UNIVERSITY OF MALTA
INSTITUTE FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES
2012
Brief Notes on the Referencing System which is to be used in assignments, papers,
dissertations and other written submissions unless otherwise specified
The Institute has adopted one referencing system for all dissertations / theses
(Bachelor, Master and Ph.D.) and for all papers and assignments submitted for
assessment purposes in all the study-units and courses run by the Institute. The Oxford
Referencing system has been adopted and this note provides the necessary information on
how to use this referencing system.
The referencing system adopted is based on footnotes in superscript, normally
occurring at the end of the sentence and with the reference written at the bottom of the
page as in the example below. Do not confuse references with the bibliography which is
to be placed at the end of the work (see below).
“This development also coincided with a migration of textile
and clothing firms from the northern European countries, which
were experiencing rising labour costs, to the southern
developing countries where labour costs were substantially
lower.”¹
___________________________
¹ Roderick Pace (2001), Microstate Security in the Global System, Malta,
Midsea Books, p. 157.
1. Footnotes must be numerical and in chronological order, i.e. 1, 2, 3, .... Start a
new series of footnotes with every chapter.
2. The footnote must include the page number from where the book or journal is
being quoted.
3. The footnote must include the following elements:
1
3.1 Author(s), name in full or initial and surname (If you choose to quote full
name do so consistently throughout the work
3.2 The title of the article or book/journal;
3.3 Editor (s) when the book is edited;
3.4 Publisher and the place / location of publication
3.5 Year of publication.
4. The footnote should be written in full the first time that the work is being quoted
but subsequently a shortened version should be used as shall be shown in the
examples below.
5. The titles of books and the name of journals should be in Italics.
6. When an article is being quoted from a journal, put the title of the article in
inverted commas and the title of the Journal in Italics. Make sure that the volume,
issue number if applicable and year of publication, together with the other details
in point 3 above are included when quoting a journal article.
7. In the footnote, all items are to be separated by a comma and the reference or
citation must end with a full stop.
8. In the Oxford Referencing system the date of the work is normally placed towards
the end of the reference e.g.:
Jean-Claude Piris, The Lisbon Treaty: A Legal and Political Analysis, Cambridge
University Press, 2010.
We prefer that the date be placed near the author to help the writer maintain his or
her focus on the chronology of the work. Hence, the following format is
preferred:
Jean-Claude Piris (2010), The Lisbon Treaty: A Legal and Political Analysis,
Cambridge University Press.
Other Examples in addition to the example in the Diagram above
1. If the book is written by two authors, use this format:
Manfred B. Steger and Ravi K. Roy (2010), Neoliberalism: A Very Short
Introduction, Oxford University Press.
2. In case of books which are co-edited:
John Miller and Tim Smith, (eds.), (1996), Cape Cod Stories: Tales from Cape
Cod, Nantucket, and Martha's Vineyard, San Francisco, Chronicle Books.
2
3. When quoting from a Journal:
Federica Bicchi (2011), ‘The Union for the Mediterranean, or the Changing
Context of Euro-Mediterranean Relations’, Mediterranean Politics, Volume 16,
No 1, Taylor and Francis, pp. 3-19.
4. When quoting from a chapter in an edited book:
Carmen Gebhard (2010), ‘The ENP’s Strategic Conception and Design
Outstretching the Enlargement Template?’ in Richard G. Whitman and Stefan
Wolff (eds.), The European Neighbourhood Policy in Perspective: Context,
Implementation and Impact, Basingstoke, Palgrave-MacMillan, pp. 89-109.
5. When quoting from a Newspaper article:
Ivan Camilleri, ‘Eurozone Rescue Fund: Malta Negotiates Special Deal’, The Times
of Malta, Friday 25 March 2011, front page.
6. When quoting from a web-page
‘Report from the European Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on
the Quality of petrol and diesel fuel used for road transport in the European Union:
Seventh annual report (Reporting year 2008)’, Com (2011) 116 final, 11 March 2011, at
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2011:0116:FIN:EN:PDF
(viewed on 26.03.2011), p. 9.
Furthermore On References
There is no need to reproduce a full reference in a footnote once it has already been
used once.
A. The first time a work is used, its full details must appear in the footnote:
¹ Roderick Pace (2001), Microstate Security in the Global System, Malta, Midsea
Books, p. 157.
B. If the footnote which follows refers to the same work, then what is needed is a
reference such as the following:
ibid., p.202.
ibid. means same as the last entry
3
C. Or you may use the following:
Pace, op. cit., p. 202.
Op. Cit. comes from Opere citato in Latin / opera citata Italian, which means from
the work already cited. This can be useful in the examples supplied in the
following point (E).
D. When another work comes in between as in the example below, use a
shortened form:
1
Ruth A. Fry (1935), John Bellers 1654-1725: Quaker, Economist and Reformer – His
Writings Reprinted with a Memoir, Cassell and Company Ltd., London, Toronto,
Melbourne and Sydney, pp. 89-103.
2
George Clarke (ed.), (1987), John Bellers: His Life, Times and Writings, Routledge and
Kegan Paul, London and New York, pp. 132-53.
3
Fry, p.107.
E. When works by the same author are being used in the same assignment or
thesis, an abbreviated form may be used after the works have been quoted in
full the first time.
