ITU Regional Standardization Forum for Africa
Livingstone, Zambia 16-18 March 2016
Session 1 :
Methods and Tools for the evaluation of
the QoS/QoE of the Fixed and Mobile
Internet
- Study Case MoroccoHassan TALIB,
Vice-Chair ITU-T SG 12, Head DCT ANRT
Talib@anrt.ma // Htalib@ties.itu.int
Plan of the presentation
•
•
•
•
Introduction: background of QoS/QoE…
The Internet service at Morocco
Evaluation of the QoS of the fixed Internet
Evaluation of the QoS of the Mobile Internet 3G and 4G
– Mobile Internet on PC
– Mobile Internet on Smartphones
– FTP or HTTP measures
•
•
•
•
Measured indicators (Definitions)
Platform of Measurement Servers
Evaluation of the QoE of the Internet
Conclusions and Recommendations
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
2
Background for the Follow-up of the
QoS/QoE at ANRT Adoption of a
Device QoE Portal: Q
oE and downloaded
applications
An international regulatory
framework (standards):
-
A national regulatory
framework:
Remits
QoS Obligations for
operators
Feedback on uses
Complaints,
Press,
Associations of
consumers,
…
-
Itu-T: Series E, G, P,
Y, QoS Handbook, ...
Regional: ETSI (series EG),
IEEE,…
The ANRT exerts a
regular monitoring
of the QoS/QoE
The field measures
(campaigns) carried out
by ANRT and QoE
measures
communication
strategy (Publication)
A benchmark of best
practices and a
technological watch
Analysis of the data
received from operators
in terms of
performance, KPIS
3
Background for the follow-up of the QoS
Establishment of a global device for
receipt of KPIS of operators: all
networks and all services
Elaboration of agreed reference
documents by all the actors
managing the field measures of the
QoS
Complete model of
operational KPI data
according to the
frequencies of fixed
sending
Mastered
outsourcing of
measures and use of
results by the
operators
4
Plan of the presentation
•
•
•
•
Introduction: background of QoS/QoE…
The Internet service at Morocco
Evaluation of the QoS of the fixed Internet
Evaluation of the QoS of the Mobile Internet 3G and 4G
– Mobile Internet on PC,
– Mobile Internet on Smartphones
– FTP or HTTP measures
•
•
•
•
Measured indicators (Definitions)
Platform of Measurement Servers
Evaluation of the QoE of the Internet
Conclusions and Recommendations
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
5
The fixed and mobile Internet Services 3G and 4G in Morocco
• Three global operators : Itissalat Al-Maghrib (Morocco
Telecom), Medi Telecom (Méditel) and Wana Corporate
(INWI):
– Fixed (national and international);
– Mobile: 2G (GSM and CDMA), 3G (UMTS and CDMA 2000) and 4G
LTE,
• Fixed Internet: ADSL and FTTX (coupled offers: Tripleplay).
• Mobile Internet: 3G (marketed since March 2007) and 4G
(marketed since June 2015).
• Internet Marketing: telecom operators (licenses) or service
providers (declarations).
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
6
The Internet service at Morocco
Mobile telephony: park and traffic
Evolution du trafic voix sortant du Mobile
Evolution du Parc et du Taux de pénétration du Mobile
50000
45000
130%
39 016
36 554
31 982
40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
52 874
150%
44 115
42 424
43 080
48 259
50 000
127,27%
110%
40 072
40 000
32 520
90%
25 311
22 816
20 029
16 005
12 393
9 337
7 333
6 198
4 776
2 852
364
0
30 000
70%
50%
20 000
11 528
9 659 10 813
30%
10 000
10%
-10%
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Parc Mobile (en Milliers)
23 315
Taux de pénétration Mobile
 The park of the mobile subscribers has
experienced a very strong evolution since
1999. The penetration rate has reached
more than 127% at the end of 2015.
