N e w sl e t t e r o f t h e A mer i c a n U n i v e r si t y
S c h o o l o f I n t e r n a t i o n al S e r v i c e P h D P r o g r a m
V o l um e 3 , I s s ue 1
Fall 2015
T HE I NTERNATIONAL
DIRECTOR’S NOTE
CONTENTS
Greetings!
Featured Faculty:
Sikina Jinnah
2
Featured Alum:
Davina Durgana
3
Student Profile:
Ela Rossmiller
4
Recent Graduates
5
Student Updates
6
Alumni Updates
7
Fall PhD Colloquia
8
The Fall semester is coming to an
end, and we get to stretch our backs a
bit before going back to work. In DC
this winter is surprisingly mild so far.
While global warming is clearly a
huge threat to humanity, a little local
warming may feel quite nice.
Our students worked hard this
semester. The first year students are
slowly getting used to the demands
of the program and socialized (or
re-socialized) into the academic
environment. The second year cohort
is churning through their
concentration of choice and
beginning to think seriously about
their dissertation topics. The third
years are at different levels of
preparing to defend their
prospectuses, while also serving as
TAs for World Politics. And the Nth
year are… just dissertating. I want to
thank all of you for your hard work!
Speaking of hard work, we are expecting an unusually high number of dissertation defenses this spring and
summer. I’m excited to see all this cutting-edge research coming to fruition, and if you are around campus when
defenses are happening please come show your support and appreciation for the blood, sweat, and tears (and
probably some brain pieces as well) that went into these projects. Dissertation defenses are announced two
weeks in advance and you are sure to find some that are of interest.
But, especially for those who go the academic route, the dissertation might not be all that is required. The
academic job market of the last few years clearly signals to us that the mantra “publish or perish” that used to be
true for tenure-track faculty is invading grad school as well. That was the main theme of a panel of junior
faculty that came to discuss the job market with students getting ready to complete their dissertation: peer
review publications are increasingly a prerequisite to success in the academic job market. And our students are
taking the cue: as you will see in the “Student Updates” section, students published at least four peer-reviewed
pieces this semester, and I know there are a few more pieces in the pipeline. Many students also presented at
conferences, either single-authored papers or together with their professors. We hope and expect that the
majority of these presentations will then be revised and submitted to journal reviews.
This volume contains the profiles of the awesome Sikina Jinnah, who is the Chair of our Global Environment
field concentration; of Davina Durgana, a recent alumna, who walked across the stage this last spring; and of
current student, Ela Rossmiller, who is laboring on the final chapters of her dissertation. It also contains student
updates, alumni updates, and the calendar of the fall colloquium series.
I wish you all happy holidays and a fabulous Spring Semester!
Boaz Atzili
P age 2
V o l um e 3 , I s s ue 1
F E AT U R E D F AC U LT Y : S I K I N A J I N N A H
Dr. Sikina Jinnah is an Assistant Professor of International Relations at the School of International
Service, where she teaches within the Global Environmental Politics Program. Her research focuses on
the shifting locations of power and influence in global environmental governance, and in particular the
role of transnational actors in environmental decision-making. She is the author of a recent book, " Posttreaty Politics: Secretariat Influence in Global Environmental Governance," MIT Press 2014, as well as a
forthcoming book (with Simon Nicholson), " New Earth Politics: Essays from the Anthropocene" (MIT
Press, forthcoming 2016). Dr. Jinnah's research has also been published in several scholarly journals,
including: Global Environmental Politics, the Journal of Environment and Development, Environmental
Research Letters, Berkeley Journal of International Law Publicist, Georgetown International
Environmental Law Review, and Science.
Prior to coming to SIS she was a Postdoctoral Fellow at Brown University’s Watson Institute for
International Studies. Dr. Jinnah was also formerly a consultant for the International Institute for
Sustainable Development (IISD), where she reported on CITES and UNFCCC processes for IISD's Earth
Negotiations Bulletin. She also serves on the editorial board for the journal Global Environmental
Politics. She holds a PhD in Environmental Science, Policy and Management from U.C. Berkeley, and MS
in Environmental Studies from University of Montana, Missoula, and a BA in Environmental Science from
U.C. Berkeley.
What interested you in International
Relations?
I work in the interdisciplinary field of Global
Environmental Politics. Although my work
speaks to IR audiences in its focus on
international organizations and shifting
locations of power and agency, I am
specifically interested in issues surrounding
international environmental affairs and deploy
methods and theories from a variety of
disciplines to conduct my research.
Tell us a bit about your research and/or any
interesting projects you’d like to share
My first book, Post-treaty Politics (MIT Press)
is about secretariats—the administrative arms
of international treaties. It argues that although
secretariats are often assumed simply to do the
bidding of member states, they can actually
play an important role in world politics. On
paper, secretariats collect information,
communicate with state actors, and coordinate
diplomatic activity. In practice, they do much
more. They can influence the allocation of
resources, structures of interstate cooperation,
and the power relationships between states.
I am delighted to report that this book will
receive the International Studies Association’s
2016 Sprout prize for best book in International
Environmental Affairs.
path for me. I started my path as an ecologist,
however, and thought for many years that I’d
go into academic research in that field. I
discovered the social sciences as an MA
student, where in my first political science class
I have a second book, co-edited with SIS
we read John Gaventa’s book, Power and
Professor Simon Nicholson, forthcoming in
Powerlessness. This book changed the way I
2016 also with MIT Press. This volume
saw the world and shifted me onto path of
assembles prominent scholars and practitioners multidisciplinary social scientific research.
in the field of global environmental politics to
consider the ecological and political realities of What makes SIS a good place to study IR?
life on the New Earth. Our intention in
introducing the “New Earth” metaphor as an
There are so many reasons to study
organizing tool for the present volume was to
international affairs here. The diverse
provide our contributors the freedom to connect multidisciplinary make-up of our faculty is a
their prior work to the emerging Anthropocene big advantage over programs that only expose
literature, and to explore the changing nature of students to the tools and ideas of international
global environmental politics without being
relations alone. Our location in Washington
tethered to the terminological debates that
DC, a hub of international political debate, is
currently characterize Anthropocene studies.
also a major asset of the program. That so many
We asked contributors to give particular
of our faculty focus on the most pressing social
thought to the relationship between traditional justice issues of our time is also something that
scholarly activities and the practical work of
sets us apart from other schools working in
generating social and political change. The
similar domains.
resulting essays range from meditations on the
social and political drivers of environmental
What advice do you have for those considerharm to musings on the state of environmental ing a PhD at SIS? For current SIS PhD stupedagogy, from analysis of the links between
dents?
the environment and geopolitics to cutting-edge
thinking about the future of environmental
Prospective and current students are justifiably
social movements, and from insights on the
concerned about how long it will take them to
struggle to build more appropriate international finish a PhD at SIS. The opportunity costs are
environmental institutions to examinations of
high. I understand that. However, rather than
the imperative to craft more compelling
trying to place out of requirements (etc.), I
narratives in the service of global
would urge students to focus on allowing time
environmental action.
to train for and conduct high quality research.
The benefits of an unrushed approach to this
type of research will return many-fold in your
Did you always want to work in academia?
How did you choose your career path?
long-term career path.
I examine secretariat influence through the
lens of overlap management in environmental
governance—how secretariats help to manage
the dense interplay of issues, rules, and norms
between international treaty regimes. Through
four case studies, I show that secretariats can
draw on their unique networks and expertise to
handle the challenges of overlap management.
Ultimately, I argue that, even when modest,
secretariat influence matters because it can
establish a path-dependent dynamic that
continues to guide state behavior even after
I don’t know about “always” but I’ve known
secretariat influence has waned.
for a long time that this was a desirable career
P age 3
V o l um e 3 , I s s ue 1
ALUMNA PROFILE:
D AV I N A D U RG A N A
Durgana with her dissertation chair,
Professor Joseph Young, at SIS
Commencement in Spring 2015.
Davina Durgana is 2015 graduate of the School of International Service PhD Program. Her
dissertation was titled “Correlates of Trafficking: Measuring the Human Insecurity of
Vulnerable Minors to Human Trafficking in the United States.” She is currently Principal/
CEO of Durgana Human Rights Consultancy.
Why did you become interested in the field
of International Studies?
What have you been doing since graduating
from SIS?
I first became interested in the field of
International Studies largely due to the
significant amount of traveling I did as a
young person. I was part of a program called
People to People Student Ambassadors for
five years as a young teenager and traveled
with them and participated in cultural
immersion programs in Italy, Austria,
Switzerland, France, Greece, England,
Australia, and South Africa before I was 14
years old. I really valued how my life
perspectives changed with each trip and I
became curious about what drove these
significant cultural changes for each country
and region within the country. I was also
interested in human trafficking policy and
eradication efforts from my first year of
undergraduate education at George
Washington University’s Elliott School of
International Affairs and I knew that I would
continue to work and study international
relations and human rights in the Washington,
D.C. area from that point on.
Since graduating from SIS, I renegotiated my
existing short-term work contracts into longterm contracts in order to create a one-person
consulting firm. I also teach with World
Learning’s School of International Training
Graduate Institute (SIT) based in Washington,
D.C.
Tell us a bit about your experience at SIS.
How did it help prepare you for life postgraduation?
program of many of our Professors such as Dr.
Sharon K. Weiner, Dr. Boaz Atzili, Dr. Loubna
Skalli-Hanna, Dr. Matthew Taylor, Dr. Stephen
Silvia, Dr. Carolyn Gallaher, and Dr. Holger
Schmidt, among many others, continue to exemplify the ways in which I hope to influence
and touch the lives of the students and
professionals around me.
What advice would you have for those
considering attending SIS and/or for current
SIS PhD Students?
I truly believe that SIS is a unique program that
affords many opportunities to its students.
Many aspects of my experience at SIS prepared However, as with all opportunities, you have to
me well for life post-graduation. I received
find a way to advocate for yourself and to keep
multiple teaching appointments over the
your interests and passions at the center of your
summers through the NSLC program and
work. It might be tempting to forgo work
participated in the Greenberg Teaching
opportunities in the interest of exclusively
Seminars. These professional teaching
focusing on your academic work, but for me,
opportunities continue to assist me significantly balancing the two areas has only enriched the
in my role as a Professor with SIT. I also took quality of both. Gaining professional work
advantage of an Online Teaching Certification experience in the field in which you hope to
program offered by the Center for Teaching
enter as you develop your dissertation research
and Learning (CTRL), which will be infinitely focus is critically important as you will have an
useful to me as I attempt to hybridize some of opportunity to use your dissertation focus as a
my courses. A lot of the conference and
Why did you choose to attend SIS?
justification for your ultimate niche fit in your
professional development funding
field. (Cont. on page 4)
I chose to attend the School of International
opportunities I received also allowed me to
Service because of the uniquely
gain greater exposure to the many academics
multidisciplinary way that we approach the
and professionals in my field, with whom I
study of international relations. In contrast to
work closely on multiple projects and
many other, potentially more rigid U.S. PhD
initiatives now. My wonderful experiences as a
programs, the AU SIS PhD program is much
Research Assistant for Dr. Randolph B.
more aligned with the way my Masters
Persaud greatly informs my own
programs in Paris, France approached the
responsibilities now as a mentor and Graduate
study of International Relations. The
Student Advisor. Additionally, working closely
integration of many more disciplines and
with Dr. Joseph K. Young was a transformative
approaches are accepted and celebrated,
experience. Dr. Young singlehandedly changed
whereas in other programs their inclusion may how I viewed academics and our potential to
not even be tolerated. Additionally, with a
engage meaningfully in the practitioner space.
focus on quantitative modeling and human
He also emphasized the critical importance of
trafficking, I required a program that could
remaining active within academia despite
appreciate and support those interests without practitioner work, which is another piece of
forcing me to fit a predefined scope of what
advice that I have assimilated into my daily
was an appropriate interest area or research
professional life. Finally, the dedication and
project.
personal commitment to my success in our
P age 4
V o l um e 3 , I s s ue 1
S TUDENT PROFILE:
ELA ROSSMILLER
Ela Rossmiller is a 6th year PhD candidate at the School of International
Service. She studies the construction of state-sponsored memory regimes
following political transformations. She is interested in memory work,
historical justice, political transformations in Central and Eastern Europe,
apology diplomacy, memory as an international export and tool for nationbranding, and political discourse. She was recently awarded a fellowship
from the Polish Ministry of Education's Bureau for Academic Recognition
and International Exchange. Her dissertation title is "Remembering Martial
Law in Poland: Legal Frames of Memory."
What was your background before coming
to SIS?
SIS! My graduate courses at SIS were more
rigorous than my graduate courses at Harvard.
Professors are accessible, helpful, and very
I worked in the field of international education diverse in their research interests and methods.
for a number of years at various universities
Students are engaged and involved. My
and non-profit organizations. I did everything classmates are supportive and collegial. Every
one could do without a PhD.
day, I meet someone who inspires me.
Please describe your research.
What interested you in International Relations?
My dissertation explores official public
memory concerning martial law in Poland. The
I want to know what happens after political
meaning of martial law in the broader context
violence and regime changes. After the dust
of Polish history is complex and linked to narsettles, how do people make sense of the past ratives of the geopolitics of the Cold War, the
and its relation to the present? How do new
communist past, the transition to democracy,
regimes establish official public memories of and the nature of the Third
former regimes?
Republic.
What brought you to SIS? What are the
highlights of your SIS experience so far?
I came to SIS for the freedom to study what I
want the way I want. I love everything about
interested in pursuing a similar fellowship in
the future, please share.
The fellowship offers a monthly stipend to
cover living expenses in Poland. My advice to
students is to be persistent. I received more
rejection letters than awards, so persistence and
a positive attitude are key.
What do you hope to do when you finish the
program?
I would like to turn my dissertation into a book
while teaching in an international studies
program.
You were recently awarded a prestigious
fellowship from the Polish Ministry of
Education. Please tell a bit more about this
award and how you intend to use it. If you
have advice for others who might be
D U RG A N A , C O N T .
(Cont. from page 3)
What plans do you have for the future
(upcoming research, etc.)?
I am currently pursuing multiple methods of
assimilating my dissertation model for larger
scopes and purposes within the human
trafficking field domestically and
internationally. I am pursuing a NICHD
innovation grant opportunity to adapt my model
specifically for use in the public health field. I
have managed to integrate the focus I have on
human security theory into my work on the
Global Slavery Index and hope to see that in
the next iteration of the Index. I have also
been appointed Lead Faculty on a new
Master’s certificate program in partnership
with the Institute for Inclusive Security and
SIT that launches in summer 2016. This
program will provide a dual focus on the
principles of Inclusive and Human Security
theory for mid-level to senior policymakers
in the international development space, and
will supplant part of my existing teaching
obligations. I am also working closely with
Walk Free Foundation and many other
organizations to ameliorate the human
trafficking estimates for the United States in
particular as a model of developed countries.
S P R I N G 2 01 5 G R A D UAT E S
Davina Durgana (Spring 2015)
Dissertation: Correlates of Trafficking: Measuring the Human Insecurity of Vulnerable Minors to Human Trafficking in the United States
Committee: Joe Young (Chair); Randolph Persaud; Loubna Skalli-Hanna; Monti Datta (Univ of Richmond)
Sheherazade Jafari (Spring 2015)
Dissertation: Bridging the Secular-Religious Divide within Transnational Women's Movements? Western-Muslim Partnerships for Women's Rights
Committee: Abdul Aziz Said (Chair); Ann Tickner; Julie Mertus
Namalie Jayasinghe (Spring 2015)
Dissertation: The Gendered Impact of Natural Disasters: Cross-Level Analysis of Vulnerability and Resiliency
Committee: Vidya Samarasinghe (Chair); Ken Conca; Garrett Graddy
Nicholas Smith (Spring 2015)
Dissertation: Why Variance Matters: A Mixed-Methods Approach to Microcredit Impact Evaluation
Committee: Vidyamali Samarasinghe (Chair); Paul Winters (Econ.); David Hirschmann; Michael Goldberg (World Bank)
T he I n te r n a ti o n a l
P age 6
S T U D E N T U P DAT E S
Brandon Brockmyer co-authored a report
“Assessing The Evidence: The Effectiveness
And Impact Of Public-Governance-Oriented
Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives” for the
Transparency & Accountability Initiative in
London.
Brandon was also a featured speaker at the
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
roundtable, "Assessing the Effectiveness of
Public Sector Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives."
deRaismes Combes presented two papers at
the International Studies Association
Northeast Conference: “Body and Soul:
Securing the Self in an Age of Terror,” and
“Across the Alienation: Green Day’s
American Idiot and the False Messiah of
Post-9/11 America.”
deRaismes was awarded a Summer
Alternative Research Methods Grant by
American University to attend Gregynog
Ideas Lab IV, a summer methods and theory
program at Aberystwyth University, Wales.
Emma Fawcett published her piece “Haiti
and Dominican Republic: No Detente in
Sight” on the American University Center
for Latin American and Latino Studies’
AULA Blog.
Emma also gave several recent conference
presentations, including "A Banker's Fantasy
and Oro por Espejitos: Development
Outcomes in Cancun and Punta Cana" at the
Tourism and International Development
Colloquium at George Washington
University, "Inclusive Growth Through Mass
Tourism: Lessons Learned in Punta Cana" at
the International Conference on Sustainable
Development at Columbia University,
"Tourism and the Caribbean Developmental
State" Invited at the Universidad del Caribe,
and "Tourism Promotion and Poverty
Reduction in the Dominican Republic and
Haiti" at the annual meeting of the Latin
American Studies Association.
Alice Friend co-authored a piece "Why
Obama is Right to Visit Ethiopia" for The
American Interest.
Alice was also selected as a Council on Foreign Relations Term Member for a period of
five years.
Suzanne Ghais presented her work “Trends
in Armed Conflict and Peacemaking” on two
occasions, once for the American Red Cross
of Colorado and again for the Evergreen
Pathfinders leadership club.
Jiajie He presented her paper “Native Mold and
Foreign Model: the Making of China’s
Nationalities Policy” at the International Studies
Association Global South Caucus Conference.
Jiajie was also awarded the Samuel L. Sharp
Memorial Prize for Creative Work in
International Relations at the Graduate Level by
the School of International Service, American
University.
Anne Kantel published her piece (co-authored
with Prof. Boaz Atzili) "Accepting the
Unacceptable: Lessons from West Germany's
Changing Border Politics" in International
Studies Review, which was awarded the 2015 A.
Leroy Bennett Award by the International
Studies Association.
Anne was also awarded an International Studies
Association 2015 Travel Grant as well as a
grant by American University to attend The
Institute for Qualitative and Multi-Method
Research Summer School in June 2015 at
Syracuse University.
Abby Lindsay co-authored (with Prof. Sikina
Jinnah) the piece “Secretariat Influence on
Overlap Management Politics in North
America: NAFTA and the Commission for
Environmental Cooperation” which was
published in the Review of Policy Research.
Abby presented her paper “Environmental
Norm Diffusion through Trade Agreements: A
New Wave of Environmental Conditionality” at
the Association for Environmental Science and
Studies Conference. She also served as
Conference Session Organizer and Facilitator
for three panels at that conference:
“International and domestic policy linkages:
environmental impacts,” “Advancing
Environmental Research with Q Methodology,”
and Conference Session Organizer and
Facilitator, “Debating Carbon Offsets.”
Christoff Luehrs co-authored "Annex A: The
Human and Financial Costs of Operations in
Afghanistan and Iraq" in National Defense
University Press book, Lessons Encountered:
Learning from the Long War, edited by Richard
D. Hooker Jr. and Joseph J. Collins.
Balazs Martonffy gave his presentation "At an
Eastern Crossroads: Where does NATO’s
Future Lie?" for the Young Professional in
International Affairs.
Balazs’s piece "Europe's Migration Crisis May
Have Spillover Effects for NATO" was
‘published at Atlantic Community. He also coauthored the Atlantic Council's NATO Young
Professional's Report.
Rachel Nadelman presented her paper "Sitting
on a Gold Mine: The Unlikely Coalition That
Halted Corporate Metals-Mining in El
Salvador" at the Society for Applied
Anthropology Annual Meeting. She was also
roundtable participant on the panel "Extraction:
Impacts, Engagements, And Alternative
Futures" at that conference.
Yelena Osipova co-authored the Center on
Global Interests’ Beyond Cold War Thinking:
Young Perspectives on U.S.-Russia Relations,
which included her chapter “U.S.-Russia
Relations in the Context of Cold War 2.0:
Attitudes, Approaches, and the Potential of
Public Diplomacy.”
Yelena also presented on a panel "Young
Perspectives on U.S. – Russia Relations with
Angela Stent" at the Center For Global
Interests.
Chayanit Poonyarat presented her paper
"Building a "Buddhist State": Explaining
Variations in Nation-building Policy in
Thailand, 1850s-1960s" at the book workshop:
"Towards a Buddhist Understanding of
Religious Minority Rights" organized by the
Buddhist Federation of Norway and the
Norwegian Centre for Human Rights,
University of Oslo.
Chayanit also published her piece “The Fight
in Patani of 'Wan Kadir'” (in Thai) with the
Deep Books Publishing Project.
Ela Rossmiller was awarded the Polish
Ministry of Education's Bureau for Academic
Recognition and International Exchange
(BUWiWM).
Ela published a review of Evoking Polish
Memory: State, Self and the Communist Past in
Transition byAnna Witeska-Młynarczyk with
Pol-Int.
T he I n te r n a ti o n a l
P age 7
S T U D E N T U P DAT E S , C O N T .
Tim Seidel presented his paper “The Claims
of Modernity: Liberal Peace, Sacred Violence,
and State Sovereignty ”at the International
Studies Association Northeast Conference. He
also served as Organizer and Participant on the
Roundtable “Reflecting on the Potential for
Transnational Solidarity” at that conference.
Tim presented his paper “‘Occupied Territory
Is Occupied Territory’: James Baldwin,
Palestine, and the Possibilities of
Transnational Solidarity” at the Peace and
Justice Studies Association Conference.
for fieldwork in Palestine-Israel, as well a
Doctoral Student Research Award for
fieldwork in Palestine-Israel from American
University.
Tim will begin in January 2016 as Assistant
Professor of International Development at
Eastern Mennonite University in
Pennsylvania.
Di Wu published her piece "Assessing
Resource Transactions in Partnership Networks: US 100,000 Strong Network of Public
Diplomacy" in Public Relations Review.
Di presented three papers at the International
Communication Association Conference:
"Partnership Networks For Public Diplomacy:
Power Differential and Resource Transaction
in the 100,000 Strong Network,” "Building
Guanxi in Cultural Diplomacy: An Intercultural Communication Analysis of China’s Confucius Institute Initiative,” and "Evaluating China’s Public Diplomacy on Twitter: A Social
Network Approach.”
Tim was awarded a Randall Research
Scholarship from Nonviolence International
A L U M N I U P DAT E S
Sebastian Bitar (’14) published his book, US
Military Bases, Quasi-bases, and Domestic
Politics in Latin America, with Palgrave
MacMillan in 2015.
Tom Long (’13) will start as a permanent
lecturer in IR at the University of Reading
(UK) in January 2016. His first book Latin
America Confronts the United States:
Asymmetry and Influence was recently
published by Cambridge University Press. His
article "Soft Balancing in the Americas," with
Max Paul Friedman, was published in
International Security.
Nancy Snow (‘92) has been appointed Pax
Mundi Professor of Public Diplomacy, Kyoto
University of Foreign Studies, in Japan. Snow
is Professor Emeritus of Communications at
California State University, Fullerton. Snow
was a two-time Fulbright recipient (Germany,
Japan) and was Visiting Professor and Abe
Fellow at Keio University (2013-2015).
Yahia Zoubir (’85) recently published his book
North African Politics: Change and Continuity
co-authored with Greg White. He also coauthored an article with Degang Sun: “China’s
Economic Diplomacy towards the Arab Countries: Challenges Ahead?” in the Journal of
Contemporary China, Vol. 24, No. 95
(September 2015).
If you have updates you would like to share with the SIS community in an
upcoming newsletter, please send them to Kasey Neil at kneil@american.edu.
SIS FALL COLLOQUIUM SERIES
Date
Presenter
Title
September 9
Rachel Nadelman
Saying no to the Latin American “Extractive Imperative”:
Is El Salvador a Model for an Alternative Future?
October 7
Maria de-Jesus
Global Health and Multicultural Perspectives
October 14
deRaismes Combes
Know Thyself:
Mapping Ontological and Physical Security onto Identity
October 21
Emma Fawcett
Inclusive Growth through Mass Tourism:
Lessons Learned in Punta Cana
November 4
Miles Kahler
Building Global Influence on a Regional Base:
Emerging Economies and their Strategies
November 18
Ji-Young Lee and
Eleni Ekmektsioglou
US Missile Defense and Asian Security
December 2
Austin Hart
Access to Water Improves Education Among Boys but not Girls:
Evidence from Tanzania and Uganda