Professional
Thinking
Green
Development
Academy
Research & Case Studies of
Energy Efficiency in Schools
Stephanie Thomas, Florida Solar Energy Center
A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida
Madren Center, Clemson, South Carolina
Friday, April 4, 2003 – 1:30 p.m. - 3:30 p.m.
Professional
Thinking
Green
Development
Academy
PERC
Project
Presentation Synopsis
• Overview of PERC
• Process
• Case Study
• Why PERC?
• Wrap up
Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
Professional
Thinking
Green
Development
Academy
PERC
OVERVIEW
Performance Enhanced Relocatable Classroom
What is PERC
Funded by…
Objectives
•
Department of Energy & National Association of State
Energy Officials
•
•
•
Improve relocatable classroom construction
Monitor side-by-side
Analyze cost effectiveness with respect to safety &
energy performance
Publish on Website
•
Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
Professional
Thinking
Green
Development
Academy
PERC
OVERVIEW
How we got here
Premise
Reports & other research
• FSEC
• OOE
www.fsec.ucf.edu/%7bdac/pubs/cr1272/ &
www.fsec.ucf.edu/%bdac/pubs/cr951/cr951.htm
www.energy.state.or.us/school/schlhm.htm
• WSU CEEP
www.energy.wsu.edu/buildings/files/ba_pinewood.pdf &
www.fsec.ucf.edu/Bldg/baihp/DATA/Portables/index.htm
• LBNL http://buildings.lbl.gov/hpcbs/
• Heschong Mahone Group www.h-m-g.com/Daylighting/schoolc.pdf
Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
Professional
Thinking
Green
Development
Academy
PERC
PROCESS
Improvements
•
•
•
•
•
Enhance envelope & systems performance
Improve IAQ & thermal comfort
Increase energy efficiency
Lower maintenance
Improve academic performance levels
(daylight)
Waterford
Elementary
School,
Orlando, FL
Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
Professional
Thinking
Green
Development
Academy
PERC
White Asphalt
Shingles
TechShield R.B.
Sheathing
PROCESS
Improvements
• Enhance envelope
• Roof - White shingles
- Techshield RB
- R-19 to R-38
12”
R-38
Formaldehyde
Free
• Wall - R-11 to R-18
- Add 1” e.p.s.
Interior Finish
• Doors - Min. R-12 foam core
• Windows - Double, low-e, gasfill, vinyl frame
• Floor - R-14 to R-21
T-11
R-11
Formaldehyde
Free
Non-permeable
backing Carpet
Tile
R-19
FormaldehydeFree Insulation
Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
1” E.P.S
Professional
Thinking
Green
Development
Academy
PROCESS
Improvements
PERC
• Enhance systems performance
(will improve IAQ, thermal comfort, & energy efficiency)
HVAC - Upgrade 3.5 ton A/C to 3 ton heat pump w/ ERV
- Upgrade SEER 10 to SEER 12
- Add 1” R-6 duct board insulation to duct main
- Ensure duct leakage not more than 5% at 50Pa
- Controls: CS 2000 Energy monitor w/ manual override;
on-demand, variable speed ventilation (CO2)
Lights - Reduce # of fixtures; decrease # of lamps; increase CRI;
use more efficient lamps
- Occupancy control & photosensor; dimmable ballasts
with manual override
Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
Professional
Thinking
Green
Development
Academy
PERC
PROCESS
•Improve academic performance levels (daylight)
Daylight
Results of Daylighting in Schools Report
•
2nd-5th grade students
•
–
–
–
•
21,000 test scores assessed
Students progressed 20% faster on math tests
Students progressed 26% faster on reading tests
Students have 7-18% higher test scores
Relocatables constituted 40% of the data set
(3 districts in CA, CO & WA)
Capistrano Unified School District, CA. www.h-
Yamato Colony
m-g.com/Daylighting/schoolc.pdf
Elementary School, CA
Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools www.sunoptics.com
Professional
Thinking
Green
Development
Academy
PROCESS
PERC
Optimal Skylight Design
Daylight
Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
Professional
Thinking
Green
Development
PERC
Academy
PROCESS
Optimal Skylight Design
Daylight
Location = Daytona Beach, FL
SkyCalc: Skylight Design
Assistant - Tabular Results
24’
Company Name: FSEC
Total Annual Energy Savings from Skylights
Project Description:
M2-DB (4 skylights) 50fc 3 step; roof r19, U=0.052
Lighting, Cooling and Heating (all fuels converted to kWh)
1,600
Annual Energy Savings
(kWh/yr)
1,400
Electric Lighting
Usage
Ltg. Energy without
Skylights
1,200
Lighting Energy
w/ Skylights
1,000
600
400
Update
200
Results
Update SFR
Graphs
10’
Lighting Fraction Saved
Full daylighting (h/yr)
67%
2,116
2 W/ft2
800
0
0.0%
kWh/yr
2,089
Design
691
2.0%
Savings from Design Skylighting System
Annual Energy
Annual Cost
Savings
Savings (kWh/yr)
Savings ($/yr)
Lighting
1,398
$112
Cooling
-114
-$9
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
12.0%
Heating
4910.0%
$1 14.0%
Skylight to Floor Ratio (SFR)
Total
1,333
$104
4 Skylights
Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
36’
12’
Professional
Thinking
Green
Development
Academy
ght Design Assistant -
PERC
SkyCalc: Skylight Design Assistant - Tabular Results
Company Name: FSEC
TabularProject
Results
Description: M2-DB (4 skylights) 50fc 3 step; roof r19, U=0.052
e: FSEC
PROCESS
Electric
Lighting Usage
n: M2-DB
(6 skylights) 50fc 3 step; roof r19,
U=0.052
e
ts
s
Optimal Skylight Design
Daylight
kWh/yr
2,089
518
Ltg. Energy without Skylights
Lighting Energy w/ Skylights
Lighting Fraction Saved
Full daylighting (h/yr)
kWh/yr
2,089
691
Lighting Fraction Saved
Full daylighting (h/yr)
67%
2,116
75%
2,648
Savings from Design Skylighting System
Annual Energy
Annual Cost
SkyCalc: SkylightSavings
Design Assistant
Tabular
Results
Savings (kWh/yr)
Savings
($/yr)
Update
Lighting
1,398
$112
Company Name: FSEC
Savings from Design Skylighting System Results
Cooling
-114
-$9
Project Description: M2-DB (8 skylights) 50fc 3 step; roof r19, U=0.052
Annual Energy
Annual Cost
Heating
49
$1
Total
1,333
$104
Savings
Savings (kWh/yr)
Savings
($/yr)Usage
Electric
Lighting
kWh/yr
Lighting
Cooling
Heating
Total
1,571
-313
62
1,321
Ltg. Energy$126
without Skylights
Lighting Energy
w/ Skylights
-$25
6 Skylights
(8 sq. ft ea.)
$1
$102
Update
Results
2,089
427
Lighting Fraction Saved
Full daylighting (h/yr)
4 Skylights
80%
3,012
Savings from Design Skylighting System
Annual Energy
Annual Cost
Savings
Savings (kWh/yr)
Savings ($/yr)
Lighting
1,662
$133
Cooling
-532
-$43
Heating
71
$1
Total
1,201
$92
8 Skylights
Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
Professional
Thinking
Green
Development
Academy
PROCESS
PERC
Optimal Skylight Design
Daylight
Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
Professional
Thinking
Green
Development
Academy
PROCESS
PERC
Optimal Skylight Design/Layout
Daylight
2’ x 4” skylight
24’x 36’ Relocatable Classroom
Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
Professional
Thinking
Green
Development
Academy
PROCESS
PERC
Optimal Skylight Design
Daylight
(3) lamp dim.
fixture
(4) Lamp (2 step)
fixture
2’x4’ Skylight,
w/ 4’x6’ well
a.f.c.
PERC Reflected Ceiling Plan
Typical RC Reflected Ceiling Plan
Professional
Thinking
Green
Development
Academy
PERC
Skylight Design/Detail
PROCESS
A-A
Improvements
Partial Section A
Type IV (FL)
Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
Professional
Thinking
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Academy
Case Study
PERC
Putting it all Together
“Putting it Together”
Photograph of NY PERC
Cornwall, New York
September 2002
Simulated
Relocatable
(no electric
lights on)Classroom with Skylights using
Autodesk Viz (3D Studio)
Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
Professional
Thinking
Green
Development
Academy
CASE STUDY
PERC
Energy Modeling vs. Actual
Energy
Modeling vs.
Actual
(Measured)
Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
Professional
Thinking
Green
Development
Academy
CASE STUDY
Energy
Modeling vs.
