Uddingston Grammar School South Lanarkshire Council 6 March 2001 Contents ________________________________________ 1. Introduction Page 1 2. The school 1 3. How well are pupils performing? 4 4. How well are the inspected departments performing? 6 5. How good is the curriculum? 12 6. How good is the learning and teaching? 13 7. How well are pupils supported? 13 8. How well is the school managed? 17 9. How well does the school perform overall? 19 Key Strengths Main points for action Appendix 22/23 Indicators of quality Quality of lessons observed How can you contact us? 24 _________________________________ Inspection of Standards and Quality in Uddingston Grammar School South Lanarkshire Council 1. Introduction Uddingston Grammar School was inspected in November and December 2000 as part of a national sample of secondary education. The inspection covered key aspects of the work of the school at all stages. HM Inspectors evaluated learning, teaching and attainment, examined pupils’ work and interviewed staff and pupils. The subjects included in the inspection were English, mathematics, modern languages, modern studies and music. HM Inspectors also evaluated the quality of support for pupils, including arrangements for the care and welfare of pupils and child protection, aspects of guidance and support for learning and the work of the Resource Centre for Visually Impaired Pupils (the Centre). In evaluating how well the school and departments were managed, HM Inspectors assessed the school’s processes for self-evaluation and development planning. Members of the inspection team analysed responses to questionnaires issued to a sample of parents. They met the Chairperson of the School Board, a group of parents and some local business people. 2. The school Uddingston Grammar School is a non-denominational secondary school which serves the communities of Uddingston, Bothwell, Viewpark and Tannochside. At the 1 time of the inspection the roll was 1214. Almost fifty per cent of pupils came from the North Lanarkshire Council area. The Centre supported seventeen pupils in the school. In total, 31 pupils in the school had a Record of Needs and a further five were being opened. Nineteen percent of pupils were entitled to free meals. Parents’ views Almost thirty-five per cent of the questionnaires were returned. Parents who responded were positive about most aspects of the school’s work. Almost all thought that: • their children enjoyed being at school, found the work stimulating and challenging, and were treated fairly by teachers; • pupils behaved well, the school was well resourced and parents were content with the role they were asked to play in their children’s education; and • the school had a good reputation in the community, was responsive to their concerns and was well led. Around a quarter thought that the teachers needed to know their children more as individuals and provide more information on their progress, strengths and weaknesses. Ethos 2 The school had a very good ethos. It had a welcoming, friendly and purposeful atmosphere. The highly committed staff worked well together and had established very good relationships with pupils. They readily gave of their time to help and support pupils. Teachers effectively promoted a climate of achievement. Pupils responded well to teachers’ high expectations of their behaviour. Those pupils with visual impairments felt highly valued, very well supported and fully included in the school. Pupils had very good opportunities to exercise responsibility in the school and express their views. The arrangements included senior pupils supporting younger pupils in several subjects. The pupils’ councils and other groups made an effective contribution to the life of the school. Many pupils participated in a very wide range of extra-curricular activities and charitable fund-raising. Regular school assemblies provided good opportunities for religious observance. Attendance had improved over recent years and now was in line with national levels. The number of exclusions had declined in recent years. School and community The school had very good links with the community and parents. Notable features included: • very good communications with parents, including a useful early warning system where there were concerns about pupils’ progress; • excellent relationships with the School Board and the parent teacher association; • very good links with community agencies and local businesses which had helped to provide money for the school’s Millennium projects; and • very good partnerships with the careers service and local authority personnel. The school had maintained effective links with its associated primaries but needed to make better use of the assessment information they provided. Accommodation Overall, the quality of accommodation was good. Positive features included a spacious library, a good hall, a bright dining area and appropriate accommodation for the Centre. However, there were too few classrooms overall. Some classrooms were small, including the learning support room which did not allow for an appropriate degree of privacy for 3 tutorial work. Storage facilities in some areas were inadequate. The school and the education authority should take steps to improve toilet facilities. The school was not well adapted for disabled access. Staffing and resources The school was generally well staffed. However, provision of staff for learning support required to be kept under review to meet pupils’ needs. Ancillary staff made an effective contribution to the life of the school. The school needed additional technical support to meet the present and future needs of information and communications technology (ICT). Resources were generally good. The Braille Centre provided high quality resources for pupils and staff. The headteacher, in consultation with staff, managed the school’s finances very effectively. The allocation of funds to departments took full account of needs identified in departmental and school development plans. 3. How well are pupils performing? Overall quality of attainment The overall quality of attainment was good at all stages. At S1/S2, there were gaps in pupils’ knowledge and skills because the school had not yet achieved its aim of fully implementing the 5-14 national guidelines. Tasks often lacked challenge for higher-attaining pupils and the rate of pupils’ learning was often too slow. However, pupils’ attainment had improved over the last three years. Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA) Awards The following analysis is based on data from the 1997 to 1999 examinations. 4 • At Standard Grade, the proportion of pupils achieving five or more Credit awards had steadily improved and was now broadly in line with the national average. • At Higher Grade, the proportion of S5 pupils gaining three or more A-C awards was broadly in line with the national average. The number of A awards per pupil had been above the national average over the last three years. Too many pupils did not achieve an award. • Most pupils presented for the Certificate of Sixth Year Studies (CSYS) over the last three years had achieved A-C awards. • Enrolments and successes in National Certificate (NC) modules had increased over the last three years. In 1999, the number of modules achieved per S5/S6 pupil was above the national average. Information on attainment in the subjects inspected is given later in the report. Significant features of attainment in subjects not inspected were as follows. • At Standard Grade, pupils achieved consistently better results in graphic communication than in their other subjects. Pupils performed relatively less well in science and social and vocational skills. • In home economics at Standard Grade, the proportion of pupils gaining a Credit award over the last two years was above the national average. • At Higher Grade, A awards in history were consistently above the national average. Pupils gained poorer Higher Grade awards in modern studies than in their other subjects. • In secretarial studies at Higher Grade, pupils performed better than expected on the basis of their Standard Grade results. 5 Information and communications technology The following were notable features of pupils’ proficiency in information and communications technology [ICT]. • Pupils were competent at using general purpose software on the school’s different computer systems. • Pupils were acquiring good skills in accessing careers and vocational information. • Pupils had regular opportunities to consolidate and extend their ICT skills in business studies, computing and technical education. They also used computers successfully in art and design to access information on the Internet. However, they had few opportunities to use their skills in most other subjects • Pupils with visual impairments were highly accomplished in, and informed about, the use of a range of technologies to get round their difficulties. The planned staff development should enable departments to make effective use of ICT to enrich pupils’ learning. 4. How well are the inspected departments performing? English Attainment 6 The overall quality of attainment was good from S1 to S4. It was very good in S5/S6. Pupils performed well in their coursework and there was much very good work at all stages. Lower-attaining pupils’ writing contained too many spelling, punctuation and grammar errors. In S1/S2, the majority of pupils were achieving appropriate national standards or a higher level. There had been recent significant improvement. At Standard Grade, Credit awards were at the national average, but above it for Grade 1. There had been steady improvement in the proportion of pupils achieving a General rather than a Foundation award. Achievements at Higher Grade were well above national averages. Pupils did better in English than in their other subjects and better than expected on the basis of Standard Grade performance. Almost all pupils taking CSYS recently had achieved an A-C award. The majority of pupils taking NC modules had achieved full success. Courses There was a good S1/S2 course, including some very good elements. The teaching of listening, reading and writing required more careful planning. Courses for S3/S4 and S5/6 were very well planned, including new National Qualifications courses. Learning and teaching The overall quality of learning and teaching was good. There were several examples of very good teaching. Pupils were generally very well motivated. Tasks often required discussion or independent thought, but this was not a consistent feature for all pupils. Expectations of the nature of work by pupils in S1/S2 and lower-attaining pupils in S3/S4 were not yet high enough. The teaching of writing was not yet consistently effective from S1 to S4. Teachers gave pupils full and helpful feedback and generally assessed standards of work accurately. They should use a larger body of coursework to assess levels of attainment in S1/S2 and develop the assessment of listening. Management and quality assurance The principal teacher led the department very well. He had taken perceptive and vigorous action to improve the curriculum and give guidance on learning and teaching. The assistant principal teacher and the senior teacher gave good support. There was very good departmental self-evaluation, leading to clear and significant planning priorities Priorities for action The department should continue with its planned improvements to the S1/S2 courses. It should meet pupils’ learning needs more fully by increasing challenge and expectations of independent thinking in S1/S2 and for 7 lower-attaining pupils in S3/S4. It should continue to improve the teaching of writing from S1 to S4. Mathematics Attainment The overall quality of attainment was fair at S1/S2, good at S3/S4 and very good at S5/S6. At S1/S2, most pupils were performing well on classwork, but tasks were not always set at a challenging level. By the end of S2, fewer than half of the pupils were achieving appropriate national levels. At Standard Grade and Higher Grade, pupils’ performance in mathematics was better than in their other subjects. The percentage of pupils achieving Credit awards was above national average. At Higher Grade, the percentages of pupils achieving A awards and A-C awards were well above national average. At CSYS most pupils achieved an A-C award. Courses Courses were fair at S1/S2, good at S3/S4 and very good at S5/S6. At S1/S2, the course did not fully ensure continuity and progression in pupils’ learning. Learning and teaching The quality of teaching was good overall. Teachers gave clear explanations and used questioning effectively to check understanding. From S3 to S6 teachers set high standards for presentation and completion of homework. Arrangements for assessment were well organised but from S1 to S4 assessment needed to be reviewed and improved. The review should include assessing pupils’ skills in mental and written calculations without the use of a calculator. Management and quality assurance The principal teacher managed the department well. He provided good support to staff and had encouraged effective teamwork. He had established sound procedures for monitoring the attainment of S3 to S6. Priorities for action The department should develop courses in S1/S2 which allow pupils to progress through national 5-14 levels. Procedures for closer monitoring of progress and attainment in S1/S2 8 should be developed. The department should improve courses at S1/S2 and assessment from S1 to S4. Modern Languages Attainment The overall quality of attainment was good at all stages. Almost all pupils were making good progress in their coursework. At Standard Grade, pupils were less successful in French than in their other subjects. In German their performance had improved. The percentage of pupils gaining Credit awards was below national averages in French but above in German. There were indications that pupils’ performance in French was improving. At Higher Grade, pupils performed better in French than in their other subjects, but less well in German. Success rates at CSYS were very good in French. Courses At all stages courses were appropriate and ensured progress in grammar. They were generally well supplemented by extra material, though there was scope for more demanding reading texts at S3 and S4. The provision of German for all pupils from Easter of S1 did not guarantee continuity of language study. Learning and teaching The quality of teaching was generally good. Almost all pupils worked well and co-operated effectively with their teachers. However, the pace of work in some individual lessons was too slow and lacked sufficient challenge. The department had a thorough programme of assessment. Management and quality assurance The principal teacher had established a good ethos and good teamwork. All teachers had high expectations of pupils. The assistant principal teacher had established good links with the associated primary schools. Although the principal teacher monitored colleagues’ work, he needed to extend his approaches to evaluating learning and teaching. Priorities for action The department should ensure that appropriately demanding reading texts are available at all stages. The department and 9 the school should reconsider the practice of offering two languages to all pupils from Easter of S1. Teachers should review the pace of individual lessons. Modern Studies Attainment The overall quality of attainment was good from S1 to S4 and fair in S5/S6. Attainment in coursework at all stages was good, but the needs of higher-attaining pupils were not always met well. At Standard Grade, pupils’ attainment was higher than that in their other subjects and was significantly so in 1998. At Higher Grade, a majority of pupils gained an A-C award. They performed less well in modern studies than their other subjects. Courses The S1/S2 course was fair. Courses from S3 to S6 were good. Staff had a shared understanding of course content through clear course plans. Learning and teaching The overall quality of teaching was good. Teachers were well prepared for lessons and managed classes effectively. They related well to pupils and used questioning effectively. Good emphasis was placed on developing enquiry skills. In the best lessons, pupils were encouraged to take part in discussion, reflect on issues and justify conclusions. Teachers sometimes needed to ensure pupils were given more challenging tasks, particularly higher-attaining pupils. Most pupils were well motivated and interested in their work. More effective use should be made of assessment to monitor pupils’ progress and plan next steps in learning. Management and quality assurance The acting principal teacher also had responsibility for history. Over a number of years he had made a very significant contribution to the development of modern studies. Approaches to self-evaluation and development planning were not yet sufficiently rigorous. In planning for improvement, targets and expected outcomes should be more clearly specified. 10 Priorities for action Attainment should be improved at Higher Grade and assessment in S1/S2 should be developed further, taking national advice into account. Approaches to planning for improvement should be improved. Music Attainment The overall quality of attainment was good. Pupils coped well with coursework although tasks were not always closely matched to their needs, particularly in inventing. Presentations for National Qualifications in music were high. At Standard Grade, the proportion of pupils attaining Credit awards was around the national average. At Higher Grade, pupils performed less well in music than in their other subjects. Fewer than half of the pupils presented for NC modules achieved full success. All pupils presented for CSYS in recent years had been successful. Courses The S1/S2 course was fair. Courses at S3 to S6 were good. S1 pupils needed to play a wider range of instruments. All courses placed an appropriate emphasis on developing pupils understanding of key musical ideas. Pupils required more opportunities to use these key ideas to improve progression in their inventing skills. Learning and teaching The overall quality of learning and teaching was good. Teachers provided some effective direct teaching. In the best examples, they set high expectations and a suitably brisk pace of learning to which pupils responded well. Teachers needed to ensure that tasks always matched 11 pupils’ differing needs and abilities. They also required to share assessment information more fully with pupils when discussing progress. Management and quality assurance The principal teacher provided good leadership. She was strongly committed to improving pupils’ learning experiences and attainment. Teachers were making very good progress in implementing development plan priorities. Good quality assurance procedures included an increasing emphasis on ensuring consistency in courses, learning and teaching. Priorities for action The department should continue to improve courses particularly at S1/S2. Teachers should set consistently high standards for pupils’ learning and ensure that tasks closely match pupils’ needs. They should also improve the use of assessment information. 5. How good is the curriculum? Overall, the quality of the curriculum was good. The school used national advice to ensure a broad curriculum in S1/S2. There were plans to improve the S1/S2 curriculum, taking account of recent national advice. The school needed to reconsider modern languages provision and increase the time allocated to religious and moral education to meet its aims. At S3/S4, almost all pupils studied eight Standard Grade subjects. The school needed to audit a number of courses to meet its aim of providing technological and creative and aesthetic aspects within pupils’ individual programmes. At S5/S6, the school was making good progress in implementing courses leading to the new National Qualifications. Most departments were providing new Higher courses and almost all offered Intermediate 2 courses or National Units. There was good progression from S3 to S6. 12 The school offered a range of CSYS courses. The school should provide a continuing element of religious and moral education within the personal development programme at S5/S6. 6. How good is the learning and teaching? The overall quality of learning and teaching was good. Most lessons seen were either very good or good. There were no major weaknesses in any lessons. Further information about lesson evaluations is given in the appendix. Most lessons were well planned and teachers gave clear explanations and instructions. There were some examples of very effective direct teaching. Homework arrangements varied in frequency and variety in some departments. The school gave pupils very good opportunities to attend supported study and homework clubs. At all stages, pupils needed increased pace, challenge and encouragement to take more responsibility for their learning. Throughout the school, pupils were well motivated and worked well in classes. There were some examples of very good approaches to assessment but some departments needed to give better feedback to pupils to help them improve their performance. The use of national tests in mathematics at S1/S2 should be improved. 7. How well are pupils supported? Care and welfare The school gave high priority to meeting pupils’ needs for care and welfare. Staff knew pupils well as individuals and provided them with very good pastoral care. There 13 were clear policies for ensuring the safety, health and well-being of pupils. All staff were very well aware of the agreed procedures for child protection. Guidance Positive features of guidance and pastoral care included the following features: • high quality pastoral care; • very good opportunities for pupils to discuss personal concerns with staff; • careful attention to the monitoring of pupils’ attendance and behaviour; • very good arrangements for pupils to obtain vocational guidance and information about colleges and universities; and • well-established procedures for S4 pupils to have work experience. The school’s overall provision for guidance was very good. The structure, organisation and delivery of guidance work ensured that there were very good opportunities for members of the guidance team to maintain direct contact with pupils in their respective houses. The school had made good progress in developing arrangements for guidance staff to monitor the progress and attainment of pupils. It had introduced procedures to encourage pupils to focus on how well they were progressing and to reflect on future targets for improvement. The school now should consider how best to set, share and monitor attainment targets for all pupils across the school. The personal and social education (PSE) programme was good overall. It covered a suitable range of topics and had relevant features which enhanced pupils’ knowledge, 14 understanding and skills. Guidance staff should continue to improve the programme taking account of parents’ and pupils’ views. Management and quality assurance The assistant headteacher with responsibility for guidance provided very good leadership. She worked very effectively with her guidance team. Support for learning Provision for supporting pupils experiencing learning difficulties was good overall. Learning and behaviour support staff worked together to provide a very good range of services for pupils and colleagues. The system for identifying pupils in need of support was thorough but too elaborate. Strong features of support for learning included the following. • Staff related well to pupils and used a very good range of strategies to promote their self-esteem. • They kept parents fully informed about their children’s learning needs and took good steps to involve them in assisting their progress. • All learning and behaviour support staff gave very good support to colleagues in classrooms and valued assistance in adjusting programmes and materials to meet pupils’ particular learning needs. • The learning support department had made very good progress in developing approaches to setting learning targets for individual pupils. • Learning support staff involved senior pupils very effectively in ‘paired reading’ projects and homework clubs to assist younger pupils to develop their literacy and learning skills. 15 Some pupils needed more intensive programmes to address significant difficulties in learning in general and with literacy skills. The school had good arrangements for reviewing Records of Needs and assessing future needs. Senior managers were putting in place procedures to ensure that education authorities sent them all relevant documents relating to pupils with Records of Needs. Management and quality assurance The highly respected principal teacher provided good leadership. She had established effective teamwork including visiting services and her staff used a range of appropriate measures to evaluate their work. However, the range of support offered should be reviewed. The Resource Centre for Visually Impaired Pupils The Centre provided very high quality support for pupils with visual impairment. It had a very positive and supportive ethos which encouraged pupils’ independence and maturity. Among the strong features of the provision were: 16 • the wide range of expertise provided by the Centre’s well qualified staff and their very good relationships with mainstream colleagues; • pupils who were well taught and confident in using specialist resources, including sophisticated electronic equipment, to access the mainstream curriculum; • the programmes of induction and personal development and support for individual pupils; • the Centre’s programme to introduce all S1 pupils in the school to some of the implications of being visually impaired; and • the productive links with parents and other professionals. The Centre’s approach to specialist assessment was good. Staff should now build on the very good reports of review meetings to take forward individualised educational programmes. Management and quality assurance The head of the Centre was a strong and effective leader who was highly regarded by staff and pupils. She was ably supported by two senior teachers who were thorough and systematic in fulfilling their remits. All staff in the Centre were informed and united in their commitment to making high quality provision for their pupils. The Centre had made very good use of the development planning process to drive forward new initiatives and maintain very good practices. Staff worked well together in evaluating the work of the Centre but they needed to be more systematic in their approach and make more use of peformance indicators. Priorities for action Guidance staff should continue to develop their role in monitoring pupils’ progress and attainment. They should continue take further steps to develop the school’s PSE programme. Learning support staff and senior managers should review the range of services offered to staff and pupils including the support provided for individual pupils with significant difficulties in literacy. The Centre staff should refine further pupils’ individualised educational programmes. They should proceed with plans to be more systematic in evaluating the Centre’s work. 8. How well is the school managed? Overall management and leadership The headteacher had provided very strong, skilful leadership in his three years in post. He had developed very good teamwork among staff and very strong relationships with parents and the local community. In consultation with staff and parents, he had introduced a number of important initiatives to improve the quality of the work of the school. 17 Under his open, consultative management style he had developed a culture of improvement, had encouraged self-evaluation and had introduced a number of strategies for raising pupils’ achievements. In addition to the headteacher, the senior management team comprised the depute and six assistant headteachers. With the headteacher, they worked very well as a team. The depute headteacher gave the headteacher excellent support and the others carried out their individual and collective remits conscientiously and energetically. As a team, they had made important contributions in leading policy developments. Most principal teachers led their departments well and, together with the senior teachers, made very good contributions to the work of the school. The school had appropriate aims which provided a very good basis for planning improvement and evaluating progress. It had an extensive range of policies covering almost all aspects of its work. The school was reviewing its learning and teaching policy. It should include advice on the contributions of ICT to learning and teaching, and on raising pupils’ attainment. Staff development and review Many staff had taken part in appropriate staff development closely related to national and school priorities. The assistant headteacher co-ordinated effectively the arrangements for addressing staff development