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Government of Afghanistan
Ministry of Counter Narcotics
Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 500, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
Tel: (+43 1) 26060-0, Fax: (+43 1) 26060-5866, www.unodc.org
Afghanistan
February 2008
Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey
ABBREVIATIONS
UNODC
ICMP
MCN
ORAS
RAS
US$
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme (UNODC)
Ministry of Counter-Narcotics
Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey
Research and Analysis Section (UNODC)
United States dollars
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The following organizations and individuals contributed to the implementation of the 2008 Opium
Winter Rapid Assessment Survey in Afghanistan and to the preparation of this report:
Survey and Monitoring Directorate of the Ministry of Counter-Narcotics:
Ibrahim Azhar (Director)
Mir Abdullah (Deputy Director)
Survey Coordinators: Fazal Karim (for the central region), Abdul Mateen (Nangarhar province), Abdul
Latif Ehsan (Hirat province), Fida Mohammad (Balkh province), Mohammed Ishaq Anderabi
(Badakhshan province)
Remote Sensing Analysts: Sayed Mehdi and Ghulam Abbas
Technical staff: Mohammad Khyber Wardak (Database Expert), Sahar (Data Clerk)
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (Kabul)
Christina Oguz (Country Representative)
Shirish Ravan (Project Coordinator, ICMP)
Nazir Ahmad Shah (National Project Coordinator)
Ziauddin Zaki (Data Analyst)
Abdul Mannan Ahmadzai (Survey Assistant)
Provincial Coordinators: Fazal Mohammad Fazli (southern region), Mohammad Alam Ghalib (eastern
region), Altaf Hussain Joya (western region), Mohammed Alem Yaqubi (north-eastern region), Lutfi
Rahman (north region)
Survey Coordinators: Abdul Basir Basiret (eastern region), Abdul Jalil (northern region), Abdul Qadir
Palwal (southern region), Fawad Alahi (western region), Mohammad Rafi (north-eastern region),
Rahimullah Omar (central region), Sayed Ahmad (southern region), Abdul Rahim Marikh (eastern
region), Fardin Osmani (northern region)
Eradication reporters: Ramin Sobhi and Zia Ulhaqa
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (Tashkent)
Hakan Demirbüken (Regional Monitoring Expert for South-West Asia and Survey Project Supervisor,
RAS/ICMP)
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (Vienna)
Anja Korenblik (Programme Manager, RAS/ICMP), Thibault le Pichon (Chief, RAS), Martin
Raithelhuber (Programme Officer, RAS/ICMP), Thomas Pietschmann (Research Officer, RAS)
This Survey would not have been possible without the dedicated work of the field surveyors. The illicit
crop monitoring activities of UNODC in Afghanistan were made possible by financial contributions
from the Governments of the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Finland and Norway.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
FINDINGS ......................................................................................................................................1
1.1.
GENERAL FINDINGS .........................................................................................................1
1.2.
NUMBER OF VILLAGES GROWING OPIUM POPPY.....................................................4
1.3.
CASH ADVANCES RECEIVED FOR OPIUM POPPY CULTIVATION..........................4
1.4.
FAMILIES INVOLVED IN OPIUM CULTIVATION.........................................................5
1.5.
AGRICULTURAL ASSISTANCE........................................................................................5
1.6.
FIELD SECURITY................................................................................................................6
1.7.
ERADICATION ....................................................................................................................7
1.8.
PRICES ..................................................................................................................................8
1.9.
CANNABIS CULTIVATION ...............................................................................................9
1.10.
OTHER FINDINGS...............................................................................................................9
2.
FINDINGS BY PROVINCE .......................................................................................................20
NORTH-EASTERN REGION...........................................................................................................20
BADAKHSHAN PROVINCE..........................................................................................................20
TAKHAR PROVINCE ....................................................................................................................21
EASTERN REGION..........................................................................................................................22
NANGARHAR PROVINCE ............................................................................................................22
KUNAR PROVINCE ......................................................................................................................22
NURISTAN PROVINCE.................................................................................................................23
NORTHERN REGION ......................................................................................................................24
BAGHLAN PROVINCE .................................................................................................................24
BAMYAN PROVINCE....................................................................................................................24
BALKH PROVINCE.......................................................................................................................25
FARYAB PROVINCE.....................................................................................................................26
KUNDUZ PROVINCE ...................................................................................................................26
JAWZJAN PROVINCE...................................................................................................................27
SAMANGAN PROVINCE ..............................................................................................................27
SARI PUL PROVINCE...................................................................................................................28
CENTRAL REGION .........................................................................................................................29
GHAZNI PROVINCE.....................................................................................................................29
KHOST PROVINCE.......................................................................................................................29
LOGAR PROVINCE ......................................................................................................................30
PAKTIKA PROVINCE ...................................................................................................................30
PAKTYA PROVINCE.....................................................................................................................31
PARWAN PROVINCE....................................................................................................................31
KAPISA PROVINCE ......................................................................................................................32
WARDAK PROVINCE ...................................................................................................................32
SOUTHERN REGION ......................................................................................................................33
KANDAHAR PROVINCE ..............................................................................................................33
HILMAND PROVINCE..................................................................................................................34
URUZGAN PROVINCE.................................................................................................................34
ZABUL PROVINCE .......................................................................................................................35
WESTERN REGION.........................................................................................................................36
HIRAT PROVINCE ........................................................................................................................36
FARAH PROVINCE.......................................................................................................................36
NIMROZ PROVINCE ....................................................................................................................37
GHOR PROVINCE ........................................................................................................................37
BADGHIS PROVINCE ..................................................................................................................38
3.
METHODOLOGY.......................................................................................................................39
Maps
Map 1: Expected opium poppy cultivation trends in 2008 (by province) ..............................................11
Map 2: Expected opium poppy cultivation trends in 2008 (by district) .................................................12
Map 3: Calendar of opium poppy planting in 2008................................................................................13
Map 4: Expected opium poppy flowering time in 2008 .........................................................................14
Map 5: Expected opium poppy harvest time in 2008 .............................................................................15
Map 6: Dry opium prices at the farm-gate (US$/kg)..............................................................................16
Map 7: Sampling frame and selected villages ........................................................................................17
Map 8: Security situation in surveyed villages (as reported by respondents).........................................18
Map 9: Expected cultivation trend vs. security situation (as reported by UNDSS) ...............................19
PREFACE
The opium poppy seedlings are still under the ground or snow in most parts of Afghanistan, but this
Winter Assessment broadly anticipates what can be expected when they bloom this spring. Several
findings deserve attention.
First, field visits and interviews with village leaders indicate that cultivation levels will be broadly
similar to, perhaps slightly lower than, last year’s record harvest. While it is encouraging that the
dramatic increases of the past few years seem to be leveling off, the total amount of opium being
harvested remains shockingly high. Europe, and other major heroin markets, should brace themselves
for the health and security consequences.
Second, the cultivation trends for 2008 deepen a dichotomy evident last year: a possibly growing
number of opium-free provinces in the north and center of the country; and possibly higher levels of
cultivation in the south and west – the areas of greatest instability.
Third, the positive trend in the north is enhanced by decreases in cultivation in Nangarhar and
Badakhshan. This is excellent news since these two provinces have been significant exceptions to the
rule of an opium-free north-east.
Fourth, the south and southwest continues to grow opium at an alarming rate, perhaps greater than last
year when it accounted for 78 percent of total opium cultivation in Afghanistan. This is a windfall for
anti-Government forces who take a tax (usher) of approximately 10 per cent of opium cultivation in
regions under their control – further evidence of the dangerous link between opium and insurgency.
Fifth, this survey, for the first time, includes information about opium stocks. Readers will note a
major difference between amounts stock-piled by farmers in villages in the south as opposed to limited
reserves in the north. Nevertheless, taking into account the massive amounts of opium that have been
produced in the past few years – which far exceed world demand – it would appear that the bulk of this
surplus is not being stored by farmers. Which begs the question, where is it?
Sixth, another disturbing trend is the steady rise in cannabis cultivation, giving Afghanistan the dubious
distinction of being one of the world’s biggest suppliers of cannabis in addition to providing over 90%
of the world’s illicit opium.
These are order of magnitude figures – the actual harvest will depend on the effectiveness of
eradication. The volume of opium production (and eventually heroin) will further depend on the yield,
which last year was at a record level. Based on this evidence there is a good chance that the high-water
mark reached in 2007 will begin to recede.
Antonio Maria Costa
Executive Director
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
1. FINDINGS
1.1.
GENERAL FINDINGS
Opium poppy cultivation trends
Following a record level of 193,000 hectares (ha) of opium poppy cultivation in 2007, the Opium
Winter Rapid Assessment Survey forecasts the following cultivation trends in 2008:
•
A sharp increase in cultivation in Nimroz province (western region), with a significant level of
cultivation in that province;
•
An increase in cultivation in six provinces, mainly in the southern (Kandahar and Uruzgan)
and western (Farah, Badghis and Ghor) regions, with a significant level of cultivation in those
provinces;
•
Cultivation trends are expected to remain stable in five provinces, namely Hilmand, Day
Kundi and Zabul in the south and Sari Pul and Takhar in the north. The southern region
accounted for 69 per cent of total opium poppy cultivation in 2007; little change is expected in
2008.
•
Twelve provinces are likely to remain poppy-free, mainly in the central and northern regions.
The number of poppy-free provinces may increase to 14 or 15 if spring cultivation is
controlled through effective prevention campaigns and eradication efforts.
Overall, opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan is likely to decrease slightly in 2008. However, early
eradication efforts and an effective awareness campaign to control spring cultivation may reinforce this
trend and bring about a further decrease in cultivation.
Table 1: Opium poppy cultivation trends in 2008
Cultivation
trend in 2008
No. of
provinces
Provinces
Poppy-free
12
Balkh, Bamyan, Ghazni, Khost, Kunduz, Logar,
Nuristan, Paktika, Paktya, Panjshir, Parwan, Wardak
Decrease
7
Badakhshan, Baghlan, Hirat, Kabul, Kapisa, Kunar,
Laghman
Sharp decrease
3
Faryab, Jawzjan, Nangarhar
Increase
Sharp increase
Stable
6
1
5
Badghis, Farah, Ghor, Kandahar, Samangan, Uruzgan
Nimroz,
Day Kundi, Hilmand, Sari Pul, Takhar, Zabul
In 2007, poppy cultivation increased in eight provinces but decreased in 26 provinces, as a result of
which 13 provinces became poppy-free (Annual Opium Survey Report for 2007, UNODC). A total
area of 193,000 ha was under opium poppy cultivation in 2007, which represents an increase of 17 per
cent as compared to 2006. That increase was chiefly attributable to large-scale poppy cultivation in the
south, particularly in Hilmand province, which alone accounted for 53 per cent of total cultivation. A
decrease in cultivation was observed in the north-eastern and northern provinces in 2007.
The 2008 ORAS indicates a decrease in poppy cultivation in the east, north and north-east, but an
increase in the main poppy-growing areas of the southern and western provinces, which may result in
an overall slight decrease in poppy cultivation in 2008.
1
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
Alfalfa in Nangarhar province
Wheat in Nangarhar province
Cabbage in central region
Poppy cultivation in Kandahar province
Key highlights of ORAS
The 2008 ORAS highlights the following key cultivation trends as compared to 2007:
•
A sharp increase in cultivation in Nimroz province, mainly in the Khash Rod district;
•
A sharp decrease in Nangarhar province;
•
An increase in the Farah, Badghis, Kandahar and Uruzgan provinces;
•
Little change is expected in Hilmand province, which accounted for 53 per cent of total opium
cultivation in Afghanistan in 2007;
•
At least 12 provinces continue to be poppy-free. Samangan province may remain poppy-free if
the Government’s public awareness campaign to prevent poppy cultivation is implemented
more intensively. Kabul province may become poppy-free if poppy cultivation is eliminated in
the Surobhi district.
A sharp decrease in opium poppy cultivation is expected in Nangarhar province in 2008, as was the
case in 2005. This forecast is based on the extensive eradication of opium poppy crops (around 8,000
poppy fields) conducted by Governors in 2007, the effective implementation of the awareness
campaign between September and November 2007 and agreement between the Governor of Nangarhar
province and key Shura leaders.
Balkh is likely to remain poppy-free again in 2008, while a further decrease is expected in Badakhshan
province and a sharp decrease in a number of other northern provinces, including Jawzjan and Faryab.
2
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
Table 2: Opium poppy cultivation levels from 2004 to 2007 and expected trends in 2008
PROVINCE
Kabul
Khost
Logar
Paktya
Panjshir
Parwan
Wardak
Ghazni
Paktika
Cultivation
2004 (ha)
Cultivation
2005 (ha)
Cultivation
2006 (ha)
Cultivation
2007 (ha)
282
838
24
1,200
0
1,310
1,017
62
0
0
0
0
0
0
106
0
80
133
0
0
0
124
0
0
500
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Change
2006-2007
(ha)
420
-133
0
0
0
-124
0
0
Change
2006-2007
(%)
525%
-100%
0%
0%
0%
-100%
0%
0%
0
0
0
0
0
0%
Central region
4,733
106
337
500
163
48%
Kapisa
Kunar
Laghman
522
4,366
2,756
115
1,059
274
282
932
710
835
446
561
553
-486
-149
196%
-52%
-21%
Nangarhar
28,213
1,093
4,872
18,739
13,867
285%
764
1,554
1,516
0
-1,516
-100%
Nuristan
2008
cultivation
trend
Decrease
Poppy-free
Poppy-free
Poppy-free
Poppy-free
Poppy-free
Poppy-free
Poppy-free
Poppy-free
Decrease
Decrease
Decrease
Strong
decrease
Poppy-free
Eastern region
36,621
4,095
8,312
20,581
12,269
148%
Badakhshan
Kunduz
15,607
224
7,370
275
13,056
102
3,642
0
-9,414
-102
-72%
-100%
Decrease
Poppy-free
762
1,364
2,178
1,211
-967
-44%
Stable
16,593
9,009
15,336
4,853
-10,483
-68%
2,444
2,495
803
2,563
10,837
126
2,742
7,232
17
671
0
0
-2,071
-7,232
-17
-76%
-100%
-100%
Faryab
3,249
2,665
3,040
2,866
-174
-6%
Jawzjan
1,673
1,748
2,024
1,085
-939
-46%
Takhar
North-eastern
region
Baghlan
Balkh
Bamyan
Samangan
1,151
3,874
1,960
0
-1,960
-100%
Decrease
Poppy-free
Poppy-free
Strong
decrease
Strong
decrease
Increase
Sari Pul
1,974
3,227
2,252
260
-1,992
-88%
Stable
Northern region
13,789
25,040
19,267
4,882
-14,385
-75%
Hilmand
Kandahar
Uruzgan
Zabul
29,353
4,959
11,080
2,977
26,500
12,989
2,024
2,053
69,324
12,619
9,703
3,210
102,770
16,615
9,204
1,611
33,446
3,996
-499
-1,599
48%
32%
-5%
-50%
Stable
Increase
Increase
Stable
Day kundi
N/A
2,581
7,044
3,346
-3,698
-52%
Stable
Southern region
48,369
46,147
101,900
133,546
31,646
31%
Badghis
Farah
Ghor
Hirat
614
2,288
4,983
2,531
2,967
10,240
2,689
1,924
3,205
7,694
4,679
2,287
4,219
14,865
1,503
1,525
1,014
7,171
-3,176
-762
32%
93%
-68%
-33%
Nimroz
115
1,690
1,955
6,507
4,552
233%
Western region
10,531
19,510
19,820
28,619
8,799
44%
Total (rounded)
131,000
104,000
165,000
193,000
28,000
17%
Increase
Increase
Increase
Decrease
Strong
increase
Overall
slight
decrease
3
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
The Khash Rod district of Nimroz province remains an important poppy-growing area. New
agricultural areas in the desert were observed with the help of satellite images in 2007. Farmers are
using deep wells to irrigate these new agricultural areas, specifically to grow opium poppy. A further
increase is therefore expected in Nimroz province.
Opium poppy cultivation is expected to remain at the level of 2007 (102,770 ha) in Hilmand province,
which is a major concern for 2008. An increase in opium poppy cultivation is expected in the
Kandahar, Uruzgan and Farah provinces, contributing to a further increase in the south and west of
Afghanistan and thus widening the north-south divide.
Additional poppy crops may be sown in upland areas of the northern and central provinces before midMarch, particularly in rain-fed areas, unless prompt actions are taken to prevent cultivation. In 2008,
rainfall and water availability are expected to be extremely good throughout Afghanistan, which may
result in good opium poppy yields. In 2007, opium yield was better than average (42.5 kg/ha) due to
good availability of water.
Although the Government and international stakeholders remain committed to eradication, no
eradication activities had been initiated in any part of the country by the time this survey was
completed in mid-January 2008.
1.2.
NUMBER OF VILLAGES GROWING OPIUM POPPY
Of the 469 villages visited, 148 (32 per cent) reported that they would grow opium poppy in 2008. The
percentage of poppy-growing villages among those visited varies from region to region.
Table 3: Proportion of opium poppy-growing villages by region
Region
Central
East
North-east
North
South
West
Total
Non-poppy
growing
99%
92%
76%
87%
15%
63%
68%
Poppy
growing
1%
8%
24%
13%
85%
37%
32%
In the southern region, 85 per cent of the villages visited reported poppy cultivation in 2008. In
Helmand province, all villages (30) reported poppy cultivation in 2008. Ninety-two per cent of villages
visited in Uruzgan province, 83 per cent of those in Kandahar province and 77 per cent of those in
Farah province reported likewise. However, no poppy cultivation was reported in the villages visited in
Nangarhar (25) and Balkh (18) provinces, while 28 per cent of villages visited in Badakhshan reported
low levels of poppy cultivation in 2008.
1.3.
CASH ADVANCES RECEIVED FOR OPIUM POPPY CULTIVATION
Villages in the Day Kundi, Hilmand, Laghman, Zabul, Badakhshan, Kandahar and Uruzgan provinces
reported that they had received cash advances from drug traffickers to grow opium poppy. The ORAS
indicates that 29 per cent of opium poppy-growing villages received such advances.
4
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
Table 4: Cash advances received (by province)
Province
Day Kundi
Hilmand
Laghman
Zabul
Badakhshan
Kandahar
Farah
Uruzgan
Badghis
Baghlan
Faryab
Ghor
Hirat
Khost
Kunar
Nimroz
Samangan
Sari Pul
Takhar
Total
1.4.
No advance
received
Advance
received
4
12
2
9
7
19
6
11
7
2
2
4
3
1
2
4
2
5
3
105
8
18
1
4
3
7
1
1
43
Total
Advance received
(percentage of
villages)
12
30
3
13
10
26
7
12
7
2
2
4
3
1
2
4
2
5
3
148
67%
60%
33%
31%
30%
27%
14%
8%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
29%
FAMILIES INVOLVED IN OPIUM CULTIVATION
The percentage of families involved in opium cultivation in the villages visited is strikingly high in the
southern provinces, closely followed by that for the western provinces. A high proportion of families
are reported to be involved in opium cultivation in the following provinces: Hilmand (93 per cent),
Uruzgan (66 per cent), Zabul (46 per cent), Nimroz (35 per cent), Day Kundi (26 per cent), Farah (24
per cent) and Kandahar (22 per cent).
1.5.
AGRICULTURAL ASSISTANCE
Of the 469 villages visited, 152 have received agricultural assistance (32 per cent) in the form of seeds,
fertilizers and irrigation facilities. Seventy-six per cent of villages that have received agricultural
assistance have not cultivated poppy.
An analysis of the link between agricultural assistance and poppy cultivation by region appears to
confirm that villages that have not received assistance are more likely to cultivate opium poppy.
However, in the southern region, 69 per cent of villages have cultivated opium poppy despite having
received agricultural assistance. The corresponding figure for the north, north-east and west is
approximately 30 per cent, while in the eastern and central regions none of the surveyed villages that
received agricultural assistance went on to grow poppy.
5
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
Table 5: Agricultural assistance vis-à-vis opium poppy cultivation
No. of villages
Region
Central
East
North-east
North
South
West
1.6.
Agricultural
assistance
received
No opium
poppy
cultivation
Opium
poppy
cultivation
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
55
36
33
24
20
21
58
14
9
8
31
12
1
5
4
9
6
5
75
18
20
5
Total no.
of
villages
surveyed
56
36
38
24
24
30
64
19
84
26
51
17
% of villages cultivating
poppy despite having
received agricultural
assistance
0%
0%
30%
26%
69%
29%
FIELD SECURITY
The security situation, as reported by respondents of the survey, was good in most provinces during the
Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey. However, security was a general concern in most areas of
Hilmand, Uruzgan, Kandahar, Ghazni, Khost, Paktika, Zabul, Kunar, Badghis, Nimroz and Farah.
Since eradication had not begun in any part of Afghanistan by the time this survey was completed, it
was not possible to assess the level of resistance among farmers to the eradication campaign.
The survey indicates that approximately 70 per cent of villages with poor security and 63 per cent of
those with very poor security are involved in poppy cultivation, as compared to only 26 per cent of
villages with good security. There is a strong link between security conditions and opium poppy
cultivation in the southern and western provinces, where 100 per cent of villages with poor security
have cultivated opium poppy. This percentage is also significantly high (44 per cent) for the eastern
region.
Table 6: Security situation vis-à-vis opium poppy cultivation
Security
situation
Very poor
Poor
Good
Very good
6
No. of villages
No opium
Opium
poppy
poppy
cultivation
cultivation
16
27
21
48
181
62
102
11
% villages
cultivating opium
poppy
63%
70%
26%
10%
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
1.7.
ERADICATION
The Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey did not assess the implementation of the eradication
campaign during the most recent cultivation season, but collected general information on eradication
activities in those areas visited.
Of the 469 villages surveyed during the ORAS, 206 had planted opium poppy for the 2008 cultivation
season. Of these 206 villages, 62 per cent had planted opium poppy in spite of eradication activities in
2007. Seventy-three per cent of villages where eradication measures had not been implemented had
planted opium poppy for the coming season. This seems to indicate that the experience of eradication
in 2007 was not a strong factor in influencing the decision at the village level whether or not to grow
opium poppy in 2008.
The majority of respondents (60 per cent or more) from Day Kundi, Uruzgan, Hilmand, Zabul and
Kandahar believed that eradication would not take place in their respective provinces, whereas some of
the respondents in the western region (Badghis, Ghor, Farah and Nimroz) believed that it would.
Respondents in the southern region believed that external forces/groups would protect their land from
eradication, while respondents in the western region said that they themselves would protect their own
land from eradication.
Table 7: Eradication in 2007 vis-à-vis opium poppy cultivation in 2008
No. of villages
Eradication in
2007
No
Yes
No opium poppy
cultivation
Opium poppy
cultivation
33
32
89
52
% of villages
cultivating opium
poppy
73%
62%
An awareness campaign to prevent poppy cultivation was conducted in many areas of Afghanistan in
October and November 2007. Of the 183 surveyed villages targeted by the campaign, only 49 (27 per
cent) have cultivated poppy, while almost 35 per cent of the 284 villages not included in the campaign
have opted for poppy cultivation.
Table 8: Awareness campaign vis-à-vis opium poppy cultivation in 2008
Awareness
campaign
No
Yes
No. of villages
No opium
Opium
poppy
poppy
cultivation
cultivation
185
99
134
49
% villages cultivating
opium poppy after
campaign
35%
27%
Regional results indicate that the awareness campaign has had some impact in the central and northern
regions and mixed success in the western region. In the south, the campaign has had little impact: 80
per cent of villages cultivated poppy in spite of the campaign.
7
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
Table 9: Awareness campaign vis-à-vis opium poppy cultivation in 2008 (by region)
No. of villages
Region
Central
East
North-east
North
South
West
1.8.
Awareness
campaign
No opium poppy
cultivation
Opium poppy
cultivation
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
84
7
15
42
28
13
29
41
11
6
18
25
1
3
2
1
12
4
7
69
24
21
4
% villages
cultivating opium
poppy after
campaign
1%
0%
17%
5%
3%
48%
12%
15%
86%
80%
54%
14%
PRICES
In addition to the monthly collection of price information for key provinces, the 2008 ORAS collected
price information in all 469 villages surveyed. The average farm-gate prices of dry opium (as at the
time of the survey) were in line with the monthly price report. An overview of dry opium prices by
province shows that prices are higher in the southern, western and eastern provinces, while generally
lower in the northern provinces. Farm-gate prices for dry opium were not available in the central
region, since farmers did not have any dry opium stock..
The average dry opium price collected from traders was US$113/kg in December 2007.
The average price for dry opium at the farm-gate level was US$ 108/kg in December 2007. Opium
prices normally drop during April and May of every year, which is peak harvest season of opium
poppy. However, in 2007, opium prices touched rock bottom during month of September 2007.
Average lowest opium prices were US$ 123/kg and US$ 125/kg in 2005 and 2006 respectively;
however, the lowest price of opium in 2007 was US$ 91/kg. The highest opium prices were US$
171/kg and US$ 158/kg in 2005 and 2006 respectively; while the highest price of opium in 2007 was
only US$ 128/kg. Prices were much higher previous to 2005. This shows the decreasing trend of opium
prices.
The average price for fresh opium at the farm-gate level was US$ 82/kg, whereas average fresh opium
price collected from traders was US$ 91/kg in December 2007.
Fresh opium prices collected from traders and at farm-gate level also showed a decreasing trend after
January 2007. Farm-gate prices fell from US$ 121/kg in January 2007 to about US$ 80/kg in December
2007. The average heroin price was US$ 2,557/kg and average price for cannabis resin was US$ 62/kg
at the time of survey.
Farmers in Afghanistan usually cultivate crops twice a year in irrigated areas, typically growing maize,
rice, vegetables or cotton following the opium poppy or wheat harvest. Some grow cannabis following
the first harvest during the summer. None of Afghanistan’s licit agricultural products can currently
match per hectare income from opium poppy, which is estimated at US$ 5,000.
8
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
Figure 1: Monthly farm-gate prices for dry opium, Sept. 2004 to Dec. 2007 (US$/kg)
222
250
108
91
101
105
115
171
100
105
100
121
113
114
128
127
125
139
136
133
140
141
140
134
141
159
145
150
149
145
137
161
152
167
161
123
150
147
139
Price in (USD/Kg)
154
170
180
187
200
50
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
0
Month
Source: UNODC Monthly Opium Price Report for Afghanistan, December 2007
1.9.
CANNABIS CULTIVATION
A greater number of villages reportied cannabis cultivation than in 2007: of the 469 villages surveyed
for the 2008 ORAS, 18 per cent reported cannabis cultivation, whereas the corresponding figure in the
2007 ORAS was only 13 per cent. Cannabis cultivation was reported in Uruzgan (85 per cent of
villages surveyed), Kandahar (71 per cent), Farah (56 per cent), Paktya (50 per cent), Zabul (47 per
cent), Logar and Sari Pul (33 per cent), Hilmand (24 per cent), Nangarhar (24 per cent), Baghlan (23
per cent) and Balkh (22 per cent). Small-scale cultivation of cannabis was also reported in the Day
Kundi, Nimroz, Badghis, Kabul and Hirat provinces.
According to the 2007 Afghanistan Annual Opium Survey, an estimated 70,000 ha of cannabis crops
were cultivated in Afghanistan in 2007, compared to 50,000 ha in 2006. Data obtained from the field
indicated an increase in cannabis cultivation in 2007, particularly in the southern provinces and in some
areas of Balkh and Paktya. Cannabis cultivation in Afghanistan is expected to further increase in 2008.
1.10.
OTHER FINDINGS
•
Poppy cultivation vis-à-vis cropping intensity: During the ORAS, cropping intensity was
assessed by asking farmers how many crops they cultivated on the same area of land over the
course of the year. It was observed that of the 148 respondents who cultivated poppy, 59 per
cent reported that they were able to cultivate two crops per year due to better access to
irrigation. The remaining 41 per cent reported that they were unable to cultivate a second crop
following the poppy harvest.
•
Taxes (usher) for poppy cultivation: Respondents were asked whether they paid taxes to antiGovernment elements. One hundred per cent of respondents in the southern region and 72 per
cent of those in the western region replied that they indeed pay usher (tax) to several elements.
9
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
Respondents in the central, north and north-eastern regions reported that they did not pay such
taxes. The majority of usher-paying farmers pay approximately 10 per cent of their income
from opium poppy cultivation in taxes. These taxes are paid to one or more sources, such as
district administrators, local commanders, mullahs, security commanders or anti-Government
elements including the Taliban. The majority share goes to mullahs, the Taliban and local
commanders.
•
Compensation by other farmers of losses due to eradication: Respondents were asked if other
farmers compensated the losses of farmers whose crops had been eradicated. It was observed
that this practice is not common in the central, eastern and north-eastern regions, and
negligible in the north, south and west.
•
Opium stocks: Of the 469 villages visited, opium stocking was reported by village headmen in
74 villages. Of those 74, fifty-seven were reported in the southern region of Afghanistan. In
that region, 52 per cent of the villages visited reported that they held opium stocks. The
corresponding figures for the other regions were 11 per cent in the eastern region, 10 per cent
in the western region and three per cent in the northern region. Villages visited in central and
north-eastern Afghanistan did not report any opium stocks. An average of 55 kg of opium
stock per village was reported in the 469 villages visited. In the south, the average opium stock
per village was 226 kg, as reported by village headmen. Villages, which will grow opium
poppy in 2008, reported more opium stocks than those that will not. UNODC will continue to
collect information/data on opium stocks in Afghanistan in 2008.
Table 10: Opium stocks in the villages visited during ORAS 2008
•
Region
Average opium
stock per village
(kg)
Central
0
East
15
North-east
0
North
1
South
226
West
5
Total
55
Poppy cultivation in
2008 (Yes/no)
Average opium stock
per village (kg)
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
0
0
4
146
0
0
0
6
3
257
0
13
Marketing of opium: According to the reports of headmen in those villages visited, around 75
per cent of villages sell their opium in fresh form. Almost 60 per cent of farmers in the villages
surveyed sell opium immediately after the harvest, while 40 per cent wait for some time after
the harvest. Around 94 per cent of the farmers are paid in cash for the opium they sell.
The above data/information (section 1.10) has been collected for the first time for the ORAS. UNODC
will continue to collect the same information during the annual village survey that is scheduled to begin
in March 2008. The annual village survey is carried out in approximately 1,500 villages, thus offering a
better sampling size than ORAS.
10
Nimroz
Farah
102770
Hilmand
2866
Ghor
Faryab
Sari Pul
9204
Kandahar
0
0
Parwan
0
0
Laghman
0
50 100
Km
PAKISTAN
0
Khost
Nangarhar
Jal al ab ad
Kunar
Nuristan
Badakhshan
Fa yz Ab ad
Geographic Projection Datum: WGS 84
0
0
Panjshir
Kapisa
Paktya
0
Takhar
Kabul
Logar
Paktika
0
0
Baghlan
Kunduz
Wardak
Ghazni
0
0
Samangan
Quetta
Zabul
Bamyan
Balkh
Uruzgan
Day Kundi
260
1503
Source: MCN - UNODC A fgh anista n O pium Rapid Assesme nt Survey, 20 08 ( http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/cro p_monitoring.html)
Note: The bou ndaries and names shown and the designations use d o n this map do not imp ly official end orse me nt or acce ptan ce by the United Na tion s.
IRAN
1525
Hirat
14865
Badghis
4219
1085
3346
0
500
Maz ar-E -Sh ari f
1611
671
835
1211
UZBEKISTAN
18739
TURKMENISTAN
6507
Peshwar
446
Jawzjan
16615
561
3642
Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, 2008: Expected opium poppy cultivation trends (by province)
INDIA
2007 Cultivation level (ha)
Provincial boundaries
International boundaries
Main Cities
Strong increase (Above 50%)
Increase (Between 10% and 50%)
Stable (Between -10% and 10%)
Decrease (Between 10% and 50%)
Strong decrease (Above 50%)
Poppy free
Cultivation trend as compared to 2007
Legend
TAJIKISTAN
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
Map 1: Expected opium poppy cultivation trends in 2008 (by province)
11
12
Imam Sahib
Takhar
Ragh
Yawan
Khwahan
Shighnan
Darwaz Darwazi Bala
Kuf Ab
Legend
TAJIKISTAN
Chahar Burja
Nimroz
Zaranj
Nad Ali
Garmser (Hazarjuft)
Hilmand
Reg
Daman
Arghistan
Spin Boldak
Kandahar
! (Dand)
Zhari
Shorabak
!
Quetta
Maruf
Zabul
Bamyan
Balkh
Uruzgan
Day Kundi
Kandahar
Panjwayi
Maywand
Lashkar Gah
Nawa-i-Barakzayi
Reg (Khan Nishin)
Dishu (Registan)
Chakhansur
Farah
Ghor
Faryab
Sari Pul
Jawzjan
Shortepa
Parwan
Km
50 100
¯
Khost
PAKISTAN
Paktika
Paktya
Logar
Nurgaram
Azra
Jaji
INDIA
Waygal
Bar Kunar
Kamdesh
Bargi Matal
Main cities
Nari
Provincial boundaries
International boundaries
Strong increase
Increase
Stable
Decrease
Strong decrease
Poppy free
Kot
Lal Pur
Rodat Bati Kot
Sherzad
ShinwarMuhmand Dara
Khogyani
Nazyan
Pachir Wa Agam
Dur Baba
Dih Bala Achin
Chaparhar
Goshta
Peshwar
!
Asadabad
Dangam
Pech
Chapa Dara Wata Pur Shaygal wa Shiltan
Marawara
Alingar
Narang
Ghaziabad Chawkay Sirkanay
Dara-I-Nur
Nurgal Khas Kunar
Kuz Kunar
Nuristan
Wakhan
Cultivation trend as compared
to 2007
Jalalabad Kama
!
Surkh Rod Bihsud
Qarghayi
Mihtarlam
Dand Wa Patan
Lija Mangal Chamkani
Sayid Karam
Jaji Maydan
Khushi
Hisarak
Surobi
Khaki Jabbar
Bagrami
Dih Sabz
Bagram
Nijrab
Dawlat Shah
Mahmud Raqi
Alasay
Kohi Safi Tagab
Alishing
Koh Band
Shutul
Eastern region
Nangarhar
Kunar
Nuristan
Badakhshan
Laghman
Geographic Projection Datum: WGS 84
0
Ghazni
Kapisa
Panjshir
Kabul
Baghlan
Kunduz
Wardak
Samangan
Kaldar
Source: MCN - UNODC Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assesment Survey, 2008 (http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/crop_monitoring.html)
Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
IRAN
Kang
Hirat
Badghis
TURKMENISTAN
Mingajik
Khani Chahar Bagh
Andkhoy
Khwaja Du Koh
Qurghan
Khamyab Qarqin
Darqad Chah Ab
Fayz Abad
Yangi Qala Shahri Buzurg Argo
Yaftali Sufla
Dashti Qala
Shuhada
Khwaja Ghar Rustaq Shiki
!
Dawlatabad
Fayzabad Baharak
Kohistan
Mardyan
Mazar-E-Sharif
Archi
Qala-I-Zal
Darayim Jurm
Warduj
Chahar Bolak Balkh Nahri Shahi
Khulm
Kunduz
Ishkashim
TaluqanKalafganKishim
Qaramqol
Khaniqa Aqcha
Fayzabad
Tishkan
!
Khan Abad
Dihdadi
Chahar Dara
Marmul
Yamgan (Girwan)
Bangi Namak Ab
Chimtal
Dawlatabad
Shibirghan
Feroz Nakhchir
Aliabad
Hazrati Sultan
Chal Farkhar Arghanj Khwa Khash
Chahar Kint
Ishkamish
Baghlani Jadid
Zebak
Aybak
Sari Pul
Burka Firing Wa Gharu
Shirin Tagab
Sholgara
Puli Khumri Nahrin Guzargahi Nur Warsaj
Sozma Qala
Darzab Sayyad
KishindihDara-I- Sufi PayinKhuram
Khwaja SabzMaymana
Wa Sarbagh
Khost Wa Firing
Gosfandi
Almar
Kuran Wa Munjan
Sangcharak
Dahana-I-Ghori
Puli Hisar
Zari
Gurziwan
Dih Salah
Bargi Matal
Paryan
Ghormach
Dara-I- Sufi Bala
Bilchiragh
Pashtun
Kot
Qaysar
Dushi
Murghab
Ruyi Du Ab
Andarab
Balkhab
Mandol
Khinjan
Kohistanat
Shutul Bazarak Nurgaram
Kamdesh
Wama
Kohistan
Tala Wa Barfak
Du Ab
Salang Unaba Dara
Kahmard
Muqur
Nari
Waygal
Bar Kunar
Dawlat Shah
Sayghan
Yakawlang
Shinwari
Wata Pur
Gulran
Ab Kamari
Nuristan
Alasay
Ghorband
Asadabad Dangam
Shekh
Ali
Shibar
Kushk
Nijrab
Pech
Jawand
Qadis
Bagram
NarangMarawara
Qala-I-Naw
Bamyan
Istalif
Chaghcharan
Kohi SafiTagab Alishing Alingar
Sirkanay
Kushki Kuhna
Surkhi Parsa Farza
Kohsan
Mihtarlam
Dih Sabz
Dawlat Yar
Lal Wa Sarjangal
NurgalKhas Kunar
Jalrez
Hisa-IAwal
Bihsud
Kuz
Kunar
Paghman!
Injil
Karukh
Surobi Qarghayi
Panjab
Bagrami
! Kama Goshta
Zinda Jan
Chishti
Sharif
Surkh
Rod
Markazi
Bihsud
Kot
Nirkh
Hirat
Obe
!
Khaki Jabbar Hisarak Jalalabad
Lal Pur
Rodat
Day Mirdad
Muhammad Agha
Pashtun Zarghun
Waras
Sherzad
Shinwar
Sangi Takht
Guzara
Ishtarlay
Azra
Tulak
Peshwar
Chak
Khogyani
Ghoryan
Dur Baba
Shahrak
Puli Alam Khushi
Du Layna
!
Dih Bala Achin
Jaji
Saydabad
Farsi
Khadir
Lija Mangal Dand Wa Patan
Charsada
Miramor
Jaghatu
Nili Shahristan
Adraskan
Nawur
Kharwar Charkh Sayid Karam Jani Khel
SabariBak Jaji Maydan
Rashidan
Zana Khan Gardez
Pasaband
Ghazni
Saghar
Taywara
Ajristan
Dih Yak
Gizab
Kiti
Mata KhanZurmat Jadran Musa Khel Tere Zayi
Malistan
Kajran
Waghaz
Shamal
Khost(Matun)
Andar
Shindand
Sharan
Nika Ziruk
Gurbuz
Jaghuri
Pur Chaman
Spera Tani
Qarabagh
!
Khas Uruzgan
Sar Hawza
Giro
Shahidi Hassas
Baghran
Anar Dara
Urgun Gayan
Muqur Ab Band Yosuf Khel
Omna
Khost
Wa
Firing
Kakar
(Khak-e
Afghan)
Chora
Warsaj
Jani Khel
Sarobi
Bala Buluk
Daychopan
Zarghun Shahr
Puli Hisar
Gelan
Tirin Kot
Khaki Safed
Barmal
Dih Salah
Dihrawud
Gulistan
Kuran Wa Munjan
Dila
Musa Qala
Paryan
Pusht Rod
Shahjoy
Kajaki
Naw Zad
Gomal
Nesh
Andarab
!
Arghandab
Qala-I-Kah
Bakwa
Nawa
Miya Nishin
Khinj (Hisa-I-Awal Panjsher)
Farah
Qalat
Mandol
Mizan
Waza Khwa
Shib Koh
Washer
Sangin Ghorak Khakrez Shah Wali Kot
Naw Bahar
Bazarak
Shamulzayi
Wama
Tarnak Wa Jaldak Shinkay
Wor Mamay
Turwo
Nahri Sarraj
Arghandab
Unaba Rukha
Du Ab
Lash Wa Juwayn
Atghar
Khash Rod
Dara
UZBEKISTAN
Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, 2008: Expected opium poppy cultivation trends (by district)
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
Map 2: Expected opium poppy cultivation trends in 2008 (by district)
Kunduz
Takhar
Darwaz
Khwahan
TAJIKISTAN
Chakhansur
Nimroz
Chahar Burja
Zaranj
Dishu
Reg
Garmser
Hilmand
Ghor
Reg
Shorabak
Spin Boldak
Uruzgan
Quetta
#
Zabul
Panjshir
0
Kilometers
50 100
PAKISTAN
Paktika
Surobi
Khushi
Jaji
Jaji Maydan
Jani Khel
Musa KhelSabari Bak
Dand Wa Pata
Lija Mangal
Chamkani
Sayid Karam
Gardez
Kuz Kunar
Jalal AbadKama
Surkh Rod
Qarghayi
Goshta
Badakhshan
INDIA
Lal Pur
Chaparhar
Bati Kot
Hisarak
Rodat
Sherzad
Shinwar Muhmand Dara
Khogyani
Azra
Nazyan
Pachir Wa Agam
Dur Baba
Dih Bala Achin
Khaki Jabbar
Bagrami
Puli Alam
Paktya
Khost
Geographic Projection
Datum: WGS 84
Ghazni
¯
Baghlan
Nuristan
Parwan Kapisa
Kunar
Laghman
Kabul
Wardak
Nangarhar
Logar
Samangan
Bamyan
Balkh
Day Kundi
Sari Pul
Kandahar
Panjwayi
Faryab
Jawzjan
Source:MCN - UNODC Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, 2008 (http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/crop_monitoring.html)
Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
IRAN
Farah
Hirat
Badghis
TURKMENISTAN
Ragh
Shighnan
Darqad Chah Ab
Shahri Buzur
Khamyab
Shortepa
Qarqin
Yangi Qala
Fayz Abad
Khani Chahar
Kaldar
Imam Sahib Khwaja Ghar Rustaq Fayz Abad
#
Mingajik
Andkhoy Khwaja Du Ko Mardyan Dawlat Abad Nahri Shahi
Baharak
Qalay-I- Zal
Archi
Wakhan
Taluqan
Mazar-E-Sharif
Ishkashim
Qaramqol
Kalafgan
Kunduz
Khulm
#
Chahar Dara
Aqcha
Kishim
Marmul
Bangi
Balkh
Jurm
Shibirghan Fayz Abad Chimtal
Dawlat Abad
Hazrati Sultan
Ali Abad
Chal Farkhar
Chahar Kint
Baghlani Jad
Ishkamish
Sholgara
Shirin Tagab
Sari Pul
Zebak
Aybak
Baghlan Burka
Sozma Qala
Darzab Sayyad
Warsaj
Khuram Wa Sabagh
Legend
Puli Khumri Nahrin Khost Wa Firing
Almar Khwaja Sabz Maymana
Kishindih
Kuran Wa Munjan
Planting Dates
Sangcharak
Dahana-I- Ghori
Dara-ISuf
Bargi Matal
Ghormach
Pashtun Kot Bilchiragh
No data
Andarab Hisa-I-Awali
Ruyi Du Ab
Qaysar
Balkhab
Kamdesh
Murghab
Dushi Khinjan
September
Wama
Mandol
Kohistan
Kohistanat
Tala Wa Barfak
Salang Panjsher
Muqur
Waygal Nari
October
Kahmard
Bar Kunar
Nijrab
Gulran
Pech Asad Abad
Ab Kamari
Nuristan
Kushk
November
Shibar
Yakawlang
Dangam
Jawand
Qalay-I- Naw Qadis
Bamyan Shekh AliGhorband
December
Marawara
Surkhi Parsa Dih Sabz Kohi Safi
Kushki Kuhna
Narang
Nurgal
Tagab
Kohsan
Khas Kunar
Chaghcharan
March
Hisa-I- Awali BihsudJalrez
#
Surobi Qarghayi KamaGoshta
Lal Wa Sarja
Karukh
Panjab
Chishti Shar
#
Zinda Jan Injil
Bagrami
Markazi Bihs
Nirkh Paghman
RodatJalalabad
#
October/March
Obe
Day Mirdad
Khaki JabbarHisarak
Lal
Pur
Shahrak
Pashtun Zarghun
Azra
Peshwar
Waras
Ghoryan
October/February
Chaki Wardak
Dur Baba
Day Kundi
Guzara
#
Sherzad
Achin
Jaji
Tulak
Sayd Abad Puli Alam
November/March
KhushiLija Mangal Dih Bala
Farsi
Jaghatu
Nawur
Shahristan
Charkh
Adraskan
#
Main Cities
BakJaji Maydan
Ghazni
Pasaband
Bahrami
Shah
Gardez
Ajristan
Dih Yak Zurmat
Saghar
Taywara
International boundaries
Tere Zayi
Jadran
Kijran
Malistan
Andar Mata Khan
Gizab
Provincial boundaries
ZirukSpera TaniGurbuz
Shindand
Sharan
Pur Chaman
Jaghuri Qarabagh
Giro
Khas
Uruzgan
Shahidi
Hass
Sar Hawza Urgun Gayan
Baghran
Chora
Muqur Ab Band
Anar Dara
Omna
Sarobi
Kamdesh
Hisa-I-Awali
Daychopan
Gelan
Zarghun Shah
Barmal
Khaki Safed Bala Buluk
Panjsher region
Wama
Eastern
Mandol
Dihrawud Tirin Kot
Arghandab
Gulistan
Waygal Bar Kunar Nari
Musa Qala
Hisa-I-Duwum
Dila
Pusht Rod
Shahjoy
Naw Zad
Nesh
#
Kajaki
Qalay-I-Kah
KohistanKoh Band
Gomal
Bakwa
Mizan
Farah
Nawa
Nijrab
Nuristan
Dawlat Shah
Asad Abad
Shib Koh
Shah Wali Ko
Waza Khwa
Washer
Mahmud Raqi
Qalat
Dangam
Sangin Ghorak Khakrez
Chapa Dara Pech
Bagram
Tarnak Wa Ja Shinkay
Alasay
Wor Mamay
Shamulzayi
Nahri Sarraj
Arghandab
Marawara
Lash Wa Juwa
Atghar
Khash Rod
Kohi Safi Tagab
Alingar
Alishing
Narang
# Daman
Maywand Kandahar
Chawkay Sirkanay
Nad Ali
Arghistan
Dara-I-NurNurgal
Lashkar Gah
Maruf
Dih Sabz
Mihtarlam
Naway
i
Barakzayi
Kang
Khas Kunar
UZBEKISTAN
Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, 2008: Opium planting calendar
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
Map 3: Calendar of opium poppy planting in 2008
13
14
UZBEKISTAN
PAKISTAN
Ragh
Khwahan
Shighnan
Darwaz
TAJIKISTAN
Sirkanay
Chawkay
TAJIKISTAN
Chakhansur
Nimroz
Chahar Burjak
Zaranj
Dishu
Reg
Garmser
Hilmand
Reg
Panjwayi
Shorabak
Spin Boldak
Kandahar
!
Quetta
¯
Kilometers
50 100
Geographic Projection
Datum: WGS 84
0
Source: Government of Afghanistan - National monitoring system implemented by UNODC
Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
IRAN
TURKMENISTAN
Logar
Muhammad
Agha
Jaji
Azra
Khogyani
Sherzad
Jaji Maydan
PaktyaChamkani
Dih Bala
Achin
Pachir Wa Agam
Nazyan
Dur Baba
ShinwarMuhmand Dara
Lal Pur
Goshta
Khas Kunar
Bati Kot
Kama
Rodat
Jalal
Abad
Kuz Kunar
Dara-I-NurNurgal
Chaparhar
Surkh Rod
Qarghayi
Dand Wa Patan
Hisarak
Surobi
Lija Mangal
Kabul
Mihtarlam
PAKISTAN
Eastern region
Darqad Chah Ab
Shahri Buzurg
Khamyab
Shortepa
Qarqin
Yangi Qala
Fayz Abad
Khani Chahar Bagh
Kaldar
!
Imam
Sahib
Mingajik
Khwaja GharRustaq Fayz Abad
Badakhshan
Dawlat Abad
Andkhoy
Baharak
Khwaja Du Koh Mardyan
Archi
Wakhan
Nahri Shahi
Qalay-I- Zal
Taluqan
Fayz
Abad
Kunduz
Qaramqol
Ishkashim
Jawzjan
Kunduz
Kalafgan
Mazar-E-Sharif
Takhar
Balkh !Marmul Khulm
Aqcha
Chahar Dara Khan
Kishim
Abad
Jurm
Shibirghan
Bangi
Dawlat Abad
Chimtal
Hazrati Sultan
Chal Farkhar
Chahar Kint
Baghlani JadidAli Abad
Ishkamish
Sholgara
Sari Pul
Zebak
Shirin Tagab
Baghlan Burka
Aybak
Sozma Qala
Darzab Sayyad
Warsaj
Khuram Wa Sarbagh
Khwaja Sabz PoshFaryab
Legend
Puli Khumri Nahrin Khost Wa Firing
Almar
Samangan
Maymana
Kuran Wa Munjan
Sangcharak Kishindih
Dahana-I- Ghori Baghlan
Dara-I- Suf
Bargi
Matal
Flowering Calendar
Ghormach
Pashtun KotBilchiragh
Sari Pul
AndarabHisa-I-Awali Panjsher
Ruyi Du Ab
Dushi
Qaysar
Balkhab
Murghab
Khinjan
Panjshir Mandol Wama Kamdesh
Panjsher
Kohistan
Kohistanat
Tala Wa Barfak
Salang Panjsher
NuristanWaygal Nari
Muqur
Late March
Kahmard
Bar Kunar
Ghorband Jabalussaraj
Gulran
Badghis
Nijrab
Ab
Kamari
Chaharikar
Nuristan
Kushk
Asad Abad
Early April
Shibar
Yakawlang
Parwan Bagram Kapisa Alasay
Alishing Alingar Pech KunarDangam
Jawand
Qalay-I- Naw Qadis
Guldara
Shekh
Ali
Bamyan Bamyan
Kohi Safi
Late April
Laghman NurgalNarang
Kushki Kuhna
Surkhi Parsa Dih Sabz
Chawkay
Tagab
Kohsan
Lal Wa Sarjangal
Mihtarlam
Hisa-I- Awali Bihsud Jalrez
Chaghcharan
Surobi
Early May
Kabul
!
Qarghayi Goshta Lal Pur
Karukh
Panjab
Injil
Surobi
!
Nirkh
Zinda Jan
Markazi Bihsud
Chishti Sharif
!
Nirkh Khaki Jabbar
Hirat
Late May
Hisarak RodatJalalabadMuhmand Dara
Obe
Day
Mirdad
Wardak
Pashtun Zarghun
Azra
Shahrak
HiratGuzara
NangarharShinwar
Ghoryan
Waras
Early June
Chaki Wardak
Logar JajiAzra
Dur Baba
Day Kundi
!
Puli Alam
Sherzad
Achin
Ghor
Jaji
Khushi
Baraki Barak
Tulak
Sayd Abad
Dih Bala
Late June
Lija Mangal
Peshwar
Farsi
Day KundiShahristan
Jaghatu
Nawur
Chakmani
Charkh Jani Khel
Sabari
Adraskan
Early July
Bahrami Shahid(Jaghatu) Zana Khan
GardezJani Khel
Musa Khel Bak Jaji Maydan
Pasaband
Ajristan
GhazniDih Yak
Saghar
Taywara
Paktya Nadir Shah K Khost
Main Cities
!
Kijran
Malistan
Zurmat Jadran
Gizab
Mando ZayiTere Zayi
Ghazni Andar
Provincial boundaries
ZirukSperaTani Gurbuz
Shindand
Sharan
Pur Chaman
Jaghuri Qarabagh
International boundaries
ChoraKhas Uruzgan
Giro Sar Hawza
Baghran Shahidi Hassas
Urgun Gayan
Muqur Ab Band
Anar Dara
Omna
Uruzgan
Sarobi
Andarab
Daychopan
Gelan
Kamdesh
Zarghun Shahr
Tirin Kot
Barmal
Hisa-I-Awali Panjsher
Khaki Safed Bala Buluk
Dihrawud
Arghandab
Gulistan
Musa Qala
Wama
Dila Paktika
Pusht Rod Farah
Shahjoy
Naw Zad
Nari
Nesh
!
Kajaki
Qalay-I-Kah
Salang Panjsher
Mandol
Gomal
Bakwa
Waygal Bar Kunar
Farah
Nawa
Zabul
Shib Koh
Shah Wali Kot Mizan
Waza
Khwa
Qalat
Washer
Ghorak
Sangin
Koh Band
Khakrez
Kohistan
Nijrab
Tarnak Wa Jaldak Shinkay
Wor Mamay
Shamulzayi
Nuristan
Nahri Sarraj
Chaharikar
Dawlat Shah
Asad Abad Dangam
Arghandab
Lash Wa Juwayn
Atghar
Khash Rod
Chapa
Pech
! Daman
Dara
Bagram
Maywand
Arghistan
Alasay
Nad Ali
Arghistan
Marawara
Lashkar Gah
Maruf
Alishing
Alingar
Narang
Naway i Barakzayi
Tagab
Kang
Opium poppy flowering time in 2008
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
Map 4: Expected opium poppy flowering time in 2008
Darwaz
Khwahan
TAJIKISTAN
Chahar Burjak
Zaranj
Nimroz
Chakhansur
Dishu
Reg
Garmser
Hilmand
Reg
Panjwayi
Daman
Shorabak
Spin Boldak
Qarqin
!
Quetta
Shortepa
¯
Kilometers
50 100
Geographic Projection
Datum: WGS 84
0
PAKISTAN
Source: MCN - UNODC Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assesment Survey, 2008 (http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/crop_monitoring.html)
Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
IRAN
TURKMENISTAN
Khamyab
Legend
Logar
Muhammad
Agha
Jaji
Azra
Nuristan
Khogyani
Sherzad
Kunar
Jaji Maydan
PaktyaChamkani
Achin
Nazyan
Dur Baba
ShinwarMuhmand Dara
Lal Pur
Goshta
Nangarhar
Dih Bala
Pachir Wa Agam
Sirkanay
Chawkay
Khas Kunar
Bati Kot
Kama
Rodat
Jalal
Abad
Kuz Kunar
Dara-I-NurNurgal
Chaparhar
Surkh Rod
Qarghayi
Mihtarlam
Laghman
Dand Wa Patan
Hisarak
Surobi
Lija Mangal
Kabul
Kapisa
Eastern region
Shighnan
Ragh
Darqad Chah Ab
Shahri Buzurg
Yangi Qala
Fayz Abad
Khani Chahar Bagh
Kaldar
!
Imam Sahib
Rustaq Fayz Abad
Mingajik
Dawlat Abad
Andkhoy
Baharak
Archi Khwaja Ghar
Wakhan
Khwaja Du Koh Mardyan
Nahri Shahi Balkh Qalay-I- Zal
Balkh
KunduzKunduz TakharKalafgan
Ishkashim
Qaramqol
Mazar-E-Sharif
AqchaFayz Abad
!
Khan
Taluqan
Chahar
Dara
Shibirghan
Badakshan
Kishim
Marmul Khulm
Abad Bangi
Dawlat Abad
Chimtal
Hazrati Sultan
Jurm
Jawzjan
Ali Abad
Chal Farkhar
Chahar Kint
Baghlani Jadid
Ishkamish
Sholgara
Faryab
Sari Pul
Zebak
Burka
Aybak
Baghlan
Shirin Tagab DarzabSayyad
Sozma Qala
Warsaj
Khuram Wa Sarbagh
Maymana
Nahrin Khost Wa Firing
Almar
Kuran
Wa
Munjan
Khwaja Sabz Posh
Sangcharak Kishindih Dara-I- Suf
Harvest Calendar
Dahana-I- Ghori
Bargi Matal
Ghormach
Pashtun KotBilchiragh
Samangan
Baghlan Andarab
No Data
Hisa-I-Awali Panjsher
Dushi
Ruyi Du Ab
Sari Pul
Qaysar
Murghab
Balkhab
Kamdesh
Khinjan Hisa-I-Duwumi Panjsher
Wama
Early April
Panjsher
Kohistan
Kohistanat
Badghis
Nuristan
Tala Wa Barfak
Mandol
Salang
Nari
Panjsher
Muqur
Late April
Kahmard
WaygalBar Kunar
Dawlat Shah
Gulran
Jabalussaraj
Ghorband
Nijrab
Ab Kamari
Chaharikar
Nuristan
Kushk
Asad Abad
Early May
Shibar
Yakawlang
Parwan Bagram
Kunar
Kapisa
Dangam
Jawand
Shekh Ali
Qalay-I- Naw Qadis
Guldara
Istalif Kohi SafiTagab Laghman
Late May
Pech Narang
Bamyan Bamyan
Surkhi Parsa
Kushki Kuhna
Alishing AlingarNurgalChawkay
Kohsan
Kabul Dih Sabz
Lal Wa Sarjangal
Injil
Early June
Hisa-I- Awali Bihsud Jalrez
Chaghcharan
Surobi
!
Qarghayi GoshtaLal Pur
Karukh
Paghman
Panjab
Surobi
!
Nirkh
Zinda Jan Hirat
Markazi Bihsud
Chishti Sharif
Late June
!
Nirkh Khaki Jabbar
Hirat
Jalalabad
Hisarak
Obe
Day Mirdad
Rodat
Muhmand Dara
Wardak Muhammad AghaAzra
Early July
Azra Sherzad
Guzara Pashtun Zarghun
Ghoryan
Waras
Shahrak
Chaki Wardak
Logar
KhogyaniNangarhar Dur Baba !
Day Kundi
Jaji
Ghor
Jaji
Late July
Dih Bala Achin
Tulak
Sayd AbadBaraki Barak
Uruzgan
Lija Mangal
Peshwar
Puli
Alam
Farsi
Jaghatu
Nawur
Chakmani Jaji Maydan
Provincial boundaries
Shahristan
Charkh
Adraskan
Sabari
Jani Khel
Bahrami Shahid(Jaghatu) Zana Khan
Musa Khel Bak
Pasaband
International boundaries
Ghazni Dih Yak PaktyaGardez
Tere Zayi
Ajristan
Taywara
Saghar
Nadir
Shah
K
Kijran
Khost
Malistan
Zurmat Jadran
Gizab
Mando Zayi
District Boundaries
Ghazni Andar
ZirukSpera TaniGurbuz
Shindand
Sharan
Jaghuri Qarabagh
Pur Chaman
! Main Cities
Giro Sar Hawza
Baghran Shahidi Hassas Chora Khas Uruzgan
Urgun Gayan
Muqur Ab Band
Anar Dara
Omna
Sarobi
Andarab
Daychopan
Gelan
Kamdesh
Zarghun Shahr
Tirin Kot
Barmal
Hisa-I-Awali Panjsher
Khaki Safed Bala Buluk
Dihrawud
Arghandab
Gulistan
Musa Qala
Wama
Dila
Pusht Rod
Shahjoy
Zabul
Naw Zad
Nari
Nesh
!
Paktika
Kajaki
Qalay-I-Kah
Salang Panjsher
Mandol
Bakwa
Waygal Bar Kunar
Farah
Gomal
Nawa
Qalat
Farah
Shib Koh
Shah Wali Kot Mizan
Waza Khwa
Washer
SanginGhorak
Koh Band
Khakrez
Kohistan
Nijrab
Tarnak Wa Jaldak Shinkay
Wor Mamay
Shamulzayi
Nuristan
Nahri Sarraj
Chaharikar
Dawlat Shah
Asad Abad Dangam
Arghandab
Lash Wa Juwayn
Atghar
Khash Rod
Chapa
Pech
!
Dara
Bagram
Maywand
Arghistan
Alasay
Arghistan
Kandarhar
Nad Ali
Marawara
Lashkar Gah
Maruf
Alishing
Alingar
Narang
Naway i Barakzayi
Tagab
Kang
UZBEKISTAN
Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, 2008: Expected opium poppy harvest time
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
Map 5: Expected opium poppy harvest time in 2008
15
16
IRAN
Farah
Nimroz
Hirat
Hilmand
Uruzgan
65°E
0
50 100
Paktika
Badakhshan
200
Km
70°E
PAKISTAN
Khost
Paktya
Geographic projection, Datum WGS 84
¯
Ghazni
Bamyan
Panjshir
Takhar
70°E
Nuristan
Parwan Kapisa
Kunar
Laghman
Kabul
Wardak
Nangarhar
Logar
Kunduz
Baghlan
Samangan
Balkh
Zabul
Day Kundi
Sari Pul
Kandahar
Ghor
Faryab
Jawzjan
UZBEKISTAN
Source: MCN - UNODC Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, 2008
Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
30°N
35°N
Badghis
TURKMENISTAN
65°E
Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, 2008: Dry opium price (USD/Kg)
INDIA
35°N
Provincial boundaries
30°N
International boundaries
141-146
97-131
50-88
No data
Dry opium price (USD/Kg)
Legend
TAJIKISTAN
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
Map 6: Dry opium prices at the farm-gate (US$/kg)
IRAN
Nimroz
Farah
Hirat
65°E
Faryab
Ghor
Hilmand
Badghis
TURKMENISTAN
Kunduz
Kandahar
Uruzgan
Samangan
Panjshir
Baghlan
Takhar
50
100
¯
Paktika
Km
200
70°E
PAKISTAN
Paktya
Khost
Geographic projection, Datum WGS 84
0
Ghazni
Nuristan
Parwan Kapisa
Kunar
Bamyan
Laghman
Kabul
Wardak
Nangarhar
Logar
Zabul
Day Kundi
Sari Pul
Balkh
Source: Government of Afghanistan - National monitoring system implemented by UNODC
Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
30°N
35°N
Jawzjan
UZBEKISTAN
70°E
TAJIKISTAN
Legend
Badakhshan
INDIA
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65°E
Afghanistan: Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, 2008 village sampling frame and selected villages
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
Map 7: Sampling frame and selected villages
17
18
IRAN
Farah
Nimroz
Hirat
Hilmand
Uruzgan
65°E
50 100
Paktika
Badakhshan
200
Km
70°E
PAKISTAN
Khost
Paktya
Geographic projection, Datum WGS 84
0
Ghazni
Bamyan
Panjshir
Takhar
70°E
Nuristan
Parwan Kapisa
Kunar
Laghman
Kabul
Wardak
Nangarhar
Logar
Kunduz
Baghlan
Samangan
Balkh
Zabul
Day Kundi
Sari Pul
Kandahar
Ghor
Faryab
Jawzjan
UZBEKISTAN
Source: MCN - UNODC A fgh anista n O pium Rapid Assessment Survey, 2008
Note: The bou ndaries and names shown and the designations use d o n this map do not imp ly official end orse me nt or acce ptan ce by the United Na tion s.
30°N
35°N
Badghis
TURKMENISTAN
65°E
Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey 2008: Security situation in surveyed villages
INDIA
35°N
30°N
No data
International boundaries
Provincial boundaries
Very good
Good
Poor
Very bad
Security situation
Legend
TAJIKISTAN
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
Map 8: Security situation in surveyed villages (as reported by respondents)
Nimroz
Farah
Hilmand
Ghor
125
km
250
PAKISTAN
Paktya
Khost
Kunar
TAJIKISTAN
Paktika
Kapisa
Paktya
Logar
Kabul
Parwan
Nangarhar
Kunar
Nuristan
Laghman
Khost
Panjshir
Badakhshan
District boundaries
Provincial boundaries
International boundaries
Strong increase (Above 50%)
Increase (Between 10% and 50%)
INDIA
Stable (Between -10% and 10%)
Decrease (Between 10% and 50%)
Poppy free or
Strong decrease (Above 50%)
Cultivation change
Low risk
Medium risk
High risk
Extreme risk
Security
Baghlan
Wardak
Ghazni
Bamyan
Samangan
Pesh wa r
Nuristan
Nangarhar
Jal ala ba d
Kapisa
Fa yz Aba d
Badakhshan
Laghman
Panjshir
Kabul
Logar
Paktika
Wardak
Parwan
Baghlan
Kunduz
Takhar
Geographic Projection Datum: WGS 84
0
Qu etta
Zabul
Ghazni
Samangan
Bamyan
Uruzgan
Day Kundi
Sari Pul
Kandahar
Faryab
Balkh
Maza r-E-Sh ari f
Source securi ty map : UNDSS
Source: MCN - UNODC Afg hanista n O pium Rap id A ssesment Su rvey, 2 008 (http://www.unod c.org/uno dc/en/crop_monitorin g.h tml)
Note: The bou ndarie s and names sho wn and the designations used on this ma p d o n ot imply officia l en dorsement or acceptance b y the United Nations.
IRAN
Hirat
Badghis
TURKMENISTAN
Jawzjan
UZBEKISTAN
Security map (as at 10 December 2007) Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, 2008: Expected opium poppy cultivation trends (by province)
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
Map 9: Expected cultivation trend vs. security situation (as reported by UNDSS)
19
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
2. Findings by province
NORTH-EASTERN REGION
BADAKHSHAN PROVINCE
Interviews with village headmen indicated that cultivation levels in 2008 may decrease as a result of
effective information campaigns against poppy cultivation before the 2008 cultivation season and
extensive eradication during the previous season. In 2007, opium poppy cultivation in Badakhshan
decreased by 72 per cent. ORAS results indicate a decrease in cultivation in the main poppy cultivation
areas, namely the Darayim and Argo valleys and the Faizabad, Jurm, Kishm and Baharak districts.
However, this will depend on the level of cultivation during the coming spring.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2007 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trends in 2007-2008
Cultivation level
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (US$/kg)
Governor of Badakhshan addressing ORAS
training programme for Surveryors
20
3,642
Irrigated and rain-fed
Decrease
Moderate
Autumn/spring
End of June
Good
81
Opium poppy stocks captured by CN police in
Badakhshan province
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
TAKHAR PROVINCE
Respondents in all districts reported no change in opium poppy cultivation in 2007. Takhar lies on a
major trafficking route to Tajikistan (via the Chah Ab, Yangi Qala, Darqad and Rustaq districts).
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2007 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trends in 2007-2008
Cultivation level
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (US$/kg)
1,211
Irrigated and rain-fed
Stable
Low
Autumn/spring
Mid-June
Very good
81
21
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
EASTERN REGION
NANGARHAR PROVINCE
Despite an increase of 285 per cent in opium poppy cultivation in Nangarhar province in 2007 as
compared to 2006, a sharp decrease is expected in all main opium poppy-growing districts in 2008 as a
result of the strong eradication effort in 2007 and an effective awareness campaign by the Government.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2007 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trends in 2007-2008
Cultivation level
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (US$/kg)
18,739
Irrigated
Strong decrease
Low
Autumn
Mid-April
Good
117
KUNAR PROVINCE
Respondents indicated that the poppy cultivation level in Kunar would remain low in 2008. In 2007,
cultivation decreased by 52 per cent compared to 2005. Bar Kunar, Dangam and Nari were the main
cultivation areas in 2007.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2007 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trends in 2007-2008
Cultivation level
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (US$/kg)
22
446
Irrigated and rain-fed
Decrease
Low
Autumn
Mid-April
Poor
106
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
LAGHMAN PROVINCE
Opium poppy cultivation in Laghman province is expected to decrease and remain at low levels in
2008. In 2007, Alishing and Qarghayi were the main poppy-cultivating districts, which may also show
a decrease in cultivation in 2008.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2007 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trends in 2007-2008
Cultivation level
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (US$/kg)
561
Irrigated and rain-fed
Decrease
Low
Autumn
Beginning of April
Good
110
NURISTAN PROVINCE
Nuristan province is expected to remain opium poppy-free in 2008, as in 2007. Nuristan is located at a
high elevation, and most planting, if any, will begin in mid-March. The Du Ab and Nurgaram districts
reported possible small-scale poppy cultivation in 2008.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2007 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trends in 2007-2008
Cultivation level
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (US$/kg)
0
Irrigated and rain-fed
Poppy-free
Negligible
Autumn
Beginning of April
Very poor
N/A
23
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
NORTHERN REGION
BAGHLAN PROVINCE
Cultivation in Baghlan province decreased considerably in 2007 (by 76 per cent as compared to 2006),
and may decrease further in 2008. Cultivation will remain at a low level.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2007 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trends in 2007-2008
Cultivation level
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (US$/kg)
671
Irrigated and rain-fed
Decrease
Moderate
Autumn/spring
End of May to mid-June
Very good
70
BAMYAN PROVINCE
The majority of farmers in Bamyan province prefer not to cultivate opium poppy. Bamyan is therefore
expected to maintain its poppy-free status in 2008.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2007 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trends in 2007-2008
Cultivation level
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (US$/kg)
24
0
Irrigated and rain-fed
Poppy-free
Nil
Spring
Late July
Very good
N/A
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
BALKH PROVINCE
Opium poppy cultivation decreased sharply in Balkh province from 2005 to 2006, and the province
became poppy-free in 2007. According to ORAS results, Balkh will remain poppy-free in 2008. This
trend may be attributable to successful campaigns by the Government against poppy cultivation.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2007 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trends in 2007-2008
Cultivation level
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (US$/kg)
0
Irrigated and rain-fed
Poppy-free
Nil
Autumn
End of April
Very good
N/A
25
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
FARYAB PROVINCE
Opium poppy cultivation was reported to increase from 2005 to 2006, remaining at a stable level in
2007. ORAS results suggest that cultivation in Faryab will decrease sharply in 2008; however, trends
may remain stable in the Kohistan, Qaramqol, Qaysa, Qurghan and Shirin Tagab districts.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2007 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trends in 2007-2008
Cultivation level
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (US$/kg)
2,866
Irrigated and rain-fed
Strong decrease
Moderate
Autumn
Mid-May
Very good
69
KUNDUZ PROVINCE
Kunduz province is neither a major nor a traditional opium poppy-growing region. In 2007, Kunduz
was poppy-free; no change is expected in 2008.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2007 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trends in 2007-2008
Cultivation level
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (US$/kg)
26
0
N/A
Poppy-free
Nil
Autumn
Mid-May
Good
N/A
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
JAWZJAN PROVINCE
Jawzjan province was not a significant opium poppy-growing area until 2002. From 2002 to 2006,
however, cultivation increased sharply. In 2007, cultivation decreased by 46 per cent, and a further
large decrease is expected in 2008.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2007 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trends in 2007-2008
Cultivation level
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (US$/kg)
1,085
Irrigated and rain-fed
Strong decrease
Low
Autumn and spring
Late May
Very good
N/A
SAMANGAN PROVINCE
Samangan was poppy-free in 2008. Although small-scale opium poppy cultivation was observed during
the ORAS, the province may remain poppy-free if eradication is carried out and no further cultivation
takes place during the coming spring.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2007 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trends in 2007-2008
Cultivation level
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (US$/kg)
0
Rain-fed and irrigated
Increase
Very low
Spring
End of July
Very good
50
27
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
SARI PUL PROVINCE
Opium poppy cultivation decreased dramatically in 2007, by 88 per cent compared to 2006. Little
change is expected during 2008; however, this will depend on the extent of cultivation during late
March.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2007 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trends in 2007-2008
Cultivation level
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (US$/kg)
28
260
Irrigated and rain-fed
Stable
Very low
Spring
Late June
Very good
67
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
CENTRAL REGION
GHAZNI PROVINCE
Ghazni has been poppy-free since 2006. ORAS results suggest that the province may remain poppyfree in 2008.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2007 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trends in 2007-2008
Cultivation level
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (US$/kg)
0
Irrigated
Poppy-free
Nil
Spring
Late July
Very poor
N/A
KHOST PROVINCE
In 2007, Khost was poppy-free. Although small-scale cultivation was observed during the ORAS,
results suggest that Khost may remain poppy-free in 2008.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2007 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trends in 2007-2008
Cultivation level
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (US$/kg)
0
Irrigated
Poppy-free
Nil
Spring
Late May
Poor
N/A
29
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
LOGAR PROVINCE
Most villages in Logar province do not cultivate opium poppy. This trend is not expected to change in
2008.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2007 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trends in 2007-2008
Cultivation level
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (US$/kg)
0
N/A
Poppy-free
Nil
Spring/autumn
May/June
Very good
N/A
PAKTIKA PROVINCE
Paktika province has been poppy-free since 2006; the same trend is expected in 2008.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2007 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trends in 2007-2008
Cultivation level
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (US$/kg)
30
0
N/A
Poppy-free
Nil
Spring
June
Poor
N/A
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
PAKTYA PROVINCE
Paktya province has been poppy-free since 2006; the same trend is expected in 2008.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2007 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trends in 2007-2008
Cultivation level
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (US$/kg)
0
Irrigated
Poppy-free
Nil
Spring
June
Good
N/A
PARWAN PROVINCE
Parwan was poppy-free in 2007 and is expected to maintain the same status in 2008. Opium poppy
cultivation was reported for the first time in the province in 2004 (1,310 ha). Cultivation was negligible
in 2005, and only 124 ha of poppy were cultivated in 2006.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2007 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trends in 2007-2008
Cultivation level
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (US$/kg)
0
Irrigated
Poppy-free
Nil
Spring
Late June
Good
N/A
31
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
KAPISA PROVINCE
Although Kapisa was not a major opium poppy-growing province until 2006, cultivation increased by
196 per cent in 2007. In 2008, cultivation may decrease somewhat.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2007 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trends in 2007-2008
Cultivation level
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (US$/kg)
835
Irrigated
Decrease
Low
Autumn/spring
Late May/early July
Good
N/A
WARDAK PROVINCE
Wardak has been poppy-free since 2006, and is expected to remain so in 2008.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2007 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trends in 2007-2008
Cultivation level
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (US$/kg)
0
Irrigated
Poppy-free
Nil
Autumn/spring
Late May/early July
Poor
N/A
Fields were under snow during ORAS in central zone
32
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
SOUTHERN REGION
KANDAHAR PROVINCE
Cultivation levels remained unchanged at around 12,500 ha in 2005 and 2006, but increased sharply in
2007 (by 32 percent). A further strong increase is expected in the Daman, Ghorak and Zhari districts in
2008. Cultivation in the Maruf and Maywand districts may also increase. Overall, opium poppy
cultivation in Kandahar is expected to increase in 2008.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2007 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trends in 2007-2008
Cultivation level
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (US$/kg)
16,615
Irrigated
Increase
Very high
Autumn
Beginning of May
Poor
146
Poppy farmers in Kandahar province during ORAS interview
33
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
HILMAND PROVINCE
A steep increase in opium poppy cultivation was observed in Hilmand in 2006, followed by a further
sharp increase (48 per cent) in 2007, as a result of which Hilmand accounted for 52 per cent of total
opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan in 2007. ORAS results indicate that cultivation will remain
stable in 2008. Hilmand is also the most important province in terms of heroin processing and
trafficking.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2007 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trends in 2007-2008
Cultivation level
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (US$/kg)
102,770
Irrigated
Stable
Very high
Autumn
Beginning of May
Very poor
119
All of the villages in Hilmand that were visited during the ORAS reported poppy cultivation in 2008.
URUZGAN PROVINCE
Uruzgan is one of Afghanistan’s major traditional opium poppy-growing provinces. Cultivation
increased from 4,605 ha in 2005 to 9,703 ha in 2006, but remained stable at 9,204 ha in 2007. ORAS
results indicate that there may be an increase in opium poppy cultivation in 2008.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2007 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trends in 2007-2008
Cultivation level
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (US$/kg)
34
9,204
Irrigated
Increase
Very high
Autumn
Mid-May
Very poor
102
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
ZABUL PROVINCE
The ORAS predicts no change in opium poppy cultivation in Zabul province in 2008. In 2007, poppy
cultivation in the province decreased by 50 per cent, which interrupted an increasing trend observed
since 2005. Zabul province is one of the poorest areas of Afghanistan, and a high level of migration
from the province to other areas of Afghanistan is reported.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2007 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trends in 2007-2008
Cultivation level
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (US$/kg)
1,611
Irrigated
Stable
Moderate
Autumn
Mid-May
Very poor
117
35
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
WESTERN REGION
HIRAT PROVINCE
Hirat was not a major opium poppy-growing province until 2003, but from 2003 to 2006, around 2,000
ha of opium poppy was cultivated each year. Cultivation decreased by 33 percent in 2007 and is
expected to decrease further in 2008.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2007 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trends in 2007-2008
Cultivation level
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (US$/kg)
1,525
Irrigated
Decrease
Moderate
Autumn/spring
Late May/late June
Very good
141
FARAH PROVINCE
Opium poppy has been cultivated in all districts of Farah province since 2004. Cultivation in the
province decreased sharply from 2005 to 2006, but increased in 2007 to a record level of 14,865 ha (an
increase of 92 per cent). Respondents expect a further increase in 2008. A strong increase in cultivation
has been observed in the districts of Bakwa, Bala Buluk, Farah, Khaki Safed, Pur Chaman and Pusht
Rod in particular.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2007 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trends in 2007-2008
Cultivation level
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (US$/kg)
36
14,865
Irrigated
Increase
Very high
Autumn
Early May
Poor
131
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
NIMROZ PROVINCE
Cultivation is expected to show a strong increase in 2008, particularly in the Khash Rod district. The
year 2005 was marked by a record increase in cultivation from 115 ha to 1,690 ha, and a further
increase was observed in 2006. Cultivation level has increased by a record 233 per cent in 2007.
Nimroz lies at the border with Iran and Pakistan, and is therefore one of the major trafficking provinces
for the export of Afghan opium.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2007 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trends in 2007-2008
Cultivation level
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (US$/kg)
6,507
Irrigated
Strong increase
Very high
Autumn
Mid-April
Good
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GHOR PROVINCE
ORAS results indicate an increase in cultivation in Ghor province. Agriculture in Ghor is limited to
very narrow valleys, on account of the province’s difficult terrain and harsh weather conditions. Ghor
is one of the main opium-trafficking provinces.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2007 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trends in 2007-2008
Cultivation level
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (US$/kg)
1,503
Irrigated
Increase
Moderate
Spring
Late June
Very poor
N/A
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Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
BADGHIS PROVINCE
ORAS results suggest an increase in poppy cultivation in 2008. Cultivation levels have risen since
2005, following a dramatic increase from 152 ha in 2002 to 4,219 ha in 2007.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2007 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trends in 2007-2008
Cultivation level
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (US$/kg)
4,219
Irrigated and rain-fed
Increase
High
Spring
Mid-June
Very poor
88
ORAS training in the western region
38
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
3. METHODOLOGY
The Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, including training and deployment, was conducted from 10
December 2007 to 14 January 2008 by 82 local field surveyors. It was jointly supervised by the
Ministry of Counter-Narcotics (MCN) and UNODC. The surveyors were selected on the basis of a
written test, their experience in conducting opium poppy surveys, knowledge of local customs and their
acceptance by local communities.
Sampling framework
The surveyors conducted structured interviews with the headmen of selected villages in all provinces.
A total of 469 villages in 265 districts were surveyed across all provinces.
Opium poppy cultivation is most successful at altitudes below 1,500 m, where it is significantly more
widespread than in areas of higher elevation; opium poppy cultivation above 2,500 m is comparatively
rare. In view of the uneven distribution of opium poppy cultivation at different elevations, a stratified
sampling method was used to select the sample villages. The villages in the sampling frame were
divided into three groups (strata) according to their elevation:
Group 1: Villages located at an elevation of less than 1,500 m
Group 2: Villages located at elevations between 1,500 m and 2,500 m
Group 3: Villages located at an elevation of more than 2,500 m
Villages were selected from each group using a systematic random selection technique. The total
sampling ratio was 1.5 per cent. The design and size of the sample facilitate the establishment of
cultivation trends; the sample is not designed for calculating quantitative areas or production estimates.
In addition to the sample villages, the surveyors, using their knowledge of the local situation, visited
other areas in the province to complement their assessment both of opium poppy cultivation trends and
the security situation throughout the province.
Surveyor training
Until 2006, all surveyors were provided with ORAS training in Kabul. For the 2007 and 2008 ORAS,
and as part of a capacity-building exercise for national staff, survey coordinators, coordinators of
individual provinces and regional survey assistants were trained in Kabul over a four-day period. They
in turn trained surveyors in their respective regions. The extension of survey training sessions to the
regional level is one of the milestones that have been reached in building national capacity to conduct
opium poppy surveys. Training in all regions was supervised by technical staff from ICMP, Kabul.
During the training period, a total of 82 surveyors and nine survey coordinators were trained in the use
of the survey form and survey techniques by local UNODC staff in the southern, central, eastern,
western, north-eastern and northern regions.
Data collection
Opium poppy cultivation is illegal in Afghanistan, and is considered to be forbidden under Islam.
Given the sensitive nature of the issue, data collection is difficult and can be dangerous. Surveyors are
selected from different regions of Afghanistan through a very careful selection process. UNODC and
MCN regional offices and coordinators recruit surveyors according to survey specifications and the
surveyors’ skills. Most of the surveyors selected already have experience in conducting UNODC
surveys.
Surveyors were trained in techniques for approaching local community members and conducting
interviews. Following intensive theoretical and practical training, they were deployed to the field,
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Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2008
where they interviewed headmen of villages and conducted other survey-related activities. UNODC
and MCN coordinators monitored data quality and the progress of the survey closely. Fortunately, the
surveyors did not encounter any security problems.
ORAS training in Balkh province
Farmers interview in central region
Debriefing
At the end of the survey, surveyors were debriefed by survey coordinators, reporting on their findings
in the areas they had visited and providing an assessment, inter alia, of various factors thought to
influence opium poppy cultivation; the security situation; pressure from the Government concerning
survey reports; difficulties encountered in conducting the survey; the level of control exercised by
Governors over their respective provinces; the presence of anti-Government elements and the resulting
impact on opium poppy cultivation; corruption, and; levels of opium poppy and cannabis cultivation.
Debriefing facilitates a greater understanding of opium poppy cultivation and the socio-political and
other factors that determine cultivation trends, and provides useful guidance in analysing survey data.
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