HMSC
GC
856
.07
no.153
cop. 2
College of Oceanic &
Atmospheric Sciences.
OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
OBSERVATIONS FROM
LEADEX,
BEAUFORT SEA
ARCTIC OCEAN
MARCH - APRIL 1992
by
Murray D. Levine
Clayton A. Paulson
Jay Simpkins
Steve R. Gard
Reference 93 - 1
April 1993
Data Report 153
Office of Naval Research
N00014-91 - J - 1801
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NATO HELD
OI
vE
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Reprint
Observations from LEADER, Beaufort Sea Arctic Ocean,
March-April 1992
Data Report #153
6. PERFORMING ORG.REPORT NUMBER
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Murray D. Levine, Clayton A. Paulson
Jay Simpkins, Steve R. Gard
N00014-91-J-1801
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10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT. TASK
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College of Oceanic & Atmospheric Sciences
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5503
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Office of Naval Research
Ocean Science & Technology Division
Arlington, Virginia 22217
April 1993
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Arctic Ocean, LEADS Internal Waves
20. ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse side if necessary and identify by block number)
This report presents time series measurements of velocity, temperature and conductivity made during the Lead
Experiment (LEADEX). These observations were made in the Beaufort Sea, Arctic Ocean, in the vicinity of 73°N,
144°W, during March-April 1992. Month-long observations at the base camp were made between the surface and
400 m depth; horizontal separations ranged from 70 to 140 m. Several-day records of velocity profiles to 130 m
depth in two newly formed leads aways from the base camp are also presented.
DD
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SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered)
Observations from
LEADEX
Beaufort Sea
Arctic Ocean
March-April 1992
Murray D. Levine
Clayton A. Paulson
Jay Simpkins
Steve R. Gard
Oregon State University
College of Oceanic & Atmospheric Sciences
Ocean Admin Bldg 104
Corvallis, OR 97331
Sponsor: Office of Naval Research
Grant: N00014-91-J-1801
Data Report 153
Reference 93-1
30 April 1993
Approved for Public Release
Distribution Unlimited
Acknowledgements
We thank chief scientist Jamie Morison, logistics coordinator Andy Heiberg, and camp
managers John "Jumper" Bitters and Dean Stuart for making LEADEX a successful
experiment. Thanks are extended to all the other support personel, including helper Steve
Vorhees and cooks Tony and Dax Parra. We thank Tim Stanton and Jim Stockel for their
help in deploying the ADCP. The efforts of Dennis Barstow in helping to calibrate the
instruments are much appreciated.
We appreciate the labor and enthusiasm of program manager Thomas Curtin in organizing
the LEADEX project. Thanks also to program manager Alan Brandt for his continued
support. The support for this research by the Office of Naval Research through grant
N00014-91-J-1801 is gratefully acknowledged.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction ...........................................
1
Instrumentation .......................................... 2
Calibration ...........................................
10
Time Series of Temperature and Velocity at Central Mooring: Line plots ....
15
Time Series of Temperature at Central Mooring: Color contour plots ......
21
Time Series of Salinity and T-S Plots at Central Mooring .............. 27
Time Series of Temperature at Central Mooring:
Cluster around 250 m .............................. 35
Time Series of Temperature from Horizontal Array at 250 m ...........
69
Spectra and Coherences of Vertical Displacement ................... 99
Time Series of Velocity from Lead #3: Line plots relative to ice .........
105
Time Series of Velocity from Lead #4: Line plots relative to ice .........
113
.......
121
Time Series of Velocity from Lead #4: Line plots relative to 85 m .......
129
Time Series of Velocity from Lead #3: Line plots relative to 85 m
Time Series of Horizontal, Vertical and Error Velocities; Vertical Shear and Echo
Intensity from Lead #3:
Color contour plots ...............................
137
Time Series of Horizontal, Vertical and Error Velocities; Vertical Shear and Echo
Intensity from Lead #4:
Color contour plots ...............................
149
1
Observations from LEADEX
INTRODUCTION
Leads are openings in the floating pack ice that permit direct contact between the ocean and
atmosphere. The fluxes of heat and salt through leads are thought to be important in the
thermodynamic balance of the Arctic Ocean; yet the details of the process are not well
understood.
To increase our knowledge of the role of leads, the Office of Naval Research sponsored an
Accelerated Research Initiative (ARI) in Arctic Lead Dynamics. Some of the specific goals
of this program are to (Arctic Lead Dynamics Science Review, T.B. Curtin, editor, report #
1125AR-91-033, Arctic Sciences Program, Office of Naval Research, 1991):
characterize upper ocean variability induced by individual leads,
understand the heat, salt and momentum fluxes including frazil ice formation,
understand the net effect of many leads on regional properties of the upper ocean.
This report presents moored observations of velocity, temperature and conductivity made
during the LEADEX experiment. The measurements were made in the Beaufort Sea, Arctic
Ocean, in the vicinity of 73 °N, 144"W, during March-April 1992.
The main objective of this project was to measure the background temperature, salinity and
velocity structure in the mixed layer and upper pycnocline under the pack ice at the main
camp. Lead-caused oceanic anomalies are expected to be small, and it is important to
measure and understand the structure well away from leads and to search for evidence of the
effects of leads on the far field. Specific goals include:
to measure background fluctuations in the far-field of leads in order to aid in
interpreting observations in leads, and
to measure the characteristics of the internal wave field to compare with previous
observations in the Arctic Ocean.
In addition, a self-contained acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) was deployed at
several lead-site camps to provide a detailed picture of the velocity structure at the edge of a
lead.
2
INSTRUMENTATION
Description
A horizontal and vertical array of instruments measuring temperature, conductivity and
velocity were suspended from the ice at the LEADEX main camp. Instruments included:
temperature recorders (MTR, MDR), temperature-conductivity recorders (Seacats), and
electromagnetic current meters (S-4).
The central mooring contained most of the instruments; the majority of those were located in
the upper 60 m. A cluster of sensors was also located around 250 m to record internal wave
activity. Three other satellite moorings, containing two temperature recorders at 250 m,
were deployed in a triangular pattern around the center (Figure 1). The depth and technical
details of each instrument are presented in Tables 1 and 2.
An acoustic Doppler current profiler was deployed at two lead-site camps (named Lead #3
and Lead #4). The instrument operated at 307 kHz in a self-recording mode. Technical
details of the ADCP are given in Table 3.
Deployment/Recovery
The central mooring was deployed on 23 March (GMT); the satellite deployment was
completed on 25 March. The location and velocity of the ice camp as it drifted westward are
shown in Figure 2 from GPS data kindly supplied by Miles McPhee (McPhee Research).
The central mooring was deployed from an A-frame mounted inside a hut through a 3-foot
diameter hole in the nearly 4-meter thick ice. The strength member of the mooring consisted
of 3/8" dacron line. Temperature recorders (MTR) were attached to the line using nylon ties
and black electrical tape; temperature-conductivity recorders (Seacats) and current meters (S4) were shackled in series with the line. The mooring was kept taut with a 200 lb weight at
the bottom. A small electric capstan and come-along were used to lower the mooring and
transfer loads. The hole was kept free from ice by continuously adding heat from the space
heater by circulating water through a heat exchanger.
The satellite moorings were deployed through 8" holes drilled through the ice. The 250-m
long mooring line was laid out on the ice. A 50 lb anchor was attached and the line was
lowered by a person (C. Paulson) holding the top end and walking toward the hole; an oil
drum at the hole provided a smooth surface over which the line slipped as it was lowered.
The satellite moorings were retrieved through 12" holes using a hole melter. The holes were
made alongside the mooring line that had frozen into the ice; the line was then pulled
sideways into the open hole for retrieval. The line was secured to a snowmobile and pulled
over an oil drum.
