International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 18 Number 4 Dec 2014
Heuristic Solution for Cluster-Based Wireless Sensor Network Design
Problem
Reshma Jayesh Rasal1, Prof. Pankaj R. Chandre2,
1
Computer Engineering, SPCOE, Otur, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
Computer Engineering, SPCOE, Otur, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
2
Abstract— Wireless sensor networks provide the facility for
collecting diverse types of data at frequent intervals, even
multiple times per second and over large areas. WSNs allowing
ecologists and field biologists to engage in intensive, expansive
sampling and collect new types of data without any problem.
Wireless sensor networks have extending current capabilities
and will allow researchers to conduct studies that are not feasible
now. Typically, sensors have limited energy (e.g., an on-board
battery) and are subject to the elements in the terrain. Network
operations largely involve periodically changing decisions of
network flow to extend the network lifetime which remotely
managed for retrieving the collected data by a user through
internet. This paper study the cluster based data gathering
problem related to an integrated topology control and routing in
WSNs. To improve the network lifetime by efficiently using the
limited energy at the sensors, this proposed system choose an
option of hierarchical network structure with multiple sinks at
which the data collected by the sensors are gathered through the
clusterheads(CHs).
The proposed system consider a mixed-integer linear
programming (MILP) model to optimally determine the sink and
CH locations as well as the data flow in the network. This model
effectively utilizes both the position and energy-level aspects of
the sensors while selecting the CHs and avoid the highest-energy
sensors that are well-positioned sensors with respect to sinks
being selected as CHs repeatedly in successive periods. The
current work focuses on the development of an effective Benders
decomposition (BD) approach that incorporates an upper bound
heuristic algorithm, strengthened cuts, and an -optimal
framework for accelerated convergence for MILP model.
Computational evidence demonstrates the efficiency of the BD
approach and the heuristic in terms of solution quality and time.
Keywords— Benders decomposition (BD), network design,
wireless sensor networks (WSNs).
I. INTRODUCTION
Wireless sensor networks have been used in various
fields like schools, colleges, battle fields,
surveillance etc. It has been used in our daily life.
Its requirements are increasing day by day. Sensor
node normally senses the physical event from the
environment. Wireless sensor network (WSN) has
come in existence as a solution to many problems
where human intervention becomes difficult. The
rapid advances in wireless networking, embedded
microprocessors,
integrated
micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), and nanotechnology
have enabled the development of low-cost, low-
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power, and multifunctional sensors [10], [18].
Sensors are very small in size and are capable of
sensing, data processing, communicating with each
other or with the data sinks. Sensor nodes are
connected with each other through wireless medium
such as infrared or radio waves it depends on
applications. Internal memory is associated with
each sensor node to store the information of its
related event packets. A group of sensors
communicating in a wireless medium form a
wireless sensor network for the purpose of
gathering data and transmitting it to a user (sinks).
The main purpose of the WSN is to monitor and
collect data by the sensors and then transmit this
data to the sinks. Clustering is a key technique used
to extend the lifetime of a sensor network by
reducing energy consumption. Scalability of
network increases with the help of clustering
techniques.
Tilak et al. [17] categorize WSNs as event-driven,
time-driven, sink-initiated and hybrid in terms of
data delivery scheme. In the time-driven model, the
sensors sense their data continuously at a prespecified rate and send it to the sink periodically.
For event-driven and sink-initiated models, sensors
report to the sinks only when a certain event occurs
or when a request is initiated by the sink. They are
well suited to time-critical applications. A hybrid
model is defined as a combination of the above
methods.
This paper considers time-driven sensor network
applications such as environmental sensor networks
for monitoring ecological habitats. WSN gives a
great opportunity for monitoring ecology that was
not possible before due to the remoteness of areas
of interest and/or infeasibility of in-person
attendance in data collection. Use of WSNs does
not only make eco-monitoring possible, but also
facilitates more frequent data collection [7]. In
addition, as habitat monitoring can be very sensitive
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to human presence, an unattended WSN provides a
non-invasive approach to obtain real-time
environmental data.
The network operations of general framework of
WSN of our interest can be outlined as follows.
Initially, a set of sensors, which are equipped with
limited energy resource (e.g., battery) as well as
sensing,
processing,
and
communication
capabilities, is deployed in a geographical region.
Data collected by the sensors are forwarded to
specially designated sensors, called clusterheads
(CHs), which conduct some processing to aggregate
their received data. CHs then forward the data to
specific locations, called sinks, either directly or
through other CHs. In this underlying setting which
is depicted in Fig. 1, design of the network refers to
the determination of CH and sink locations, while
the operation decisions refer to the routing of data
from the sensors to the sinks in that network.
deployment. Topology control and routing are two
fundamental problems in effective design and
operation of WSNs. The close relationship between
these decisions and their relation to network
lifetime are especially underlined by the WSNspecific design include energy efficiency and
computation–communication trade-off. Energy
efficiency is a major concern since each sensor has
finite and non-renewable energy resource.
Communication computation trade-off refers to the
fact that communication consumes more energy
than performing computations on board sensor.
This is critical as it relates to the energy efficiency.
Although the direct communication of a sensor with
a sink is suitable for the whole network, this is
practically impossible or may require excessive
energy may the network lifetime get reduced.
Therefore, routing schemes where the data size is
decreased by in-network data aggregation where
energy is used for computation rather than
communication along the paths from sensors to a
sink (user) are usually preferred.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
Fig. 1. Sample network, data flow, and notation.
In many applications of WSNs network lifetime is
one of the main concerns in network design and
operation. Sensor redeployments may be needed
due to several reasons, e.g., having less than a
critical number of operational sensors with enough
remaining energy in the network. Typically, the
lifetime is assumed to be divided into periods of
uniform length. For each period, network design
and operations decisions are made in a way that the
number of periods in a deployment cycle is
maximized.
Consequently, the network lifetime is defined as
the number of periods that can be achieved with a
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Clustering of sensors has been shown effectiveness
in improving sensor network lifetime in the
literature. The principle is to organize WSNs into a
set of clusters, and within each cluster, sensors
transmit the collected data to their CHs. Each CH
collects its received data and forwards it to the sink
either directly or via relaying through other CHs.
This is beneficial in three ways in terms of energy
efficiency such as1) Hierarchical structure provides facility to
eliminate the quick energy drainage at the sensors
that are away from the sink by a multi hop sensorto-sink data transfer scheme;
2) To reduce data redundancy the data aggregation
is performed at the CHs so that energy in savings
communications are realized;
3) At frequent intervals reclustering can balance the
energy consumption by reassigning the CHs and the
sinks and adjusting the routing in the network.
This paper discusses the works that are more
closely related to this research in the context of
network topology and data routing.
Heinzelman et al. [18] develop a data aggregating
cluster-based routing protocol Low Energy
Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH). In
LEACH, they assume a single-hop CH-to-sink
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 18 Number 4 Dec 2014
connection and adopt the randomized rotation of
CHs to ensure balanced energy consumption. But
such assumptions may not guarantee network
connectivity.
Younis and Fahmy et al. [14] propose a hybrid
energy-efficient distributed clustering routing
(HEED)
protocol
where
the
CHs
are
probabilistically selected based on their remaining
energy and the sensors join clusters such that the
communication cost is minimized. HEED assumes
a multihop connection between the CHs and to the
sink and assumes all nodes are of same important.
Liu et al. [8] suggest a distributed energy-efficient
protocol EAP for the general setting.
In EAP, each CH is probabilistically selected
based on its ratio of the remaining energy to the
average remaining energy of all the adjacent
sensors within its cluster range. This is in contrast
to HEED that only selects CHs based on a sensors’
own remaining energy. For further improvement in
network lifetime, EAP introduces the idea of
―intracluster coverage‖ that allows a partial set of
sensors to be active within clusters while
maintaining an expected coverage.
Specifically, in a multihop cluster-based WSN,
the CHs closer to the sink may have quick drainage
due to their heavy load in forwarding data to the
sink. It notes that most of the above-mentioned
studies do not explicitly take this factor into
account. To ensure balanced energy consumption,
there are some studies, that consider an unequal
cluster-based routing scheme, i.e., CHs closer to the
sink have smaller cluster sizes than those farther
from the sink [2].
In contrast to the above studies that adopt
localized and/or protocol-based methods, Al-Karaki
et al. [9] present a mathematical formulation by
jointly considering the cluster-based routing
problem with application-specific data aggregation.
Al-Turjman et al. [5] propose a mixed integer linear
program (MILP) with the objective of minimizing
the total network energy consumption while
including
constraints
on
fault
tolerance
simultaneously. In that study, sensors are assumed
to forward their data to the sink through specific
relay nodes that are equipped with higher energy
sources. In [15], a routing problem is considered for
networks with flat topologies.
For this, a linear programming approach is
suggested to maximize the data flow per period. In
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another study, with similar assumptions but without
considering data aggregation, a multi commodity
flow approach is provided to maximize lifetime
with the use of multiple sinks in a WSN [13].
Luo and Hubaux address a routing problem with
sink mobility to improve network lifetime. Efficient
approximation algorithms for generation of
multihop routing trees (single sink) and forests
(multiple sinks) are provided. However, in these
studies, flat-routing structures without any CHs or
aggregation are considered.
This proposed system has the following
observations:
1) Most of the studies in the clustered sensor
network adopt a localized method to select and vary
CHs over the periods. Such methods may be biased
from the long-term network lifetime perspective.
2) In the majority of the literature, topology control
and routing problems are handled separately, thus
overlooking the interrelationships among them.
3) The majority of studies on cluster-based WSNs
do not consider the use of multiple sinks with
mobility.
Therefore, it consider a multi objective optimization
model that combines energy usage and remaining
energy characteristics and that simultaneously
considers cluster-based topology control and
routing decisions in a multiple-sink WSN having a
hierarchical network structure to facilitate data
aggregation.
In this proposed system it develops an
effective heuristic algorithmic solution based on the
Benders decomposition and analyse both
algorithmic and network characteristics for further
computational study.
III .Existing Work
H. Uster and H. Lin develop and examine three
mathematical models whose objectives gives
alternative policies to be employed in each period
of a deployment cycle for the purpose of
maximizing the network lifetime. In the first two
models, the minimization of total energy usage in
the network and the minimization of the maximum
energy usage at a sensor may face the issue of quick
energy drainage, which occurs at certain sensors in
the former and in the whole network in the latter.
In the third proposed model, the minimization of
the weighted sum of the total energy usage and the
range of remaining energy distribution in the
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network, improves energy efficiency and provides
network lifetime that is significantly longer than the
ones by the first two models as shown in
experimental studies. Authors do not provide an
exact solution method that can be utilized to
improve and/or benchmark the solution quality of
their heuristic algorithm.
This heuristic algorithm provides a good initial
upper bound and facilitates the generation of initial
Benders cuts, while the strengthened Benders cuts
and -optimal framework accelerate the convergence
of the BD algorithm.
IV. Proposed Work
For a given set of deployed and available sensors at
the beginning of a period determine the CHs and
sinks to be employed and also determine the data
flow from sensors to sink through CHs in that
period. In doing so, the average energy usage and
the variation in remaining energy distribution in the
network is minimized while encouraging the
adoption of high-energy sensors as CHs. The
objective of this model is to promote high-energy
sensors for selection as CHs. This scheme also
assumes that a discrete set of points around the
sensor field is designated as candidate sink
locations.
In this paper the main purpose is to address the
optimum design and operation of a WSN for a
period within a deployment cycle. This scheme
consider an optimization approach to effectively
integrate topology control and routing decisions in a
cluster-based hierarchical network structure in
which in-network data aggregation is facilitated for
better energy efficiency.
This paper studies the third model in [3] further.
Specifically, proposed system considers two
important extensions of this model.
1) First, in the model context, it incorporate a total
fixed cost term associated with CH selection into
the objective function. By setting a higher fixed
cost of usage for a sensor with low energy, the
model try to avoid some well-positioned sensors
from being selected as CHs repeatedly in successive
periods and to protect these sensors from quick
energy depletion. This approach also facilitates a
uniform energy consumption profile at the sensors
across the network. This is important because in a
hierarchical setting, where data flow from sensors
to the sinks occurs via CHs, a CH not only
functions to capture information in its vicinity, but
also as an aggregator/relay node to process and
transfer the data generated by other sensors to the
sinks. Thus, CHs consume more energy than
regular sensors, while the whole network operation
enjoys taking advantage of the computation–
communication trade-off.
2) Second, observing that the model is amenable to
exact solution via Benders decomposition (BD), in
the methodological context, we focus our efforts on
devising an efficient BD Algorithm as a solution
method. In particular, we develop a solution
approach that incorporates an effective. Heuristic
algorithm and strengthened Benders cuts in an optimal BD framework. Computational evidence
demonstrates the efficient performance of the
approach in terms of solution quality and time.
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V. Problem Definition
VI. System Model
A. Network Model
In our problem of interest, sensors are deployed
in a two-dimensional field, and the candidate sinks,
which have no energy limitations, are located
around the periphery of the sensor field. In the
beginning of a deployment cycle each sensor is
assumed to communicate its position, obtained via
triangulation to the user. As sensors collect data,
they form packages to forward to their CH based on
a schedule. Proposed system assumes a fixed sensor
data generation rate that is also the rate of data
forwarding from a sensor to its CH. This scheme
considers a multilayer hierarchical setting where
data flows from sensors to the sinks either directly
or through other CHs as depicted in Fig.1. It assume
that sensors are equipped with a dynamic transmit
power level control that they utilize to achieve
topology control based on the solutions obtained.
Specific CH and sink locations are chosen from
their associated candidate sets based on the solution
of the mathematical formulation that also specifies
routing of collected data from sensors to sinks via
CHs. CHs are assumed to perform processing on
their received data for eliminating redundancy and
data aggregation. However, a CH does not further
process the data it receives from another CH for
which it serves only as a relay. This setting gives a
dynamic topology where, at the end of each period,
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 18 Number 4 Dec 2014
the energy information at the sensors is updated and
the new CH and sink locations are to be determined
for the next period.
B. Communication Model
This scheme assumes that a sensor can
communicate with any sensor or sink within its
vicinity that is assumed to be a disk centred at that
sensor. It defines the radius of such a disk as the
transmission range. Although this model is widely
used in the routing and topology control literature,
it does not represent actual hardware capabilities in
real applications. More importantly, the model
makes the assumption that a sensor can reliably
communicate with any sensor within its
transmission range.
This paper further observe an implication of link
reliability on network performance is loss of data
and/or delayed transmission of data, which cause
additional energy consumption due to changes in
data transfer schedules and resends. While the link
reliability issues in the context of a data-gathering
WSN can also be addressed through deployment of
dense networks with some level of redundancy.
This comes at the expense of increased problem
sizes as well as more involved operational planning
due to concerns such as interference, data
aggregation, scheduling, etc.
The modeling and methodology framework
presented in this paper is directly applicable without
any modification even for different values or with
any other energy consumption model .Since energy
consumption model is an input as a function into
this optimization approach. This scheme assumes
that it is possible to employ varying values for
different pairs of sensors based on the reliability
estimate of their communication that can be
determined.
D. Network Lifetime Model
The network lifetime is commonly defined as the
number of periods in a deployment cycle. The relay
nodes are assumed to be special sensors and more
expensive than the regular sensors.
Here this
scheme considers cluster-based sensor networks
where CHs are chosen from regular sensors [3]. The
end of a deployment cycle is reached when some
sensors fail to generate readings due to energy
depletion. It is not possible to transmit the data
generated in the network to the sinks. Thus, the
purpose of improving network lifetime corresponds
to obtaining a maximum number of successive
periods. In this case the goal of prolonging network
lifetime needs to be achieved by reducing the
energy consumption while ensuring uniform energy
depletion across the network.
CONCLUSION
C. Energy Consumption Model
This scheme employs a simple energy dissipation
model that reflects the operational network
characteristic of interest. To estimate the energy
dissipation for transmitting (bits) of data from node
to node. To calculate the power requirement at a
receiver node, it use the model where (J/bit) is a
constant. Therefore, transmitting (bits) of data from
node to node dissipates, and receiving the same
amount of data dissipates. It assume that the radio
dissipates nJ/bit to run the transmitter or receive
circuitry and pJ/bit/m for the transmit amplifier. In
addition, it employs a dissipation rate of pJ/bit for
data aggregation/processing efforts at a CH. A
higher value is more appropriate to account for
interference in uneven terrain, for computational
purposes, this assume a value which represents the
ideal case in terms of the efficiency of
communications. With higher values, energy
consumption levels are expected to increase due to
increased path loss and, in turn, a reduced network
lifetime is expected.
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This scheme develops an MILP model by
studying an integrated topology control and routing
problem in cluster-based WSNs. For selecting the
CHs this scheme propose a new objective as the
minimization of a weighted sum of the average
energy usage, the range of remaining energy
distribution and the energy-based fixed cost. By
doing so, this model avoids some well-positioned
sensors being selected as CHs repeatedly in
successive periods to protect low-energy sensors
from quick energy depletion while facilitating a
uniform energy consumption profile in the network.
This scheme develops an effective –optimal BD
approach that incorporates an upper bound heuristic
algorithm and strengthened cuts. Specifically, it
devises a feasible heuristic algorithmic solution so
as to facilitate the generation of an initial Benders
cut.
Computational evidence demonstrates the
performance of the approach in terms of solution
quality and time. In particular, the optimal solutions
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obtained by CPLEX and the lower bounds obtained
by the BD verify the high quality of the heuristic
solutions for small and large instances, respectively.
The availability of good lower bounds is facilitated
by the good initial Benders cut and the strengthened
Benders cuts.
This study can be improved in several directions.
One extension of this work is to incorporate the
coverage problem into the integrated topology
control and routing problems with the high spatial
redundancy of sensors by only allowing a subset of
sensors active for a given period of time, whereas
all other sensors save energy being in inactive state.
Since it currently focuses on time-driven sensor
networks applications pertaining to continuously
monitoring ecological habitats such animals, plants,
micro-organisms, another interesting extension in
the future is to reformulate the models to suit for
the time-critical applications.
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