4 267
14 076
5 857
0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Trafic voix sortant du Mobile (en millions de minutes)
 The traffic for outgoing voices of the
Mobile has exceeded 52 billion
minutes in 2015, registering a growth of
more than 9% compared to 2014.
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
The Internet service at Morocco
Average usage and mobile ARPM
Evolution of the average revenue per minute
Mobile (ARPM)
Evolution of the average use mobile outgoing
120
1.8
101
92
83
1.4
75
80
57
60
43
40
1.64
1.6
In HT DH/month
Minutes/month/subscriber
100
41
40
1.6
1.27
1
0.92
1.27
1.12
0.9
0.84
0.8
0.6
0.81
0.74
0.62
0.4
0.56
0.53
0.47
0.44
0.41
0.4
0.2
20
0.36
0.32
0.3
0.29
0.27
0.26
0
2008
2009
2010
2011
ARPM Global Mobile
0
2008

1.24
1.2
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
The average monthly outgoing use
per mobile client is appreciated from
43 to 101 minutes/client/month, or a
growth of almost 135% between 2008
and 2015.
2015


2012
2013
2014
2015
ARPM Mobile Postpaid
ARPM Prepaid Mobile
The ARPM "Average Revenue per Minute" Mobile
has evolved from 1.27 DHHT/min at the end of 2008
to 0.27 DHHT/min at the end of 2015 recording a
decrease of 78.7%.
For the prepaid Mobile, this indicator is about 0.26
DHHT/min while it is 0.29 DHHT/min for the Postpaid.
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
The Internet service at Morocco
The Internet: Park and penetration
16000000
14 471 10645,00%
14000000
40,00%
Distribution of Internet Park by type To access
(December 2015)
0.02%
35,00%
12000000
7.82%
9 969 023
30,00%
10000000
25,00%
8000000
5 776 173
3 957 068
6000000
4000000
3 182 116
1 866 963
1 186 923
757 453
2000000
399 720 526 080
262 324
20,00%
15,00%
10,00%
5,00%
0,00%
0
92.16%
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Parc des autres offres Internet
Parc ADSL



Parc Internet mobile
Taux de pénétration Internet
ADSL
Mobile Internet
Other Internet offerings
The Internet Park has experienced a sustained growth during the last five years.
This growth is mainly due to the development of mobile Internet offers.
On nearly 14.5 million Internet subscribers, more than 92% use the mobile connections versus
7.8% for the fixed ADSL access.
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
The Internet service At the Morocco
Invoice monthly Internet by client
Evolution of the invoice of Internet on average
180
167
160
154
157
In HT DH/month/subscriber
139
140
121
120
116
110
100
83
111
98
82
93
94
23
18
24
17
80
58
60
53
42
37
40
36
27
21
20
0
2008
2009
ADSL


2010
2011
The Global Internet
2012
2013
2014
2015
Mobile Internet
On the period 2008-2015: the monthly invoice on average per Internet subscriber has
registered a decline of 84%.
At the end of 2015, the monthly invoice on average per Internet subscriber has reached
24 DHHT/month/customer. For the mobile Internet, this invoice is about 17
DHHT/month/client while it is 94 DHHT/month/client for the ADSL.
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
The Internet service At the Morocco
International bandwidth and domain names
60000
Evolution de la bande passante Internet
500 000
450 000
450 000
412 000
450 000
50000
59,138
54,450
Evolution of the number of domain names ".ma "50,945
46,806
42,187
37,969
34,008
400 000
40000
350 000
300 000
Mb ps
266 000
29,450
25,890
22,583
19,025
30000
250 000
200 000
150 000
100 000
50 000
20000
124 400
10000
75 000
51 200
25 130
25 130
11 500
200 310 1 2407 100
9,476
5,298
3,586
674 1,998
0
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015


The international Internet Bandwidth has
stabilized at 450 000 Mbps in 2015.


The park of the domain names in " .ma" continues to grow
in reaching 59138 accounts at the end of 2015, or a
growth of almost 8.6% compared to the end of 2014.
The domain names created directly under the extension
" .ma « prevail over (89.6%).
The total number of providers".ma" is 33 at the end of
December 2015, of whom 04 were refisteredin the course
of the 4Th Quarter 2015.
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
Plan of the presentation
•
•
•
•
Introduction: background of QoS/QoE…
The Internet service at Morocco
Evaluation of the QoS of the fixed Internet
Evaluation of the QoS of the Mobile Internet 3G and 4G
– Mobile Internet on PC,
– Mobile Internet on Smartphones
– FTP or HTTP measures
•
•
•
•
Measured indicators (Definitions)
Platform of Measurement Servers
Evaluation of the QoE of the Internet
Conclusions and Recommendations
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
12
QoS of The Internet on The xDSL
 Measurement device for the
qualification and eligibility of the
xDSL line: Length, diameter of the
line (caliber ), crosstalk (telecrosstalk), LOSSES, …

Interface of the test for speed ADSL on the
site Menara : The heart of the network
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
QoS of the Internet on the xDSL
Through the device of qualification of the line we
measure the qualities of electrical transmission of
the ADSL line between the equipment of the client
and the connection point of the fixed network
(DSLAM/MSAN):
 Upward speed /Downward speed, ( Current /contractual rising and upward speeds the test device
and the DSLAM/MSAN)

Maximum Upward speed /Maximum downward speed (Maximal speed upward and
downward that can withstand the ADSL line)
 Capacity (% use) of The line upwardly and downwardly
 Estimated length of the line.
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
QoS of the Internet on the xDSL
By connecting to the Web
site Menara (measures the quality of the
ADSL Internet access between the
customer equipment and the MenaraTest
Server ):
 Actual upward speed/actual downward speed
 Latency ( deadlines) and Jitter (jitter),
 Recorded debit/theoretical and marketed debit.
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
Plan of the presentation
•
•
•
•
Introduction: background of QoS/QoE…
The Internet service at Morocco
Evaluation of the QoS of the fixed Internet
Evaluation of the QoS of the Mobile Internet 3G and 4G
– Mobile Internet on PC,
– Mobile Internet on Smartphones
– FTP or HTTP measures
•
•
•
•
Measured indicators (Definitions)
Platform of Measurement Servers
Evaluation of the QoE of the Internet
Conclusions and Recommendations
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
16
QoS of The Internet Mobile
• Methodology of the Evaluation of the Quality of
Services QoS Data for the 3G networks (UMTS or
CDMA 2000 on PC or SP ) is perfectly valid and
adapted the mobile and broadband networks:
4G ( ),
Wifi Outdoor (offloading ),…
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
17
QoS of The Internet Mobile
• Types and conditions of the QoS Measurements :
– Mobile Internet on PC: USB dongles (Prepaid Or PostPaid) on Computers for UMTS, CDMA-2000 or LTE.
– Mobile Internet on Smartphones: SIM/3G or 4G
for Subscribers on SP/tablets only for the UMTS or LTE.
– The measurements in FTP or HTTP modes: to carry out
on the files tailored for measurements (Up/Dw):
• For the networks 3G uplink: =U=1Mb and downlink=D=5MB.
• For the networks 4G Uplink: =U=250MB And Downlink=D=1GB.
18
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
QoS Of The Internet Mobile
• Types and conditions of the QoS measurements :
– Evaluation of the QoS ≠ Evaluation of the Coverage.
– Measurement should be performed only on areas
declared covered by all the relevant operators
together : Exercise of the geographic sample and the
mapping for Coverage.
– The exercise of Mapping for Coverage should be
conducted in accordance with quarter details instead of
being conducted per town.
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
19
QoS Of The Mobile Internet -Measurements Tools
• Measurement Tools (Precautions)
– Terminal Equipement (PC, SP and dongles/USB) , The
criteria sf Choices :
• Choose among the most used manufactured
models on the National market
• Providing measurement performances that do not
restrain the higher measured speed rates in any case.