The ADCP was deployed twice in leads at Leads #3 and #4 (Figure 2). The floatation was
provided by a collar that fit around the main body of the instrument. A frame around the
3
130 m
ANGLE, deg
S 1-S2-C
30
S 1-C-S2
120
S 1-S3-C
24
S 1-C-S3
127
S2-S 1-C
30
S2-C-S3
113
S2-S3-C
30
S3-S1-C
28
S3-S2-C
36
Distances
between, m
Si
S2
S3
C
72
72
83
124
139
S1
S2
Figure 1. Plan view of the location of the Central and Satellite moorings.
Tables give the distances and angles between moorings.
130
4
Table 1
Depth, m
CENTRAL MOORING Instrumentation
Type of
measure-
Manufacturer
Model
Number
Serial
Number
ment
Date of
Calibration
4
V
InterOcean
S-4
20661
5.46
T,C
SBE
SBE-16
40
5.93
T
PMEL
MTR
3094
Jul 92
10.07
T
PMEL
MTR
3082
Jul 92
10.09
T
PMEL
MTR
3074
Jul 92
12.08
T
PMEL
MTR
3075
Jul 92
44.07
T
PNE
MTR
3084
No data
14.09
T
PMEL
MTR
3076
Jul 92
16.08
T
PMEL
MTR
3077
Jul 92
18.08
T
PMEL
MTR
3078
Jul 92
19.55
V
InterOcean
S-4
20655
20.01
T,C
SBE
SBE-16
41
22.05
T
PMEL
MTR
3079
Jul 92
24.04
T
PMEL
MTR
3080
Jul 92
26.05
T
PMEL
MTR
3081
Jul 92
28.05
T
PMEL
MTR
3070
Jul 92
30.05
T
PMEL
MTR
3072
Jul 92
33.05
T
PMEL
MTR
3085
Jul 92
35.49
V
InterOcean
S-4
20642
35.95
T,C
SBE
SBE-16
43
38.97
T
PMEL
MTR
3086
Jul 92
41.96
T
PMEL
MTR
3088
Jul 92
44.96
T
PMEL
MTR
3089
Jul 92
47.96
T
PMEL
MTR
3090
Jul92
5 Feb 92
5 Feb 92
10 Jan 92
5
Depth, m
Type of
measure-
Manufacturer
Model
Number
Serial
Number
Date of
Calibration
No data
ment
50.40
V
Inter Oeaa r
S-4
20660
50.87
T,C
SBE
SBE-16
50
51.57
P
ParoScien.
Digiquartz
21449
53.90
T
PMEL
MTR
3091
Jul 92
56.90
T
PMEL
MTR
3093
Jul 92
59.98
T
PNIEL
MTR
3073
No data
150
V
InterOcean
S-4
20763
235
T
PMEL
MTR
3095
Jul 92
240
T
PMEL
MTR
3096
Jul 92
245
T
PMEL
MTR
3097
Jul 92
249.5
V
Inter Oeean
S4
20
No data
250
T,C
SBE
SBE-16
51
250.5
P
ParoScien.
Digiquartz
21432
255
T
PMEL
MTR
3098
Jul 92
260
T
PMEL
MTR
3099
Jul 92
265
T
PMEL
MTR
3100
Jul 92
400
V
InterOcean
S-4
20764
13 Feb 92
0
29 Jan 92
6
Table 2
SATELLITE MOORING Instrumentation
Location
Depth:
250 m
Type of
Manu-
measure-
facturer
Model
Number
Number
Date of
Calibration
S1
T
PMEL
MTR
3101
Jan 92
S1
T,P
AlphaOmega
MDR
116
Aug 92
S2
T
PMEL
MTR
3103
Jul 92
S2
T
AlphaOmega
MDR
118
Aug 92
S3
T
PMEL
MTR
3113
Jul 92
S3
T
AlphaOmega
MDR
119
Aug 92
Serial
ment
7
Table 3. ACOUSTIC DOPPLER PROFILER Technical Information
Parameter
Value
Acoustic frequency
Model/serial no.
Comment
307 kHz
ADCP-SC #199
Upgraded with solid-state memory;
firmware 17.07
Bin length
4 meters
Pulse length
4 meters
Pings/ensemble
130
Time between pings
.44 s
Number of depth cells
32
Signal/noise threshold
6.0 dB
Percent good threshold
25%
Pitch, roll compensation
Not used, but
If less than 25 % of the pings in the
ensemble are good, no data are taken
recorded
Compass compensation
Blank beyond transmit
Not used in
velocity data,
but recorded
2 meters
Data were recorded relative to fixed
ADCP. Absolute orientation of beams
was done by survey.
Delay from end of transmit to start of data
acquisition.
Velocity scaling
The speed is scaled by the factor C,,,o,/ 1536 m/s, where C,,,o, is the speed of sound at the transducer. The
constant value of C., = 1434.5 m/s was used, based on S = 30 ppt and T = -1.65°C
ADCP Depth Bins
RDI assumes a sound speed of 1475.1 m/s (1.566 ms/m) in calculating the length of a bin in meters. We used
a sound speed of c = 1440 m/s to be representative of the conditions at LEADEX.
The depth in meters, z, of the center of each bin can be found using the formula:
z=2cos0[
where
T+D+(B-')At]+H
B = bin number,
T = pulse duration in seconds = 4 m x 1.566 ms/m
D = delay after transmit in seconds = 2 m x 1.566 ms/m
At = bin length in seconds = 4 m x 1.566 ms/m
H = transducer depth below ice = 1 m
0 = transducer angle = 30°
For these parameters the equation becomes:
z=3.93+(B-)3.91
149°W
Longitude
147°W
145°W
146°W
144°W
73°20'N
73°1 ON
Mar31
Apr7
1 Apr5
73°00'N
a)
0
J
1
\
72°30'N
Mar29
Mar25
Apr8
Apr9
72°40'N
Apr12
\Mar26 /
I
I
72°50'N
Mar30
Apr6
-A
\
Mar19
to
Mar24
72°20'N
Figure 2a. Location of main ice camp during LEADEX. The position of the lead-site camps, Leads #2, #3 and
#4, are also shown. The location of the 1000 m isobath is shown in the inset.
CO
Direction of Drift of LEADEX Main Camp
30
20-I-
Wt
,-. 30 +
-o
CD
N 10
a
C/)
t
0
300240-
120
19
21
23 25 27
MAR 92
29
31
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
APR 92
Figure 2b. Speed and direction of the drift of the main camp. Note that in the vector plot
18 20
up is to the west.
10
instrument protected the transducers and provided a point of attachment to a 5-meter pole
(2.5" diameter aluminum tubing joined from short sections) that was attached by rope to
wooden posts that were secured into the ice. The deployment was accomplished by holding
the pole and simply sliding the instrument on the side of its frame into the water. Once in
the water the ADCP rotated 90 degrees and floated vertically, with the transducers pointing
downwards. The ADCP was kept at 10°-15°C in its crate by heating with two 100W light
bulbs. The crate was transported by helicopter to the lead sites, and the ADCP was
deployed from the crate into the lead within a couple of hours.
The ice was chipped regularly around the ADCP. Recovery was essentially the reverse of
the deployment procedure.
CALIBRATION
MTR Temperature Recorders
Calibrations were performed before and after the deployment at OSU. The post-deployment
calibrations were used to convert most of the data. Pre-calibrations were used for one
instrument (#3101) because it failed during deployment and was not post-calibrated. The
calibrations were calculated from 6 temperature steps ranging from -2° to 0.2° C. The steps
were not steady, but drifted at a rate of about 1 millidegree per minute. A 5-minute average
was used as a calibration point at each step after about a 45-minute equilibration time. The
temperature standard was an SBE-3 from Sea-Bird Electronics (#544) that has been calibrated
many times using a platinum thermometer and triple point cell (Dennis Barstow, OSU).