Actual
(Measured)
PERC
End Use Measured & Predicted for NY Standard (or
Control) Relocatable
Wh per Square Foot per Day
End Use
Cooling
Heating
Lighting
Measured Wh Predicted Wh Error(%)
n/a
8.8
n/a
32.2
*43.2
+25%
3
9.6
+69%
End Use Measured & Predicted for NY PERC (or
Experimental) Relocatable
End Use
Cooling
Heating
Lighting
Measured Wh Predicted Wh Error(%)
n/a
6.2
n/a
23.7
*21.5
+9%
3.4
5.2
+34%
* Does not include bathroom space heating
Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
Professional
Thinking
Green
Development
Academy
CASE STUDY
Energy
Modeling vs.
Actual
(Measured)
PERC
End Use Measured in Site Built Construction
kBtu per Square Foot per Year
Avg. school
convert to kWh/sf/day
100kBtu/sf-yr=146Wh/sf-day
120 school days a year
Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
Professional
Thinking
Green
Development
PERC
Academy
NY PERC Project:
Comparative Monthly Space Conditioning Energy
Average Period Savings = 79 kWh/Day (47%)
CASE STUDY
Results
Results
Standard Units (1&2): 169 kWh/day
Experimental Units: (3&4): 90 kWh/Day
Outdoor Temperture (oF)
250
70
60
200
Avg. Standard
50
150
100
40
Avg. Exp.
30
50
0
Month
20
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Month: 2002 - 2003
Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
Mar
Outdoor Temperature (oF)
Space Conditioning Energy (kWh/Day)
300
Professional
Thinking
Green
Development
PERC
Academy
Incremental Cost Data
CASE STUDY
Cost
HVAC Equipment/Materials
$4,479
*Upgraded Insulation
$1,387
Lights
$1,000
*Daylighting/Windows
$3,300
Exhaust fans (low sonne)
Carpet
TOTAL
$58
1,500
$11, 724
Payback period when savings $1,600 per year = 7.32 years
* Does not include labor or overhead charges associated with option upgrades
typical of manufacturers for “one-off” work orders.
Professional
Thinking
Green
Development
Academy
Problems Lessons Learned
CASE STUDY
Lessons
PERC
•
Eliminate integrated skylight & automated controls
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fixture layout
Skylight wells a must – 20% increase
“Hanging Candy Cane Theory” (HVAC controls)
Oversized auxilary strip heat on heat pumps
Roof deck insulation with sealed attic
Sound measurement issue
Educate/Inform Teachers & Maintenance Staff
Communication & Education with
Manufacturer vital
Cane Mobiles
can
activate
occupancy
• Candy
Aesthetics
are not
always
a
top
priority
sensors, December
2002
“Bump out” afterthought for aesthetic reasons, may lead
to susceptible consequences
Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
Professional
Thinking
Green
Development
Academy
CASE STUDY
PERC
As-Built Relocatable Classrooms
Willow Avenue
Middle School
Cornwall, NY
Exterior View of Reloctable Classrooms, December 2002
Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
Professional
Thinking
Green
Development
PERC
Academy
CASE STUDY
As-Built Relocatable Classrooms
Willow Avenue
Middle School
Cornwall, NY
Waterproofing Repair
Rooftopview
viewofofSkylights,
Skylights,September
September2002
2002
Rooftop
Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
Professional
Thinking
Green
Development
Academy
CASE STUDY
PERC
As-Built Relocatable Classrooms
Willow Avenue
Middle School
Cornwall, NY
Interior View of NY PERC ( no electric
lights), September 2002
Interior View of NY Standard RC ( no
electric lights), September 2002
Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
Professional
Thinking
Green
Development
PERC
Academy
WHY?
WhyPERC?
PERC?
Why
•
36% of the nation’s schools use relocatables
•
•
•
•
•
Relocatables are plagued as energy hogs
Suspected source of health problems
Perceived as low quality learning environment
Constructed to the minimum standards
Explosive growth in public school enrollments
continuing
SC has 3,600-4,000 relocatables (Office of School Facilities, SC
has
ASTHMA
•
Department of Energy, circa 2001)
Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
Professional
Thinking
Green
Development
Academy
PERC
A room is not a room without natural light. Natural light gives the
time of day and the mood of the seasons to enter.
- Louis Kahn
Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools