Table of Contents I. Basic Program Information 2 II. List of Faculty 4 III. Application to the program 6 IV. Program requirements 10 a. Traditional Track 11 b. Teaching Option 14 V. Steps to Degree Completion 16 VI. Advisement/ Mentoring 27 VII. Financial Aid/ Scholarship 28 VIII. Graduate Organizations 31 1 Basic Program Information The study of history is the best resource we have for understanding social phenomena as it exists today. By developing an awareness of the cultures and institutions that have shaped the world, history provides the opportunity to cultivate a more tolerant and humane spirit that can help us confront current sociological issues with understanding and compassion. The Master of Arts degree program in History at California State University, Fresno offers graduate students seminars on a wide range of historical periods and approaches. The program also provides the conscientious student with the requisite research skills to ensure success in future academic or related pursuits. The History Department at California State University, Fresno is especially strong in the areas of European History, United States History, Latin American History and Military History. An energetic community of graduate students has developed at California State University, Fresno and graduates of our program have become successful teachers at the high school and community college level and have moved on to pursue their career at the doctoral level. The diversity of our program is well illustrated by the wide range of thesis topics selected by recent graduate students in the History Department--with subjects as varied as the history of labor disputes in the Central Valley, American film noir in the 1970s, European 2 diplomacy on the eve of World War I, as well as American and Russian responses to the war in Chechnya. Graduate students in history sharpen their skills in written and oral communication, analysis, research and interpretation. Students prepare well-documented reports, present arguments and debate them logically and succinctly, and research written information thoughtfully and accurately. These particular skills are critical in the areas of business, education and government. Advanced degree holders in the area of history take many different paths in their career choices upon graduation; many teach History or Social Science. A large proportion have used their history expertise as preparation for a career in law or the clergy; careers as business executives, legislators, or journalists. Other students have used their history preparation for highly specialized positions as curators, archivists, or historical editors and administrators which require a strong commitment to research and, in many instances, a record of publication. Clio, Greek muse of History 3 Graduate Faculty What separates CSU Fresno’s history program from that of other schools is its faculty. The professors in our program come from prestigious and diverse backgrounds, and are extremely active in ensuring that all of our students reach their full potential. They play a strong role in aiding not only students’ research, but they also in advising the different associations. Please feel free to contact any professor in your area of interest for more guidance. Mark Arvanigian, Ph.D. University of Durham, UK. Medieval to Early Modern Europe. marvanig@csufresno.edu David Berkey, Ph.D. Yale University Classical Greek History. dberkey@csufresno.edu Daniel Cady, Ph.D. Claremont Graduate University, LA. California History. daniel_cady@csufresno.edu Michelle DenBeste, Ph.D. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. Modern Russian History, European Women’s History. mdenbest@csufresno.edu Jeronima Echeverria, Ph.D. University of North Texas. Modern United States. jeronima@csufresno.edu 4 Jill Fields, Ph.D. University of Southern California, Modern United States. jill_fields@csufresno.edu Bradley Jones, Ph.D. University of Glasgow, Scotland. American Revolution, Atlantic World. bradley_jones@csufresno.edu Melissa Jordine, Ph.D. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. 20th Century Europe, Modern Germany, Military History. mjordine@csufresno.edu Isabel Kaprielian, Ph.D. University of Toronto. Immigration History. Armenian History. ikaprielian@csufresno.edu Maritere López, Ph.D. State University of New York, Buffalo. Renaissance, Reformation, Early Modern Europe. mariterel@csufresno.edu Jesus Luna, Ph.D. University of North Texas. Latin America, Mexico. jluna@csufresno.edu Malik Simba, Ph.D. University of Minnesota. Constitutional History, African-American History. maliks@csufresno.edu William Skuban, Ph.D. University of California, Davis. Latin American History, Modern United States History. weskuban@csufresno.edu 5 Application to the Program Admission to the Master of Arts degree program in History assumes undergraduate preparation equivalent to a CSU, Fresno major in History. Majors from other disciplines may qualify for admission depending on grade point average and other factors deemed pertinent for success in historical studies. The department determines in each case whether the applicant needs additional preparation before receiving classified standing. A student may be admitted standing if he or she meets these minimum requirements: 1. an acceptable Bachelor’s degree from an accredited institution; 2. a 3.0 GPA or above