For PCs(OS, firewalls, antivirus,…) and for
terminals (Twindowsize, MTU, CPU , RAM,…).
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
20
QoS Of The Internet Mobile - Tools Of The measures
• Measurement Tools (precautions)
– Profiles of subscriptions used:
• Post-paid or prepaid.
• Beware of speed Downgrading if the downloaded
volume reaches the thresholds.
• The tests on the SP must be done in forced mode 3G
or 3G/4G and not in dual (avoid confusing GPRS and
EDGE).
• For each operator (a server and a link) only one
measurement is to performed at the same time.
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
21
QoS of The Mobile Internet Mobile - MeasurementTools
• Measurement Tools
– Application of Softwares (Agents installed in the
terminals : PC and SP):
• At each data connection , the application provides information
enabling the automatic calculation of all the indicators
of QoS of the connection (level of fields, SC, failures,
success,…) as well as the GPS position.
• The application allows you to store automatically and directly
all results (indicators) in a server that centralizes the
preparation of reports required in the framework of dedicated
portal.
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
22
Plan of the presentation
•
•
•
•
Introduction: background of QoS/QoE…
The Internet service at Morocco
Evaluation of the QoS of the fixed Internet
Evaluation of the QoS of the Mobile Internet 3G and 4G
– Mobile Internet on PC,
– Mobile Internet on Smartphones
– FTP or HTTP measures
•
•
•
•
Measured indicators (Definitions)
Platform of Measurement Servers
Evaluation of the QoE of the Internet
Conclusions and Recommendations
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
23
QoS Of the mobile Internet
• For each type of measurement, what indicators are
relevant?
– Jitter, time limit, flow, losses of data,…?
– Pragmatic goals (by survey of satisfaction) pertaining to
the users experience : Measure the accessibility (rate
and time of connection), the reliability and
the speed (flow of transmission and reception).
– Transformation of these elements in ten (10) Indicators:
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
24
QoS Of The Mobile Internet
• List Of the ten (10) Measured Indicators :
– The rate of successful connections: A connection is successful if it is established
in a period of less than 1 minute. The rate of successful connections is
calculated on the basis of the set of measures carried out.
– The rate of successful connections in a period of less than 10 seconds: The rate
of successful connections in a period of less than 10 seconds is calculated on
the basis of the set of measures carried out.
– The rate of files of U Mo sent in a period of less than 2 minutes: A file is
considered sent if the file is sent in full in a DMAX deadline and if its content is
correct. The rate is calculated on the basis of the total number of files sent.
– The rate of files of Mo received within a period of less than 5 minutes: A file is
considered to be received if the file is received in full and if its content is
correct. The rate is calculated on the basis of the total number of files
downloaded.
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
25
QoS Of The Internet Mobile
• List Of the ten Measured Indicators :
– The speed of data reached for 90% of the U Mo files sent: This indicator
corresponds to the percentile to 90% of the files sent.
– The speed of data reached for 50% of U Mo files sent: This indicator
corresponds to the percentile to 50% of the files sent.
– The flow of data reached for 10% of U Mo files sent: This indicator corresponds
to the percentile to 10% of the files sent.
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
26
QoS Of The Mobile Internet
• .
List Of the ten Measured Indicators :
-The speed of data reached for 90% of the U Mo files received: This indicator
corresponds to the percentile to 90% of the files to be downloaded.
-The speed of data reached for 50% of U Mo files received: This indicator
corresponds to the percentile to 50% of the files to be downloaded.
-The flow of data reached for 10% of U Mo files received: This indicator
corresponds to the percentile to 10% of the files to be downloaded.
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
27
QoS of the Mobile Internet
• Measured Indicators:
– Important Details:
The speed for 3G or 4G networks is the one shared
between the users. The actual speed rate (operated) is
always less than the theoretical speed rate (marketed). It
is technological dimension.
But, this speed is measurable for all operators through the
same device.
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
28
QoS Of The Mobile Internet
• Additional indicator: TUDC
The Rates of use of the contractual speed (TUDC) corresponds to
the ratio between the speed used (observed) to the contractual
speed(marketed) by the relevant operator . This report is expressed
in percentage.
Débits observés/ Débits commercialisés (en %)
• An actual
Example for a
Mobile Network:
(Débit atteint par 50% des fichiers reçus)
100.00%
90.00%
80.00%
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
54.10%
48.83%
41.80%
36.23%
40.00%
39.53%
31.64%
30.00%
24.61%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
Casablanca
Rabat
Agadir
Marrakech
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
Fès
Tanger
Moyenne
nationale
29
Plan of the presentation
•
•
•
•
Introduction: background of QoS/QoE…
The Internet service at Morocco
Evaluation of the QoS of the fixed Internet
Evaluation of the QoS of the Mobile Internet 3G and 4G
– Mobile Internet on PC,
– Mobile Internet on Smartphones
– FTP or HTTP measures
•
•
•
•
Measured indicators (Definitions)
Platform of Measurement Servers
Evaluation of the QoE of the Internet
Conclusions and Recommendations
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
30
Platform Measurement Servers
• Platform Measurement Servers for the Internet QoS
for fixed or mobile networks?
– Measuring the performance of an Internet network , is
measuring the QoS of a connection through this network
between a terminal and a data server.
– Several external factors can affect one of the segments
of the path of test. Hence the controversy the results of
measures by the relevant operator .
– Options to set aside:
• Measures with a server installed abroad;
• Install the server in the operator’s premises.
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
31
Platform Measurement Servers
• Platform Measurement Servers:
– Problem: Lack of server (in the host premises), at national
level, connected to all networks at the same time by a
capacity greater than the supply of the highest speed!!!
– Solution: The design of a platform of measurement servers
in the premises of the regulator. The capacities of the links
are greater than the measured speed (example 10Mb/s for
measuring 7,2MB/s and 20Mb/s for measuring 14.4Mb/s and
120MB/s for measuring the 4G).
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
32
Platform Measurement Servers
• Platform Servers:
All files tests (U and D) are installed in each server in the platform connected by FO to
the networks of operators.
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
33
Plan of the presentation
•
•
•
•
Introduction: background of QoS/QoE…
The Internet service at Morocco
Evaluation of the QoS of the fixed Internet
Evaluation of the QoS of the Mobile Internet 3G and 4G
– Mobile Internet on PC,
– Mobile Internet on Smartphones
– FTP or HTTP measures
•
•
•
•
Measured indicators (Definitions)
Platform of Measurement Servers
Evaluation of the QoE of the Internet
Conclusions and Recommendations
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
34
Evaluation of the QoE Of the mobile Internet
The Solution enables users (Smartphones/tablet more than 40 million)
to participate in the evaluation of the QoE and download a mobile
application that will be used to forward, in a transparent way,
information and data on the QoE to the ANRT. This device should enable
us to achieve :
 The collection and the calculation of indicators of the QoE of
various services on a
continuous basis;
 The active tests of end-to-end connections;
 The supervision of QoE parameters from the premises of ANRT ;
 The Provision of the reports on QoE in a dynamic way;
 The extension for supplementing with new data or new reports.
Compliance with the three basic principles:
 Consent of users;
 Observance of the regulation of personal data;
 Transparent Application and no impact on the user ( neither on the account nor on the Device: battery or
performance).
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
Evaluation of the QoE Of the mobile Internet
The solution of the evaluation of the QoE Is
composed of the following three elements:
 Mobile Application :
It is downloadable free of charge from a
portal on the Web site of the ANRT and on
the different sites of applications at least
on App-Stores and Play-Stores and
enabling to perform automatic and
continuous
measurements
of
the QoE. Transparent Application and no
impact on the user (neither on the
account nor on the device).
 System for the collection and processing
of data (ANRT): This System is installed in
the premise of ANRT (the Data Server) and
it enables the collection and automatic
processing of the results of measures as
well as the calculation of the
QoE
indicators .
 System of Reporting (ANRT): It must include a user interface allowing the visualization of the QoE indicators as well as a powerful tool for
producing reports. The Results must be, after processing, in the form of reports Including the results of Performance per operator, the
geographical coordinates and the network parameters Including coverage (2G, 3G and 4G…), dashboards as well as graphics.
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
Evaluation of the QoE Of the mobile Internet
The Solution enables to evaluate the QoE of Mobile networks of Telecommunications in accordance
with the following services:
The QoE of the services of the 2Th Generation networks (2G) :
 The Voice 2G;
 The service of the SMS messaging;
The QoE of the services of the 3Th Generation networks (3G: UMTS/HSPA/HSPA+):
 The Voice 3G;
 The data 3G on Smartphones/tablets.
The QoE of the services of the 4Th Generation networks (4g/LTE):
 The Voice 4G (Future utilization);
 The data 4G on Smartphones/tablets.
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
Evaluation of the QoE Of the mobile Internet
Voice Service 2G, 3G and 4G:
Service Data 3G and 4G:
 Time of establishment of call
(second);
 Failure Rate (%);
 Cut-off rate (%);
 Call Duration per cut off
(minute);
 Success Rate (%);






SMS Service:
Unavailability of the network;
Time to access the service per operator and per (type
of service);
Availability of the service per operator and per (type of
service);
Identification of areas with no data coverage per
operator.
 Rates of not received SMS;
 Rate of received SMS;
 Duration of SMS receipt ;
Rate of successful connections;
Average speed in Up-Link;
Average speed in Down-Link;
Peak speed in Up-Link;
Peak speed in Down-Link;
Loading time of the Web pages.
Coverage
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
Plan of the presentation
•
•
•
•
Introduction: background of QoS/QoE…
The Internet service at Morocco
Evaluation of the QoS of the fixed Internet
Evaluation of the QoS of the Mobile Internet 3G and 4G
– Mobile Internet on PC,
– Mobile Internet on Smartphones
– FTP or HTTP measures
•
•
•
•
Measured indicators (Definitions)
Platform of Measurement Servers
Evaluation of the QoE of the Internet
Conclusions and Recommendations
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
39
Conclusions and Recommendations
• Recommendation N°1
– Permanent consultation with the operators on the
methodology at the upstream level. Adoption of a
concerted and a reference approach for the follow-up.
– Adoption of a framework (protocol) of measures for the
evaluation of the QoS/QoE.
– None of the operators is informed on the sites of the
QoS measurements QoS; nor on the period.
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
40
Conclusions and Recommendations
• Recommendation N°2
– Achieve a significant number of blank
measurements QoS/QoE , with the same tools as
those used in the actual campaigns of measures
and preferably in the presence of the
representatives of the operators concerned by the
measures (marginalize or eliminate any potential
controversy of operators).
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
41
Conclusions and Recommendations
Recommendation N°3
– The measurements for operators: positive use of
the results by the operators (use of the platform
servers for tests//financing campaigns by the
operators).
Recommendation N°4
– Release the results (comparative), adopt a
communication strategy and envisage sanctions
for defects as the last resort.
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
42
Conclusions and Recommendations
Recommendation No. 4 (continued)
– Publication of the results of measures:
The first Voice campaign
on a large sample (30 Cities
and crowded facilities
airports, tourist centers…).
1Er Quarter of the year
Communicating Results
to the operators
Timeline of 5 to 6 months for
The Correction of defects
Identified by the ANRT
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
The second similar campaign
to the first one and based on
the same sample broadly.
4Th Quarter of The Year
(Publication of
the Results and
communication)
43
Thank you for your attention
Questions/Answers
Talib@anrt.ma // Htalib@ties.itu.int
Livingstone, Zambia, 15-18 March 2016
44