Mallee CMA and Mallee Waterwatch
Rivers and Wetlands
Data Report 2009-2010
Monitoring outcomes at key project sites.
Project Partners
Mallee CMA and Mallee Waterwatch
Rivers and Wetlands Data Report 2009 - 2010
Monitoring outcomes at key project sites.
Foreword
This Rivers and Wetlands Data Report for the Mallee Catchment Management Authority (CMA) collates water quality, flora and fauna data
collected by a wide range of dedicated people, including Mallee CMA staff, contractors, consultants and volunteers.
We would particularly like to thank the growing number of community volunteers who have given their time and skills in pursuit of increasing local
environmental knowledge. Volunteers have been involved in monitoring water quality and observing birds and macro-invertebrates, as well as
collecting data to help populate the state-wide Aquatic Value Identification Risk Assessment (AVIRA) project, run by the Department of
Sustainability and Environment.
Data collected by community members is extremely valuable to Natural Resource Management (NRM) programs. Information can help guide
decisions on future projects and can also be used to measure the success of existing projects.
Without community volunteers, the number of sites monitored and the number of samples taken throughout the year would be limited due to costs,
time and personnel. Community volunteers therefore help to strengthen monitoring programs and significantly increase data. Our enthusiastic
volunteers also gain an increased sense of stewardship over their local water bodies, as well as increased general knowledge.
Thank you once again and we look forward to working with you in the future to help protect and improve our Mallee waterways.
Peter Kelly
Manager Rivers & Wetlands, Mallee CMA
Published by:
Mallee Catchment Management Authority
PO Box 5017 Mildura 3502
Telephone 03 5051 4377
Facsimile 03 5051 4379
Email info@cma.vic.gov.au
www.malleecma.vic.gov.au
© State of Victoria, Mallee Catchment Management Authority 2010. This publication is copyright. No part may be reproduced by any process except in
accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968.
Disclaimer This publication may be of assistance to you but the Mallee Catchment Management Authority and its employees do not guarantee that the
publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purpose and, therefore, disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other
consequence that may arise from you relying on any information in this publication. Maps contain Department of Sustainability and Environment data.
Contents
Introduction
2
Regional Map
6
Case Studies
7
Margooya Lagoon
Kings Billabong
Sandilong
Lindsay Island
Mulcra Island
Wallpolla Island
Hattah Lakes
7
10
14
18
22
24
28
Frontage Action Plans
30
Nyah to Robinvale
Robinvale to Merbein
Merbein to SA Border
30
32
34
Additional Monitoring Locations
Foster Street Drain - DFO500 & Foster Street Settling Pond - PFO600
Cowanna Bend Billabong - BYE350
Bonyaricall Creek - CBO500
Cardross Lake South - LCA500
Koorlong Lake North - LKO500
Barber’s Dam - DBA500
Lake Ranfurly Drain - LRA501
Badman Home Bore - OPI500
References
36
36
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
1
Introduction
The Rivers and Wetlands 2009 - 2010 Data Report
covers the period of January 1st, 2009 to June 30th,
2010. It collates water quality data collected by
Mallee Waterwatch community volunteers during
this time. It also includes flora and fauna data
collected by the Mallee Catchment Management
Authority (CMA) Rivers and Wetlands Unit and
contractors. This report is a continuation of the
Mallee Waterwatch Data Reports published in 2007
and 2008.
The Rivers and Wetlands 2009 - 2010 Data Report
has been written to serve two main purposes: to
acknowledge the dedication of community volunteers
in monitoring local water bodies; and to serve as a
reporting tool for river and wetland health monitoring
across the Mallee region undertaken by the Mallee
CMA and community volunteers. This report will
also allow water quality, flora and fauna data to be
shared with the wider community.
2
The Mallee CMA’s Rivers and
Wetlands Unit
The goal of the Rivers and Wetlands Unit is
“to protect and improve waterway, wetland and
floodplain health, taking account of the ecosystem
and recreational services these provide to the
people of the Mallee and other users downstream”
(Mallee Regional Catchment Strategy, 2003).
The Rivers and Wetlands Unit is responsible for
many core projects including:
• the implementation of riparian and waterway
works and activities;
• the implementation of complementary works
and activities to maximise water management
benefits;
• activities aimed at improved wetland
and environmental water reserve (EWR)
management in the Mallee; and
• activities aimed at protecting priority refugia,
critical habitats and significant vegetation
communities affected by, or at risk from,
continuing dry climatic conditions.
Another core project of the Rivers and Wetlands
Unit is the continued regional delivery of the
Mallee Waterwatch Program to improve community
awareness of, and engagement in, river and
wetland health management issues and to assist
in monitoring key projects.
Specifically, the Mallee Waterwatch Program
provides equipment and training to allow
community volunteers to collect local water
quality data from a diverse range of natural and
artificial water bodies including rivers, creeks,
wetlands, dams and bores. In doing so, Mallee
Waterwatch aims to build up a water quality
database that is credible, accepted and used.
Data Confidence
Water quality data collected by community
members under the Mallee Waterwatch Program
is quality controlled by strict monitoring guidelines
and regular performance testing.
The Mallee Waterwatch Data Confidence Plan
can be viewed on the Mallee CMA’s website:
www.malleecma.vic.gov.au. The guidelines set out
in this plan ensure that the Mallee Waterwatch
Program produces credible data of a known
quality by promoting professionalism, skills and
achievements of community volunteers.
An integral part of the Data Confidence Plan is
the Quality Assurance/ Quality Control (QA/QC)
component, in which Waterwatch monitors
(including Mallee CMA staff) test their accuracy
and skill level against unknown solutions. QA/QC
was carried out in February 2009 with 18 monitoring
groups participating and again in July 2009 with
14 monitoring groups participating.
Results from February’s QA/QC event were
excellent, while results from July’s QA/QC event
needed improvement due to technical problems.
Horiba calibration methods were carefully
scrutinised and improved upon after the July
QA/QC event. Details of the QA/QC results can be
obtained by contacting the Mallee Waterwatch
Program at the Mallee CMA (03) 5051 4377.
Index of Stream Condition 2009
Managed by the Department of Sustainability and
Environment (DSE), the Index of Stream Condition
(ISC) is a state-wide program that monitors the
health of Victorian rivers and tributaries. A total of
1,040 river reaches, representing 26,000 km, are
monitored for hydrology, water quality, streamside
zone, physical form and aquatic life.
The Mallee Waterwatch Program and its
community volunteers were asked to contribute
water quality data to the ISC project in 2009, as
monitoring was already occurring at some ISC
chosen sites. In addition to the regular salinity,
pH and turbidity data collection, volunteers also
collected a small water sample for lab analysis
of total phosphorous.
Index of Wetland Condition
Physical and Chemical Characteristics
of Water
pH
pH is a measure of how acidic or alkaline water
is on a scale from 0 to 14, where 0 is the most
acidic, 14 is the most alkaline and 7 is neutral.
pH measurements follow a logarithmic scale so
that for every one unit away from neutral there
is a ten fold increase in intensity.
Again managed by the Department of
Sustainability and Environment, the Index of
Wetland Condition (IWC) is a state-wide program
that monitors the health of Victorian wetlands.
The IWC was designed to assess the condition
of wetlands, identify wetland threats, set
appropriate management options and targets
and evaluate management effectiveness.
The pH of fresh water usually lies in the range
6.5 to 8.2, although wide variations can occur
because of catchment geology. Changes in pH
outside the normal range of a water body can
cause the loss of sensitive species. Extremely
high pH values (alkaline) can effect larval and
egg development. Extremely low pH values
(acidic) can burn skin and effect oxygen uptake.
With the help of botanists, Mallee CMA Rivers
and Wetlands Unit staff assessed close to 100
wetlands during November 2009. Wetlands
included Lindsay, Mulcra and Wallpolla Islands,
the Hattah Lakes, Lake Tyrell, Belsar Island, the
Raak Plain, the Pink Lakes, Outlet Creek (Wyperfeld
National Park), Burra Creek, and Vinifera Forest.
A common cause of extremely low pH occurs in
catchments with acid sulphate soils that have
been exposed to the atmosphere by mining, urban
development or drought. During high rainfall or
flooding events, these acids come into contact
with water bodies, causing acidity in water to rise.
On the other hand, nutrient pollution causing
excessive growth of algae and other plants can
cause alkalinity to rise.
Assessments included indicators such as soil
disturbance, hydrology, nutrient inputs, physical
changes to the wetland, surrounding land use,
and vegetation including tree health and weed
invasion. Many of the wetlands assessed had
received environmental water and therefore had
very healthy vegetation communities.
In the Mallee region, pH is usually slightly alkaline
(pH 7-9) due to the geology of the land, especially
the calcareous Woorinen formation. These soils
contain calcium carbonate which is picked up by
surface water as it passes through the landscape.
Cont’d..
3
Introduction Cont’d..
Salinity
Salinity refers to the concentration of dissolved
salts, or ions, in a body of water. These ions
include sodium, calcium and chloride. The survival
of some plants and animals is dependent on
salinity being within a certain range, varying
for each species. Changes in salinity levels will
therefore result in changes in the variety and types
of species found. Salinity can be measured by
recording the flow of electricity, which indicates
the total amount of dissolved ions, and recorded
in electrical conductivity (EC) units.
Salinity is a naturally occurring phenomenon
in the Mallee landscape. However, through the
removal of deep rooted vegetation, such as native
trees, and an increase in irrigation, salinity has
become problematic. With more water infiltrating
the soil, the water table rises. As this water moves
towards the surface it brings with it large amounts
of salt from underground storage. As the water
evaporates, concentrations of salt remain and
can then move into surface waters such as rivers,
lakes and wetlands.
Salinity levels recorded by Mallee Waterwatch
vary considerably depending on the type of water
body and its connectivity to ground water (which
is naturally highly saline). Levels along the Murray
River within the sampling period of January 2009
to June 2010 recorded an average of 96 EC. This
is considered low given that rivers are the only
way for salt to be transported out of the MurrayDarling Basin. Ground water near the township
of Murrayville, as recorded by Waterwatch
volunteer Bernie Badman, averaged 1,650 ECs,
while Margooya Lagoon water averaged 175 ECs
(a decrease in salt levels from data collected in
2008 which averaged 571 ECs). See individual
site pages for further information on EC levels.
4
Turbidity
Turbidity refers to the cloudiness or murkiness of
water due to the presence of suspended solids.
It is measured in standard nephlometric turbidity
units (NTUs) which are determined by the amount
of light scattered by these suspended solids.
Normal levels of turbidity can vary from less than
1 in clear pristine streams to greater than 200 in
murky rivers after flood events. Suspended solids
can be soil sediments, algae, phytoplankton and/or
waste discharge.
High turbidity levels can cause water to lose its
ability to support a large variety and number of
aquatic organisms. This is due to reduced light
penetration, limiting plant growth and thus
affecting fish and invertebrate numbers. The
reduction in photosynthesis also lessens the
amount of oxygen available in the water body.
High turbidity levels also result in increased water
temperature because the suspended material
absorbs heat from the sun.
Vegetation along streams, improved farming
practices such as contouring, water ponding
and stubble retention, eliminating the pest fish
species carp (that stir up bed sediments) and
the effective treatment of effluent from sewage
works can all help to reduce turbidity levels.
Improved management of stormwater run-off
with constructed wetlands, such as those at
Etiwanda, can also help to reduce turbidity levels
in the main waterways.
Again, turbidity results across the water monitoring
sites varied considerably due to type of water body,
flow of water, presence or non-presence of carp,
bank condition and adjacent land use. The average
turbidity level of Murray River monitoring sites
from January 2009 to June 2010 was 30 NTU,
which is considered ‘good’ for a low lying river.
Phosphorus
Phosphorus is a key element necessary for the
growth of plants and animals. Phosphorus is
present in waterways as soluble phosphates,
phosphorus bound to sediments, and phosphates
occurring in living organisms.
The Mallee Waterwatch program uses a colour
comparator in the field to test for the soluble form
of phosphorus (also called reactive phosphorus
or ortho-phosphorus). In this test chemicals are
used that react with any soluble phosphates in
a sample and change their colour. The degree of
colour change gives an indication of the amount
of soluble phosphate a sample contains.
During 2009-10, involvement in the Index of
Stream Condition (ISC) project meant selected
volunteers were also asked to collect a small
sample of water to be sent away and laboratorytested for Total Phosphorous (a measure of all
three types of phosphorous found in water bodies).
The analytical method used in the laboratory tests
was automated flow colorimetry.
Phosphorus becomes problematic when levels
are too high and therefore unnatural for that
environment. Algal blooms, excessive growth of
aquatic weeds, and loss of species diversity can
occur. These are all symptoms of eutrophication,
where excess nutrients stimulate excess plant
growth.
Abundant plant growth can then lead to increases
in pH and turbidity, the production of toxins (from
algal blooms), variances in odours and changes
in the variety and numbers of aquatic species of
plants and animals.
Monitor Lizard
Naturally, phosphorous enters a water body
from processes such as the weathering of rocks
and the decomposition of organic matter. Major
human-influenced sources of phosphorus include
fertiliser run-off from agricultural land, partially
treated or untreated sewage and detergents.
Stormwater carrying excess organic matter
(grass clippings, swept leaves and dog faeces),
detergents (car washing) and lawn fertilisers can
also increase the level of phosphorous in water.
Soluble phosphate levels in Mallee waterways
are usually low (0.0 - 0.01 mg/L), although spikes
of higher levels occur occasionally (>0.25 mg/L).
It is common to see a high level of phosphate
coincide with a high turbidity reading due to the
nutrient content of suspended solids and/or direct
nutrient leaching from surrounding land and river
banks after rainfall events.
Algal blooms were recorded in the Murray River
during March and April of 2009 and again, in
March and April of 2010. These blooms were most
likely the result of reduced inflows, low velocity
of flow, warm water temperatures and an
increased availability of soluble nutrients such
as phosphorous and nitrogen. Dam releases also
often spread algae downstream, as dams provide
the perfect living conditions for algae.
Dissolved Oxygen
Dissolved oxygen (DO) is critical to aquatic life
and refers to the amount of gaseous oxygen
dissolved in an aqueous solution. Oxygen can
enter water one of three ways; as a by-product of
photosynthesis by aquatic plants; from diffusion
from the surrounding air; and by aeration or rapid
movement of the water.
The Mallee Waterwatch program uses an
electronic meter that converts signals from a probe
to units of DO in milligrams per litre. The meter
takes temperature into account and is very quick
in relation to other methods.
While DO levels were recorded by the various
monitoring groups, it is difficult to draw conclusions
from the data due to the nature of fluctuating
levels over the course of the day. However,
measuring the DO levels remains important as
readings greater than 10.0 mg/L or lower than
5.0 mg/L can trigger further investigations into
the health of the particular waterbody.
In fish, excessive DO levels (greater than 10.0 mg/l)
can block the flow of blood through the blood
vessels causing death. Aquatic invertebrates are
also affected by this gas bubble disease but at
levels higher than those lethal to fish. DO levels
lower than 5.0 mg/l can put aquatic life under
stress as oxygen is a necessary element for life.
There can be an increased susceptibility to disease,
poor growth and poor feeding efficiency. DO levels
that remain below 2.0 mg/l for only a few hours
can result in large fish kills.
DO levels fluctuate seasonally and over a 24 hour
period, and are dependant on altitude and the
amount of aquatic plants and animals. Cold water
holds more oxygen than warm water and water
holds less oxygen at higher altitudes. Large algal
blooms increase oxygen because of increased
photosynthesis, while large blooms of zooplankton
and other pond organisms, as well as the decay
of organic matter, can decrease oxygen levels.
5
Regional Map
Tadpole
Note: site codes are for identification purposes only.
6
Case Study - Margooya Lagoon
Area Description
Margooya Lagoon covers approximately 32 hectares
and is located in Beggs Bend State Forest, six
kilometres upstream of Robinvale. It is connected
to the Murray River by a small channel known
locally as Talia Creek, and is under the influence of
the Lock 15 Euston weir pool. Margooya Lagoon
is fringed by intermittent swampy woodland,
dominated by River Red Gums (Eucalyptus
camaldulensis) and Eumongs (Acacia stenophylla).
Project Description
After six decades of permanent inundation from
the Lock 15 weir pool, Margooya Lagoon has been
restored to a wet and dry water regime through
the installation of an environmental regulator
on Talia Creek. The regulator was designed to
increase the flooding extent upon re-wetting.
A comprehensive monitoring program has been
established for this site, carried out by community
members and staff from DSE and Mallee CMA.
Monitoring includes vegetation transects, surface
water quality monitoring, groundwater level
monitoring, frog and fish surveys, photopoint
monitoring, tree health monitoring, and bird surveys.
• an increase in habitat options for aquatic
species and waterbirds due to increased
diversity and abundance of submerged and
emergent wetland plants.
Monitoring Outcomes - Flora & Fauna
Bird observations at Margooya Lagoon include
those undertaken by a community group, the
Mid-Murray Field Naturalists. The observations
showed that Margooya Lagoon supports several
rare and threatened species including the birds
White-bellied Sea-eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster),
Diamond Firetails (Stagonopleura guttata) and
Regent Parrot (Polytelis anthopeplus), as well as
the plants Twin-leaf Bedstraw (Galium bifolium)
and Spreading Emu-bush (Eremophila divaricata).
Aquatic macro-invertebrate (water bugs) surveys
carried out in spring 2009 saw a significant
increase (approximately 2,000) in individuals
compared to the surveys of spring 2008. The variety
of animals, however, was similar. The highly
sensitive mayfly nymph, which was not present
in surveys of 2008, was present in 2009,
demonstrating a healthier wetland system.
• the elimination of carp in the dry phase, thereby
increasing opportunities for re-colonisation by
native fish;
• cementation of wetland sediments in the
dry phase, resulting in clearer water upon
re-flooding, which allows more light to filter
through the water to increase aquatic plant
growth;
• the introduction of nutrients and plankton
upon re-flooding, resulting in increased food
for aquatic species and waterbirds; and
Number of monitoring sites: 8
Monitored in 09/10 by: Mallee CMA staff
Monitoring standard: 4
Parameters monitored: salinity, pH,
temperature, turbidity, dissolved oxygen
The electrical conductivity levels of Margooya
Lagoon varied considerably throughout
monitoring, with levels raging from below 250
EC to above 2,500 EC. High levels are thought to
be due to evaporation during the drying phase,
coupled with groundwater intrusion. EC levels
vary from site to site as water separated into
several disjointed “puddles” of different sizes
with different amounts of groundwater intrusion.
Turbidity levels within the lagoon decreased
through the wetting and drying phases. This
would be expected following the exclusion of carp
and the hardening of the clay of the lagoon bed
after the first drying phase, causing less flocculation
of clay particles. This is not the case at site IMA100
which is on the river side of the regulator.
Cont’d...
Previous to the installation of the regulator,
Margooya Lagoon exhibited features typical
of permanently inundated wetlands along
the Murray River, including a fish population
dominated by European Carp, turbid water, low
diversity of aquatic plant species, and low habitat
diversity for aquatic species and waterbirds.
Monitoring at Margooya Lagoon is part of the
Mallee CMA Wetland Restoration Program (see
box 1 on page14). Preliminary monitoring results
have demonstrated that the re-instated wet-dry
cycle at Margooya Lagoon has improved the
overall ecology of the system through:
Monitoring Outcomes - Water Quality
Frog eggs
The absence of adult carp in Margooya Lagoon
upon re-wetting demonstrated the effectiveness
of the altered water regime and carp exclusion
screens. The fish surveys further outlined the
value of the altered water regime in capitalising
on Margooya Lagoon’s important role as nursery
habitat for native fish. Juvenile Golden and Silver
Perch (Macquaria ambigua and Bidyanus bidyanus)
entered the wetland upon re-wetting and
were found to have pronounced growth rates
(approximately 1mm per day between the first
survey in December 2009 and the following
survey in April 2010) (MDFRC 2010).
7
Case Study - Margooya Lagoon Cont’d.
WMA 100
8
WMA 200
WMA 300
Margooya Lagoon
IMA100
IMA900
WMA300
WMA100
WMA301
PHOTO POINT
WMA101
WMA201
WMA200
PHOTO POINT
9
Case Study - Kings Billabong
Area Description
The Kings Billabong monitoring area consists of
Kings Billabong main and channel, Butlers Creek
and Ducksfoot Lagoon. It does not include the
southern Psyche Lagoon area which experiences
groundwater intrusion and drainage and is
therefore heavily affected by salt.
Kings Billabong Park is over 2,000 hectares in size
and supports a diverse range of flora and fauna
species. The reserve is also popular for recreation
activities such as canoeing, bike riding, bird
watching, walking and camping.
Although Kings Billabong is a naturally formed
wetland, it has been modified for use as storage
for irrigation water. Dammed at its northern
reach to isolate it from the river, the billabong is
permanently inundated with pumped river water
via the Psyche Pumps and associated channel.
The Butlers Creek and Ducksfoot Lagoon system
is also permanently inundated as it is within
the Lock 11 weir pool. Permanent inundation is
uncharacteristic for these wetland systems and
creates an unhealthy wetland environment. To
improve environmental condition of this system,
environmental regulators have been built at
Baggs Bridge and Jennings Bridge during June/
July 2010. The regulators will re-instate a wet
and dry water regime to the wetland system and
will eliminate large-bodied carp from re-entering
the system when it is refilled, as the regulators
will be fitted with carp screens. The regulators
have also been designed to enable the flooding
extent to be increased upon re-wetting.
Project Description
program in preparation for the installation of
two environmental regulators. This baseline data
includes ‘control’ and ‘impact’ sites, and will be a
basis for evaluating the response of the wetland to
changes in the water regime.
Monitoring Outcomes - Flora & Fauna
Fish surveys were undertaken in autumn and
spring 2009 to establish baseline data for the fish
community within Butlers Creek and Ducksfoot
Lagoon. The survey showed the system supported
a fish community typical of a permanently
inundated wetland system. It is dominated by
small bodied fish including the native Carp Gudgeon
(Hypseleotris spp), Un-specked Hardyhead
(Craterocephalus stercusmuscarum fulvus),
Australian Smelt (Retropinna semoni), Flat-headed
Gudgeon (Philypnodon grandiceps) and the
introduced Gambusia (mosquito fish) (Gambusia
holbrooki), while Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)
and Goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus) are the
dominate large bodied fish. Upon installation
of environmental regulators, the native fish
community is expected to improve and large bodied
carp will be prevented from entering the system.
A variety of frogs and turtles were recorded at
Kings Billabong monitoring sites, including the
threatened Growling Grass Frog (Litoria raniformis)
at Butlers Creek and Ducksfoot Lagoon. The
environmental regulators will facilitate frog
breeding through fluctuation of the water heights.
Monitoring Outcomes - Water Quality
Monitoring at King Billabong is part of the
Mallee CMA Wetland Restoration Program
(see box 1 on page 14). Parameters monitored
include surface water quality, wetland vegetation
composition and macro-invertebrate, fish and
frog communities. Volunteers are involved in the
monitoring of surface water quality and macroinvertebrates.
Number of monitoring sites: 7
Monitored in 09/10 by: Bernadette Chaplin,
Marion & Geoff Humphries, Craig Millard,
Coral Whitfield, Jan Wilson, Ken & Joanne
Chapple, Marjory Donnellan & Mallee CMA
staff
Monitoring standard: 3 & 4
Parameters monitored: salinity, pH, reactive
phosphate, temperature, turbidity, dissolved
oxygen, aquatic macro-invertebrates
Water quality monitoring with Mallee Waterwatch
first commenced at Kings Billabong Park in
August 1999, with one site continually monitored
now for nearly 10 years. In August 2009, seven
additional sites were added to the monitoring
Salinity levels across the Kings Billabong area
were slightly variable in the 09-10 monitoring
period, but never much higher than 200 ECs,
which is considered low. Given that the water
10
in Kings Billabong is pumped directly from the
Murray River, the salinity results are similar to
river salinity results. The low results indicate
that there is probably no groundwater intrusion
occurring. Salinity is expected to increase
slightly in Ducks Foot Lagoon and Butlers Creek
during the drying phase as water evaporates,
concentrating the salts. Upon re-wetting the
salinity is expected to be restored.
The pH levels remained constant, between 7 and
8 (slightly alkaline). A detailed assessment carried
out in Butlers Creek and Ducks Foot Lagoon
system concluded that there was minimal risk
of acidification if the system was allowed to dry
(MDFRC, 2010).
During summer 2009, Kings Billabong experienced
a high turbidity reading at two sites, which
may have been due to increased carp activity.
Otherwise, turbidity levels across all sites are of
good quality.
It is noted that water temperatures in summer
and autumn of 2010 were slightly hotter than
summer and autumn of 2009 for sites BKI400 and
BKI500. At site BKI700 autumn 2010 temperature
is also higher than autumn 2009.
“Water temperature could be affected by
carp activity, which muddies the water.
Turbid water absorbs more heat from the sun
than clear water. The drying of Ducks Foot
Lagoon will eliminate the carp population
and solidify the sediment. The re-filling phase
will exclude large carp from the wetland,
which together with the hard surface of the
wetland bed, is expected to result in much
clearer water. We therefore expect surface
water temperature [and turbidity] to drop in
Ducks Foot Lagoon under the proposed new
water regime” (MCMA, 2009).
Cont’d...
Macro-invertebrate survey
Duckfoot Lagoon
Kings Billabong Reserve
BKI700
WKI600
Kings Billabong main
BKI400
WDF700
WDF670
Ducksfoot Lagoon
BKI500
Photo credit: B. Chaplin
Kings Billabong Channel
11
Case Study - Kings Billabong Cont’d..
RedRumped Parrots
BKI 400
Kings Billabong Mid
12
BKI 500
Kings billabong Channel
BKI 700
Butlers Creek North
Redcapped Robin
Spoonbills
WDF 700
Ducksfoot Lagoon North
Baggs Bridge wetland
Ducksfoot Lagoon
13
Case Study - Sandilong
Area Description
The Sandilong monitoring area is situated in and
around the Riverside Golf Course, 5km east of
Mildura. Water body features at the site include
Sandilong Creek (a meander of the Murray River
cut-off from the main channel but regulated
through the use of pipes at both ends), a
floodplain billabong (only wet during Murray
River floods) and two Murray River backwaters
(constantly inundated by the regulated weir pool).
Threats to the Sandilong area are significant. The
wetland is subject to weed infestation, particularly
Spiny Rush (Juncus acutus) and Kikuyu (Pennisetum
clandestinum), and the effects of a shallow saline
groundwater table. A series of banks across
the wetland impede the flow of water and the
passage of aquatic fauna between the wetland
and the river.
Project Description
Projects proposed by the Mallee CMA include
removing the existing levee walkways over
Sandilong Creek and replacing them with fishfriendly culvert walkways, constructing a verminproof fence to protect native plants and animals
and implementing a pest plant and animal
eradication program.
Monitoring at Sandilong is part of the Mallee
CMA Wetland Restoration Program (see box 1).
As well as the collection of water quality data
by the Sunraysia Field Naturalists, Mallee
Waterwatch and Mallee CMA staff, monitoring
of aquatic macro-invertebrates, vegetation, fish,
turtles and frogs occurred.
BOX 1
Mallee CMA Wetland Restoration
Program
The Murray River is a complex and highly
modified system consisting of the main river
channel and its floodplain. The health of the
river is dependent on a healthy functioning
floodplain. Wetlands within the floodplain
are often described as the kidneys of the
river system, flushing and cleaning water as
it spills onto the floodplain and returning it to
the river afresh.
Through river regulation, wetlands have
been affected by becoming permanently
inundated (where they are connected to the
river and low on the floodplain) or by being
in a state of extended drought (where they
are higher on the floodplain). Both of these
water regimes are unnatural.
The Mallee CMA Wetland Restoration
Program aims to increase the health of
wetlands, and therefore the entire river
system. Attempts are being made to restore
a wet and dry cycle to wetlands to mimic
the pre-river regulation water regime.
Benefits of re-instating this water regime
are well documented.
The Mallee CMA Wetland Restoration
Program includes a strong monitoring
component. Monitoring results help the
Mallee CMA to determine the ecological
responses of the wetland to on-site projects.
Baseline data is collected and monitoring
is continued during and after on-site
projects. Monitoring may include wetland
vegetation transects, River Red Gum tree
health assessments, surface water quality
monitoring, groundwater monitoring and
frog, fish, aquatic macro-invertebrate,
reptile and bird surveys.
Monitoring Outcomes - Flora & Fauna
Two surveys were carried out by the Murray-Darling
Freshwater Research Centre within the period of
this data report - April 2009 and October 2009 to help determine the abundance, diversity and
14
size distribution of fish, turtles and frogs.
Freshwater catfish caught in Sandilong Creek
included sub-adults and adults, suggesting
that breeding and recruitment have occurred
successfully in recent years.
Results indicate that Sandilong Creek is an
important remnant habitat for Freshwater
catfish in the Mallee region. Further sampling
is recommended to improve our knowledge and
understanding of this threatened species.
Sandilong Backwaters had the highest diversity of
fish compared with other survey sites nearby, such
as wetlands in the Kings Billabong area, possibly
due to the connection with the Murray River.
Monitoring Outcomes - Water Quality
Number of monitoring sites: 5
Monitored in 09/10 by: David & Dorothy
Robinson, Brian & Anne Smythe, Helen
Devilee, Aileen Stewart, Audrey Thornton,
Miriam Pywell and Mallee CMA staff
Monitoring standard: 4
Parameters monitored: salinity, pH, reactive
phosphate, temperature, turbidity, dissolved
oxygen, macro-invertebrates
The pH levels in the Sandilong area appear
to be closer to neutral than other sites in the
Mallee, with some sites such as CSA900 having
pH readings constantly between 6 and 7. Site
BWS100 recorded a pH level of 6 (slightly acidic).
Turbidity readings were variable but within the good
to average range. Variability may be due to rainfall
events, carp activity and/or water flow changes.
As with turbidity, the salinity readings were also
variable but mostly within the low range. The
only indication of the effects of a shallow saline
groundwater table was the summer 09 EC level
at site CSA 000, with a slightly elevated reading
of 333 EC’s.
Cont’d...
Sandilong Creek
WSA500
CSA900
CSA000
BWS500
BWS100
15
Case Study - Sandilong Cont’d..
BWS 100
Sandilong Backwater Upstream
BWS100 - pH
16
BWS 500
Sandilong Backwater Downstream
WSA 500
Sandilong Backwater North
WSA500 - pH
CSA 000
Sandilong Creek
CSA 900
Sandilong Creek West
17
Case Study - Lindsay Island
Area Description
Lindsay Island is located within the Murray
Sunset National Park in the extreme northwest
of Victoria, about 85 km west of Mildura. It is
formed by the Murray River to the north and the
Lindsay River to the south. Smaller anabranches,
such as Mullaroo Creek and Toupnein Creek, are
also features of the island.
Project Description
Lindsay Island is part of the larger Chowilla Floodplain
and Lindsay-Wallpolla Islands Icon Site under The
Living Murray program (see box 2).
Lindsay Island is an area of high ecological
significance and is listed in the Directory of
Important Wetlands of Australia. It provides refuge
and resources for a range of flora and fauna;
however these communities are under increasing
pressure from drought and changes to natural
hydrological regimes.
Future works at Lindsay Island will include
engineered structures designed to enhance
and preserve flows within the Lindsay River
and Mullaroo Creek, maintaining and improving
within-channel habitat diversity, fish passage
and riparian vegetation health.
The Mallee environmental watering program has
been integral in preserving key environmental assets
in the short term, while large scale infrastructure
solutions are being developed to restore appropriate
water regimes in the long term. Lindsay Island
has been a part of the environmental watering
program since 2005, with priority wetlands and
creeks receiving water. A monitoring program has
been implemented to demonstrate the outcomes
and inform the environmental watering program.
BOX 2
Monitoring Outcomes - Flora &
Fauna
The Living Murray program is one of
Australia’s largest river restoration
programs. It is a joint initiative funded by
the New South Wales, Victorian, South
Australian, Australian Capital Territory
and the Commonwealth governments
and coordinated by the Murray-Darling
Basin Authority. Partner agencies involved
include the Mallee Catchment Management
Authority (CMA), the Department of
Sustainability and Environment, Parks
Victoria, Goulburn-Murray Water and South
Australia Water.
Wetland vegetation surveys were undertaken
at key wetlands across Lindsay Island in
January 2010. Scotties Billabong was found to
be a floristically diverse site, with 39 wetland
species recorded, including many threatened
wetland species. Present at Scotties Billabong
and listed as ‘vulnerable in Victoria’ under the
Victorian Rare or Threatened Species (VROTS)
advisory list (see box 3) are the flora species
Jerry-jerry (Ammannia multiflora), Bignonia
Emu-bush (Eremophila bignoniiflora), Lagoon
Spurge (Phyllanthus lacunarius) and Lagoon
Nightshade (Solanum lacunarium). (Australian
Ecosystems, 2010)
The Living Murray
The one-billion-dollar river restoration
program began in 2003 in response to the
declining health of the river system. The
Living Murray has initiated the largest
environmental works program of its kind
in Australia. It will deliver water to more
than 37,000 hectares of significant forests,
wetlands and lakes of the River Murray at
six icon sites along the river. The Mallee
is home to two of the six icon sites; the
Hattah Lakes Icon Site and the Chowilla
Floodplain and Lindsay-Wallpolla Islands
Icon Site. Major engineering works include
regulators (which have gates that can be
opened or closed to allow flooding or drying
of wetlands), channels, fishways and levee
banks.
Condition monitoring has been undertaken
at Lindsay, Mulcra and Wallpolla Islands to:
• Determine the change in environmental
condition of individual assets resulting
from water application and the
implementation of works programs under
The Living Murray, and
• Assess whether sustainable native fish,
bird and vegetation communities are
being maintained across the Icon Sites.
This Living Murray Condition Monitoring
Program includes monitoring of River Red
Gum and Black Box communities, wetlands,
floodplain understorey, Lignum, Cumbungi
and fish (Henderson et al, 2010).
Jerry-jerry
18
Lagoon Nightshade
BOX 3
Victorian Rare or Threatened Species
(VROTS) - Victorian DSE Conservation
Status (Gullan, Cheal and Walsh, 1990)
• Presumed Extinct in Victoria: not
recorded from Victoria during the past
50 years despite field searches
• Endangered in Victoria: at risk of
disappearing from the wild state if
present land use and other casual
factors continue to operate
• Vulnerable in Victoria: not presently
endangered but likely to become so
soon due to continued depletion
• Rare in Victoria: rare but not considered
otherwise threatened
At Webster’s Lagoon a few Hairy Darling-pea
(Swainsona greyana) were present. (Australian
Ecosystems, 2010) This plant is listed as
‘endangered in Victoria’ under the VROTS (see
box 3).
Growling Grass Frog
Toupnein Creek
Lindsay River
CTO100
Mullaroo Creek
CTO500
RLI600
CMU250
Lindsay Island
Toupnein Creek
Photo credit: Peter Knyvett
19
Case Study - Lindsay Island Cont’d..
“From these observations it is reasonable to
conclude that the environmental watering
program made a significant contribution to
increasing the resilience and therefore longterm viability of the plant communities and
populations of threatened species in the
study area.” (Australian Ecosystems, 2010)
Also present at Lindsay Island and listed as
‘vulnerable in Victoria’ under VROTS were the
birds Eastern Great Egret (Ardea modesta), Grey
Goshawk (Accipiter novaehollandiae), Hardhead
(Aythya australis) and White-bellied Sea Eagle
(Haliaeetus leucogaster). The Sunraysia Bird
Observers Club carried out the waterbird surveys
for the spring 2009 watering program.
Great Eastern Egret
Grey Goshawk
Most excitingly, the Growling Grass Frog
(Litoria raniformis) was recorded at Scotties
Billabong and Websters Lagoon. The Growling
Grass Frog is listed as ‘endangered in Victoria’
under VROTS. Tadpoles of three frog species
were recorded across the watered wetlands
of Lindsay Island, demonstrating the value of
watering in facilitating breeding. (Australian
Ecosystems,2010)
Bony herring were the most abundant large-bodied
fish across Lindsay, Mulcra and Wallpolla Islands
in 2009/10 fish sampling, followed by non-native
Goldfish and Common carp. Golden perch
20
showed a preference to pools, while Murray Cod
preferred fast-flowing channels such as Mullaroo
Creek.
“In view of the ecological objectives for the
Icon Site, special attention should be paid
to the observed decline in the Murray cod
population as well as to the ongoing presence
of a strong population of invasive Eastern
gambusia” (Henderson et al, 2010). Recreational
angling in Mullaroo Creek is a key threat to the
sustainability of the Murray cod population at the
Icon Site.
Monitoring Outcomes - Water Quality
Number of monitoring sites: 4
Monitored in 09/10 by: Peter & Rae Knyvett,
Mallee CMA staff
Monitoring standard: 4
Parameters monitored: salinity, pH, reactive
phosphate, total phosphate, temperature,
turbidity, dissolved oxygen
Electrical conductivity levels at all Lindsay
Island monitoring sites are low, ranging from
approximately 100 ECs to 300 ECs. pH is mostly
constant on the island (7 - 8 pH). pH levels at
Lindsay River, Berribee were slightly more varied
(approximately 6.8 to 8.8 pH).
As is often the case, phosphate levels rise as
turbidity levels rise due to the nutrient component
of the suspended solid. Good examples of this
occurred in autumn 2010 at both Toupnein
Creek and Mullaroo Creek. Turbidity levels may
have risen as a result of previous rainfall events
washing sediments into the waterways from
Darling River floods.
CMU 250
Mullaroo Creek
CTO 500
Toupnein Creek
RLI 600
Lindsay River
Electrical Conducvity
CTO 100
Toupnein Creek
21
Case Study - Mulcra Island
Area Description
Mulcra Island is located between Lindsay and
Wallpolla Islands, approximately 70 km west
of Mildura. By river it is half way between the
townships of Mildura and Renmark. The island
occupies over 3,000 hectares of floodplain between
the River Murray in the north and Potterwalkagee
Creek in the south.
The floodplain provides important breeding and
feeding habitat for waterbirds, frogs, fish, turtles
and aquatic macro-invertebrates, including the
threatened Regent Parrot and Growling Grass
Frog. The health of River Red Gums is dependent
on regular flood events, but river regulation and
a drier climate has reduced these flood events,
leaving approximately 80% of trees dead or dying
(MDBA, February 2010).
The island is also important as a cultural landscape,
with recent archaeological investigations
uncovering more than 100 new cultural heritage
sites, including highly significant shell middens,
hearths, isolated artefacts and burial sites.
Project Description
Mulcra Island is part of the larger Chowilla
Floodplain Lindsay-Wallpolla Islands Icon Site for
The Living Murray Program (see box 2 on page 18).
As with Lindsay Island, river regulation has
significantly altered the natural flooding regime
of Mulcra Island. While some areas have become
permanently inundated, others have become
permanently dry or flood less frequently and
with altered seasonality.
Works completed for Mulcra Island under The
Living Murray include the installation of structures
such as regulators, which will allow the island’s
creeks and wetlands to fill during late winter and
spring and then dry through summer and autumn.
Up to 800 hectares of floodplain and wetlands
will be able to be inundated utilising specific
environmental water allocations, the majority of
which is returned to the river downstream and
able to be delivered in low river flows.
Planned works aim to:
• open up fish passage and create ideal breeding
environment for small and medium sized fish;
• provide habitat for many rare and threatened
species; and
22
• increase recreational and tourism values of
the area.
The Mallee Environmental Watering Program has
been integral in preserving key environmental
assets in the short term while large scale
infrastructure solutions will restore and uphold
appropriate water regimes in the long term.
Mulcra Island was the first location for
environmental watering program, with priority
wetlands and creeks receiving water since 2004.
A monitoring program has been implemented
to demonstrate the outcomes and inform the
environmental watering program.
Monitoring Outcomes - Flora & Fauna
Following the spring 2009 environmental watering
of Mulcra Island, a De Vis’ Banded Snake
(Denisonia devisi) was spotted at Potterwalkagee
Creek. Until recently the De Vis’ Banded Snake,
or Mud Adder, was only found in northern New
South Wales and Queensland. The snake favours
floodplain habitats with cracked clay soils where
it can shelter during the day and come out to
feed during the night. The De Vis’ Banded Snake
is listed as ‘vulnerable’ in Victoria under VROTS
(see box 3 on page 18).
“The creek was lined with towering ancient
Red Gums and the night was alive with frog
calls. As we walked I noted the diversity
of vegetation growing along the banks,
with dense patches of reeds interspersed
with diverse herbfields. We had only been
walking for several minutes when to my
amazement we spotted a De Vis’ Banded
Snake sitting on the very edge of the water
in the beam of Adam’s spotlight. It was a
beautiful little snake, with strong banded
patterning across its back. It was very docile
and stayed complete still...
...the sounds of the frogs were now almost
deafening in many parts of the creek,
especially where there were thick reed beds.
We counted five species that night, including
the Barking Marsh frog, Common Froglet,
and Peron’s Tree Frog.... It was this return
of the frogs that was particularly important
for the De Vis’ Banded Snake.”
(Karl Just - Ecologist)
Waterbird surveys undertaken by the Sunraysia
Bird Observers Club have shown Mulcra Island
supports large wetland bird populations, at times
in excess of 1000 individual birds (Australian
Ecosystem 2010). During the period from
October 2009 until January 2010, Mulcra Island
supported a significant diversity of wetland birds,
37 species of which eight were threatened.
Wetland vegetation surveys at Mulcra Island
recorded Lagoon Spurge (Phyllanthus lacunarius)
and Lagoon Nightshade (Solanum lacunarium),
both of which are listed as ‘vulnerable in Victoria’
under the VROTS (see box 3 on page 18)
(Henderson et al, 2010).
At a floodplain scale, across Lindsay, Mulcra
and Wallpolla Islands, the Red Gum forest and
fringing Red Gum woodland scored consistently
better crown condition in 2009/10 than in
2008/09, indicating an overall improvement in
Red Gum tree health (Henderson et al, 2010).
Monitoring Outcomes - Water Quality
Number of monitoring sites: 1
Monitored in 09/10 by: Peter & Rae Knyvett,
Monitoring standard: 4
Parameters monitored: salinity, pH, reactive
phosphate, total phosphate, temperature,
turbidity, dissolved oxygen
During autumn 2010 there was a spike in the
turbidity level at Potterwalkagee Creek which
coincided with a spike in the relative phosphate
level. Usually averaging around 30 NTU, the
turbidity level rose to around 150 NTU, taking it
from ‘fair’ quality to ‘poor’ quality. As would be
expected, the reactive phosphate level also rose
due to the additional nutrients brought into the
water by the dirt particles. The spike was most
likely due to Darling River floodwaters, March
2010.
Electrical conductivity varied slightly but always
at a low level indicating ‘good’ water quality. pH
levels were normal, as were the temperature levels.
This highlights the value of the river operations
practice of diverting highly saline early flood flows
through lake Victoria via Frenchmans Creek rather
than along the Murray River down stream of Lock 9.
De Vis’ Banded Snake
CPO 400
Potterwalkagee Creek
Electrical Conducvity
Mulcra Island
350
325
300
275
250
225
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
0.200
Reacve Phosphorus
0.175
0.150
0.125
0.100
0.075
0.050
0.025
CPO400
0.000
Stoney Crossing
23
Case Study - Wallpolla Island
Area Description
Monitoring Outcomes - Flora & Fauna
Wallpolla Island is part of the larger Chowilla
Floodplain Lindsay-Wallpolla Islands Icon Site,
and is formed by the Murray River to the north
and Wallpolla Creek to the south. Smaller
anabranches such as Mullaroo, Sandy and
Finnigans Creeks are key features of the Island.
Aquatic vegetation surveys were undertaken
following the spring 2009 delivery of environmental
water to Wallpolla Island. Horseshoe Lagoon,
which is within Wallpolla Island, was considered
a floristically diverse site with 39 wetland species
recorded. Flora species included the Umbrella
Wattle (Acacia cswaldii), which is ‘vulnerable in
Victoria’ under VROTS, and the Spotted Emu-bush
(Eremophila maculata) and Mallee cucumber
(Mukia micrantha), both of which are ‘rare in
Victoria’ under VROTS (See box 3 on page 18).
Project Description
As with Lindsay and Mulcra Islands, Wallpolla
Island has received funding through The Living
Murray Program (see box 2 on page 18) for the
construction of engineering works and the
delivery of environmental water to restore the
island to its former glory. Monitoring conducted
by Australian Ecosystems found environmental
watering resulted in positive flora and fauna
outcomes at all wetlands investigated during
on-ground monitoring in January 2010
(Australian Ecosystems, March 2010).
The Mallee Environmental Watering Program has
been integral in preserving key environmental
assets in the short term while large scale
infrastructure solutions are developed to restore
appropriate water regimes in the long term.
Wallpolla Island has been part of the environmental
watering program since 2005, with priority
wetlands and creeks receiving water. Monitoring
by the Murray-Darling Freshwater Research Centre
has demonstrated the benefits of environmental
water in maintaining River Red Gum health and
the need for multiple watering in successful years
to improve overstory health.
“In line with the objectives… pumped
environmental water is helping to provide
a ‘diversity of structural aquatic habitats
and increase the diversity and abundance
of wetland aquatic vegetation’, and
‘re-instate communities typical of ephemeral
wetlands’. This conclusion is supported by
the increased diversity of plant functional
groups detected at the group of sites that
has received water (which contained a
variety of terrestrial, amphibious and aquatic
plant species) compared to the group that
did not (dominated by terrestrial species).”
(Henderson et al, 2010)
EWW420
Fauna species classified as ‘vulnerable in Victoria’
under VROTS were found at Horseshoe Lagoon,
including the Baillon’s Crake (Porzana pusilla
palustris), DeVis’ Banded Snake (Denisonia
devisi) and Musk Duck (Biziura lobata).
Swans egg and nest
Waterbird surveys undertaken by the Sunraysia
Bird Observers Club have shown Wallpolla Island
supports a significant wetland bird population, at
times in excess of 500 individual birds (Australian
Ecosystem 2010). Between October 2009 and
January 2010, Wallpolla Island supported 39
different species of wetlands birds. Nine of these
were classified as threatened species.
Wallpolla Creek
EWW480
Condition monitoring across Lindsay, Mulcra
and Wallpolla Islands indicated that Black Box
tree communities are in fair to poor condition.
Importantly, monitoring also indicated a decline
in the relative abundance of juvenile trees
required to sustain populations at current levels
(Henderson et al, 2010).
Large-scale inundation of floodplain communities
by environmental watering would be required to
sustain River Red Gum, Black Box and Lignum at
Lindsay, Mulcra and Wallpolla Islands (Henderson
et al, 2010).
Cont’d..
24
Wallpolla Island
Finnigans West and Wallpolla Creek junctio
Little Pied Cormorant
Ballion’s Crake
EWW230
Horseshoe Lagoon
EWW100
EWW160
EWW170
EWW320
EWW250
EWW180
on
Finnigans East and Wallpolla Creek junction
Photo credit: Tony Feist
25
Case Study - Wallpolla Island Cont’d..
EWW 100
Horseshoe Lagoon Pumping Inlet
Monitoring Outcomes - Water Quality
EWW170
Horseshoe Lagoon Regulator inlet
Number of monitoring sites: 9
Monitored in 09/10 by: Ivan Robertson,
Tony Feist, Mallee CMA staff
Monitoring standard: 4
Parameters monitored: salinity, pH, reactive
phosphate, total phosphate, temperature,
turbidity, dissolved oxygen
Dissolved oxygen levels throughout Wallpolla
Island watering sites fluctuated significantly
over the 2009-2010 monitoring period, frequently
above 10.0 mg/l or below 5 mg/l. Monitoring
occurred in both the wetting and drying phases
of the watering project. High oxygen levels were
most likely the result of increased turbulence due
to water pumping. Low oxygen levels may have
been caused by a number of factors including
increased decomposition of leaf matter that
was previously dry, an explosion in zooplankton
respiration activity, the absence of plants and
therefore the photosynthesis process and/or
stagnant water. Graphs are not presented here
due to the inability to accurately compare levels
over time.
EWW 160
Finnigans Creek Inlet
As presented in the graphs, high turbidity levels
were frequently recorded at various sites across
Wallpolla Island. This is to be expected given
the way in which water is delivered to the sites
(pumped and discharged at high velocity onto
previously dry and often bare land).
Low to moderate electrical conductivity levels
were recorded across the floodplain.
.
26
EWW180
Wallpolla Creek East
EWW 230
Sandy Lilly Pond Pump Inlet
EWW 250
Finnigans East/Wallpolla Junction
EWW 320
Finnigans Creek West / Wallpolla Junction
EWW 420
Sandy Creek West
27
Case Study - Hattah Lakes
Dragonfly
Area Description
The Hattah Lakes form part of the Hattah-Kulkyne
National Park and are located between Mildura
and Robinvale. Under natural circumstances, the
lake system would be fed by the Murray River
during periods of high flow. River regulation
however, has changed the timing, duration
and frequency of wet and dry phases in the
lake system. The mean discharge in the Murray
River upstream of Hattah Lakes is thought to
be approximately 50% of natural and overbank
flooding to Hattah Lakes has only occurred once
in the past 13 years (Walters et al, 2010). Due to
reduced frequency of flooding to the floodplain,
pumping has become a necessary management
intervention. The large floodplain and wetland
system provides important habitat for a variety of
fauna, including migratory birds from as far away
as Siberia.
Project Description
The Hattah Lake system is one of six icon sites
identified under The Living Murray Program (see
box 2 on page 18), chosen for its environmental,
cultural and international significance. The Mallee
Environmental Watering Program was initiated
in 2005 and has seen these lakes receive
environmental water to prevent widespread
loss of mature River Red Gum stands, which are
fundamental to the fauna community. Future
works proposed under The Living Murray program
aim to increase the frequency of small floods to
every two or three years and larger floods every
eight years (when water is available).
A condition monitoring program has been
implemented to demonstrate the achievements
of and inform the environmental watering
program at Hattah Lakes.
The ecological components monitored in 2008/09
include River Red Gum, Black Box, wetland
vegetation, floodplain vegetation, Lignum,
Cumbungi and fish.
Monitoring Outcomes - Flora & Fauna
The Sunraysia Bird Observers’ waterbird
observations during the 09-10 monitoring period
demonstrated the value of the watering program
in the provision of habitat for waterbirds. In excess
of 1200 waterbirds were observed at Hattah during
this time. 59 species were recorded including
the Australasian Shoveler (Anas rhynchotis), the
Blue-billed Duck (Oxyura australis), the Hardhead
(Aythya australis) the Eastern Grey Egret (Ardea
modesta) and the Musk Duck (Biziura lobata).
These birds are listed as ‘endangered’ or
‘vulnerable’ on the DSE VROTS advisory list
(see box 3 on page 18).
Tree Condition April 2005
For the most part, River Red Gum crown condition,
epicormic growth and reproductive extent scores
improved between 2007 and 2010, indicating an
increase in overall condition of trees. Photopoint
monitoring has demonstrated this improved
condition. Prior to watering, trees appear stressed
with minimal foliage, but following the application
of environmental water, foliage density has visibly
increased - a sign of a recovering tree. Condition
monitoring of Black Box trees also indicates an
improvement in health. (Walters et al, 2010)
A total of 84 wetland understorey species were
recorded during 2009/10 surveys, seven of which
are listed as rare or threatened in Victoria under
VROTS (see box 3 on page 18). (Walters et al, 2010)
Most of these rare species were cited at wetlands
that had received environmental water.
“Monitoring this year has indicated that many of
the floodplain species are responsive to rainfall;
however, rainfall alone is not sufficient to maintain
sustainable floodplain communities. A large-scale
flood that inundates the floodplain is required”
(Walters et al, 2010).
During fish sampling in 2009/10, both Silver perch
and Murray cod were present in the wetland and
anabranch macro habitats. These two fish are
threatened species and have not been previously
recorded in Hattah Lakes monitoring. Additionally,
the non-native and invasive Eastern gambusia was
absent from the samples.
Tree Condition February 2007
Photo credit: Shane Southon
28
Apostle Bird
Pumping to Chalka Creek
Yellow Daisies
Choughs
Whistling Kite
Mallee Ringneck
Chalka Creek
29
Frontage Action Plan
Nyah to Robinvale
Area Description
The Murray River Frontage Action Plans (FAPs)
were published in 2003 and outline a range of
aims and actions to enhance the management of
frontages along the Murray River. Aims include
reducing recreation and grazing impacts, retaining
riparian vegetation, protecting high value flora
and fauna habitat and restoring degraded
frontages.
The Nyah to Robinvale reach extends for
approximately 246 kilometres and includes the
townships of Nyah, Piangil, Boundary Bend and
Robinvale. The area is characterised by a flat
to gently undulating landscape with evidence
of former stream channels and meanders,
accompanied by a broad floodplain area. The
major land uses in the area include horticulture,
viticulture and pasture, sheep and cattle grazing,
forestry, conservation and recreation. The region
includes extensive areas of public land, such as
the Nyah State Forest.
Monitoring Outcomes
Number of monitoring sites: 5
Monitored in 09/10 by: Mary & Peter
McMillan, Sandra Thompson, DSE Swan Hill
Indigenous trainees, Mallee CMA staff
Monitoring standard: 3
Parameters monitored: salinity, pH, reactive
phosphate, total phosphate, temperature,
turbidity, dissolved oxygen
Monitoring during winter 2009 at Nyah State
Forest revealed a considerable spike in the
Murray River electrical conductivity level to
nearly 400 ECs. Downstream at Wood Wood,
this level dropped to around 200 ECs, with the
additional salt dissipating to normal levels by the
time the water reached the monitoring site at
Tooleybuc where it was recorded at around 100
ECs.
30
Turbidity levels in this stretch of the Murray River
varied greatly between individual sites and seasons,
however it was never at ‘degraded’ levels and
therefore was not of concern. Turbidity can vary
due to flow of water, presence or absence of
carp, bank condition and adjacent land use.
Reactive phosphate levels were also extremely
varied in this stretch of the river with spikes
occurring in summer and/or autumn seasons at
sites at Speewa and Tooleybuc. These higher
phosphate results are in line with the algal
blooms which occurred at Easter time in both
2009 and 2010.
RMU 144
Speewa Boat Ramp
RMU294
RMU161
RMU050
RMU040
RMU144
RMU 040
Nyah State Forest
RMU 161
Tooleybuc Boat Ramp
RMU 294
Margooya Lagoon Inlet
31
Frontage Action Plan
Robinvale to Merbein
Area Description
The Robinvale to Merbein Murray River reach
extends for approximately 254 kilometres and
includes the townships of Robinvale, Red Cliffs,
Mildura and Merbein. Two main types of frontage
exist in the area - narrow frontages dominated
by irrigation supply pumps and associated tracks,
powerlines and pipelines, and wide frontages on
meander bends dominated by River Red Gum
communities and floodplains of Black Box
woodlands.
RMU 249
Psyche Pumps
RMU 380
Red Gum Gully
RMU 335
Le Bruns Bend
RMU 425
Mildura Boat Ramp
The major land uses in the area are irrigation,
forestry, conservation and recreation, with
extensive areas of public land including the
Hattah-Kulkyne National Park.
Monitoring Outcomes
Number of monitoring sites: 9
Monitored in 09/10 by: Maurie & Helen
Williams; Maaike, Emma & Madelief
Johnston; Julia, Jemimah, Peter & Josh
Edwards; David & Dorothy Robinson;
Brian & Anne Smythe; Miriam Pywell;
Aileen Stewart; Helen Devilee; Audrey
Thornton; Marion Vorwerk & Mildura West
Primary students; Gordon Searle; Pauline
Bartels; Mallee CMA staff
Monitoring standard: 3
Parameters monitored: salinity, pH, reactive
phosphate, total phosphate, temperature,
turbidity, dissolved oxygen
Temperature results varied slightly to the usual
levels but differences can occur due to time of
day sample was taken and/or the depth of the
water body where the sample was taken.
Electrical conductivity, turbidity and pH levels
were all within the normal ranges and considered
‘good’ water quality. Extremely low electrical
conductivity levels of around 40 ECs were
recorded in summer 2010 at Mildura boat ramp
and rowing club lawns.
32
RMU450
RMU500
RMU541
RMU501
RMU249
RMU380
RMU440
RMU425
RMU335
Mildura West Students
RMU 440
Rowing Club lawns
RMU 500
Johnsons Bend
RMU 450
Lock Island
RMU 501
Chaffey Bend
RMU 541
Pump Hill
33
Frontage Action Plan
Merbein to SA Border
Area Description
The Merbein to SA border Murray River reach
extends for approximately 232 kilometres and
forms the northern border of the region commonly
referred to as the Millewa. The area is
characterised by an entrenched river valley of
channels and floodplain features including oxbow
lakes, billabongs, ephemeral lakes, swamps and
active meander belts. Vegetation on frontages
adjacent to the river is predominately River
Red Gum communities, with the floodplains
characterised by Black Box woodlands, Tangled
Lignum shrublands and grasslands.
The major land uses in the area are grazing, forestry,
conservation and recreation, with extensive areas
of public land such as the Lindsay Island section
of the Murray-Sunset National Park and Wallpolla
Island State Forest.
Monitoring Outcomes
Number of monitoring sites: 4
Monitored in 09/10 by: Peter & Rae Knyvett,
Roger Edmonds, Mallee CMA staff
Monitoring standard: 3 & 4
Parameters monitored: salinity, pH, reactive
phosphate, total phosphate, temperature,
turbidity, dissolved oxygen
Water quality results for electrical conductivity,
pH and temperature were all normal and at levels
that indicate ‘good’ water quality. Turbidity levels
were mostly within the ‘good’ water quality range.
Results from the Murray River at Mulcra Island
during autumn 2010, and at the South Australian
border during summer 2009 and autumn 2010
were more turbid with levels extending into the
‘degraded’ water quality range.
34
RMU 570
Merbein Common
RMU 620
Abbotsford State Forest
RMU900
RMU570
RMU760
RMU620
RMU 570
RMU 760
Mulcra
RMU 900
SA Border
RMU 620
RMU 620
RMU 570
35
Foster Street Drain - DFO500
Foster Street Settling Pond - PFO600
Monitored by:
Helen & Gus Wilkens (Yelta Landcare)
Monitoring standard:
3
Parameters monitored: salinity, pH, reactive phosphate, temperature, turbidity
The Foster Street drain and settling pond are
‘before and after’ sites, monitored to compare
the similarities and/or differences in water quality.
Helen and Gus Wilkens have chosen to monitor
these two sites for the following reasons:
• to ascertain and monitor the effectiveness of
the filtration process of the stormwater that
flows through the drain to the pond;
• to monitor if the water in the pond can sustain
aquatic bird and wildlife; and
• to monitor the quality of the water in the
pond as a possible reserve water supply for
revegetation plantings (Community Monitoring
Plan for Helen & Gus Wilkens, Yelta Landcare
Group).
The water quality results indicate that the
stormwater filtration process is effective. Salinity,
turbidity and reactive phosphate levels in the
settling pond all improved on the drain levels.
Average salinity levels dropped by approximately
half from 1,110 ECs in the drain to 520 ECs in the
settling pond. Reactive phosphate fell from 1.77
mg/l (extremely high) in the drain to 0.53 mg/l in
the settling pond. Turbidity levels also fell from
24.3 NTU to 16.9 NTU, however both these levels
are considered ‘good’ water quality.
Two different frog calls were recorded at Foster
Street settling pond in October 2009.
36
Foster Street Drain
PFO600
DFO500
Foster Street Settling Pond
PFO600 - Turbidity
37
Cowanna Bend Billabong - BYE350
BYE350
Monitored by:
Len & Rae Jeffers (Yelta Landcare)
Monitoring standard:
3
Parameters monitored: salinity, pH, reactive phosphate, temperature, turbidity
Cowanna Billabong is permanently connected
to the Murray River. In autumn 2010, additional
water was added to the billabong to increase the
inundation extent to reach the surrounding River
Red Gums.
Len and Rae Jeffers, of Yelta Landcare, have
monitored the water quality at Cowanna Bend
Billabong since October 2001. In that time they
have seen the salinity level of the billabong reach
a high of nearly 10,000 ECs in January 2002.
By 2005, salinity was down to around 400 ECs
and by 2009, salinity was at its current level of
around 300 ECs.
The salinity level has again dropped during the
monitoring period of this report - from 400 ECs in
summer 2009 to below 300 ECs in autumn and
winter 2010. This is considered low, however not
as low as salinity levels for the Murray River during
the same time. This may be due to drainage from
surrounding higher lands where viticulture
takes place.
Reactive phosphate levels in the 2009-10
monitoring period were constant and extremely
low. Turbidity levels were variable but of good
quality. Water temperature in the summer and
autumn of 2010 was slightly higher than summer
and autumn in 2009.
38
Bonyaricall Creek - CBO500
CBO500
Monitored by:
Helen Frania
Monitoring standard:
3
Parameters monitored: salinity, pH, reactive phosphate, temperature, turbidity
Bonyaricall Creek is within a priority management
area of the Beslar-Yungera floodplain complex.
Volunteers are assisting in gathering baseline
data before management arrangements alter the
way the system operates to achieve environmental
outcomes for the site.
The salinity level dropped over the course of the
2009-2010 monitoring period from around 300 ECs
to around 100 ECs, with both levels indicating
good quality for fresh water.
Reactive phosphate levels, on the other hand,
increased from low levels of below 0.15 mg/l
to high levels of 0.3 mg/l and 0.35 mg/l during
summer and autumn 2010. Higher levels could
be due to increased run-off into the creek from
banks and surrounding lands of soils and any
contained contaminants.
Turbidity levels are within the ‘good’ to ‘fair’
water quality range.
39
Cardross Lake South - LCA500
LCA500
Monitored by:
Helen Frania
Monitoring standard:
3
Parameters monitored: salinity, pH, reactive phosphate, temperature, turbidity
The Cardross Lakes are a series of inter-connected
drainage basins approximately 15 kilometres south
of Mildura. Cardross Basin 1 East is currently
home to a population of Murray hardyhead
(Craterocephalus fluviatilis).
Murray hardyhead are a native fish species
endemic to the lowland floodplains of the Murray
and Murrumbidgee river systems. They are listed as
vulnerable under the Commonwealth Environment
Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999,
and threatened under the Flora and Fauna
Guarantee Act 1988.
The species has suffered an extensive decline
in range and abundance and is now one of the
most threatened vertebrate species in Australia.