Suppose that the following publications by the same author have been used:
1. D. Beetham, (1991), The Legitimation of Power, Basingstoke, MacMillan.
2. D. Beetham, (1994), Defining and Measuring Democracy, London, SAGEECPR.
In the footnotes which follow, in order to distinguish between the two works and
at the same time use a shortened reference, one can write:
Beetham (1994), p. 77. (When referring to the second work) or
Beetham (1991), p. 20. (When referring to the first)
Or
Beetham (1994), op. cit., p. 77. (When you refer to the second work) or
4
Beetham (1991), op. cit., p. 20. (When you refer to the first)
Or
Beetham, Defining and Measuring Democracy, p.77.
Beetham, The Legitimation of Power, p.20.
If only one work is cited from Beetham, an even shorter form can be used:
Beetham, op. cit., p.20
Quotations
1. When quoting authors or writers use the full name of the writer or author
quoted. For example:
Stefan Wolff and Annemarie Peen Rodt observe that the ENP specifically
excludes the participating states from future membership.
2. When paraphrasing in one’s own words from a book or journal article a
footnote is required at the end of the paraphrase.
Gwendolyn Sasse claims that following the ‘Orange Revolution’ the EU was
reluctant to conclude an Action Plan with the Ukraine and that the revolution
itself was followed by an inconclusive internal political struggle.1
_______________________________________
1
Gwendolyn Sasse, (2010), ‘The ENP and the EU’s Eastern Neighbours’, in Richard G. Whitman
and Stefan Wolff (eds.), The European Neighbourhood Policy.... pp.184-85.
3. When quoting word for word from a book, article etc, the part quoted has to
be placed in between inverted commas.
“Moreover, in its Declaration no.18, the IGC underlines that the Union may
decide to cease exercising its competence in an area of shared competence, by
repealing a legislative act, in particular in order to better respect the principles of
subsidiarity and proportionality”1
_____________________
1
Jean-Claude Piris (2010), The Lisbon Treaty: A Legal and Political Analysis, Cambridge
5
University Press, p.83.
4. Should the quote be more than 30 words, it ought to be placed in an indented
paragraph without quotation marks as shown below. The indent must be 1
cm from each side of the quote.
Jean-Claude Piris when discussing the principle of conferral of competences as
found in the Treaties as amended by the Lisbon Treaty claims that there are many
other considerations which need to be taken into account:
Moreover, in its Declaration no.18, the IGC underlines that the Union may
decide to cease exercising its competence in an area of shared competence,
by repealing a legislative act, in particular in order to better respect the
principles of subsidiarity and proportionality.1
_____________________
1
Jean-Claude Piris (2010), The Lisbon Treaty: A Legal and Political Analysis, Cambridge
University Press, p.83.
The Bibliography
At the end of the essay, assignment or thesis, add a bibliography. The
bibliography must include all the sources that have been used including books, journals,
newspapers, on line data bases etc.
Group all the works together according to their type and list them in alphabetical
order.
The typical ‘grouping’ of works in different categories that we refer to here will
look something like this:
•
•
•
•
•
Books
Chapters from books
Journals
Electronic Sources including documents found in a web-page
Any other sources
Below is a checklist of what should be included in the bibliography. Note that unlike the
footnotes and references, in the bibliography author names must start with the surname
and they must be listed in alphabetical order.
6
BIBLIOGRAPHY CHECKLIST
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Book
Author, surname and
name/initial
Year of publication in
brackets
Title of the book in
Italics
Place of Publication
Publisher
Article or Chapter in Book
Author,
surname
and
name/initial
Title of article in inverted
commas (single)
Editor of the book from
where the chapter is quoted
Title of the book in Italics
Publisher
Place of Publication
Page numbers may be
included
Journal Article
Author,
surname
name/initial
Year of publication
and
Title of article in inverted
commas
Title of Journal in Italics
Volume Number
Issue number
Page numbers
Web sites or pages
Author, surname and name/initial – This could also be a
legal person, say the European Commission etc.
Title of work in single inverted commas
Full reference of the work (paper etc) and its number
Publishing Institution (Institute for International
Relations, Office for Official Publications of the EU,
etc)
Place of Publication e.g. Berlin, Brussels, London etc
Full URL address
Date when you accessed or viewed the work
7
Example
Bibliography
Books
Aluko, O. (1981), Essays in Nigerian Foreign Policy, London, Allen and Unwin.
Beetham D., and Lord, C. (1998), Legitimacy in the European Union, London, AddisonWesley Longman.
Chapter in Book
Allen, D. (1992), ‘West European Responses to Change in the Soviet Union and Eastern
Europe’, in Rummel, R. (ed)., Toward a Political Union: Planning a Common Foreign
and Security Policy in the European Community, Boulder Colorado, Westview Press.
Journals
Bull, H. (1982), ‘Civilian Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?’, Journal of
Common Market Studies, Volume 21, No 2, pp. 149-64.
(Note that when quoting page numbers, you do not write 149-164 but 149-64)
Web-site
Bulmer, S. (2009), “Germany and the EU Constitutional Debate: From Launch to
Salvage Operation’, Working Paper FG1/2009 and FG2, Stiftung Wissenschaft und
Politik, Berlin, at
http://swpberlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/arbeitspapiere/Bulmer_WorkingPaper09
_ks.pdf (accessed 26 March 2011).
Newspaper
Camilleri, I., ‘Eurozone Rescue Fund: Malta Negotiates Special Deal’, The Times of
Malta, Friday 25 March 2011, front page.
Documents “Without” an Author
Council of the European Union, “Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No 282/2011 of
15 March 2011 laying down implementing measures for Directive 2006/112/EC on the
common system of value added tax”, Official Journal of the European Union, L 77, 23
March 2011, Brussels, pp. 1-22.
8
9