NAT IONAL QUALIFICAT IONS CURRICULUM SUPPORT
Politics
Annotated Bibliography
[ADVANCED HIGHER]
Neil Etherington

First published 2001
Electronic version 2002
© Learning and Teaching Scotland 2001
This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part for educational purposes by
educational establishments in Scotland provided that no profit accrues at any stage.
Acknowledgement
Learning and Teaching Scotland gratefully acknowledge this contribution to the
Higher Still support programme for Politics. The editorial advice of John Lewis is
also acknowledged with thanks.
ISBN 1 85955 905 0
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CONTENTS
Introduction 1
Section 1:
Modern political ideas
3
Section 2:
Research
11
Section 3:
Challenge to the nation state
15
Section 4:
Revolution and political change
25
Section 5:
General reading
37
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INTRODUCTION
Introduction
The general rationale for this field of study provides students with the opportunity to
examine political concepts and principles considering applications in a range of
political contexts and issues. Students will be able to focus on distinctive theoret ical
and methodological perspectives that characterise political science. The theoretical
and methodological framework will assist students in an exploration of political
issues and in the development of views and perspectives. This will lead to a fuller
understanding of the problematic nature of political structures and systems.
Many of the concepts that students tackle are considered to be the cornerstones of
political science and therefore integral to the smooth running of government and
society. This field provides a fascinating context because of the relevance of many
of the great political thinkers to events in contemporary society.
The material is arranged according to syllabus area and there is a General Reading
section, incorporating general textbooks, where certain chapters may have a useful
application. This includes some well -known sociology textbooks, where they are
thought relevant. The Research section tends to illustrate texts, that are relevant
across the social sciences to assist students coming to terms with the particular
methods they could choose to employ in their work.
The range of material is concentrated on book publications and is not exhaustive.
However, there is easily enough material to sustain students both in their general
course work and with the research element of Advanced Higher Politics.
Acknowledgement has been given where texts could provide valuable sources for the
research work that students must complete. Also, it is made clear that some texts
might prove a little more difficult and therefore require selective and careful
handling.
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SECTION 1
Modern political ideas
Barry, Norman, An Introduction to Modern Political Theory , fourth edition,
Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000
The author tackles various themes for t hose interested in a book on analytical
political theory. Among other issues, the text focuses on rules, laws and society,
with chapters ranging from the current state of political theory, law and social
control, to the state, authority and power.
Other important topics are discussed relating to values from political principles,
justice, equality, liberty, and human rights and democracy.
There is a comprehensive Bibliography and also notes that seek to clarify certain
points. The text provides useful material that is perhaps best used selectively.
Blaug, Richardo and Schwartzmantel, David (eds), Democracy: A Reader,
Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2001
This general introduction to democracy is comprehensive and yet accessible to
readers. It covers the subject of democracy in a broad manner and provides a
valuable introduction embracing all the main theorists in Advanced Higher
Politics. Editorial commentaries will enable students to pick their way through
what often appears to be a maze of ideas. T he book is constructed around four
sections dealing with traditional affirmations of democracy, key concepts,
critiques and contemporary issues, examining some of the challenges to
democracy. There is a comprehensive Bibliography leading readers through ke y
texts and the book can be considered an invaluable addition to politics readers for
students in that it covers a vast array of thinkers. Plato, Aristotle, Hobbes,
Rousseau, Locke, Marx, Lenin, de Tocqueville, Burke and Machiavelli are among
those included.
Students will find this text a very useful companion at Advanced Higher Level
and beyond.
Callinicos, Alex, The Revolutionary Ideas of Karl Marx, London: Bookmarks,
1996
This book provides an insight into one of the world’s greatest ever thinkers an d
revolutionaries. The text is an accessible introduction to the ideas of Marx. The
author skilfully outlines Marxist concepts across various chapters providing a
way into what is a complex body of thought.
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Chapter Two is noteworthy as it outlines the life of a revolutionary and what
formed Marx’s ideas. Chapter Seven on ‘Workers’ Power’ introduces readers to
the conception of a revolutionary party and the working class. The political
objective is state power through the dictatorship of the proletariat, wit h the state
as a product of class antagonisms. We are also presented with the idea of world
revolution being the only way that the proletarian revolution will succeed in the
transition to the abolition of classes.
Notable tips are given for further readin g as an extension to each chapter. In a
sense the value of this book is in demonstrating the relevance of Marx’s ideas to
the problems of contemporary society, i.e. poverty, unemployment and the threat
of the global economy. Students and teachers will find aspects of the book
applicable to political ideas and the role of the state.
Crisp, Roger, Mill On Utilitarianism, London: Routledge, 1997
John Stuart Mill is considered by many as a key nineteenth -century British
philosopher with his ideas on utilitaria nism being central to ethical thought. This
book provides an insight into the character of Mill and illustrates the importance
of his work. Various chapters shed light on key aspects of Mill’s thinking on
justice, freedom and liberty, with Chapter Five piv otal in discussing
utilitarianism. This idea of providing for social unity whilst respecting individual
liberty with man as a progressive human being links with the importance of
liberty. This is completed by the formation of representative government, whi ch
is at the heart of utilitarianism.
This book is well informed and is clear in its unity and coherence, making it
accessible to students with some guidance.
Dahl, Robert A, On Democracy, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998
This book is a discussion by one of the prominent political theorists of the late
twentieth century on the subject of democracy. It would appear that the last fifty
years have been a triumph for democratic ideals as the anti -democratic regimes,
some consider, of communism and fascism have all but withered and fledgling
democracies are appearing throughout the world. Indeed, it is with this in mind
that the author seeks to enlighten readers on exactly what democracy is, its
engineering and some of the challenges of the future.
The book consists of five sections commencing with an historical appreciation of
democracy. Other sections deal with the actual, the ideal and the conditions that
are favourable and unfavourable for democracy, using examples from a range of
countries to illustrate points.
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The conclusion is an insight into some of the problems that democratic countries
will face in decades to come specifically linked to the economic order and
cultural diversity. This publication also contains useful source material for
students.
Dunleavy, Patrick and O’Leary, Brendan, Theories of the State, Basingstoke:
Macmillan, 1987
This introductory level book provides a structured approach to the major
discussions that have dominated the liberal -democratic state. The authors allow
generous space to various models, and readers will find that the pluralist, elitist
and Marxist schools of thought are explained in a manner that facilitates
evaluation and comparison between theories.
Each chapter contains an examination of the origins, met hods, input politics,
state organisation and political crisis of the particular models. The text can also
be considered comparative, as it uses examples from Western Europe and the
United States. The introductory chapter examines controversies about the st ate
whilst the summary explores notions of convergence.
This book will provide appropriate guidance for readers seeking to understand
political ideas in more depth.
Harman, Chris, Marxism and History, London: Bookmarks, 1998
Two essays by the author provide an insight into the Marxist theory of historical
change. The book offers a straightforward approach to a Marxist understanding of
history, focusing on how change is formulated out of struggle predominantly due
to economic factors. Part One concentrates on the base and superstructure, whilst
Part Two examines the processes of change from feudalism to capitalism.
This publication will give readers accessible material that will assist in an
understanding of Marxist theory and social change.
Harman, Chris, How Marxism Works, London: Bookmarks, 2000
This is a very accessible introduction to the ideas of Marx and provides basic
explanations about understanding history and the problems of a capitalist society.
In a series of short chapters, the author e ngages with, amongst other issues, the
class struggle, how capitalism works, the working class and how society can be
changed. This incorporates ideas about a ‘workers’ state’ and the eventual
‘withering away of the state’.
There is an extensive section on further reading that students will find
extremely useful. Harman’s book is written in a style that raises issues and
provides a challenge to the status quo in the world system of capitalism. The
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level of writing should mean that students are able to c ope with the material.
Indeed, it will assist in answering many of the burning questions that students
and teachers alike may have about Marxist theories of society.
Held, David, Models of Democracy, second edition, Cambridge: Polity, 1996
This text is an introduction to the central accounts of democracy and
accommodates the major transformations in world politics, i.e. regionalisation,
globalisation and the future of democracy. Part One examines the classical
models of democracy – Athens, republicanism, and the development of liberal
democracy. This includes an examination of class and class conflict models with
competing concepts of Marxism and the state. Part Two looks at twentieth century variations, such as elitism, pluralism, and including democracy after the
upheaval of Soviet communism. Part Three brings matters up to date by
discussing the dispute over what democracy should mean today. There is also a
chapter focusing on the challenge of globalisation to the nation state.
This text is attractive because of its insights into politics, political theory and
philosophy, providing a comprehensive yet straightforward approach for the
reader.
Lloyd Thomas, David A, Locke on Government, London: Routledge, 1995
Locke is considered by many to have made one of the most important
contributions to political thought. Indeed The Second Treatise of Government is
one of the most important statements of the foundations of political thought. The
text covers various important areas, such as social contract, political obligation,
rebellion and property. The material is organised around a discussion of Locke’s
life and the background of the ideas and text central to The Second Treatise of
Government. Chapter One discusses Locke’s life and the importance of the times
against which the social contract was set. Chapter Two examines the social
contract and the state. Further chapters follow on rebellion and property with an
Epilogue noting Locke’s legacy.
This book is part of the Routledge Philosophy series, that aims to int roduce
students to the classic thinkers, and is written in an accessible style. This should
make it easier for students to cope with although, as with much of the work on
political ideas, it will need careful handling.
Locke, John, Political Writings, London: Penguin, 1993
This book, which is edited and has an Introduction by David Wooton contains
probably the most influential work establishing the intellectual origins of
liberalism found in The Second Treatise of Government. The key to liberalism
has particular resonance with America and the establishment of the separation
of powers. Locke’s thinking encompasses the concept of representative
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limited government for the common good. This serves the regulated private
acquisition and control of property wit h all men having inalienable rights. Locke
determines that government derives its powers from the consent of the governed,
with the people having the right to change the situation if the government
becomes a destructive force.
There is an extensive Introduction along with a comprehensive reading list.
However, this is an original text that will need careful and selective handling
with students.
Mill, John Stuart, Utilitarianism, On Liberty, Considerations on Representative
Government, London: Everyman, 1993
This text gathers together the key writings on the foundations of social and moral
responsibility of one of Britain’s most influential nineteenth -century
philosophical and political thinkers. John Stuart Mill’s writings engage with the
notion of man as a progressive human being. The key to utilitarian philosophy for
Mill is the balance of individual freedom and social unity. On Liberty defends the
vital importance of freedom, whilst the idea of representative government
completes the argument. Mill feels this is the best form of government because it
ensures social cohesion and allows for individual expression, and it is at the heart
of utilitarianism.
This book is edited by Geraint Williams and includes an Introduction, notes, text
summary and chronology of Mill’s life, which make it accessible. However, as
with most original texts of this ilk, selective and careful handling will ensure that
students derive more from it.
Pilkington, Colin, Representative Democracy in Britain Today, Manchester:
Manchester University Press, 1997
This publication provides an historical appreciation of the growth of democracy,
in Britain. Sections One and Two examine the historical background to
democracy, asking questions about the nature of democracy and the growth of the
democratic ideal in Britain. There are issues raised, such as the limitations to true
democracy in an Athenian sense, and questions are examined about the nature of
a balanced government, including analysis of various thinkers such as Locke and
Montesquieu. The author reasons that, whilst there is perhaps a desirability for
democracy, that is not to suggest it is only possible in one form of government.
The chapter on the development of the democratic ideal focuses on an historical
development of the British system from the establishment of the rule of law, the
Magna Carta, parliament and the growth of political parties , questioning ho w far
the system has moved from the original ideals.
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The final section of the book is an analysis of the ‘democratic defic it’ and
suggests that the arguments for a more open system put forward by parties in
opposition are perhaps easily forgotten when they assume power.
This is a valuable text that deals with the political idea of democracy and
provides accessible material whilst not overburdening the reader.
Pye, Keith and Yates, Richard, British Politics: Ideas and Concepts,
Cheltenham: Stanley Thornes, 1990
This book covers all the main political concepts required for Advanced Higher
Politics and is a both an accessible a nd instructive text. Ideas covered include the
state and nation together with sovereignty, power, authority and legitimacy. In
addition, there are limited applications of these concepts in the form of case
studies. Part Two considers all relevant theory an d seeks to give an introduction
to key theories in the context of some of the major political philosophers. Part
Three highlights links between the concepts and theories and the major
institutional structures found in the British political system.
The authors are keen to stress that the text is an introduction, which will enable
students to get to grips with politics as a subject and assist in broadening
understanding.
This text will prove invaluable in introducing modern political ideas to students
and is presented in a style that will enable readers to build skills and
understanding.
Ritter, Alan and Bondanella, Conway Julia (eds), Rousseau’s Political Writings,
New York: Norton, 1988
Many questions have been asked about Rousseau, one being, did he insp ire the
French Revolution? This text examines the ideas of a political thinker who is
considered by many to have revolutionised our understanding of government. The
edited text includes three of Rousseau’s most notable and important political
writings: Discourse on Inequality, Discourse on Political Economy and The
Social Contract. There is a sketch of Rousseau’s life, comments on his work, an
assessment of his thought and all original writings are fully annotated. This book
will enlighten students on issue s such as the preconditions and possibilities for
the establishment of a democratic state that have been at the heart of debates
about Rousseau’s work over the past two hundred years. The text is in -depth, yet
useful for getting to grips with some of the key ideas of Rousseau’s political
writings.
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Rosen, Michael and Wolff, Jonathan, Political Thought, Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1999
This book contains important debates that are integral to the study of politics and
form part of our understanding of the political ideology of the Western political
tradition. Central issues dealt with include the state, liberty and justice. The
contribution to political science of some of the great political thinkers is covered,
which makes this collection of great benefit to both students and teachers alike.
The book is divided into eight sections with an appendix of fundamental political
documents including the US Declaration of Independence (1776). Section One
deals with human nature and has contributions from Arist otle, Plato, Hobbes,
Locke and Rousseau among others. Section Two is particularly useful as it
concentrates on the justification of the state, using extracts from Hobbes, Locke
and Rousseau in favour of the social contract, with Bentham against. Plato is
given space to outline the duty of obedience. Section Three also provides
valuable material, concentrating on democracy and its problems. Extracts from
Plato, against democracy, are followed by Rousseau and Mill on democratic
ideals. Lenin is cited to explore bourgeois and proletarian democracy, whilst
there is an extract from Aristotle on the rule of people and law. Locke and Baron
de Montesquieu contribute to the separation of powers. Further sections follow
on liberty and rights with contributions from, a mong others, John Stuart Mill,
Machiavelli and Alexis de Tocqueville. This is followed by extracts on economic
justice featuring the thoughts of Marx, Rousseau and Aristotle. There is also a
section on alternatives to liberalism featuring Burke on conserva tism and Marx
on socialism.
The select Bibliography provides an invaluable guide to further reading. The
book is an ideal text for those wishing to understand political thought at an
introductory level and, given the breadth of theorists covered, has much to offer.
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, The Social Contract, London: Penguin, 1976
The leaders of the French Revolution were said to have engendered the
political doctrines of Rousseau and professed their allegiance to them.
However, many critics feel that in essence Rousseau’s political ideas
bordered on the totalitarian. Whilst Rousseau appears to be a defender of
freedom and justice, he also appears to call for the imposition of oppression.
Many questions have been asked about this influential political thinker,
particularly about the manner in which he espoused democracy. This edition has
an extensive Introduction by Maurice Cranston that is both instructive and
rigorous in its analysis. Indeed, when The Social Contract was published in
France in 1762, Rousseau was forced to flee the country, not because of his
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thoughts on liberty or sovereignty but because of the penultimate chapter of the
book on civil religion, which was considered to be blasphemous.
This is a translation of an original work and ne eds to be handled with care when
introducing ideas to students.
Wakler, Robert, Rousseau: A very short Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2001
This book is a clear and concise, yet well informed introduction to the
philosophical and political thought of this eighteenth-century political thinker
who many believe had a significant influence on modern European history. The
text provides a thematic treatment of Rousseau’s work and there is clarity in the
expression, that will enable students to gr asp the main ideas. Chapter Four is
probably the most relevant and deals with the issues of liberty and citizenship.
Indeed, many of the challenges to democracy that we are facing in contemporary
society perhaps focus on the democratic aspects of Rousseau' s thought.
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RE S E AR CH
SECTION 2
Research
Ackroyd, Stephen and Hughes, John, Data Collection in Context, second edition,
London: Longman, 1992
This book is more theoretical in its grounding and argues that social scientists
can no longer ignore some of the taken-for-granted theoretical assumptions that
influence data collection. The authors examine the biases contained within
research and concentrate on some of the methods used to collect data and their
various applications. They stress that social science must consider the framework
used to help construct models of society. There are chapters on the main methods
used in research work, including a discussion on developments in methodology
and the use of the multi-method strategy. Whilst the book assumes no prior
knowledge, it is at a more philosophical rather than practical level. However, it
will prove useful for those students wanting to explore more about the methods
they have chosen in their research work.
Bailey, Val; Bemrose, Geoff; Goddard, Sharon; Impey, Ron; Joslyn, Erica and
Machness, Jen, Essential Research Skills, London: Collins, 1995
This book is designed to give students advice and guidance on all areas of their
project work. It examines the various stages of the research project from research
ethics to choosing a topic, through to preparing a report and making a
presentation. Instructive advice on issues around the selection of methods,
collecting and evaluating data is given that provides useful direction to students.
The text has several features, including objectives at the beginning of each
chapter, summaries, learning activities and marginal notes all of which encourage
learning and respond to questions students may have. This is a valuable resource
that facilitates understanding and enables st udents to implement all areas of
research work.
Berry, Ralph, The Research Project: How to write it , third edition, London:
Routledge, 1994
This book explains to students how the research project should be devised and
completed. The author gives useful advice, including deciding on the topic, using
library facilities, constructing the project and compiling a Bibliography. He gives
practical advice on how to take notes and includes a specimen paper in the text.
The inclusion of a well-researched paper is combined with an indication of
specific errors that are to be avoided in the research process.
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This book is a valuable guide that will assist and enlighten students to become
more independent in the process of research work.
Cuba, Lee and Cocking, John, How to Write about the Social Sciences, Harlow:
Longman, 1997
Becoming a logical thinker able to express ideas in a clear and precise way, and
yet adopt an academic style, are particular skills that the social science student
must acquire. This very accessible guide is essential for students of the social
sciences as it provides a useful aid to assist students in acquiring the skills
necessary to becoming an independent learner. The key features of this compact
guide include advice on various forms of writi ng, including essays and researchbased projects. Exam questions of all types are discussed, and examples of good
and bad social science are considered, along with the uses of technology.
Chapters cover the process, management and form of assessments. Chap ter Five
focuses on research and explains the differences between quantitative and
qualitative methodology. There is advice on the organisation of a report and the
presentation of both quantitative and qualitative data, with specific guidelines on
how to present qualitative data. Chapter Six illustrates how to present writing and
gives valuable practical advice on the use of quotations.
This general study skill guide will prove to be a valuable companion for students
engaged in all forms of assessment in Advanced Higher Politics. Its strength lies
in the instructive, varied advice it gives, that should help students to gain more
confidence in their studies.
Landman, Todd, Issues and Methods in Comparative Politics: An Introduction ,
London: Routledge, 2000
This book asks questions about some of the problems of comparative politics. It
looks at how and why we should compare countries, and some of the issues
associated with making choices. Part One examines the strengths and weaknesses
of different comparative methods and the problems of conducting political
research. Part Two analyses the dominant issues in a series of chapters, among
them, economic development and democracy, violent political dissent and social
revolution and transitions to democracy. Part Three is concerned with the new
challenges that face comparative politics, e.g. the question of globalisation.
The text contains useful summaries and further reading at the end of each
chapter. There is also a Glossary, which should assist readers with s ome difficult
terminology, as well as extensive references for additional study. The book will
be a valuable asset for research purposes and its accessible and user -friendly
design will make the subject easier to understand.
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RE S E AR CH
Langley, Peter, Doing Social Research: A Guide to Coursework, Basingstoke:
Causeway, 1987
This is not strictly a textbook on research methods, but provides a
straightforward practical guide for students doing their own research. The real
strength of the book lies in its very accessible style, including a simple step -bystep guide to using the main methods of data collection. It is ideal for those
students who are slightly unsure about research methods, as its use of a variety of
examples will assist understanding of some of the prac tical steps in research.
McNeill, Patrick, Research Methods, London: Tavistock Publications, 1985
This book is designed to introduce the beginner to the array of methods that are
at the disposal of the social scientist. It uses non -specialist language and yet
deals with many of the central issues specific to social science research. There
are illustrations from across America, Britain and Europe included in the
discussion on survey style research, ethnographic methods and secondary source
material. There is also a discussion on the multiple usage of research methods.
The material presents students with more background in the philosophical nature
of methods, their application, and raises questions about the nature of science,
values and social research. This should prove useful for students who want a
fuller understanding of the methods they employ in their research.
Marsh, David and Stoker, Gerry (eds), Theory and Methods in Political Science,
Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1995
This is a comprehensive text that seeks to provide readers with an insight into the
scope, context and methods of political science. The book outlines approaches to
studying politics, examines core methodological questions, and analyses theories
of the state and political power. An introd uctory chapter sets out the nature of
political science with some of the methodological challenges in political science.
However, it is Sections Two and Three that students and teachers alike will find
most useful. Few publications appear to set out method ological questions, which
are specific to politics, although these authors deal with many of the relevant
issues in a series of chapters. There are chapters on the role of qualitative,
quantitative and comparative method along with the structure/agency deb ate. Part
Three examines various theories of the state, including pluralism, elitism and
Marxism, with a debate on convergence theory.
The text gives indicators towards further reading and there is an extensive
Bibliography. Whilst some of the ideas may be difficult, this book brings
together many aspects of Advanced Higher Politics.
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SECTION 3
Challenge to the nation state
Balaam, David N and Veseth, Michael, Introduction to International Political
Economy, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1996
This extensive text offers an introduction to the issues surrounding international
political economy (IPE). It provides an examination of the interaction between
politics and economics as they permeate global problems. The book is split into
various sections, beginning with five chapters focusing on the theoretical
devices, including liberalism and Marxism, needed to study IPE. The second
section deals specifically with the relationships between citizens and nations. The
second half of the book is devoted to sp ecific topics and problems central to an
understanding of the world today. These include both events and problems
associated with both the North and South. The text ends by concentrating on
global problems and specifically those of the United States.
This is a book, which if used selectively will provide a useful source. There is an
extensive Glossary to assist the reader and also suggestions for further reading at
the end of each chapter.
Beynon, John and Dunkerley, David, Globalization: The Reader, London:
Athlone Press, 2000
This book is a collection of key texts on the processes of change in what could be
considered a global century. There is conflict over the control of the media and
indeed culture itself. There is a challenge to the nation concept, a nd identity in
the context of culture is changing.
The text is a broad introduction to the history of globalisation and to some of the
key debates surrounding the phenomenon. There are over one hundred
contributions from leading academics and writers. Th e book is organised around
various sections initially examining globalisation and society, exploring
definitions of the concept and historical perspectives, and draws on the work of
key theorists such as Giddens, Robertson and Held. Issues of globalisation and
culture follow, including notions of identity. The text then concentrates on the
media and the political economy.
The book is presented in a very clear and accessible style with a useful reference
section. Its scope means that it provides students wi th a bountiful supply of
materials.
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Cable, Vincent, Globalization and Global Governance, London: Pinter, 1999
This text attempts to make sense of the rhetoric surrounding notions of global
integration. The main focus is on technology and financial market s and the
behaviour of the big multinationals. The problems of economic integration have
been well documented and the author chooses to focus on the conflicting
pressures of integration in relation to the World Trade Organisation and the
influence that China and Russia have on such bodies. This leads to a
consideration of the conflicting pressures involved in global governance. The
book is organised around various chapters with Chapter One focusing on
definitions of globalisation and familiarising readers w ith an understanding of the
concept. Chapter Two examines the global economy and the threat to the nation
state, whilst Chapter Seven looks at globalisation and its enemies with an
analysis of nationalism in the big, fragile economic states of China and Ru ssia.
This is a conscientiously written contribution to the global debate, which students
should find a useful addition to some of the mainstream texts. The text covers the
South-East Asia currency crisis which could prove a fruitful source of material
for research purposes.
Callinicos, Alex, Against the Third Way, Cambridge: Polity, 2001
The Centre Left Third Way political philosophy has been popularised as
predicating a strategy that avoids the free market liberalism of the New Right and
the comprehensive state socialism of the Old Left. Many world leaders accept the
Third Way as a solution to inequality and as a way forward to deal with the
opportunities afforded by globalisation.
The author constructs a sound critique of Third Way politics and in do ing so
points out that supporters of this philosophy in government have merely
continued with neo-liberal policies. There is also criticism of the support for
multinationals and a questioning of the theoretical underpinnings of the Third
Way as not being rigorous. The international institutions of the International
Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organisation are considered as being mere
masks for American imperial power. The prognosis for Callinicos is the
development of an international movement against global capitalism as the
protests in Seattle and elsewhere have shown.
This book is a worthwhile read and should assist students in developing a critical
awareness when assessing many of the contributions to the global debate.
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Fry, Greg and O’Hagan, Jacinta (eds), Contending Images of World Politics,
Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000
This book examines the wide-ranging debates about the nature of world politics,
using as its focus the various different assumptions about what matters in world
politics. The text brings together a number of commentators to produce a critical
review of the central debates of our time. Whilst there are several interesting
debates in this publication it is the issue of globalisation that is most relevant to
students. Chapter Six by Ian Clark deals with the issue of a ‘borderlesss world’,
although the author adds a note of caution about global interconnection, which
posits ‘one worldism’.
Chapter Seven by Jo-Anne Claire Pemberton examines the end of sovereignty and
notes that the nation state still holds a particular attraction in a world society.
Chapter Nine by Greg Fry concentrates on the idea of regionalism, although
disputes whether such interests could be homogenous, as often interests between
regions, e.g. Asian and Trans-Atlantic capitalism, are in competition. Several
other sections of the book provide interesting reading and deal with topics
ranging from inter-state politics and cultural identity, to knowledge, power and
inclusion.
The text includes an extensive Bibliograph y and a section of notes will assist the
reader. However, the material may prove a difficult read for many and is best
used selectively for specific topic issues.
Giddens, Anthony, The Third Way and its Critics, Cambridge: Polity, 2000
The author, in this sequel to the much acclaimed, centre-left Third Way (see page
18), responds to critics from the more traditional left who feel that such an
approach reneges on left-wing ideals. The book further develops the ideas of the
Third Way and discusses how such politics offers a feasible approach for dealing
with inequalities of wealth and power. The author initially identifies the various
critics of Third Way politics, and then sets out to offer a more detailed response
on how to overcome some of the problems fa ced by such an approach. Mapping
out a response begins by examining the Third Way in relation to social
democracy, the author noting that Third Way politics should aim to maximise the
opportunities presented by globalisation. Chapter Three examines the
government, the state and economic strategy with the prognosis that the
intervention of government needs to be different from in the past. Chapter Four
focuses on inequality and the need to both redefine and rethink a response to
inequality, including issues of global governance and the regulation of corporate
power. The remaining chapters concentrate on the issue of globalisation and the
need to construct more suitable global regulatory institutions.
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The author provides a Bibliography for readers interested in pursuing the Third
Way approach, and the text provides a useful insight into the political principles
that are underpinning many countries’ policies across Europe and the world.
Giddens, Anthony, The Third Way, Cambridge: Polity, 1998
This book is regarded by many as the key text on Third Way politics. It discusses
the renewal of social democracy with the message that in a changing world the
old views of the Left have become obsolete, whilst those of the New Right are
inadequate.
The author suggests a new social democratic agenda in an attempt to rekindle
political idealism. Chapters focus on the comparisons between socialism and neo liberalism, asking what the fate of social democracy is. Giddens poses various
dilemmas to the reader, including global isation, the state in a global age, the
cosmopolitan nation, and issues of global governance.
This text is accessible to the reader and includes notes to assist with references.
Aspects of the book will prove to be useful when students are examining the
challenge from globalisation to the nation state.
Giddens, Anthony (ed.), The Global Third Way Debates, Cambridge: Polity, 2001
This book examines the left-of-centre debate accepting the laurels of the Third
Way. The text focuses on world issues and vario us contributors from around the
globe debate the stresses and strains of democratic global governance around core
developments in leftist thinking. Part Four has two useful extracts, which are of
some value. Firstly, David Held discusses regulating globali sation and how
globalisation has transformed democracy. In addition, Michael Edwards talks of
humanising global impacts through issues of redistribution.
This source can be used as supplementary material for students studying the
globalisation debate.
Guibernau, Montserrat, Nations without States: Political Communities in
a Global Age, Cambridge: Polity, 1999
The challenge to the nation state is in a sense in need of a response from
states to the forces of globalisation. This text provides a comprehensi ve
comparative analysis of Western sub -state nationalism, using a wide range of
case studies, including Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The author uses a
typology of different political scenarios to discuss how sub -state nationalism
emerges. There is a consideration of cultural resistance and how political
terrorism as a strategy is employed. Chapter One examines globalisation and
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the state looking at different scenarios. Chapter Three focuses on the Native
American example, whilst Chapter Five deal s with cultural resistance and
political violence. Chapters Six and Seven concentrate on new global questions
and dilemmas.
This text is a good source for consideration of case study material.
Halliday, Fred, The World at 2000, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001
This book is based on a series of public lectures at the London School of
Economics in spring 2000 designed to explore broad themes in international
relations. The author argues that the world is now an uncertain place as a result
of various political and social changes. Several factors, from military rivalry,
increasing global inequalities, to identities and nations, present a more diverse
world in which notions of democracy have been challenged. Several chapters are
of particular worth, including Chapter Five on globalisation. This deals
specifically with definitions of globalisation, exploring inequalities in the context
of technological advances. The author notes that the challenge to capitalism is to
achieve the potential many advocates subscribe to. Failure to do so will only
result in a world of rich states and the rest. Chapter Six examines the fragility of
democracy and Chapter Nine notions of global governance.
This will form a useful text for those readers wanting an accessible insight into
the key issues in international relations at the millennium.
Held, David and McGrew, Anthony (eds), The Global Transformations Reader,
Cambridge: Polity, 2000
This text can be considered as a valuable addition to the globalisation debate.
Various contributions have been brought together in an attempt to illustrate the
conflicting claims about the forces and processes of contemporary globalisation –
from the globalists who contend an irreversible transformation in the world to the
sceptics who are more traditionalist, believing that national governments remain
a defining feature of our age. The Reader is organised into sections and covers all
the major issues with Section One conceptualising globalisation by examining
notions that there is no universally agreed definition. Section Two concentrates
on the political power of the state, whilst Section Three assesses the fate of
national culture. Section Four focuses on economic globalisation, raising
questions about the extent of global economic activity, global governance, new
forms of capitalism and the effects globalisation has had on national economic
activity. Section Five discusses the gap between rich and poor states, as well as
between peoples in the global economy, whilst Section Six covers world orders
and the nation state as a fixed political point used to examine what is considered
as the political good.
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The editors summarise and analyse the globalisation debate, and a short
Introduction will assist students in understanding the contributions of write rs.
There are extensive references to other sources and this volume of work provides
material of immense value to the student of Politics wishing to get to grips with
understanding the challenge to the nation state.
Held, David (ed.), A Globalizing World? Culture, Economics, Politics, London:
Routledge, 2000
This book examines essential questions, for example what is globalisation? And
what are the consequences of globalisation? The text embraces the ideas of some
of the leading experts in the field and i n doing so examines the evidence and
arguments, endeavouring to offer a clear guide to some of the big debates and
issues of our time. This is achieved without a definitive position for or against
globalisation being taken, but rather an evaluation of the evidence concerning the
nature, form and impact of the phenomenon.
Chapter One introduces the concept of globalisation and focuses on both
interpreting and applying such ideas. There are sections on the main theoretical
positions and also on looking for evidence in an attempt to map globalisation.
Chapter Two focuses on the cultural aspects of the phenomenon, looking at the
changing forms of modern communication and the global flows of culture.
Various stances on globalisation are discussed, from those who are more
optimistic to the sceptical, as well as to others who predict diverse and
unpredictable consequences. Chapter Three concentrates on the nature of trade
patterns and financial flows in the world economy, producing evidence that
disputes the notion of a fully globalised world economy.
Chapter Four examines the shift from national government to global governance
and concludes by considering that a more uncertain global world can only be
addressed by proactive global governance. There is also a usefu l Afterword,
which provides an overview of some of the questions within the text.
This is an excellent text, which is very accessible and will provide the reader
with a rich source of information. It is well referenced and there is advice for
further reading at the end of each chapter. Key principles about analysing
evidence are given that should assist students in forming ideas about research and
evaluating evidence.
Held, David; McGrew Anthony; Goldblatt, David and Perraton, Jonathan,
Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture, Cambridge: Polity,
1999
This detailed and substantial academic study of globalisation reflects years
of original research, mapping the complex nature of the subject. The book
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provides readers with an impressive analysis of the complicated political,
economic and cultural processes, that are manifested in the world we live in.
This publication is divided into several themes and has an Introduction that
clarifies the nature of the globalisation debate and seeks to d etermine the shape
of issues on the subject. Other sections deal with the historical context and the
movement from empires to modern states. Detailed accounts of military affairs,
migration, environmental issues, economic, political and cultural factors, w hich
are prominent forces in the global debates, are also given.
Material is presented in a clear and accessible manner and includes global
comparative evidence, which should prove useful for the research element of
Advanced Higher Politics. There is also a very extensive references section that
should guide readers to further reading. This is a very valuable and
comprehensive text for teachers and students alike who wish to understand the
implications and challenge of globalisation to the nation state and democracy.
Hutton, Will and Giddens, Anthony (eds), On The Edge – Living with Global
Capitalism, London: Vintage, 2001
This book discusses the nature of globalisation and the impact such a
phenomenon has had on economic, political and cultural change, wi th a note by
the Editors that it must be taken ‘seriously’. Given the speed and world -wide
reach of technological innovations driven by global capitalism, there is a power
and momentum that did not exist previously. Whether this form of capitalism is
compatible with notions of a cohesive and just society is another question. The
contributions in the book try to assess the scale of risk and opportunity, bringing
together some of the key thinkers in the world to reflect upon these trends.
Examples include Manuel Castells, who feels that new fundamentalisms are a
reaction to globalisation. Richard Sennett reflects on changing identity as a
consequence of shifting patterns of work, which no longer serve as a basis for
individual or community identity. Other commentators evaluate the destabilising
impact of global markets, income inequality and job insecurity. The Third
World’s environment despoiled by the First World, globalisation entering the
intimacies of personal life and the globalisation of the media are fu rther
contributions. Writers are either broadly optimistic or pessimistic, although there
is a consensus that the global system is in need of more governance.
Students and teachers alike will find this a useful stimulus for aspects of the
globalisation debate.
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Kofman, Eleonore and Youngs, Gillian (eds), Globalization: Theory and Practice,
London: Pinter, 1996
The phenomenon of globalisation and the issues that emanate from such a force
have become integral concerns to readers interested in, among other things, the
international political economy. This book examines the key assumptions about
globalisation and its conclusion is that we can only truly understand the concept
through a thorough evaluation of the evidence, its comprehensiveness and
coherence. It also looks at the changing nature of the state and the implications of
the challenge to the nation state.
Authors are drawn from various fields in what is cast as an interdisciplinary
approach. The Introduction examines globalisation as a field of stud y, whilst
subsequent chapters focus on the rethinking of the phenomenon and issues of
inequality.
This is a text that needs careful handling and is perhaps better used selectively
for looking at specific issues such as inequality.
Lechner, Frank J and Boli, John (eds), The Globalization Reader, Oxford:
Blackwell, 2000
This is a valuable resource for facilitating an understanding of the complex
processes at work in the world today. The book is a collection of readings
focusing on key issues central to globalisation. The rise of the political economy
and the impact on cultural and individual and collective agency forms part of
much of the discussion in the text. The book is organised into sections, initially
in the first three parts, from debating to exp laining and experiencing
globalisation. Other sections deal with issues from economic and political
globalisation with the demise of the nation state and the reorganisation of the
world. Space is also given to the role of the media and construction of iden tity,
notions of democracy and environmentalism.
McCormick, John, Understanding the European Union, Basingstoke: Macmillan,
1999
The European Union has had a marked effect on the way that states and people
relate to one another, being instrumental in res haping global power. This book
provides an accessible introduction to the work of the European Union, from its
institutions to background history. Whilst the text is useful in its own right,
Chapter Eight, which concentrates on the EU in relation to the re st of the world,
examines important issues. From foreign policy to relations with the US and
Eastern Europe, there is a concluding analysis of the European Union's future
role as an economic superpower.
This is a very accessible text with various features , including boxed insets, and
will prove valuable to those seeking to understand the significance of the
European Union in the political arena.
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Pierre, Jon and Peters, Guy B, Governance, Politics and the State, Basingstoke:
Macmillan, 2000
This book assesses the nature of governance in a changing political world. With
governments under increasing pressure as their powers to manage both economy
and society are threatened by various factors, both internationally and sub nationally, the role of the state ha s been questioned.
The authors set out to argue that the state is still crucial for several reasons,
including the fact that the loss of power is overestimated and that governments
can still play a vital role in the maintenance and shaping of the public s ector in
society. The notion of a loss of governance is challenged as being variable
depending on the state in question. The book is divided into sections, which
outline different perspectives on governance, models of governance and the
transition and rethinking of the role of the state.
There is an extensive reference section that provides guidance on further reading.
The book provides a useful contribution to the debate over what new governance
actually means for the role of the state in the future.
Sakwa, Richard and Stevens, Anne (eds), Contemporary Europe, Basingstoke:
Macmillan, 2000
This is a text that is primarily aimed at assisting students in understanding the
many aspects of European life. The book asks questions about the meaning of
Europe and the direction that Europe is taking, concentrating on changes brought
about by closer integration between East and West. Whilst chapters focus on
questions about Europe’s past, present and future, examining the social, political
and cultural aspects of the Europe of today, this is backed up by sound analytical
tools which provide the device for understanding the nature of developments.
There are contributions from various writers, although Chapter Nine by Ian
Manners on the impact of globalisation discusses the structure of relations when
viewing Europe’s relationship with the rest of the world. The historical approach
charts the transition from the age of empires to the new world and an
appreciation of Europe’s relationship with the rest of the world is gai ned through
looking at international arrangements. An examination of the multi -faceted forces
of globalisation enables an insight to be gained into how such forces are shaping
the lives of Europeans.
This book has several attractive features for the read er, including chapter
summaries, questions for discussion, boxed information on events and
institutions, on-page definitions of ideas and concepts, together with various
illustrations and an extensive guide to further reading. These features and the
way issues are presented make it an accessible and valuable text for students.
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Seabrook, Jeremy, In the Cities of the South, London: Verso, 1996
The author gives the reader an insight into the experiences of people in the
increasingly expanding cities of South Asia. This text provides a thorough
analysis of how urban life is being restructured in the context of a global
economy that is ever more interdependent. The key feature of the book is the
attention the author pays to the various labour markets that exist and struggles
that take place to survive. Workers are faced with increasing competition due to
political and economic realities that are resulting in convergence between North
and South. This book will facilitate a view of the daily lives of individuals i n
South Asia besieged by the political global economy. Indeed, the author remarks
that we should strive towards an internationalism which seeks to banish the
scenes of squalor and degradation from around the world. These latter are
scenarios that Seabrook feels the present global dispensation appears to be
spreading increasingly across the world.
This text should provide rich material for students to use as a basis for evaluating
the effects of globalisation and for research work.
Stubbs, Richard and Underhill, Geoffrey R D (eds), Political Economy and the
Changing Global Order, second edition, Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University
Press, 2000
This text examines how perceptions of the global order are unfolding as the
rapidity of change has become the norm in the international political economy.
The book explores developments at global, regional and national level from a
broad range of theoretical perspectives and offers many different yet important
contributions. There are four distinct sections to the tex t: Part One concentrates
on understanding the changing global order, with an Introduction by Underhill
which focuses on the exercise of power in a setting characterised by
interdependence among states. Part Two examines global issues, whilst other
sections deal with regional dynamics and particular responses to globalisation.
The book is ostensibly organised to reflect the international political economy
and in doing so concentrates on how issues are debated and contested. The
emphasis given to the role of the state, non-state factors, together with public and
private forms of transnational governance means the text provides valuable
material. This should assist readers grasping the complex nature of changes
occurring in the global economy.
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SECTION 4
Revolution and political change
Adams, Ian, Ideology and Politics in Britain Today, Manchester: Manchester University
Press, 1998
This book provides a clear, comprehensive insight into the ideologies that have shaped and
continue to shape the British political scene. The text comprises four sections, that examine
the nature of ideology and British democracy, the mainstream and fringe ideologies,
together with a consideration of the main forces such as globalisation, that will shape the
future development of British political ideologies.
Part One is an examination of the nature of ideology in the context of British liberal
democracy and includes a chapter on the movement from the age of laissez -faire, and the
development, decline and reconstitution of no tions of consensus. Parts Two and Three focus
on both the mainstream, i.e. conservatism, socialism, liberalism and nationalism, and the
‘fringe’ ideologies of the Left and Right including the Greens. Section Four considers the
trends and prospects looking towards the future with the challenge of globalisation to the
sovereign state.
The book is designed to meet the needs of a reader seeking a general introduction to politics.
There is an extensive Bibliography covering all the various ideologies that shou ld prove
extremely useful for research purposes.
Ali, Tariq, The Coming British Revolution, London: Jonathan Cape, 1972
This is a text written at the beginning of the 1970s when the author, a committed
revolutionary, reasoned that revolution in Britain was a possibility. Ali argues that British
capitalism is moving to its own destruction, linked to a rise in the revolutionary left and the
growing strength of the trade unions. Distinct comparisons with France (1968) and Italy
(1969–70) are made, indicating that Britain is heading in the same direction. The author
highlights the definite sharpening of capital and labour, blaming the end of the British
Empire and the growth of US capitalism. There is a prediction in the postcript, written in
October 1971, that emergent issues at the time signified the beginning of a socialist
revolution.
This book is well written and, if students can get hold of a copy, should provide some useful
comparative material for research analysis.
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Cliff, Tony, Revolution Besieged: Lenin 1917–23, London: Bookmarks, 1987
This book examines some of the obstacles that lie ahead once a revolution has taken place
and power has been seized. The author of this work analyses the period between Lenin's rise
to power and his eventual death, with the revolution being considered as the first stage of a
world revolution. This is the depiction of the struggle from obscurity for the Bolshevik
Party to the mantle of power and the attempt to build and administer a huge backward state.
The Bolsheviks found themselves in control of a country that had an economy in ruins and
was subject to both civil and foreign wars. The book is also about the attempts by Lenin,
leading the Communist International, to spread the socialist revolution beyond Russia to
the world.
The author illustrates that for the Bolsheviks the working class remained crucial in the
building of a socialist society. There is also an analysis of the mistakes Lenin made
leading an exhausted proletariat, and the rise towards the end of his life of the party-state
bureaucracy as his grasp of the state, party and International became weaker.
Key chapters focus on the first steps of the Bolshevik government after the consolidation
of power, the movement from capitalist society to socialism a nd the ‘withering away of
the state’; this, together with Lenin’s fight for country and party against the bureaucracy
that was later to result in the establishment of Stalinism.
This text has a useful chronology and is accompanied by notes. It is a chall enging study
and full of detail which makes the work relevant in the context of various research studies.
Cowie, Hamilton Russell, Modern Revolutions: Their Character and Influence ,
Melbourne: Nelson, 1996
This primary text is a comprehensive analysis o f the major social and political
revolutions of modern times. There is a thorough examination of the social, intellectual
and political unrest that underpinned the overthrow of the existing order in societies.
The book is organised initially around explaining the movement from feudal
to modern society. It then outlines the nature of revolutions, whether economic
or political. There is a chapter devoted to the revolution in the American
colonies before considering France as a classic revolution. The Bo lshevik
Revolution of 1917 in Russia is analysed, with a concentration on the
consolidation and reconstruction of Russian society up to the Third
Russian Revolution between 1985 and 1991. China is covered from the time
of European imperialism, the birth of the Peoples’ Republic through to the
post-Mao years. There is also coverage of the Cuban Revolution and the
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modifications from 1969 to 1996. The text concludes by discussing what distinguishes a
revolution from a rebellion, looking at what obstacl es and sequence of events revolutions
must proceed through.
The book uses extensive primary sources, has key definitions, with theme and review
questions. There are also illustrations and a Glossary making the text a student -friendly and
indispensable introductory tool for examining the substance of revolutions and political
change.
de Tocqueville, Alexis, The Old Regime and the French Revolution, New York: Anchor
The French Revolution is often described as a classic revolution, an event that has had a
profound effect on events in world history and the ramifications are still reverberating in
Western society today. The author is considered one of the key political thinkers in Western
society. His contribution on the French Revolution is one of the most significant and
important. This classic work was originally published in 1858 and this edition is translated
by Stuart Gilbert. The author had originally intended this work to be part of a great study of
the French Revolution, but only The Old Regime and the French Revolution was finished
before his death.
Central to the author’s understanding of the French Revolution are the origins, causes,
consequences and outcomes. There is a consideration of the old order and an examination of
the pre-revolutionary order, with an analysis of why the revolution took place. The book
asks many questions about the nature of absolute monarchy and the changing social order
and also provides many answers.
This will prove a difficult text for many students, although it could be of benefit to those
engaged on or specifically interested in the French Revolution as a case study.
Fanon, Frantz, The Wretched of the Earth, New York: Grove Weidenfeld, [1963]
1991
This classic work is written by a leading figure of the revolution that was victorious
in winning independence for Algeria. Fanon is a champion of Africa against Europe
and a staunch defender of the poor against the rich power elites, whether black or
white. The text is a supreme analysis of the role of violence in b ringing about
historical change and is considered a handbook of practice for all those engaged in
revolution and political change.
There is a Preface written by Jean-Paul Sartre, who gives a valuable interpretation
of the text. Sartre puts matters into perspective, noting that Fanon ‘explains
to his brothers in Africa, Asia, and Latin America: we must
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achieve revolutionary socialism all together everywhere, or else one by one we will be
defeated by our former masters’ (1991:11).
Fanon’s work is contained within various key themes. Initially the author writes of the idea
of violence and portrays the idea that ‘decolonization is always a violent phenomenon’
(p.35).
He goes on to discuss violence in an international context, before examining the stre ngths
and weaknesses of spontaneity. Fanon then concentrates on the pitfalls of national
consciousness pointing out that nationalism may have been the driving force for people to
rise up against the oppressor, although to avoid regression ‘a rapid step mus t be taken from
national consciousness to political and social consciousness’ (p.203).
Two final chapters deal with culture and the radical transformation of society to liquidate
colonialism.
Students and teachers able to obtain access to this book will find it of great value in
understanding the mechanics of violent change. It will be especially useful in research work.
Heywood, Andrew, Political Ideologies – an introduction, second edition, Basingstoke:
Macmillan, 1998
This is a leading text on politic al ideology, from the traditional, i.e. socialism, to the more
contemporary, such as feminism. There is a clear outline of the historical development of
each ideology incorporating its main ideas and values.
Key concepts are discussed within each chapter, e.g. Chapter One, with an examination of
ideology, followed by democracy within liberal democratic states in Chapter Two. Chapter
Four attempts to disentangle Marx from Lenin.
There is much to admire in this text, with each chapter examining the centra l themes, origins
and development of a particular ideology. Examples include Chapter Four which looks at
the roads to socialism and communism, explaining classic Marxism and outlining Leninism
together with Stalinism. Chapter Seven focuses on the key tene ts of fascism and explores
this in the context of the state. Chapter Eleven discusses whether we have now reached a
position signalling the end of politics and ideologies.
There is an extensive Glossary and Bibliography, whilst text boxes outline the key thinkers,
including all those who feature prominently in Advanced Higher Politics.
This is a clear, accessible text and should prove invaluable for students.
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Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, Left Wing Communism: an infantile disorder, London: Bookmarks,
1993
The Russian Revolution provided a spark to unite workers around a banner of social change.
Millions of workers across Europe hoped that change would come through their leaders with
improvements to the laws. However, the question remained for many over what the
proletariat should have to do with parliamentary elections and union leaders.
In this text Lenin attempts to provide answers. Originally writing in April 1920, Lenin
added Appendices in May to take account of developments in revolutionary movements in
Germany, Italy and Holland. The text was finally published in Russian in June 1920 and
issued in various translations. The author produces an urgent manifesto, explaining to
workers that they have rejected the old leaders and how they could win over fello w workers.
In his Introduction, Duncan Hallas provides a very accessible insight into Russia at the time
of Lenin and how the message was carried across Europe, but also how Stalinism destroyed
the communist movement. Time and again it is evident that th e crucial issue was winning
the support of the working class.
Often texts of such gravity are inaccessible. However, the presentation, Introduction and
main text make this publication user -friendly and students will find it a valuable insight into
political change.
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, The State and Revolution, London: Penguin [1918], 1992
This book by the Russian revolutionary leader details why a proletarian revolution is
essential in the development of state socialism. It is here that an insight i s gained into
Lenin’s interpretation of Marxism and is brought to life. Lenin wrote the original text in the
summer of 1917 whilst in hiding in Finland after the Russian Ministry of Interior had issued
a warrant for his arrest in early July and he had fled from Petrograd.
Lenin focuses on the relationship between the state and social classes in the past and the
future. There is a chapter on the earlier European revolutions of 1848, and also an
explanation of why and how the bourgeois state was to be destro yed. An account of the
development of Marxism after Marx’s death by Friedrich Engels is examined; and the
transitional period of the dictatorship of the proletariat, before communism and the
withering away of the state, provides an explanation of the stage s of development leading to
a truly communist society. Lenin also uses his writing as a device to vehemently attack his
opponents for what he describes as the ‘vulgarisation of Marxism’ (pp. 93 –108).
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Robert Service provides a useful Introduction to the text, which assists in explaining the
layout of chapters and indeed the fate of the book in the late twentieth century. Many now
consider Lenin’s vision insignificant, but despite such criticisms the problems of a capitalist
society and how to change it are still features of contemporary life.
Whilst this is by no means an easy read, students will find extracts from the text to be
important sources for an understanding of the nature of revolution and the transformation of
society.
Mannheim, Karl, Ideology and Utopia, London: Harvest, 1936
This classic text is translated from the German by Louis Wirth and Edward Shils and will no
doubt be found in later versions elsewhere. The book demonstrates that ideologies are used
to stabilise social order through various myths, which perpetuate the evolution and life of a
society. Part Two of the text provides definitions, concepts and historical perspectives on
ideology.
This is a difficult text, although the particular section mentioned above does provide a
deeper understanding of what is meant by the term ‘ideology’.
Marshall, Peter, Demanding the Impossible, A History of Anarchism , London: Fontana,
1993
This book is a very comprehensive account of anarchism and contains an enormous amount
of material. It examines the theory of anarchism, including sections on the state, freedom
and equality. The author examines some of the great anarchist thinkers, including Peter
Kropotkin, the leading Russian revolutionary and considered probably the most significant
anarchist of the nineteenth century, because he grounded his philosophy in scientific
thinking. One section analyses the relevance of anarchism in the context of various
countries, including France, Russia and some in Latin America.
The text is very readable and detailed, and has very extensive references and a Bibliography.
As a survey of anarchism this publication is worth using selectively, particularly when
dealing with the state and society together with various case study issues for research.
Marx, Karl, The Revolutions of 1848 – Political Writings: Volume 1, London: Penguin
[1888], 1993
This volume includes Marx’s masterpiece, The Communist Manifesto (1848). However, it
also introduces readers to the notion of keeping revolution in permanent progress until the
achievement of communism, i.e. permanent revolution. There is an analysis of events across
the various European centres from France, Poland, Prague, to Berlin and Vienna, examining
the changing communist tactics.
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David Fernbach's Introduction provides a thought-provoking analysis as well as an
explanation of The Communist Manifesto and the various revolutions, which makes valuable
material for students wishing to use comparative traditions in their research. There is also an
insight into the thinking behind Marx’s politics and his development as a revolutionary.
This book will provides a valuable source for students examining the dynamics of
revolution.
Marx, Karl and Engels, Friedrich, The Communist Manifesto, London: Penguin [1888],
1986
This valuable publication was first published in English in 1850 and the work forms Marx’s
most famous political dictate on the general conception of a proletarian revolution. The text
also illustrates the most general formulation of the principles of scientific comm unism as it
charts the development of society from feudalism to capitalism.
Section One outlines the way in which capitalist systems have enslaved the industrial
proletariat. The text indicates how this can be overcome and the necessary transition in
society that must take place. Section Two engages with the goal of a proletarian revolution,
which is nothing less than the abolition of private property. Section Three is a critique of
various socialist and communist literatures.
The lengthy Introduction by A J P Taylor charts the development of the Manifesto over time
and explores the relevance of the ideas of Marx to modern contemporary society.
The Manifesto is a text that can be used by teachers selectively throughout the course across
all elements of Advanced Higher Politics, from Political Ideas to the Challenge to the Nation
State and Revolution and Political Change. The level of writing is such that, with an
interpretation from teachers, students should be more able to cope with the ideas.
Reed, John, Ten Days that Shook the World, London: Penguin [1919], 1977
This eyewitness account of the November 1917 Russian Revolution was originally published
in 1919. It provides a gripping account of events in Petrograd, leading up to and including
the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks under Lenin. Reed’s account contains verbatim
reports of speeches by leaders and various comments by those close to the Revolution. Reed
describes his work as ‘a slice of intensified history – history as I saw it’ (p.9), and the work
was endorsed by Lenin as ‘a truthful and most vivid exposition’ (p.xix).
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There is an Introduction by A J P Taylor who pours praise on the book, which in his eyes is
not only ‘the best account of the Bolshevik revolution, it comes near to being the best
account of any revolution’ (p.vi).
Reed provides useful notes and explanations, a chronology, and a background chapter which
outlines the various actors and institutions involved and makes events easier to follow. The
text is also supplemented by an Appendix, which assists in clarification and in providing
detail. Whilst Reed’s book is considered an epic, it may be a little difficult for students to
follow mainly because of its incredible detail. However, it is worthwhile persevering and
using extracts as students will gain invaluable insights into the complexity of revolution.
This will be an excellent primary source for student research.
Roxburgh, Ian; O’Brian, Phil and Roddick, Jackie, Chile: The State and Revolution,
Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1977
This book is concerned with the story of Chilean politics between 1970 and 1973 under the
government of President Salvador Allende, outlining the fact that there should have been a
working-class revolution. The authors debate that whilst the signs of succe ss for the working
class appeared evident in factors such as the takeover of factories, local workers’ councils
and demonstrations, what happened was defeat. The hope for Allende’s peaceful road to
socialism was shattered and the authors point to factors s uch as the intervention of the
United States, and the ultra left provoking military power as some of the factors in the
defeat of the working class. The authors feel that the defeat of Allende and the socialist
movement has implications were there ever to be a truly Marxist government in Europe. The
defeat for the Chilean working class is reasoned as being one for the international working
class movement with events depicting general truths about class struggle in capitalist
societies.
If students can get a copy of this text it will prove to be relevant in comparative case study
work for the research element of Advanced Higher. The book is rich in detail about
strategies and events for the achievement of socialism.
Sassoon, Donald, One Hundred Years of Socialism: The Western European Left in
the Twentieth Century, London: Fontana, 1997
This book is an historical analysis depicting the development of socialism across
Western Europe. Its great strength lies in the diversity of countries covered and the
subject matter that is dealt with. The manner in which the contest between Left and Right
is configured within the development of capitalism is illustrated in a very accomplished
way. Indeed, what is evident from the text is how socialism has served to reg ulate the
tendencies of capitalism. The book explains political change in the industrialised world,
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through wars, revisionism and crisis. One factor to stand out from the text is that of
reformism rather than revolution as the author takes the reader t hrough war, welfare
socialism, the re-emergence of the left in the 1960s and the crisis thereafter.
This text has extensive notes and a Bibliography and is certainly worth using as a very
credible reference source.
Skocpol, Theda, States and Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and
China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979
This influential study provides an historical examination of the revolutions in France, Russia
and China. The author offers very useful case -study material on the background to
revolution, demonstrating that such events are symptomatic of the structural conditions in a
society. The author maps out the conditions necessary for revolutions, pointing out that
there is a breakdown in the old regime that allows a re volutionary group to seize power.
There is an analysis of the mechanics of revolution and useful working definitions of what a
revolution is. The notion of a classic revolution characterised by France is considered,
where there is an exploitation of peasan t frustration, although this is only the starting point.
This comparative historical approach will be extremely useful to students involved in
research. The text is a little complicated and students could be advised, if they can obtain a
copy, to use it in conjunction with various interpretations of Skocpol's work that appear in
some of the readers.
Trotsky, Leon, The Revolution Betrayed, New York: Pathfinder, 1998
Originally published in 1937, this work explains how and why Stalin was able to take
control of political power in Russia. It is a classic study of the ‘workers’ state’ and its
degradation, pointing towards the genesis of factors contained within the social and political
crisis prevalent in the Soviet Union.
Following Lenin’s death in 1924, it was Trotsky who became the principal figure in the fight
to retain Lenin’s communist cause faced with Stalin as an adversary. In the aftermath of the
Second Russian Revolution in 1917, which had been accomplished by a working class and
peasantry, the country found itself undergoing a process of profound and significant change.
This transformation was to catapult Russia from a semi -feudal society to a world power.
However, despite the Revolution, it was not long before the establishment of a privileged
bureaucratic elite, led by Joseph Stalin, was able to take command and in doing so drive the
workers from power. This text is about the struggle of bureaucracy with a ‘class enemy’.
Several chapters are worth attention including Chapter One, which notes the a chievements
of Russian society. Chapter Three outlines the road to a socialist
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state and how this was obstructed by bureaucratic power. Trotsky challenges Stalin’s
assertion that socialism was not wholly completed, and in Chapter Eleven, entitled ‘Whit her
the Soviet Union’, the author advocates a revolution against ‘bureaucratic absolutism’.
This is a text probably best used selectively, when discussing revolution and social change
in the context of political ideas. The publication is also a valuable source for the student
research element of Advanced Higher Politics.
Trotsky, Leon, The History of the Russian Revolution, London: Pluto, 1997
This book was originally written in exile in Turkey and is a monumental text capturing the
spirit and depth of the Second Russian Revolution in 1917. It is produced by one of its most
eminent figures, who both organised and commanded the forces of the October insurrection.
The work is written in the third person so as to portray events more objectively. An
Introduction by Tony Cliff provides an insight into events and key actors in the Revolution
and there are also notes that provide a background to Trotsky’s character.
The author depicts the workings of the Revolution, analysing the problems of a bourgeoisie
shackled by a semi-feudal tsarism. There is an analysis and description of the Revolution,
including the need for the masses, and for those masses to be led by the Bolsheviks. The
author marks the importance of Lenin as a figure and also the point when the Revol ution
sealed the fate of tsarism.
This is a work that is best used as a reference source and it contains material of great value.
Students will probably find it of most use in the area of research.
Wiarda, Howard J and Kline, F Harvey, Latin American Politics and Development, third
edition, Oxford: Westview Press, 1990
This book is organised around the unique background that Latin America has in the world
economy. Both authors detail the patterns of political development, political behaviour and
also convey the tension between authoritarian regimes symptomatic of the past and the Latin
American style of democracy. It is within this context that there are over twenty
contributions from across South and Central America, together with the Caribbean.
In Part One the authors provide a context to Latin American politics, analysing among other
issues historical development and the role of the state. They demonstrate that ‘Latin
America is undergoing profound revolutionary change – socially, economically, politically,
psychologically – and it is seeking to devise new institutional arrangements to manage the
complex transformations that are currently underway’ (p.3).
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Part Two looks at the political systems of South America and contributions on revolution in
Bolivia and the conflict society of Argentina are among the highlights. Part Three examines
the systems of Central America together with the Caribbean. Here we find rich material on
the revolution in Cuba, a revolution under siege in Nicaragua and the stru ggle for
democracy in Panama, plus many others. The authors conclude by focusing on the
alternative futures of Latin America.
This is a resource-rich text and will be of real benefit to students in an examination of
revolution and political change leading on to specific research work.
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SECTION 5
General reading
Axford, Barrie; Browning, Gary K; Huggins, Richard; Rosamond, Ben and
Turner, John, Politics: An Introduction, London: Routledge, 1997
This text is ideal for introductory level courses, as it is broad in coverage and yet
still accessible to students with its clearly written and user -friendly design. A
comprehensive attempt is made to include chapters on various aspects of politics,
with such features as think points, interactive exercises and extracts that provide
valuable stimulus for students.
The most relevant aspects of the book for students of Advanced Higher Politics
are found in Parts Two to Four. Chapters Six to Eight cover politics and ideas,
including concepts, issues, political thou ght and ideologies. Chapter Nine
examines the nature of the state, whilst Chapters Fifteen and Sixteen look beyond
the nation state to some of the challenges ahead by examining politics above the
nation state and the processes of globalisation.
The book is best used for selective aspects of the course and has a Glossary and a
very extensive Bibliography. Annotated sections at the end of each chapter make
this a sound companion for specific issues.
Coxall, Bill and Robins, Lynton, Contemporary British Politics, third edition,
Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998
This completely revised and updated edition of this popular Politics textbook
provides a host of significant chapters for students to utilise at Advanced Higher
level. Chapter One examines the political iss ues of power, authority and the state
in a liberal democracy. Chapter Four focuses on power in Britain, paying
particular attention to notions of convergence in ruling class, power elite and
pluralist theories. Further chapters on ideology concentrate on t he meaning and
significance of ideology in the context of, among others, liberalism, socialism,
fascism and nationalism. Additionally, the environmental and new world order
issues are worth reading.
This is an accessible text, useful to dip into when nece ssary. There are glossary
definitions, information boxes, interactive assignments, chapter summaries and
an annotated further reading list, all of which make the book an attractive choice
although for specific areas only.
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Giddens, Anthony, Sociology, third edition, Cambridge: Polity, 1997
General readers in Sociology are often valuable sources for Politics students.
This work is useful, as it is a leading text and considered indispensable for
students beginning the social sciences. There are several chapt ers that Politics
students will find benefit their studies. Chapter Thirteen deals with power,
authority and the state. Chapter Eighteen focuses on revolutions and includes
definitions, uses the example of the Russian Revolution and examines the
theories of Marx, Davies and Tilly. Chapter Nineteen examines global change and
the various threats to the environment looking forward to the future. Chapter
Twenty gives an account of research methods. Students will find this text a
valuable additional source.
Hague, Rod; Harrop, Martin and Breslin, Shaun, Comparative Government and
Politics, third edition, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1992
This book with its thematic approach is a particularly important source for both
students and teachers alike due to its close link s to both topics and outcomes
across a large extent of Advanced Higher Politics.
The text examines political concepts, i.e. democracy and the state, in a
straightforward manner, with a chapter on the comparative approach which will
assist students in their research element of the course. Part Two is invaluable for
its treatment of the nation-state with the threat to sovereignty from globalisation.
Various interpretations of revolutionary change, namely Marxism, functionalism,
social psychology and comparative history, are given which cover the course
criteria in detail. The writers also assess revolutions in different political
contexts, France 1789, Russia 1917 and Iran 1979 with an analysis on how to
interpret such events.
The book also provides guidance on additional reading and pointers towards
discussion. Students should find the text an indispensable tool in their studies,
and teachers could use both this edition and the updated fourth/fifth editions for
sources and materials.
Hague, Rod; Harrop, Martin and Breslin, Shaun, Comparative Government
and Politics, fourth edition/ fifth edition, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998/2000
These fully revised and updated editions have been comprehensively rewritten
to accommodate developments since the end of the Cold War. Part One is
more closely linked to the Advanced Higher Politics specifications and
includes comprehensive new chapters which cover political ideas, i.e.
democracy. Other new chapters include the global context. Part Two has a
section on revolutions which is far less detailed in its explanation of
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revolutionary change and the links between ideology and revolution than the
earlier third edition of this same text. The chapter on comparative method has
also been rewritten and will be a useful source reference for students in their
research work. The fifth edition has some revision and a new chapter on political
communication. There is an analysis of authoritarian rule compared with the
democratic challenges of the twentieth century. A focus on t he state and the
global context illustrates direct links between the international and the national.
Using the third, fourth and fifth editions of this book is advisable if students are
to gain adequate coverage of the course material.
Haralambos, Michael and Holborn, Martin, Sociology Themes and Perspectives,
fifth edition, London: HarperCollins, 2000
One of the most popular advanced textbooks used in the social sciences, it has
been redesigned making issues more accessible to students. The most r elevant
part of the book is Chapter Nine, which relates to political sociology and deals
with a number of issues in Advanced Higher Politics. Theories of the state are
covered in great depth alongside globalisation and the challenge to the nation
state. This text will provide a useful selective addition to resources.
Held, David (ed.), Political Theory Today, Cambridge: Polity, 1991
This text provides an overview of questions and debates in political thought,
among them political obligation and the nation state. There is an Introduction by
the Editor that outlines the tenets of political theory, examining the Marxist
critique of the liberal tradition and raising other important questions, such as
globalisation and the fate of the modern state. There are a few important chapters
for the Advanced Higher student, although generally the text will prove difficult
reading at this level. John Dunn’s analysis of political obligation uses Hobbes as
a central tenet to discuss obligation. Indeed it is the authors’ vi ew that the
problem of obligation is best stated by Hobbes.
David Held examines the issues surrounding nation -states and the global system,
with a focus on the uncertainty of nations heralding democracy at a time when
changes in the international order appear to be compromising the democratic
order of nation states.
The text can be used as selective additional reading.
Heywood, Anthony, Politics, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 1997
This book is written from an international perspective and is designed to
introduce the student to political science in a clear and accessible manner.
Key concepts and ideas of the major thinkers are explained succinctly with
summaries, questions for discussion and further reading at the end of each
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chapter. Various chapters are particularly valuable, including Chapter Three,
which examines political ideologies posing the question of whether we are
witnessing the end of ideology. Chapter Four focuses on models of democracy,
comparing amongst others the rival views of Marxism, plur alism and elitism.
Chapter Five turns our attention to the state, exploring rival theories and their
contemporary role. Chapters Six to Eight examine the changing global order in
the context of nations and nationalism.
This text has much to offer and the level of writing means that with guidance
students should be able to cope with the material.
Jones, Bill; Kavanagh, Denis; Moran, Michael and Norton, Phillip, Politics UK,
fourth edition, Harlow: Longman, 2001
This revised and updated edition includes va rious new chapters, including
material on devolution, globalisation and the impact of the European Union.
There are a number of key chapters suitable for Advanced Higher Politics. Part
One explains the context of politics and includes chapters on the histo rical
context of globalisation and the social and economic contexts in relation to a
wider Europe and the global phenomenon. Part Two defines the political world
and concentrates on ideology, political concepts, and the ideas of the main parties
along with those of the fringe. There are also concluding comments on the Third
Way.
There is a useful Glossary section and the text has generally been made user friendly with detailed aims and objectives and an annotated further reading list
among the features. The book is essential reading for students studying Politics,
although the coverage of Advanced Higher Politics is limited to those areas
mentioned above.
Kingdom, John, Government and Politics in Britain – an introduction, second
edition, Cambridge: Polity, 2001
This text has been revised and updated to keep abreast of the key issues in
modern British politics. There are many aspects of the book that will prove to be
of use to the reader. The Introduction discusses some of the issues around
authority, power, the state and government. Chapter Two focuses specifically on
ideologies, including liberalism, socialism, conservatism and also considers these
in the context of the challenge from globalisation. Chapter Four illustrates the
global context from colonialism to questions about the end of sovereignty and
Britain's global future. There are several other chapters that will prove benefical
to readers, including topics such as Britain in Europe, local democracy, justice
and the legal system together with the coercive state.
This publication also has an extensive Glossary, chronology and Bibliography,
making it a very accessible and valuable textbook for students and teachers alike.
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Kirby, Mark, Investigating Political Sociology, London: Collins, 1995
This text has several chapters which are closely linked to the Advanced Higher
Politics curriculum. It is an extremely accessible text and students will find its
style easier to interpret than many of the more academically weightier
publications. Chapter Six examines revolution and political change covering the
psychological, functionalist, Marxist and the neo -Weberian theories, including
Theda Skocpol. Chapter Seven illustrates various theories of the state, including
pluralist, elitist and Marxist. Chapter Eight touches on the issues around
democracy. Chapter Nine comprehensively deals with the challenge presented to
nations by globalisation. Chapter Ten provides an analysis of power and
ideology.
Overall Kirby’s text is valuable in that it provides a way in for students to some
difficult concepts
Lawson, Kay, The Human Polity: A Comparative Introduction to Political
Science, fourth edition, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997
This text chooses as its emphasis the increasing interdependence of nations as a
backdrop to providing a substantial introduction to political science. There are
several chapters worth mentioning in relation to Advanced Higher Politics.
Firstly, Part Two deals with the context of politics and in doing so presents a
series of useful chapters. Chapter Three on political ideologies examines the
nature of an ideology dealing with mainstream ideas and then questions when an
ideology is not one. Chapter Four focuses on the political economy and looks at
the evolving relationship between politics and ec onomics. Global issues are
examined and the author considers the political economics of global change.
In Chapter Thirteen of Part Five, international relations forms the focus and the
text concludes by evaluating democracy from its establishment to its t ransition.
The book provides comprehensive references at the end of each chapter together
with useful summaries and conclusions. This is a publication for selective use in
topic areas.
McNaughton, Neil, Success in Politics – A Comparative Study For Advanced
Level, London: John Murray, 1996
This is a very readable text with useful presentation of ideas, which attempts
to bring to the introductory reader an insight into the area of political studies.
There are several chapters which are of particular wort h and discuss the basic
political concepts of democracy, sovereignty, representation, justice and rights.
Chapter One examines political concepts concerned with government, the
individual and relationships between citizens. Major thinkers, including
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Burke, Hobbes, Locke and Mill are introduced in an accessible style. Chapter
Three examines the ideological context of British politics and again is blessed
with an extremely useful insight into the ideologies which have been prevalent in
British politics. This centres on accounts from traditional conservatism,
liberalism in its various forms and the specific strands of socialism. Chapter Four
examines the origins, forms and problems of democracy. Chapter Fourteen
explores the meaning of ideology and then proc eeds to explain notions of
alternative ideologies, including anarchism, communism and fascism. This is
alongside some of the more contemporary ideologies, such as feminism and
environmentalism.
This is a valuable source for students and its comparative ap proach will facilitate
comparisons with the United States.
Roberts, David (ed.), British Politics in Focus, second edition, Ormskirk:
Causeway, 1999
Part One of this text provides a very accessible insight into political argument
covering various aspects of ideology. A chapter on political ideology
incorporates the classification of ideologies with useful explanations of both
liberalism and socialism.
Using aspects of this book will provide readers with a particularly suitable
introduction to the concepts of pluralism and Marxism.
Selby, Ian, Government and Politics – Concepts and Comparisons, Walton-onThames: Nelson, 1998
This book provides a useful chapter on political concepts, which is of value to
students beginning a course. Chapter One deals with s ome of the theoretical
concepts of the state and the individual. Ideas are presented in a clear and concise
style, which will probably be more easily assimilated by students. This should
form building blocks for more difficult texts.
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