In October 2007 the Victorian Department of
Sustainability and Environment (DSE) launched
an Emergency Watering Plan to try to prevent
the extinction of Murray hardyhead in Victoria
(DSE 2007). The emergency watering plan aimed
to achieve the most protection with the least
amount of environmental water.
Salinity levels have risen consistently over the
2009/2010 monitoring period from 7,500 ECs
to nearly 25,000 ECs. Although these figures
are well above those expected for a freshwater
system, they are normal for the Cardross Lakes
and aquatic fish species have adapted to the
saline conditions.
pH levels are constant and slightly more alkaline
than other freshwater bodies in the Mallee region.
Reactive phosphate levels were extremely low
but spiked to a high 0.55 mg/l seasonal average
in summer 2010 and then a 0.4 mg/l seasonal
average in autumn 2010. Turbidity levels also
spiked in summer 2010 and may be responsible
for the higher reactive phosphate results due to
the nutrient load of the suspended solids.
40
Koorlong Lake North - LKO500
LKO500
Monitored by:
Helen Frania
Monitoring standard:
3
Parameters monitored: salinity, pH, reactive phosphate, temperature, turbidity
Koorlong Lake is located approximately
12 kilometres south of Mildura. In 2009 the lake
became the new home to a population of Murray
Hardyhead (see Lake Cardross South for more
details), translocated from Lake Hawthorn, just
west of Mildura.
Lake Hawthorn was historically used as a drainage
basin for irrigation west of Mildura. Improved
irrigation practices and drought has led to a
reduction of drainage water feeding into the lake.
The drying that has been progressive for the past
decade was the biggest threat facing the remaining
Murray Hardyhead populations, before successful
relocation.
Monitoring results at Lake Koorlong North during
the 2009/2010 monitoring period were similar to
the results found at Lake Cardross South. Salinity
levels were moderate to high with an elevated
level of 27,500 ECs in summer 2010. pH levels
were slightly alkaline while reactive phosphate and
turbidity levels both spiked during summer 2010.
41
Barber’s Dam - DBA500
DBA500
Monitored by:
Helen & Keith Barber (Birchip Landcare)
Monitoring standard:
3
Parameters monitored: salinity, pH, reactive phosphate, temperature, turbidity
In March 2010, Helen and Keith Barber’s wetland
was the first to be connected through the
Wimmera-Mallee Pipeline Project’s off stream
wetland program. The wetland has high
environmental value and, in the near future, will
be protected by a Trust for Nature covenant. The
wetland received 3 ML of water from Grampians
Wimmera Mallee Water in autumn 2010.
Helen and Keith Barber have recorded water quality
data since late 2006 and have vast knowledge of
the local landscape, birds, reptiles, amphibians
and mammals. They are both active members of
the Birchip Landcare Group.
The average salinity level within this wetland during
the 2009/2010 monitoring period was moderate
at 1,094 ECs. This is lower than the average level
in 2008 (approximately 1600 ECs) but higher than
the average level in 2007 (approximately 640
ECs). Salinity levels in this wetland depend upon
the characteristics of the water delivery (timing,
abundance and origin of water).
pH levels were slightly higher in spring 2009 and
summer 2010 (pH 9-10) than earlier in the
monitoring period (approximate pH of 8).
Reactive phosphate levels are constantly high
(0.25 mg/l) and may be due to faecal matter
(stock and waterbirds) and/or run-off from farm
activities. These levels are not cause for concern
however in a water body such as this.
This water body usually has ‘excellent’ to ‘good’
turbidity levels, most likely due to its still nature
and the absence of carp.
42
Lake Ranfurly Drain - LRA501
LRA501
Monitored by:
Roger Drewitt
Monitoring standard:
3
Parameters monitored: salinity, pH, reactive phosphate, temperature, turbidity
At this site, Roger Drewitt takes his sample from
the water that runs out of a drain at the end of
15th Street and into a channel leading to Lake
Ranfurly. The results therefore do not indicate water
quality of Lake Ranfurly itself but of drainage
from the south-west area of Mildura.
Salinity levels varied from 1,500 ECs in summer
2009 to 500 ECs in autumn 2010, while reactive
phosphate levels also varied from 0.2 to 0.9 mg/l.
Both salinity and reactive phosphate levels are
higher than what would be expected in a natural
fresh water body. This is because the drain is
collecting stormwater and other general run-off
that becomes contaminated with various pollutions
such as salts, organic matter and fertilisers.
43
Badman Home Bore - OPI500
OPI 500
Monitored by:
Bernard Badman (Murrayville Landcare)
Monitoring standard:
3
Parameters monitored: salinity, pH, temperature, hardness
The average salinity level of the groundwater at
Bernard Badman’s home bore has stayed constant
since 2007, with a moderate level of 1,600 ECs.
During the 2009/2010 monitoring period the ECs
have decreased slightly from 1,860 ECs in autumn
2009 to 1,170 ECs in autumn 2010.
Compared to other groundwater reserves, this
Murray group limestone aquifer has a relatively
low salt content, with it’s water able to be
used for crops, stock, gardens and household
needs. This is due to the clay layers that line the
aquifer. Water enters the area’s aquifer from the
Grampians.
Water hardness over the past three years has
approximately doubled, rising from around 400 ppm
(parts per million) to around 800 ppm. Hardness
refers to the mineral content of the water, primarily
calcium and magnesium metal cations. Hard water
(above 320 ppm) can be problematic as it can
cause scaling (limescale) which can clog pipes,
ruin water heaters, coat the insides of tea and
coffee pots, and decrease the life of toilet flushing
units. Hardness cannot be removed by boiling
but can be removed by using a dedicated water
softener.
44
References
Australian Ecosystems, March 2010, DRAFT Vegetation and Frog Surveys
Wallpolla and Lindsay Islands, Mildura Victoria.
Mallee Catchment Management Authority, 2008, Mallee Waterwatch 2007
Data Report, Sunnyland Press, Mildura Victoria.
Baldwin, D.S., March 2008, Assessment of Sulfidic Sediments in Lake
Hawthorn, Cowra Rooks and Butlers Creek, report for the Mallee Catchment
Management Authority, Murray-Darling Freshwater Research Centre,
Mildura Victoria.
Mallee Catchment Management Authority, February 2003, Murray River
Frontage Action Plan; Merbein to South Australian Border, EFECT, Victoria.
DSE, October 2007, Emergency action to protect the Murray Hardyhead Fact
Sheet. Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne.
DSE, August 2005, Index of Stream Condition: The Second Benchmark of
Victorian River Condition, Bambra Press, Port Melbourne.
Ellis, I., Chapman, D., and Pyke, L., 2009, Aquatic Vertebrate Surveys in
three wetland systems in the Mallee, report to the Mallee Catchment
Management Authority, The Murray-Darling Freshwater Research Centre,
Mildura Victoria.
Henderson M, Walters S, Wood D, Chapman D, Sharpe C, Vilizzi L, Campbell
C, Johns C and McCarthy B, July 2010, The Living Murray Condition
Monitoring at Lindsay, Mulcra and Wallpolla Islands 2009/10, Draft Report
prepared for the Department of Sustainability and Environment by The
Murray-Darling Freshwater Research Centre, MDFRC Publication 28/2010.
Holmes, A. and Bidwell, S., October 2008, Mallee Catchment Management
Authority: Report for Margooya Lagoon Monitoring Program, GHD, Mildura,
Victoria.
Mallee Catchment Management Authority, May 2009, Mulcra Island - Restoring
the balance fact sheet, Mildura Victoria.
Mallee Catchment Management Authority, 2009, Mallee Waterwatch 2008
Data Report, Sunnyland Press, Mildura Victoria.
Design Visual Strategy Design 03 5023 4960
Mallee Catchment Management Authority, February 2003, Murray River
Frontage Action Plan; Nyah to Robinvale, EFECT, Victoria.
Mallee Catchment Management Authority, February 2003, Murray River
Frontage Action Plan; Robinvale to Merbein, EFECT, Victoria.
Mallee Catchment Management Authority, 2006, Mallee River Health Strategy,
Sunnyland Press, Mildura Victoria.
Mallee Catchment Management Authority, working copy January 2010,
Kings Billabong Wetland Monitoring Program, Mildura Victoria.
Murray-Darling Basin Authority, February 2010, The Living Murray; Planned
works on Mulcra Island fact sheet, Canberra ACT.
Murray-Darling Basin Authority, February 2010, The Living Murray planned
works fact sheet, Canberra ACT.
Murray-Darling Basin Authority, April 2009, The Living Murray Program fact
sheet, Canberra ACT.
Walters S, Henderson M, Wood D, Chapman, D, Sharpe C, Vilizzi L,
Campbell C, Johns C and McCarthy B, July 2010, The Living Murray
Condition Monitoring at Hattah Lakes 2009/10, Draft Report prepared for
the Department of Sustainability and Environment by The Murray-Darling
Freshwater Research Centre, MDFRC Publication 27/2010.
Printing The Sunnyland Press 03 5023 4199
45
DPI Complex
Corner Eleventh Street & Koorlong Avenue
Irymple Victoria 3498
PO Box 5017 Mildura Victoria 3502
Telephone 03 5051 4377
Facsimile 03 5051 4379
www.malleecma.vic.gov.au
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