needs. The school was in the process of implementing the education authority’s scheme for staff reviews. Sixty-five per cent of staff had volunteered to take part in a professional review and many felt that it was a good experience. However, progress in completing reviews of all staff was too slow. School development planning The quality of development planning was very good overall. The school plan had realistic priorities but needed to identify timescales more precisely. Priorities for improvement had been identified by a careful audit of the work of the school and agreed with staff and parents. Departmental plans related 18 well to the school plan but some required to state objectives more clearly, indicate more definite deadlines for the completion of tasks and define more rigorously how success would be measured. Approaches to improving quality Arrangements for quality assurance were good. The headteacher held effective annual reviews of the departments. The depute headteacher systematically reviewed progress in meeting objectives and members of the senior management team, through their links with departments, supported improvements and reviewed SQA results. The senior management team were now planning to monitor learning and teaching rigorously and systematically. 9. How well does the school perform overall? Overall, the school provided pupils with a well rounded and high quality education. Attainment at all stages was good. The senior management team and staff demonstrated a clear commitment to improve further the effectiveness of the curriculum, learning and teaching and quality assurance. Key strengths • The very strong ethos, with very good relationships between teachers and pupils and strong teamwork throughout the whole staff. • The strong performance in Standard Grade and Higher Grade examinations in some subjects. • The partnership with parents and the School Board. • The very high quality of pastoral care. • The learning support department’s involvement of senior pupils to assist in improving younger pupils’ literacy skills and learning. • The provision for pupils with visual impairments. 19 • Main points for action 20 The leadership of the headteacher and the effectiveness of the senior management team. In addition to addressing the priorities for action identified in this report, the school and education authority should act on the following recommendations. • The school and the education authority should take appropriate steps to improve some of the toilets. • The school should continue to develop further its strategies for raising attainment, especially at S1/S2. In particular, it should increase the pace of learning and set pupils more challenging tasks. • The school should improve aspects of the curriculum as indicated in this report. • The headteacher and senior management team should develop a more coherent system for monitoring pupils’ progress and attainment. • The school should continue to develop its strategies for ensuring quality including the systematic monitoring of learning and teaching. HM Inspectors will return between one and two years after the publication of this report to assess progress in meeting these recommendations. The school and education authority have been asked to prepare an action plan indicating how they will address the main points for action in the report and to share that plan with parents. J Brown HM Inspector of Schools on behalf of HM Chief Inspector of Schools Western Division 6 March 2001 See Performance Indicator data overleaf. 21 Appendix Indicators of quality We judged the following to be very good • • • • • • • • • • • • The school’s ethos Communication with parents Partnership with parents and the School Board Organisation and use of resources and space The school’s management of devolved finances Quality of pastoral care Quality of curricular and vocational guidance Effectiveness of leadership of the school Effectiveness of promoted staff and senior teachers The school’s approach to evaluating its own work The school development plan Implementing the school development plan We judged the following to be good • • • • • • • Provision of accommodation and facilities Provision of staff Provision of materials and equipment The structure of the curriculum Effectiveness of the learning support Implementation of Special Educational Needs legislation Guidance role in monitoring pupils’ progress and attainment We judged the following to be fair • The school’s arrangements for staff development and review We judged the following to be unsatisfactory • No aspects were found to be in this category 22 Quality of the lessons observed HMI also evaluated the quality of the lessons observed. The overall quality of lessons was very good in 46 % of cases, good in 42%, and fair in 12%. There were no unsatisfactory lessons. 23 How can you contact us? Copies of this report have been sent to the headteacher and school staff, the Director of Education, local councillors and appropriate Members of the Scottish Parliament. Subject to availability, further copies may be obtained free of charge from the office at the address below or by telephoning 0141 242 0100. Copies are also available on our web site: www.scotland.gov.uk/hmis Should you wish to comment on or make a complaint about any aspect of the inspection or about this report, you should write in the first instance to Frank Crawford, HMCI whose address is given below. If you are unhappy with the response, you will be told in writing what further steps you may take. HM Inspectors of Schools Europa Building 450 Argyle Street GLASGOW G2 8LG Crown Copyright 2001 Scottish Executive This report may be reproduced in whole or in part, except for commercial purposes or in connection with a prospectus or advertisement, provided that the source and date thereof are stated. 24