in the last sixty semester (90 quarter) units of study; 3. general Graduate Record Examination (GRE) scores of 500/800 in the verbal section and 4.5/6.0 in the analytical writing section. It is not necessary to take the GRE subject test in History. ____________________________________ The process of admission is a two-part one Part 1- Application to the University Students must first apply directly to the University Graduate Admissions Office. Apply online at www.csumentor.edu. 6 You will be required to: a. Fill out the online application; b. Supply transcripts as requested; c. Make sure to take the GRE before applying to the university. Students’ GRE scores should be sent to the University Graduate Admission Office. d. Pay a processing fee ($55). Any delay in the receipt of the required documents will result in the holding back of your application. Part 2 – Application to the Department of History This part of the application is separate from the University general application. The History Department’s requirements for admission are higher than basic university ones. Failure to meet the History Department’s minimum requirements will result in an admissions denial from the History department. Concurrently with the above, students should submit the items listed below directly to the Graduate Coordinator: 1. a 2-3 page application essay outlining your preparation for graduate studies in History and your reasons for pursuing a graduate degree in History. 2. three (3) letters of recommendation, preferably from academic references. 7 Upon receipt of the student’s file from the University Graduate Admissions Office and the student’s letters and application essay, the History Department’s Graduate Committee, following the university guidelines outlined above, will then decide whether the student should be admitted with a classified or conditionally classified standing and what undergraduate courses, if any, the student needs to take to make up any deficiencies he or she may have. Application Deadlines Students applying for admission in the fall should submit applications no later than March 1st. Students applying for spring semester should submit applications no later than September 30th. These dates are subject to change. Students should verify application deadlines by visiting the Division of Graduate Studies’ website at www.csufresno.edu/gradstudies. Classified Standing Students may be admitted into the program with either classified (fully admitted) or conditionally classified standing. Those conditionally classified are required to fulfill specific prerequisites, which may range from three (3) to twelve (12) units of upper-division undergraduate courses, among others. For further information, please contact the Graduate Coordinator. 8 Admissions Checklist: 1. University Admissions Requirements (to be sent to the Graduate Admissions Office) ____ Application through www.csumentor.edu ____ GRE (Note: for acceptance to the History Graduate Program, you must attain a verbal score of at least 500 and an analytical writing score of at least 4.5 out of 6) ____ Official Transcripts ____ Fee 2. Program Admissions Requirements (to be sent directly to the Graduate Advisor) ____ Statement of Purpose ____ Letters of Recommendation (3) The Yalta Conference, 1945 9 Program Requirements The M.A. program at Fresno State offers a traditional track and a teaching option. The traditional track is best suited to students who plan to continue their postbaccalaureate studies, teach at the baccalaureate level, or pursue any of the many other careers open to them outside of teaching. This track offers students two different Culminating Experience choices - thesis or comprehensive examination - designed to help them demonstrate the mastery of the historical content, analytical skills, and advanced writing proficiency appropriate to the holder of a higher degree in the discipline. Students in the Teaching Option receive instruction in the same coursework required for the traditional M.A. in History. However, this concentration also provides students with the opportunity to achieve a mastery of the application of content knowledge in the classroom setting, engaging issues such as the use and manipulation of historical artifacts and other primary source materials, methodologies useful in the presentation of important historical questions and debates, and the expert use of appropriate classroom technologies for the teaching of history specifically. This option is best suited, therefore, to current or prospective K-12 teachers. The 30-unit History M. A. program seeks to provide both breath and depth of knowledge. To this end, the first 15 units are geared to the investigation of broad methodological and content questions, while the last 15 10 units concentrate on a narrower area of research and interpretation. Program requirements are thus as follow: Traditional Track Requirements Note: If student was admitted to the program prior to 2005-2006, program requirements differ. Please contact the graduate coordinator for more information. A. Core…………………………. (15 units) HIST 200A: Graduate Writing & Historiography (3) HIST 200B: Graduate research & Historiography(3) HIST 210T: Topics in American History (3) HIST 220T: Topics in European History (3) HIST 230T: Topics in World History (3) Note: HIST 200A/B must be taken within the first year of enrollment in the history program. B. Electives ………………………… (6 units) Six (6) additional units of HIST 210T, 220T, or 230T. (May repeat course numbers but not topics.) C. Independent Study (3 units) Students will select 3 units of either HIST 290 or 292. 11 D. Culminating Experience (6 units) I. Thesis option: HIST 299A: Thesis HIST 299B: Thesis Or II. Examination option: Six additional units of HIST 210T, 220T, or 230T, plus a written comprehensive examination in three fields chosen from among the following. Group I: (a) Ancient History, (b) Medieval History, (c) Early Modern Europe to 1815, (d) Modern Europe since 1815. Group II: (a) The United States to Reconstruction, (b) The United States since Reconstruction. Group III: (a) Latin America, (b) Asia, (c) Africa. No more than two examinations may be taken from any group. Not all fields will be available at all times. Comprehensive examinations are given each year during the first week in November and the first week in April. If students fail an exam they will be allowed to retake it once. For other specifics, consult the department graduate adviser; for general requirements, see the Division of Graduate Studies website. 12 Checklist for Traditional Track Completion: A. Core........................ 15 units ____HIST 200A: Intro Grad Writing (3 units) ____HIST 200B: Intro Grad Research (3 units) ____ (1) HIST 210T: American (3 units) ____ (1) HIST 220T: European (3 units) ____ (1) HIST 230T: World (3 units) B. Electives.................. 6 units Choose two 200-Level courses from: (May repeat course number but NOT topic) ____ ____ HIST 210T: American (3 units) ____ ____ HIST 220T: European (3 units) ____ ____ HIST 230T: World (3 units) C. Independent Units....... 3 units ____HIST 290 or ____HIST 292 Advisor: ________________________ D. Culminating Experience Thesis Option OR Examination Option HIST 299A___________ 200- level HIST____________ HIST 299B___________ 200- level HIST____________ 13 Teaching Option Requirements A. Core…………………………. (15 units) HIST 200A: Graduate Writing & Historiography (3) HIST 200B: Graduate research & Historiography(3) HIST 210T: Topics in American History (3) HIST 220T: Topics in European History (3) HIST 230T: Topics in World History (3) Note: HIST 200A/B must be taken within the first year of enrollment in the history program. B. Electives ………………………… (6 units) Six (6) additional units of HIST 210T, 220T, or 230T. (May repeat course numbers but not topics.) C. Practicum…………………………. (6 units) HIST 296: Topics in History for Teachers HIST 297: Internship in History Prerequisites: HIST 296 and Advancement to Candidacy D. Culminating Experience…………. HIST 298: Project Prerequisites: HIST 297 14 (3 units) Checklist for Teaching Option Completion: A. Core........................ 15 units ____HIST 200A: Intro Grad Writing (3 units) ____HIST 200B: Intro Grad Research (3 units) ____(1) HIST 210T: American (3 units) ____(1) HIST 220T: European (3 units) ____(1) HIST 230T: World (3 units) B. Electives.................. 6 units Choose two 200-Level courses from: (May repeat course number but NOT topic) ____ ____ HIST 210T: American (3 units) ____ ____ HIST 220T: European (3 units) ____ ____ HIST 230T: World (3 units) C. Practicum....... 6 units ____HIST 296: topics in History for Teachers (3 units) ____HIST 297: Internship in History (3 units) D. Culminating Experience……… 3 units ____HIST 298: Project Advisor: ________________________ 15 Crucial Steps to Degree Completion You should be aware that taking thirty program units is only one of the many steps to attaining your M.A. degree. Other crucial steps, to be taken at specific times during your program, are listed below. FAILURE TO COMPLETE THEM IN A TIMELY MANNER WILL LEAD, AT THE VERY LEAST, TO DELAYS IN YOUR PROGRAM COMPLETION. 1. Attain Classified Graduate Standing When admitted into the program, you are given either “conditionally classified” or “classified” standing. As mentioned above (see the admission section), conditional classification indicates that a student has been provisionally accepted into the program but must fulfill various pre-requisites before being fully admitted. Once pre-requisites have been fulfilled, you must meet with the program’s Graduate Coordinator in order to fill out the required standing paperwork. Classification, which designates full admission into the program, must be achieved by the semester in which a maximum of ten (10) units to be used towards the Master’s degree are completed. PLEASE NOTE: no more than ten units completed prior to classification may be counted toward candidacy (see below) or program completion. 16 2. Advance to Candidacy PRIOR to beginning official work on the culminating experience, each student must advance to candidacy for the M.A. degree. This is an important step, as it represents a commitment on the part of BOTH the student and the program to the completion of the degree within a specified time. Advancement to candidacy essentially gives you permission to proceed toward qualifying for the degree and provides an approved plan of completion. An added bonus of achieving candidacy is that only candidates are allowed immediate re-entry to the Division of Graduate Studies if they require a semester hiatus; students in earlier stages of the program must reapply for admission. You should petition for advancement as soon as you are eligible and no later than the semester prior to enrolling in the culminating experience. In fact, campus policy, as detailed in the University Catalog, requires that students apply for candidacy as soon as they become eligible. Normally, this should occur within one semester of attaining classified graduate standing. In order to be considered for candidacy you must have: 1. attained classified graduate standing; 2. completed at least nine (9) units of graduate work within the program with a grade of “B” or better; 17 3. achieved a minimum program, overall, and California State University, Fresno GPA of 3.0; 4. fulfilled the foreign language requirement (explained below); 5. fulfilled the Graduate Writing Requirement (also explained below). It is YOUR responsibility to contact the graduate coordinator if you have any questions or concerns about advancement. 2(a). Fulfill the Foreign Language Requirement Before being advanced to candidacy, ALL graduate students in the History M.A. program, regardless of concentration area, must pass a reading competency examination in at least one foreign language. The foreign language chosen must be related to your area of concentration and must be approved by the Graduate Advisor. Exams are offered ONCE each semester, usually during consultation days, prior to final exam week. YOU MUST REGISTER WITH THE GRADUATE ASSISTANT IN ORDER TO TAKE THE EXAMINATION. As it is a pre-requisite to candidacy, we recommend that students take the foreign language examination as soon as possible upon entering the program. This means that achieving intermediate fluency in the chosen language 18 AS EARLY AS POSSIBLE should be a priority for all students in the program. For examination options and dates, contact the graduate assistant. 2(b). Fulfill the Writing Requirement The Division of Graduate Studies’ policy on the writing requirement states that, “in accordance with requirements of the State of California, students must demonstrate competence in written English before they apply for advancement to candidacy. For pedagogical reasons, they should demonstrate such competence as early in their programs as possible.” Thus, prior to applying for candidacy, all students in the History M.A. program must submit a well-written paper. Basic requisites for a paper to count toward fulfillment of the writing requirement are that it: 1. be fifteen to twenty (15-20) pages in length; 2. be formatted according to standard disciplinary (Chicago/Turabian) style. The paper to be submitted may be produced in any course, graduate or undergraduate, provided it meets the requirements above. A sub-committee of three faculty members from the Graduate Committee will judge the submissions 19 based on the following criteria, as laid out by the Academic Senate: 1. Comprehensibility; 2. Clear organization and presentation of ideas; 3. An ability to arrange ideas logically so as to establish a sound scholarly argument; 4. Thoroughness and competence in documentation; 5. An ability to express in writing an analysis of existing scholarly/professional literature in the student’s area of interest; and 6. An ability to model the discipline’s overall style as reflected in representative journals. Papers must be acceptable in EACH of the areas above. If a paper fails to meet the above requisites, that student will be advised to seek editorial help and/or take further writing preparation, and submit a revised version of the paper at a later date. PAPERS MAY BE RE-SUBMITTED ONLY ONCE, unless unusual and compelling medical or legal circumstances arise. Should a student fail to meet the writing requirement, he or she will not advance to candidacy and will be dropped from the program. PLEASE NOTE: you must fulfill the Graduate Writing Requirement before you will be allowed to apply for candidacy. The Graduate Writing Committee will meet twice a year, once in November and once in March, to assess student writing samples. 20 3. Choose a Committee Whether you choose to pursue the thesis option or the examination option as your culminating experience, you will need a committee of three faculty members to assist you. IT IS YOUR RESPONSIBILITY TO LOCATE THREE WILLING FACULTY MEMBERS TO COMPOSE THE THESIS COMMITTEE. Usually, a committee chair is chosen first, according to the student’s area of proposed research/study. With the chair’s assistance, two additional committee members are chosen. As per Division of Graduate Studies regulations, AT LEAST TWO COMMITTEE MEMBERS MUST BE PART OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY’S GRADUATE FACULTY. Committees for thesis and examination differ a bit from one another. For one, the thesis committee will have a chair, or main professor, with whom you will do most of the work. The two additional committee members are “readers,” whose degree of interaction will vary according to topic and/or student. Examination committees, on the other hand, are composed of three mostly-independent professors, each of whom will guide you as you prepare to take the tri-partite graduate examination. This basic difference per force influences the approach to “putting together” a committee. For theses, perhaps the most sensible first step in choosing a committee is to approach a professor in your area of interest and discuss possible research topics with him or her. The next step is to do preliminary research, usually but not necessarily as 21 part of an Independent Study course, and write a prospectus (see below) to serve both as a project description and a plan for completion. The prospectus will also help you recruit the remaining committee members, as professors are more likely to agree to participate in well thought-out and planned projects. For examinations, you must approach professors in three different areas of interest and discuss possible areas of study with them. PLEASE NOTE TWO CRUCIAL POINTS REGARDING THE CHOICE OF COMMITTEE CHAIR AND TOPIC: 1. as our program is composed of a relatively small faculty, many of whom may already be working with several students, PROFESSORS MIGHT BE UNABLE TO ACCOMMODATE ADDITIONAL THESIS ASSIGNMENTS; 2. as our faculty cannot be experts on all fields, the student should be prepared to be somewhat flexible about their thesis topic. NEITHER ACCEPTANCE INTO THE PROGRAM NOR ADVANCEMENT TO CANDIDACY GUARANTEES THAT THE STUDENT’S PROPOSED TOPIC WILL BE APPROVED. Each student must compose a prospectus (see below) to be evaluated and approved by the committee members based on the topic’s viability and scholarly value. Once you have “put together” your committee you are required to obtain BOTH the signatures of all members of the committee AND that of the Graduate Coordinator. 22 There is a specific form to fill which is available in the Graduate Advisor’s office. This form MUST be filled and signed before you begin official work on the culminating project. THAT IS, YOU SHOULD NOT START WORK ON YOUR THESIS OR EXAM PREPARATION WITHOUT HAVING THE SUBJECTS APPROVED AND ALL SIGNATURES COLLECTED. For further clarification, here are some selected excerpts from the Division of Graduate Studies’ Thesis Committee Policy and Guidelines: Student Responsibility Students should remain in close contact with the graduate coordinator and his or her thesis/examination committee chair during the process of choosing a committee and working on the culminating project. Students are responsible for checking in with the graduate coordinator and the Division of Graduate Studies when they have questions or concerns about their culminating project. The full text of the University’s policy on the creation, body, and change procedures for Thesis Committees is available through the Division of Graduate Studies and in your General Catalog. 23 4. Writing Your Prospectus Students who choose the thesis option as a culminating experience must compose a thesis prospectus and have it approved by their Thesis Committee chair prior to commencing official work on their thesis (that is, prior to registering for thesis units). Basically, a prospectus is a proposed research plan. As a general rule, the prospectus define a topic for investigation, briefly discuss the historical importance and research viability of the topic, situate the topic in historiographical context, and demonstrate the availability of relevant primary source material to be used. You should prepare the prospectus in close cooperation with your committee chair, writing and revising multiple drafts if needed. The thesis prospectus should be approximately seven to ten (7-10) pages in length. Outside of that, no specific layout is required. However, it is recommended that you follow the following format: I. Topic for thesis investigation. The prospectus should clearly delineate the topic and scope of the work to be undertaken. It should outline the particular problem to be addressed, and indicate what questions the thesis is designed to examine. In making a tentative prediction of the investigation, the prospectus should demonstrate that the scope of inquiry is feasible. 24 II. Historical and/or historiographical discussion. The prospectus for investigation should place the topic in historical perspective for readers unfamiliar with the field. It should address the relevant historiographical literature on the topic in order to clarify the particular significance of the field of study. The prospectus should indicate how the student positions the research to be undertaken in relation to that of previous scholarship on the subject, and indicate the originality of the research. III. Sources. The prospectus should identify the central primary sources to be used in the conduct of original research. It should also address the availability of sources, specifying, where relevant, how the student will gain access to primary materials if they are not available locally. IV. Bibliography. The prospectus should include a bibliography. The bibliography should differentiate between primary and secondary sources. Secondary source listings should be limited to the most central and relevant materials. V. Proposed timeline for completion of the thesis. The prospectus should clearly delineate the time each step of the research is projected to take. You should keep in mind that there is a five (5) year cap on degree completion from the time of admittance to the conferral of the degree. Plan accordingly. The student’s thesis committee may or may not require you to meet formally at a proposal meeting. Whether or 25 not the thesis committee requires that you formally defend the proposal, the proposal will still be required by the department before allowing the student to move forward with thesis work (that is, registering for thesis units). 26 Advising and Mentoring The graduate coordinator, Dr. Maritere Lopez, will formally advise all history graduate students in matters of policy. Students are strongly encouraged to meet with her upon applying as well as once a year to ensure that they are on the right track. Failure to meet with Dr. Lopez might lead to enrolling in unnecessary courses, resulting in a possible extension of the time it takes to graduate. Students may make an appointment by calling 559.278.2601 or by emailing her at mariterel@csufresno.edu. Students should also work closely with their committee members and other program faculty. Dr. Lopez's Office Hours: Mondays 3:30 to 5:30 pm; Tuesday/Thursday 10:00 – 11:30 am Office Room: Social Science # 120 * Look also for our series of Kaffee Klatches, or coffee meets, where we discuss professional development, crucial steps for graduation, and other topics of interest to the History M.A. student. 27 Financial Aid/Scholarships Many financial opportunities are available for our history graduate students. Although the History Department itself has very little funding for graduate students, California State University, Fresno, as well as other sponsors, offer a wide variety of financial aid. Financial Opportunities through CSUF : Merit Awards --President's Graduate Scholars Fellowships for entering students Two $3,500 merit-based awards are available each year with the possibility of recipients qualifying for a second year of the award, assuming conformance with developed standards and the need for a second year to complete the master’s course of study. Nominees must be incoming firstsemester master’s degree or Ed.D. students. Need-based Awards --Graduate Equity Fellowship Program (Deadline: summer) These fellowships enable students from historically underrepresented backgrounds to pursue their master’s degrees with financial assistance in amounts up to $4,500 per academic year for four semesters. Applicants must have filed 28 a Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). Research Awards --Graduate Student Research Merit Awards (Deadlines: Fall / Spring) The merit and scholarship of a student’s proposed thesis or project research is the major consideration for this $750 grant. --Robert & Norma Craig Graduate Fellowships ( Deadline: Fall ) This program, with a $1,000 grant, seeks to increase research abilities by engaging graduate students in mentored activities and faculty assistance. --California Pre-Doctoral Program (Deadline: Spring ) This program is designed to increase the pool of potential faculty by supporting the doctoral aspirations of California State University students who have experienced economic and educational disadvantages. Scholars and their faculty mentors are awarded $3,000 to travel to doctoral institutions and national conferences to enhance their entrance into doctoral study. Summer internships are also available for selected scholars. Presentation Funding --Travel Grants (no deadline/ongoing) 29 These grants are available throughout the year to students who have been invited to present a paper or poster at a major professional association conference or society meeting. Check out these websites for more financial aid opportunities: http://www.h-net.msu.edu/ http://www.csufresno.edu/gradstudies/financial/inde x.htm 30 Graduate Student Organizations Graduate students are active in many organizations across campus and in the community. However, the two organization which are most active for history students are Phi Alpha Theta and the History Graduate Student Association. Phi Alpha Theta National History Honors Society was established at California State University, Fresno in the spring of 2002. Phi Alpha Theta is the highest rated departmental honor society, second only to Phi Beta Kappa on a national level. Phi Alpha Theta has over thirty scholarships and prizes awarded annually. For more information on Phi Alpha Theta, consult their web site www.phialphatheta.org or contact Dr. Jordine, mjordine@csufresno.edu, (Phi Alpha Theta advisor at Fresno State). The History Graduate Student Association at Fresno State contributes to the scholarly discussion of history in the department and at the university. HGSA sponsors monthly talks by faculty members and other historians and sponsors an annual Graduate Student Symposium in the spring. For more information on HGSA, students should contact Dr. López, who is also the faculty advisor for HGSA. 31 Hindsight Graduate History Journal Hindsight is the Department of History’s graduate journal. Edited by graduate students for graduate students, this annual scholarly publication is dedicated to the publication of interdisciplinary historical work, providing a venue for graduate students in the social sciences, arts and humanities across the nation to gain experience in professional writing and to promote their work within the academic community. We encourage the submission of articles from any field of historical inquiry, especially those demonstrating innovative and/or interdisciplinary approaches. Submissions are accepted on a rolling basis. Submissions should be sent to: Hindsight Graduate History Journal Department of History California State University, Fresno 5340 N. Campus Dr. M/S SS21 Fresno, CA 93740 For further information, please visit our website at http://www.csufresno.edu/historydept/hindsight.htm, or contact the Graduate Coordinator. 32