In addition, data were taken in an ice bath which had a much smaller drift rate than at the 6
calibration steps. The ice-bath point provides a more stable estimate of absolute temperature
than the drifting steps; hence the calibration curves were forced to go through this value by
adding an offset to the instrument counts.
During calibration, an unexpected counting problem was noticed in the instruments. Count
values of modulus 25 were recorded preferentially (about .03°). This behavior is obvious in
histograms of counts. This error can be seen in some of the time series plots as flat spots in
the records. The cause of this behavior was a grounding problem that was not previously
noticed by the manufacturer.
Seacat Temperature-Conductivity Recorders
Calibrations were performed by the manufacturer, Sea-Bird Electronics, at Northwest
Regional Calibration Center, before the experiment.
Temperature Standards
Temperature calibrations of MTRs were done at OSU; calibrations of Seacats were done by
Sea-Bird Electronics (at Northwest Regional Calibration Center; NRCC). Using these
calibrations, MTRs and Seacats moored next to each other in the mixed layer during
11
LEADEX showed a systematic difference of about 0.005°C; the MTRs are systematically
wanner than the Seacats. The cause of this difference is unclear at this time and is under
investigation.
S-4 Current Meters
Compasses were checked before and after deployment. Most compasses were within 3° of
the expected values when rotated; all were within 50.
The only calibration of speed that was performed was to set an offset in the instrument so
that a value of zero was read in a still water bath. After the experiment a still water test
revealed that some of the instruments recorded a speed up to 2 cm/s. The temporal variation
of this offset is not understood.
There were some obvious problems with some of the instruments. The instrument at 250 m
recorded a constant speed value of 4 cm/s--reason unknown. The instrument at 50 m had a
significant low frequency drift in addition to bursts of high frequency noise--this record is not
usable. Although the data from 150 and 400 in are presented here, there are features of the
data that are not understood. There are coherent jumps in total current speed and magnetic
compass heading among the instruments at 150, 250 and 400 m. These jumps do not always
behave the same--often the jumps are out of phase between pairs of intstruments. Correlated
noise spikes at independent instruments separated vertically by 250 m are difficult to explain.
This behavior had not been seen previously; the cause remains under investigation.
Magnetic Declination
A constant value of 35 ° was subtracted from compass headings in order to convert from
magnetic to true north. Different locations will have values that differ from this constant;
however, these variations are expected to be within a few degrees.
ADCP Alignment
The alignment of the ADCP was determined from an internal compass and checked with a
hand-held compass sighting along the pole used to secure the ADCP to the ice. The handheld compass differed by less than 10° from the internal compass. The orientation of the
ADCP did not change significantly during a deployment.
ADCP Echo Intensity
Counts were converted to echo intensity in decibels by multiplying by 0.45, as indicated by
the manufacturer (RD Instruments). This is a measure of relative backscatter--no absolute
calibration has been done.
Pressure/Depth
Pressure sensors were located at 250 m at the end of the Satellite 1 mooring (MDR) and on
12
the central mooring (Seacat; Paroscientific sensor). A constant value of 10 db was subtracted
for the atmospheric contribution to the total pressure (Figure 3).
The factor used to convert pressure in decibars to depth in meters was 0.991 m/db; this is
based on an average density of 1026.5 kg m3 and a gravitational acceleration of 9.83 1 m s'2.
Therefore the depth of the pressure sensor is about 253.5 db x .991 m/db = 251.2 m, when
the mooring motion is low. This is very close to the depth of 250.5 m estimated by direct
measurement of the mooring line (Table 2).
13
Pressure at Central and Satellite (S1) Moorings
254-I-
255
'
l
23
25
X27
'29
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
31
MAR 92
4
2
8
6
12
10
14
16
18
20
APR 92
'
+-4
22
Figure 3. Pressure at Central mooring at 250.5 m recorded by Seacat with a ParoScientific
pressure sensor (solid line); pressure at S1 at 250 m recorded by MDR with Aanderaa
pressure sensor (dotted line).
Time Zone
All times in this report are referenced to GMT; recall 1992 was a leap year. Date is crossreferenced to Day of Year in the Table below.
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
15
Mar
D
0
Y
Apr
D
0
Y
Apr
D
0
Y
108
15
TIME SERIES of TEMPERATURE and VELOCITY
at CENTRAL MOORING:
Line Plots
The following four plots are observations at the Central mooring of.
temperature from 10 to 265 m, as recorded by MTR sensors at 1 minute sampling,
and
velocity from 4 to 400 m measured relative to the drifting ice, as recorded by S-4
current meters, at 2 or 4 minute sampling.
17
Levine/Poulson LEADEX Main Camp Central Mooring MTR Temperatures
-1.58
o -1.62
-1.66
-1.58
0
0
0-1.62
-1.66
-1.58
0
o -1.62
-1.66
-1.58
0
U-1.62
-1.66
-1.58
0
O-1.62
-1.66
-1.58
0
O-1.62
-1.66
-1.58
0
C) -1.62
-1.66
-1.58
0
O-1.62
0
0
-1.66
-1.50
-1.70
-1.30
0
U-1.50
-1.70
-1.30
0
U-1.50
-1.70
23 25 27 29 31
MAR 92
4
6
8
10
12
APR 92
14 16 18 20 22
18
Levine/Poulson LEADEX Main Camp Central Mooring MTR Temperatures
23 25 27 29
MAR 92
31
2
4
6
8
10
12
APR 92
14
16
18 20 22
19
LEADEX S4 U Velocity Relative to Ice
20.0
4 m
A
0.0
-Y
-20.0
20 m
20.0
0.0
-20.0
co
20.0
35 m
E
0
0.0
0
0
-20.0
20.0
0.0
150
'IV]
VV
-20.0
20.0
400
og
0.0
-20.0
23
27
MAR 92
31
4
8
12
APR 92
16
20
20
LEADEX S4 V Velocity Relative to Ice
4m
20.0
0.0
''
,,
-20.0
20 m
20.0
0.0
A JA
TV
T
A
V
-wNk%A i.
1A
V
1.11
7w-11,14"isp"i
-20.0
35 m
l.. k
i
0
r
I
-20.0
20.0
150 m
0.0-
-20.0
20.0
400 m
0.0
-20.0
23
27
MAR 92
31
4
8
12
APR 92
16
20
21
TIME SERIES of TEMPERATURE at
CENTRAL MOORING:
Color Contour Presentation
The following two plots are observations of temperature averaged 6 minutes:
over the depth range from 10 to 30 m from 9 MTR sensors
over the depth range from 10 to 60 m from 16 MTR sensors
For plotting purposes small offsets were added to records in the upper 30 m to account for
obvious calibration inconsistencies, as follows:
Depth, m
Offset, °C
10
12
16
.0000
-.0019
.0000
18
.0015
.0005
.0035
22
24
26
28
30
-.0025
-.0025
-.0004
-1.620
-1.625
-1.630
-1.635
--1.640
1.645.
-1.650
-1.660
LEADEX Temperature Variations between 10 and 30 meters
V
iy.
nhA
7
U,
C"'
,
f
I
1
30
All
2
4
10
6
C\1
a
Oregon State University
Levine/Pa,ulsQn
14
12
AP R
92
n
16
18
0
31
C'4
0)
25
C..'
`
N
23
22
LEADEX Temperature Variations between 10 and 57 meters
S'
10
15
20
25
30
E
i
35
v
45
t
Two
40
50
-s
_w
,_,
55
4
6
Oregon State
Levine/P
TO<
27
29
MAR 92
I
25
0c)
23
In
60
12
R 92
18
20
22
27
SALINITY AND T-S OBSERVATIONS
The following 6 pages present salinity time series from Seacats at 5, 20, 36, 51, and 250 m
and T-S scatter plots from the same instruments. The freezing point curve at a pressure of
3 db is shown were appropriate; the curve is the UNESCO standard (Millero, 1978) and
claims an accuracy of ±0.004°C.
29
LEADEX Salinities from Seacats
34.5
33.5+
32.5+
51 m
29.5'
'''
23
27
i,
MAR 92
i
i
31
i
i
4
i
i
i
8
i
i
i
i
i
12
i''
APR 92
i
16
'''+20
30
.
LEADEX 6m Central Mooring Seacat
-1.625
-1.627
-1.629
-1.631
-1.633
-1.635
-1.637
-1.639
-1.641
a
v
-1.643
0-1.645
o.
W-1.647
-1.649
-1.651
-1.653
-1.655
-1.657
Solid Line is
Freezeing Point at 3db
-1.659
-1.661
-1.663
-1.665
29.75
29.85
29.95
30.05
Salinity
30.15
30.25
30.35
31
LEADEX 20m Central Mooring Seacat
-1.625
I
l
I
I
l
-1.633--1.635--
-1.637--
-1.639--1.641-:3
4-0
-1.643
0-1.645-CL
E
0-1.647--1.649--1.651--
-1.653
I
-1.655
-1.657
Solid Line is
Freezeing Point at 3db
-1.659
-1.661
-1.663
-1.665
29.75
29.85
29.95
30.05
Salinity
30.15
30.25
30.35
32
LEADEX 35m Central Mooring Seacat
-1.30
.k,
-1.35+
'
!, 'l . L .1, '.'.
-1.404-
't
.t .
-1.45+
t
--
.
.. .. ' :j+P.; !'.
%
s : fit
-1.55+
-1.60+
t
l
IT.* %5j.
A -P
.
l'
'
.S
,;ta`''
w
. l -. r
t
.
.l. .t
'i sYi' j
S
lt
-1.65+
Freezing point
<
at3db
-1.70 '
29.7
I
29.9
30.1
30.3
Salinity
30.5
30.7
30.9
.:
.
to
/
.t
j7 =r
I
..
.
.
' V/
T
y4 t
IA W-oU4.
..,
,
to
/
/
0
I
..
so 0)
,
aan}na9dwal
.!
e
._
,
.
0
.
,R
S
U
` _./ . _'. ' .fir sr !trI /=1 'I
ti. .
N
I
i
7
t
n
M
N,
N,
M
O
34
LEADEX 250m Central Mooring Seacat
-0.40-
-0.45
.f.
^.-.. a..
0.50
-0.50--
-0.55
-0.55-v
a-0.60
E
a,
-0.654-
- AM
.t` ;
-0.70
-0.75
}sw
-0.80
;
34.20
i
34.24
34.28
34.32
i
I
i
I
34.36
Salinity
34.40
i
i
34.44
i
34.48
35
TIME SERIES of TEMPERATURE at
CENTRAL MOORING:
Cluster around 250 m
The following 31 pages are observations of temperature every 5 m from 235 to 265 m at the
Central mooring. The instrument at 250 m is a Seacat (plotted bold); the 6 other instruments
are MTRs. Sampling rate is 1 minute.
37
LEADEX Temperatures at 235m 240m 245m 250m 255m 260m 265m
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
-0.9
-1.0
4
8
12
23 MAR 92
16
20
38
LEADEX Temperatures at 235m 240m 245m 250m 255m 260m 265m
12
24 MAR 92
16
20
39
LEADEX Temperatures at 235m 240m 245m 250m 255m 260m 265m
4
8
12
25 MAR 92
16
20
40
LEADEX Temperatures at 235m 240m 245m 250m 255m 260m 265m
4
8
12
26 MAR 92
16
20
41
LEADEX Temperatures at 235m 240m 245m 250m 255m 260m 265m
4
8
12
27 MAR 92
16
20
42
LEADEX Temperatures at 235m 240m 245m 250m 255m 260m 265m
0
4
-8-
-
-
-12
28 MAR 92
16
20
43
LEADEX Temperatures at 235m 240m 245m 250m 255m 260m 265m
4
8
12
29 MAR 92
16
20
44
LEADEX Temperatures at 235m 240m 245m 250m 255m 260m 265m
4
8
12
30 MAR 92
16
20
45
LEADEX Temperatures at 235m 240m 245m 250m 255m 260m 265m
t
I
4
8
12
31 MAR 92
16
20
46
LEADEX Temperatures at 235m 240m 245m 250m 255m 260m 265m
4
8
12
1 APR 92
16
20
47
LEADEX Temperatures at 235m 240m 245m 250m 255m 260m 265m
4
8
12
2 APR 92
16
20
48
LEADEX Temperatures at 235m 240m 245m 250m 255m 260m 265m
4
8
12
3 APR 92
16
20
49
LEADEX Temperatures at 235m 240m 245m 250m 255m 260m 265m
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
-0.9
-1.0
0
4
8
12
4 APR 92
16
20
50
LEADEX Temperatures at 235m 240m 245m 250m 255m 260m 265m
4
8
12
5 APR 92
16
20
51
LEADEX Temperatures at 235m 240m 245m 250m 255m 260m 265m
-1.1
I
I
0
r;!I
4
8
12
6 APR 92
16
20
52
LEADEX Temperatures at 235m 240m 245m 250m 255m 260m 265m
8
12
7APR 92
16
53
LEADEX Temperatures at 235m 240m 245m 250m 255m 260m 265m
4
8
12
8 APR 92
16
20
54
LEADEX Temperatures at 235m 240m 245m 250m 255m 260m 265m
4
8
12
9 APR 92
16
20
55
LEADEX Temperatures at 235m 240m 245m 250m 255m 260m 265m
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
-0.9
-1.0
1.1
0
4
8
12
10 APR 92
16
20
56
LEADEX Temperatures at 235m 240m 245m 250m 255m 260m 265m
-0.2
I
I
-0.3
I
t
-0.7 --
-0.9
- 1. 1 T
1
I
I
I
I
4
I
I
I
i
I
I
,
I
8
i
i
I
I
12
11 APR 92
16
I
I
'
I
20
I
57
LEADEX Temperatures at 235m 240m 245m 250m 255m 260m 265m
-0.2
-0.3 f
I
I
T
I
T
0
4
8
12
12 APR 92
16
20
58
LEADEX Temperatures at 235m 240m 245m 250m 255m 260m 265m
-0.2
-0.3
I
T
t
0
4
8
12
13 APR 92
16
20
59
LEADEX Temperatures at 235m 240m 245m 250m 255m 260m 265m
.8
12
14 APR 92
16
20
60
LEADEX Temperatures at 235m 240m 245m 250m 255m 260m 265m
0
4
8
12
15 APR 92
16
20
61
LEADEX Temperatures at 235m 240m 245m 250m 255m 260m 265m
0
4
8
12
16 APR 92
16
20
62
LEADEX Temperatures at 235m 240m 245m 250m 255m 260m 265m
-0.2
t
T
-0.9
I
T
t
0
4
8
12
17 APR 92
16
20
63
LEADEX Temperatures at 235m 240m 245m 250m 255m 260m 265m
0
4
8-
'
-
-12
-
18APR92
16
20
64
LEADEX Temperatures at 235m 240m 245m 250m 255m 260m 265m
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
-0.9
-1.0
0
4
8
12
19 APR 92
16
20
65
LEADEX Temperatures at 235m 240m 245m 250m 255m 260m 265m
-0.2
-0.8--
-1.01
I
-1.1
TI
0
I
I
I
I
i
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
4
8
12
20 APR 92
16
20
I
I
66
LEADEX Temperatures at 235m 240m 245m 250m 255m 260m 265m
0
4
8
12
21 APR 92
16
20
67
LEADEX Temperatures at 235m 240m 245m 250m 255m 260m 265m
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
-0.9
-1.0
0
4
8
12
22 APR 92
16
20
69
TIME SERIES of TEMPERATURE
from HORIZONTAL ARRAY at 250 m
The following 27 pages are observations of temperature from the Central, Si, S2, and S3
moorings at 250 m. The Central mooring time series is from a Seacat (plotted bold); the
Satellite time series are from MTRs. The Satellite records have been offset as indicated.
Sampling rate is 1 minute.
71
Temperature at Central and Satellite Moorings at 250m
-0.40
o-0.56
-0.72+
Central - No Offset (Seacat)
S1 - +0.16 Offset (MTR)
S2 - +0.08 Offset (MTR)
S3 - -0.08 Offset (MTR)
-0.76+
-0.80 '
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
0
2
4
6
I
,
I
8
10
12
'
I
14
25 MAR 92
'
I
I
I
I
I
16
'
I
18 20 22
72
Temperature at Central and Satellite Moorings at 250m
-0.40
-0.44
-0.48
-0.52
0
0-0.56
0-
E
F-
-0.64
-0.68
-0.72
Central - No Offset (Seacat)
S1 - +0.16 Offset (MTR)
S2 - +0.08 Offset (MTR)
S3 - -0.08 Offset (MTR)
-0.76
-0.80
4
6
8
10
12
14 16 18 20 22
26 MAR 92
73
Temperature at Central and Satellite Moorings at 250m
-0.40
-0.44
AM
ti
-0.48 flv r
IV
-0.52+
J
A
I
e
P
A
w
A
I
1
-0.72+
Central - No Offset (Seacat)
Si - +0.16 Offset (MTR)
S2 - +0.08 Offset (MTR)
S3 - -0.08 Offset (MTR)
-0.76+
-0.80
I
0
2
4
6
8
I
10
12
14
27 MAR 92
16
18 20 22
74
Temperature at Central and Satellite Moorings at 250m
-0.40
I
-0.52+
0E
-0.64
-0.68
-0.72+
Central - No Offset (Seacat)
S1 - +0.16 Offset (MTR)
S2 - +0.08 Offset (MTR)
S3 - -0.08 Offset (MTR)
-0.76+
-0.80 T
0
I
2
4
6
8
I
II
10
12
14
28 MAR 92
16
18 20 22
75
Temperature at Central and Satellite Moorings at 250m
-0.40
-0.48+
a
-0.68
-0.72+
-0.76+
-0.80
Central - No Offset (Seacat)
S1 - +0.16 Offset (MTR)
S2 - +0.08 Offset (MTR)
S3 - -0.08 Offset (MTR)
0' '2' '4' '6' '8' '10 12 14 16
29 MAR 92
18 20 22
76
Temperature at Central and Satellite Moorings at 250m
-0.40
-0.44
-0.48
-0.52
0-0.56
0
-0.60
a)
CL
E
a)-0.64
-0.68
-0.72
-0.76
'
-0.80111111111
2
4
8
0
6
Central - No Offset (Seacat)
S1 - +0.16 Offset (MTR)
S2 - +0.08 Offset (MTR)
S3 - -0.08 Offset (MTR)
I1
10 12
i
14
30 MAR 92
16
18 20 22
77
Temperature at Central and Satellite Moorings at 250m
-0.40
-0.44+
N
i
I
-0.48+
I
-0.52+
Central - No Offset (Seacat)
S1 - +0.16 Offset (MTR)
S2 - +0.08 Offset (MTR)
S3 - -0.08 Offset (MTR)
-0.76+
-0.80
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
31 MAR 92
16
18 20 22
78
Temperature at Central and Satellite Moorings at 250m
-0.52
a -0.56
M.
. n AI'
AM
' VV
.
1R41111el
.hAw, M
-0.72 +
1
Central - No Offset (Seacat)
Si - +0.16 Offset (MTR)
S2 - +0.08 Offset (MTR)
S3 - -0.08 Offset (MTR)
-0.76+
-0.80 1
I
I
I
I
I
I
0
2
4
I
I
I
I
I
6
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
8
10
12
14
1 APR 92
16
,
I
I
II
18 20 22
79
Temperature at Central and Satellite Moorings at 250m
-0.40
k
-0.48+
-0.52+
-0.68
-0.72
Central - No Offset (Seacat)
Si - +0.16 Offset (MTR)
S2 - +0.08 Offset (MTR)
S3 - -0.08 Offset (MTR)
-0.76
-0.80
I
0
2
I
I
4
6
8
10
12
14
2 APR 92
16
18 20 22
80
Temperature at Central and Satellite Moorings at 250m
-0.40
Central - No Offset (Seacat)
Si - +0.16 Offset (MTR)
S2 - +0.08 Offset (MTR)
S3 - -0.08 Offset (MTR)
-0.44+
i
I
-0.52+
o-0.56
-0.80
It
02 4
I
I
'
I
'
'
'
6
'
1
8
I
'
'
I
I
10 12 14
I
3 APR 92
I
I
16
I
'
'
'
'
18 20 22
I
81
Temperature at Central and Satellite Moorings at 250m
-0.40
Central - No Offset (Seacat)
S1 - +0.16 Offset (MTR)
S2 - +0.08 Offset (MTR)
S3 - -0.08 Offset (MTR)
-0.44 -I -
-0.48+
0
a)
L
4 -0
-0.60-I-
-0.72 +
-0.76 -
-o.so
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
4 APR 92
16
18
2
82
Temperature at Central and Satellite Moorings at 250m
Central - No Offset (Seacat)
S1 - +0.16 Offset (MTR)
S2 - +0.08 Offset (MTR)
S3 - -0.08 Offset (MTR)
d
01P
a-+
-0.60+
a)
CL
E
1-2
-0.64
0
83
Temperature at Central and Satellite Moorings at 250m
-0.40
-0.44+
k
A K
4
I
-0.52+
Central - No Offset (Seacat)
Si - +0.16 Offset (MTR)
S2 - +0.08 Offset (MTR)
S3 - -0.08 Offset (MTR)
-0.76+
-0.80 '
1
0
I
'
2
'
4
'
'
'
6
I
I
'
8
1
10
'
I
12
I
'
14
6 APR 92
,
'
16
,
'
'
I
'
18 20 22
1
84
Temperature at Central and Satellite Moorings at 250m
-0.40
-0.44
-0.48
-0.52
0
-0.60
E
-0.68
-0.72
Central - No Offset (Seacat)
Si - +0.16 Offset (MTR)
S2 - +0.08 Offset (MTR)
S3 - -0.08 Offset (MTR)
-0.76
-0.80
0
'2"
'4
6' '8* '10 12 14
7 APR 92
16
18 20 22
85
Temperature at Central and Satellite Moorings at 250m
-0.40
-0.44+
A
Q
N
I
4
P
u
I
E
I- -0.64
Central - No Offset (Seacat)
S1 - +0.16 Offset (MTR)
S2 - +0.08 Offset (MTR)
S3 - -0.08 Offset (MTR)
-0.80
lJ
1
0
1
1
2
1
1
4
I
1
6
I
1
8
1
1
10
1
1
12
4
1
14
8APR 92
{
16
18 20 22
86
Temperature at Central and Satellite Moorings at 250m
-0.40
-0.44
-0.48
-0.52
U-0.56
0
0
-0.60
Q-
E
2-0.64
-0.68
-0.72
Central - No Offset (Seacat)
Si - +0.16 Offset (MTR)
S2 - +0.08 Offset (MTR)
S3 - -0.08 Offset (MTR)
-0.76
-0.80
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
9 APR 92
16
18 20 22
87
Temperature at Central and Satellite Moorings at 250m
-0.40
4
-0.48-0.52-O.56-
-0.64 +
-0.68
-0.72+
Central - No Offset (Seacat)
S1 - +0.16 Offset (MTR)
S2 - +0.08 Offset (MTR)
S3 - -0.08 Offset (MTR)
-0.76-
-0.80
1
1
0
1
1
2
1
1
4
1
1
6
1
1
8
1
1
10
1
1
1
12
14
10 APR 92
1
1
16
1
18 20 22
I
1
1
1
1
88
Temperature at Central and Satellite Moorings at 250m
-0.40
-0.48+
-0.72+
Central - No Offset (Seacat)
S 1 - +0.16 Offset (MTR)
S2 - +0.08 Offset (MTR)
S3 - -0.08 Offset (MTR)
-0.76+
-0.80 I
0
i
I
I
2
I
4
i
I
I
6
I
I
8
II III Illi18 20 22
10
12
14
11 APR 92
16
89
Temperature at Central and Satellite Moorings at 250m
-0.30 1+1F-I
Central - No Offset (Seacat)
S1 - +0.16 Offset (MTR)
S2 - +0.08 Offset (MTR)
S3 - -0.08 Offset (MTR)
Yaxis Shift +0.1
from previous page
-0.34+
0.38+
0
-0.46+
1)
0
V
W
-0.70 -1
I
0
I
I
2
I
4
I
I
I
6
'
'
8
'
'
'
I
10 12 14
I
12 APR 92
I
'
'
16
,
'
I
18 20 22
1
1
90
Temperature at Central and Satellite Moorings at 250m
-0.30
Central - No Offset (Seacat)
Si - +0.16 Offset (MTR)
S2 - +0.08 Offset (MTR)
S3 - -0.08 Offset (MTR)
-0.34
-0.38+
o -0.46++
%--.,
-0.70 1
i
0
i
,
2
f
4
'
'
'
6
'
8
;;',-;---i
10 12
i
I
14
13 APR 92
I
I
16
18 20 22
91
Temperature at Central and Satellite Moorings at 250m
-0.30
Central - No Offset (Seacat)
S1 - +0.16 Offset (MTR)
S2 - +0.08 Offset (MTR)
S3 - -0.08 Offset (MTR)
-0.34
-0.38
-0.42
00 -0.46
a)
v -0.50
a)
CL
E
172
-0.54
-0.62
-0.66
-0.70
4.
'6' .8.
.10
.12
14
14 APR 92
16
18 20 22
92
Temperature at Central and Satellite Moorings at 250m
Central - No Offset (Seacat)
S1 - +0.16 Offset (MTR)
S2 - +0.08 Offset (MTR)
S3 - -0.08 Offset (MTR)
-0.66+
-0.70 I
I
0
I
'
2
I
I
I
I
I
I
4
6
8
II10
i
I
12
I
I
14
15 APR 92
I
,
16
'
I
I
I
I
18 20 22
I
93
Temperature at Central and Satellite Moorings at 250m
-0.30
Central - No Offset (Seacat)
Si - +0.16 Offset (MTR)
S2 - +0.08 Offset (MTR)
S3 - -0.08 Offset (MTR)1
-0.34+
A
M
W
U-0.46
0
A
0. .2. .4. .6. .8. .10 '12 14
16 APR 92
16
18 20 22
94
Temperature at Central and Satellite Moorings at 250m
-0.30
M
A
-0.34
r
A
L
N
v
h
r
}
I
-0.38
I
I
I
Y
I
ti
-0.42+
0-0.46+
0
E
-0.54
-0.62+
raI - No Offset (Seacat)
Si - +0.16 Offset (MTR)
S2 - +0.08 Offset (MTR)
S3 - -0.08 Offset (MTR)
-0.66+
- 0 . 7 0 -t
0
'
'
2
'
'
4
'
'
'
6
'
8
'
'
'
10
'
!
12
'
'
14
17 APR 92
'
'
16
'
'
'
'
'
18 20 22
1
95
-0.30
-0.34--
I
I
-0.38
-0.58
-0.62+
Central - No Offset (Seacat)
S1 - +0.16 Offset (MTR)
S2 - +0.08 Offset (MTR)
S3 - -0.08 Offset (MTR)
-0.66+
-0.701
1
1
0
2
111
4
6
1
!
1
8
1
4
10
1 ''I'll 111
18 20
12
14
18 APR 92
16
11
22
96
Temperature at Central and Satellite Moorings at
LA
-0.624-
Central - No Offset (Seacat)
S1 - +0.16 Offset (MTR)
S2 - +0.08 Offset (MTR)
S3 - -0.08 Offset (MTR)
-0.66+
-0.701111111
1! 81110
4
0
6
2
1
+-+
12
1
1
14
19 APR 92
16
18 20 22
97
Temperature at Central and Satellite Moorings at 250m
-0.62+
Central - No Offset (Seacat)
S1 - +0.16 Offset (MTR)
S2 - +0.08 Offset (MTR)
S3 - -0.08 Offset (MTR)
-0.66+
-0.70111111111 - 8I
0
2
4
6
I
I
10
I
I
12
t
'
14
20 APR 92
'
'
16
'
'
!
'
18 20 22
1
99
SPECTRA and COHERENCES of
VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT
Vertical displacement is inferred from temperature fluctuations by dividing by the mean
vertical temperature gradient--here taken to be a constant 0.013°C/m. The following 3 plots
contain:
Spectrum from 250 m on Central mooring (Seacat). The 95% confidence limits
are also shown.
Coherences are shown
for vertical separations from 5 to 30 m around 250 m depth. Values above the solid
line are non-zero at the 95% confidence level.
Vertical coherence from Central mooring (MTR, Seacat).
Horizontal coherences between Central and Satellite moorings (MTR, Seacat) at
250 m depth. Values above the solid line are non-zero at the 95 % confidence level.
These spectral quantities were estimated from the entire data record (about 1 month).
101
LEADEX Central Seacat at 250m
1041
10-31
I
102.
T
f
0
v10-1If
x
I
Q)
10-
10-4
h1 11 a f 111
10-3
10-2
i
i
s
F
I lam,
10-1
100
cph
101
102
102
Leadex Central 245m MTR with 250m Seacat
Vertical Coherence of
Vertical Displacement
at Central Mooring
nz=5m
vc 0.6t
4,
L
0.0
10-3
10-2
10-1
10°
101
102
cph
Leadex Central 235m MTR with 250m Seacat
Leadex Central 240m MTR with 250m Seacat
0.2+
10-2
10-1
100
cph
101
102
0.0
10-3
10-2
100
10-1
101
102
cph
Leadex Central 235m MTR with 265m MTR
Leadex Central 240m MTR with 260m MTR
1.0+-
1.0
nz=20m
0.84-
4-
0.8+
0 0.4+
0.2+
0.0
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
cph
«l
101
102
0.0
10-3
10-2
100
10-1
cph
101
102
103
Horizontal Coherence of Vertical Displacement at 250 m.
Leadex Central Seacat with Sat 1
1.0
Ox=72m
0.84-
000.6
C
0)
t0 0.4
0.2+
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
cph
Leadex Satellites 1 and 2
Ox=124m
0.84-
N
0.2+
0.0
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
cph
101
102
lob
TIME SERIES of VELOCITY
from LEAD #3:
Line plots relative to ice
The acoustic Doppler current profiler measured currents from 7 to 128 M. The following 3
pages show observations of u, v, and currents vectors every 4 meters from 7 to 30 m. The
next 3 pages show u, v, and current vectors about every 16 meters from 7 to 117 m. All
data are derived from all 4 beams and averaged over 10 minutes.
107
LEADEX 10min Averaged ADCP SITE 3 U Velocities
0.0
-5.0
-10.0
3
0.0
-5.0
0
-10.0
3
bo
0.0
-5.0
1-1
0.0
-5.0
N
a'
3
-10.0
0.0
-5.0
N
a,
-10.0
3
0.0-
-5.0-
w
- 10.0 -I
3
20 0
6 APR 92
0
41
4
8
12 16 20 0
7 APR 92
4
8
12 16 20 0
8 APR 92
4
8
12 16
9 APR 92
108
LEADEX 10min Averaged ADCP SITE 3 V Velocities
5.0
0.0
-5.0
5.0
0.0
-5.0
5.0
0.0
-5.0
o
-5.0
w lw
5.0
0.0
-5.0
5.0
0.0
-5.0
5.0
0.0
-5.0
'O
n
6 APR 92
4
R
19
1F
7 APR 92
2n n
A
8 19 16 9n 0
8 APR 92
4 8 12 16
9 APR 92
109
TNorth LEADEX 10min Averaged ADCP SITE 3 Current Vectors
0.0
-5.0+
CD
' /,W
+
-P
-5.0+
20 0
6 APR 92
4
8
12 16 20
7 APR 92
0
4
8
12 16 20
8 APR 92
0
4
8
12 16
9 APR 92
110
LEADEX 10min Averaged ADCP SITE 3 U Velocities
0.0
o
-5.0
-10.0
3
0.0
-5.0
-10.0
0.0
-5.0
0.0
-5.0
-10.0
fill
0.0
-5.0
-10.0
0.0
-5.0
-10.0
V1
V1
I
0.0
1
-5.0
-10.0
'0 n 4
6 APR 92
R
19 1F 9n n
7 APR 92
4
R
19 1R 7n 0
8 APR 92
will
12 1R
9 APR 92
4.
R
111
LEADEX 10min Averaged ADCP SITE 3 V Velocities
5.0-0.0--
-5.0-E
0
5.0
0
5.0
0.0
-5.0
5.0
0.0
- .0
5.00.0-co
-5.0--
T 3
5.0
0.0
-5.0
3
1 1T
17
1
1
1
1
20 0
1
1
6 APR 92
1
1
4
1
1
1
1 11111 1
8
1
1
1
1 11/11/1111 1
12 16 20 0
7 APR 92
4
1
1
1
8
11
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
l
l
1
1
1 L I _1_I1
12 16 20 0
8 APR 92
4
1
I.1
8
1
1I
I
I
I
I
I
12 16
9 APR 92
112
(North LEADEX 10min Averaged ADCP SITE 3 Current Vectors
0
-5.0
5.0'
0.0
01
w
(0
17
-5.0
3
5.0
0.0
rn
-5.0
0)
3
5.0
0.0
00
77--97/
'NV
-5.0
3
5.0
0
0
0.0
-5.0
3
5.0 -
0.0
-5.0
n 4
6 APR 92
n
R
17 1R 9n
7 APR 92
0
A
S2
12 1F on 0
8 APR 92
n
Q
,o 99
9 APR 92
113
TIME SERIES of VELOCITY
from LEAD #4:
Line plots relative to ice
The acoustic Doppler current profiler measured currents from 7 to. 128 m. The following 3
pages show observations of u, v, and currents vectors every 4 meters from 7 to 30 m. The
next 3 pages show u, v, and current vectors about every 16 meters from 7 to 117 m. All
data are derived from all 4 beams and averaged over 10 minutes.
115
LEADEX 10min Averaged ADCP SITE 4 U Velocities
5.0
0.0
-5.0
5.0
0.0
-5.0
3
AL
5.0
0.0
v
-5.0
3
5.0
00
0.0
rn
-5.0
5.0
0.0
N
N
-5.0
3
0)
fill
5.0
N)
0)
0.0
Cr'
-5.0
5.0-
3
IA
w
0
0.0-
41
-5.0'n n 4 R 19 1F
11 APR 92 12 APR 92
3
7n 0
A
q
17 1r 9o 0
13 APR 92
it
P
12 16
14 APR 92
116
LEADEX 10min Averaged ADCP SITE 4 V Velocities
5.0
0.0
9)
-5.0
3
5.0
p
0.0
CO
-5.0
3
5.0
0.0
-5.0
3
U,
E
5.0
U
o
0.0
9)
0)
-5.0
3
5.0
0.0
N
-5.0
3
a,
5.0
N
0.0
91
U1
-5.0
5.0
3
NdVt4
0.0
0
ip,
-5.0
'n n 4 R 19 1 R
11 APR 92 12 APR 92
3
20 n
A
R
12 16 9n 0
13 APR 92
A
8
12 16
14 APR 92
117
tNorth LEADEX 10min Averaged ADCP SITE 4 Current Vectors
11
1
f
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
I
I
I
i
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I I
I I
I J_I
1
I_I lJ
5.0
0.0
-5.0
S
0.0
-5.0
m
m
-5.0
mmi
m
m
o
0
-5.0
mmm
m
mm
mml
mm
0.0
S
m
m
®i
m
0.0
-5.0
20 0
11 APR 92
4
8
12 16 20
12 APR 92
0
4
8
12 16 20
13 APR 92
0
4
8
12 16
14 APR 92
118
LEADEX 10min Averaged ADCP SITE 4 U Velocities
fi ll
10.0
5.0
0.0
10.0
5.0
J
0.0
,i
10.0
5.0
0.0
E
w
5.0
(D
3
0)
0
5.0
rn
0.0
3
10.0
5.0
9
Ni
0.0
3
1./11/11
10.0
5.0
0
O
0.0
3
0.0
10.05.0
5.00.0
0.0-
n
n
11 APR 92
4
1? 1R
12 APR 92
R
9n 0
A
1 F 9n 0 A P 12 16
13 APR 92
14 APR 92
52
19
119
LEADEX 10min Averaged ADCP SITE 4 V Velocities
5.0
0.0
-5.0
5.0
0.0
-5.0
5.0
0.0
-5.0
5.0
0.0
-5.0
5.0
0)
Awm
0.0
-5.0
Q)
3
5.0
0.0
-5.0
5.0
0.0
0
a
-5.0
3
5.0 Tai
0.0
VTl
0)
-5.0-
3
n
f)
11 APR 92
4
R
19
1 R 7n n
12 APR 92
d
1 7 1A 7n
13 APR 92
R
(1
A
R
1,5 1R
14 APR 92
120
TNorth LEADEX 10min Averaged ADCP SITE 4 Current Vectors
5.0
9)
0.0
-5.0
3
5.0
N
0.0
0)
-5.0
3
5.0
(A
0.0
90
N
3
-5.0
E
U
4-1
5.0
0.0 - -5.0 +
iD
-2
P1
Q)
5.0
0)
0.0
0)
-5.0
3
5.0
w
0.0
Cn
-5.0
3
5.0
0
O
0.0
-5.0
B
5.0
0.0
-5.0
20 0
11 APR 92
4
8 12-46-2b-b-4-8-12-!6-2b 0 1..4
12 APR 92
13 APR 92
8
12''i 6
14 APR 92
121
TIME SERIES of VELOCITY
from LEAD #3:
Line plots relative to 85 m
The acoustic Doppler current profiler measured currents from 7 to 128 m. The following 3
pages show observations of u, v, and currents vectors every 4 meters from 7 to 30 m. The
next 3 pages show u, v, and current vectors about every 16 meters from 7 to 117 m. All
data are derived from all 4 beams and averaged over 10 minutes.
123
LEADEX 10min Ave. ADCP SITE 3 U Velocities Relative to 85m
0.0
-5.0
0.0
-5.0
0.0
-5.0
0.0
-5.0
0.0
-5.0
20 0
6 APR 92
4
8
12 16 20 0
7 APR 92
4
8
12 16 20 0
8 APR 92
4
8
12 16
9 APR 92
124
LEADEX 10min Ave. ADCP SITE 3 V Velocities Relative to 85m
5.0
9)
0.0-
3
-5.05.0-
0
0.0-
3
-5.0
5.0
v
0.0
3
-5.0
5.0
E
0
CO
6)
0.0
3
0
0
a -5.0
5.0
N
0.0
0)
3
-5.0
5.0
N
91
0.0
3
-5.0
5.00.0
-5.0
20 0
6 APR 92
4
8
12 16 20 0
7 APR 92
4
8
12 16 20 0
8 APR 92
4
8
12 16
9 APR 92
125
LEADEX 10min Ave. ADCP SITE 3 Current Vectors Relative to 85m
5.0
or"
.
Il
Morth
5.0
0
1i 171
3
-5.0
5.0
J
3
x
00
rn
3
N
N
0)
3
-5.0
5.0N
AST,
0.
0)
tam
U1
3
-5.0
0
CA
ii-
0.0
W-k
3
-5.0
20 0
6 APR 92
4
12 16 20 0
7 APR 92
8
4
8
12 16 20 0
8 APR 92
4
8
12 16
9 APR 92
126
LEADEX 10min Ave. ADCP SITE 3 U Velocities Relative to 85m
0.0
-5.0
0.0
-5.0
0.0
-5.0
E
U
0.0
-5.0
0.0
-5.0
0.0
-5.0
20 0
6 APR 92
4
8
12 16 20 0
7 APR 92
4
8
12 16 20 0
8 APR 92
4
8
12 16
9 APR 92
127
LEADEX 10min Ave. ADCP SITE 3 V Velocities Relative to 85m
5.0
0.0
-5.0
5.0
0.0
-5.0
5.0
0.0
-5.0
'
1
'
'
'
'
,
i
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
,
'
,
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
,
'
'
'
'
' , ' ' '
,
'
i ' ' '
IJ 1J I
I
I
'
' '' '
,
,
'
'
t
'
'
'
'
'
i
-5.0
5.0
0.0
-5.0
5.0
0.0
-5.0
5.0
0.0
-5.0
20 0
6 APR 92
4
8
12 16 20 0
7 APR 92
4
8
12 16 20 0
8 APR 92
4
8
12 16
9 APR 92
128
LEADEX 10min Ave. ADCP SITE 3 Current Vectors Relative to 85m
1',' 1,'
5.0
rn
-
TNorth
-5.0
5.0
W
0.0
N
3
-5.0
5.0
GI
0.0
(0
3
-5.0
5.0
4A
0.0
0)
0)
3
-5.0
5.0
0
0
0.0
iD
3
-5.0
.0
5.0-
0.0
0.0-
-5.0
-5.0-
20 0
6 APR 92
4
8
12 16 20 0
7 APR 92
4
8
12 16 20 0
8 APR 92
4
8
12 16
9 APR 92
129
TRUE SERIES of VELOCITY
from LEAD #4:
Line plots relative to 85 m
The acoustic Doppler current profiler measured currents from 7 to 128 m. The following 3
pages show observations of u, v, and currents vectors every 4 meters from 7 to 30 m. The
next 3 pages show u, v, and current vectors about every 16 meters from 7 to 117 m. All
data are derived from all 4 beams and averaged over 10 minutes.
131
LEADEX 10min Ave. ADCP SITE 4 U Velocities Relative to 85m
0.0
rn
-5.0
-
0.0
-5.0
3
0.0
JA
-5.0
3
E
U
0.0
0
-5.0
3
0.0
-5.0
0.0
-5.0
0.0-
-5.0LV
V
1 1 APR 92
T
V
IL
IVLV
12 APR 92
V
T
IL IvLv
V
13 APR 92
I
I
14 APR 92
132
LEADEX 10min Ave. ADCP SITE 4 V Velocities Relative to 85m
5.0
rn
CD
0.0
3
5.04-
0
00
0.0+
3
3
w
rn
0.04-
3
N
0)
3
0)
Cr)
0.0+
3
0W
ir,
3
20 0
11 APR 92
4
8
12 16 20 0
12 APR 92
4
8
12 16 20 0
13 APR 92
4
8
12 16
14 APR 92
133
LEADEX 10min Ave. ADCP SITE 4 Current Vectors Relative to 85m
TNorth
5.0
0.0
5.0
0.0
5.0
0.0
5.0
0.0
\xx
5.0
0.0
IN\
5.0
0.0
I
I
if
if
If I]
If If
1
11
41
5.0
0.0
20 0
11 APR 92
4
8
12 16 20 0
12 APR 92
4
8
12 16 20 0
13 APR 92
4
8
12 16
14 APR 92
134
LEADEX 10min Ave. ADCP SITE 4 U Velocities Relative to 85m
0.0
-5.0
N
rn
3
ti^
H
0.0
-5.0
0.0
N
-5.0
3
0.0
-5.0
0.0
-5.0
3
0.0
0
0
i0
3
-5.0
0.0
9)
0)
-5.0
11 APR 92
3
12 APR 92
vv
13 APR 92
..
v
14 APR 92
135
LEADEX 1 Omin Ave. ADCP SITE 4 V Velocities Relative to 85m
------- ---- ---.5.0
0.0
5.0
0.0
5.0
0.0
5.0
0.0
5.0
0.0
5.0
0.0
5.0
0.0
20 0
11 APR 92
4
8
12 16 20 0
12 APR 92
4
8
12 16 20 0
13 APR 92
4
8
12 16
14 APR 92
136
LEADEX 10min Ave. ADCP SITE 4 Current Vectors Relative to 85m
tNorth
5.0
0.0
5.0
0.0
5.0
0.0
5.0
0.0
5.0
0.0
5.0
0.0
5.0
0.0
20 0
11 APR 92
4
8 12 16 *20
12 APR 92
4
12 16 20
13 APR 92
0
4
8
12 16
14 APR 92
137
TIME SERIES of HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL and
ERROR VELOCITIES; VERTICAL SHEAR and
ECHO INTENSITY from Lead #3:
Color contour plots
The acoustic Doppler current profiler measured currents from 7 to 128 m. The following 5
pages show:
horizontal velocity (cm/s)--the color indicates the current direction and the
intensity indicates the speed
vertical velocity (cm/s)--the average over all 4 beams
error velocity (cm/s)--The "error velocity" is a measure of the difference in
independent estimates of vertical velocity from beams 1 & 2 and beams 3 & 4. When the
error velocity is comparable to the vertical velocity, then there are either large horizontal
inhomogeneities in the velocity field or hardware problems.
0
shear magnitude--units of (cm/s)/m
0
echo intensity--units are in decibels--relative only
Speed (cm/s)
Direction (deg)
LEADEX Velocities Site3
E
-r-
CL
70
q)
0
6 APR 92
4
7 APR 92
4
8 APR 92
6
9 APR 92
-20
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
05
0.0
1.0
2.0
1.5
LEADEX ADCP Vertical Velocity Site3
10r
'+I I
I
+++H++t+Fi-h7+,T;i-Ff--I i
I
I'
1
30
i i
i
i fi+r I-I-1-+I+f+l-I+F4-
t
ei
V
?
I
u
4
I
1I
-
v=
SIl
.1
1
y"el
I
PPP
h
I
II
0
IYI:i
E
i i
1
I,1
50
a
i
1
i
Ei
I
4
1
I
70
90
I
';
t
rq
110
I
,
1+,
'6
f
i II"
'I
i
o,
I
1l1
1°30
F'
22 2
6 APR 92
e'
F+hf I- H. It+h hli
10
6
4 '8 22
1
1
7 APR 92
1
1
1
1
2
-
1ppI
I
i9
f
-
it
9
I
!i
11t1
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149
TIME SERIES of HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL and
ERROR VELOCITIES; VERTICAL SHEAR and
ECHO INTENSITY from Lead #4:
Color contour plots
The acoustic Doppler current profiler measured currents from 7 to 128 m. The following 5
pages show:
horizontal velocity (cm/s)--the color indicates the current direction and the
intensity indicates the speed
vertical velocity (cm/s)--the average over all 4 beams
error velocity (cm/s)--The "error velocity" is a measure of the difference in
independent estimates of vertical velocity from beams 1 & 2 and beams 3 & 4. When the
error velocity is comparable to the vertical velocity, then there are either large horizontal
inhomogeneities in the velocity field or hardware problems.
shear magnitude--units of (cm/s)/m
echo intensity--units are in decibels--relative only
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