International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4 Issue7- July 2013
Benefits Of Innovative 3d Graph Techniques In
Construction Industry
Ashish H. Makwana1, Prof. Jayeshkumar Pitroda2
Student of final year M.E. C. E. & M., B.V.M. Engineering College, