As
else
Protection ratio = At
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GE84 : Interference to (Usable Fst.)
Interference from wanted station to selected stations
Es1
Esi
Eu
Es2
Wanted
Station
Selected
Stations
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19
ST61 : [BC , BT] to [BC , BT] - Coordination Distance
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20
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Caribbean Seminar for Training of the Trainers in Spectrum Management
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21
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GE89
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22
GE89 : BT to BT - Coordination Distance
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GE89 : BT to BT - Coordination Distance(Cont.)
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23
GE89 : BT to FX Coordination (Fst.)
RPR : relative protection ratio
FX
Esi
rc
Sea
hR
s
a d iu
Ff
Wanted BT
Station
Fw
Ff = Fw ± frequency scan range
∆f = Ff - FvW
Fs = FsW - FvW
Fc = 3.579
NTSC
Fc = 4.43
PAL or SECAM
Elimit = -2 - RPR + g(dB)
g(dB) : ∆h correction factor
Esi = Et + erp - 30 + Lp
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GE89 : BT to FX Coordination (Fst.) (Cont.)
Lp : Percentage of receiving locations Correction factor
Esi > Elimit
FX stations are affected
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24
GE89 : BT to LM Coordination (Fst.)
Esi = Et + erp - 30 + Lp + Height_gain
Height_gain = 20log10(h2/10)
Lp : Percentage of receiving locations Correction factor
LM
rc
Sea
Esi
hR
s
a d iu
Fm
Wanted BT
Station
Fw
Elimit_m
Fm = Fw ± frequency scan range
Esi > Elimit
Elimit = Elimit_m + g(dB)
g(dB) : ∆h correction factor
LM stations are affected
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49
GE89 : FX,LM to BT Coordination (Fst.)
∆f = Fw - FvT
Fs = FsT - FvT
Fc = 3.579
NTSC
Fc = 4.43
PAL or SECAM
BT
rc h
Sea
Em
R ad
ius
46
49
53
59
Ft
Wanted
FX,LM
Station
FSmin
Fw
Elimit = Fsmin - 58.0 - RPR + g(dB)
Ft = Fw ± frequency scan range
Em = Et + erp - 30 + Lp
RPR : relative protection ratio
g(dB) : ∆h correction factor
Em > Elimit
BT stations are affected
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50
25
GE89 : Interference from BT - BT (Usable Fst.)
Interference from selected stations to wanted station
BT
Es2
rc
Sea
Esi
Selected
BT
Stations
Fm
Es1
hR
s
a d iu
Wanted BT
Station
Fw
Fm = Fw ± frequency scan range
Eu
Es1, Es2,......., Esi
( Determination of the usable field strength by the simplified
multiplication method )
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GE89 : Interference to BT - BT (Fst.)
Interference from wanted station to selected stations
Es2
Esi
Selected BT
Stations
Fm
Es1
rc h
Sea
R ad
ius
Wanted BT
Station
Fw
Fm = Fw ± frequency scan range
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26
Interference
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Interference
Interference by
by Noise
Noise
Wanted
field strength Ew
Minimum
field strength Emin
Noise level En
C/N
Noise
wanted TX
Criteria for coverage
Wanted Field Str. > Minimum Field Str.
Ew > En + C/N
Coverage area
Caribbean Seminar for Training of the Trainers in Spectrum Management
Management System for Developing Countries SMS4DC)
St John’
John’s, Antigua and Barbuda, 27 November – 1 December 2006
Emin
54
27
Interference
Interference by
by one
one Transmitter
Transmitter
Nuisance field En
Wanted
field strength Ew
Protection ratio
Interfering
field strength Ei
C/N
Noise
Coverage area
with noise only
Criteria for coverage
Wanted Field Str. > Nuisance Field Str.
Ew > Ei + PR
En
Coverage area
with one
interfering Tx
Caribbean Seminar for Training of the Trainers in Spectrum Management
Management System for Developing Countries SMS4DC)
St John’
John’s, Antigua and Barbuda, 27 November – 1 December 2006
55
Interference
Interference by
by several
several Transmitters
Transmitters
Usable field
strength Eu
Protection ratio
Ew
Ei
2
Ei
1
C/N
Noise
Coverage area
with noise only
Criteria for coverage
Coverage area
with several
interfering Tx
Wanted Field Str. > Usable Field Str.
m
Ew >
Ejn
j1=2
13
Caribbean Seminar for Training of the Trainers in Spectrum Management
Management System for Developing Countries SMS4DC)
St John’
John’s, Antigua and Barbuda, 27 November – 1 December 2006
Σ
Eu
56
28
Interference BC to BC (Coverage)
Caribbean Seminar for Training of the Trainers in Spectrum Management
Management System for Developing Countries SMS4DC)
St John’
John’s, Antigua and Barbuda, 27 November – 1 December 2006
57
Interference BC to BC (Usable Fst.)
Caribbean Seminar for Training of the Trainers in Spectrum Management
Management System for Developing Countries SMS4DC)
St John’
John’s, Antigua and Barbuda, 27 November – 1 December 2006
58
29
Interference BT to BT (Coverage)
Caribbean Seminar for Training of the Trainers in Spectrum Management
Management System for Developing Countries SMS4DC)
St John’
John’s, Antigua and Barbuda, 27 November – 1 December 2006
59
Interference BT to BT (Usable Fst.)
Caribbean Seminar for Training of the Trainers in Spectrum Management
Management System for Developing Countries SMS4DC)
St John’
John’s, Antigua and Barbuda, 27 November – 1 December 2006
60
30
Interference : FX2FX (Link) (Interference to)
Interference from the wanted Hop to the selected Hop(s)
(above 1 GHz)
Propagation Model : P.452
Sele
ct
Tx
ed H
op
Rx
nt
Wa
Tx
ed
p
Ho
Rx
Rx frq.S = Tx frq.W ± frequency scan range
Rx
op
dH
ecte
l
e
S
Tx
Caribbean Seminar for Training of the Trainers in Spectrum Management
Management System for Developing Countries SMS4DC)
St John’
John’s, Antigua and Barbuda, 27 November – 1 December 2006
Interference : FX2FX (Link) (Interference from)
Interference from selected Hop(s) to the wanted Hop
61
(above 1 GHz)
Propagation Model : P.452
Selec
op
ted H
Rx
Tx
Tx
nt
Wa
p
Ho
ed
Rx
Tx frq.S = Rx frq.W ± frequency scan range
Hop
Selected
Rx
Tx
Caribbean Seminar for Training of the Trainers in Spectrum Management
Management System for Developing Countries SMS4DC)
St John’
John’s, Antigua and Barbuda, 27 November – 1 December 2006
62
31
Interference : FX2FX (station) (Interference to)
Interference from the wanted Tx station to the selected RX station(s) (above 1 GHz)
Propagation Model : P.452
Rx
Tx
Wanted Tx
Rx
Rx frq.S = Tx frq.W ± frequency scan range
Selected Rx
Threshold Degradation :
TD = 10 log10 (1 + 10( I − N ) /10 ) dB
Caribbean Seminar for Training of the Trainers in Spectrum Management
Management System for Developing Countries SMS4DC)
St John’
John’s, Antigua and Barbuda, 27 November – 1 December 2006
63
Interference : FX2FX (station) (Interference from)
Interference from the Tx selected station(s) to the Rx wanted station (above 1 GHz)
Propagation Model : P.452
Tx
Rx
Wanted Rx
Tx
Rx frq.S = Tx frq.W ± frequency scan range
Selected Tx
Caribbean Seminar for Training of the Trainers in Spectrum Management
Management System for Developing Countries SMS4DC)
St John’
John’s, Antigua and Barbuda, 27 November – 1 December 2006
64
32
Interference : FXM (Interference to)
Interference from the wanted Tx station to the selected RX station(s) (below 1 GHz)
Propagation Model : Free Space & P.1546
Rx
Fixed
Land Mobile
Fixed
Land Mobile
Rx frq.S = Tx frq.W ± frequency scan range
Wanted Tx
Rx
Selected Rx
Caribbean Seminar for Training of the Trainers in Spectrum Management
Management System for Developing Countries SMS4DC)
St John’
John’s, Antigua and Barbuda, 27 November – 1 December 2006
65
Interference : FXM (Interference from)
Interference from the selected Tx station(s) to the wanted Rx station (below 1 GHz)
Propagation Model : Free Space & P.1546
Tx
Fixed
Land Mobile
Fixed
Land Mobile
Tx frq.S = Rx frq.W ± frequency scan range
Wanted Rx
Tx
Selected Tx
Caribbean Seminar for Training of the Trainers in Spectrum Management
Management System for Developing Countries SMS4DC)
St John’
John’s, Antigua and Barbuda, 27 November – 1 December 2006
66
33
Border Coordination
Border
Xkm Line
Cross Border
Range (CBR)
Caribbean Seminar for Training of the Trainers in Spectrum Management
Management System for Developing Countries SMS4DC)
St John’
John’s, Antigua and Barbuda, 27 November – 1 December 2006
67
Border Coordination (Cont.)
P.1546
Cross Border Range (CBR)
(Type A)
Land Mobile
Cross Border Range (CBR) (Type A)
Free Space
Model 1
Cross Border Range (CBR) (Type A)
P.1546
Frequency < 1GHz
Fixed
Free Space
Frequency ≥ 1GHz
P.1546
P.452
Cross Border Range (CBR) (Type A)
Coordination Distance (Type B)
Xkm Line Calculation
Land Mobile
Free Space
Xkm Line Calculation
Model 2
P.1546
Fixed
Xkm Line Calculation
Frequency < 1GHz
Free Space
Xkm Line Calculation
Caribbean Seminar for Training of the Trainers in Spectrum Management
Management System for Developing Countries SMS4DC)
St John’
John’s, Antigua and Barbuda, 27 November – 1 December 2006
68
34
User Defined Agreements
Caribbean Seminar for Training of the Trainers in Spectrum Management
Management System for Developing Countries SMS4DC)
St John’
John’s, Antigua and Barbuda, 27 November – 1 December 2006
69
35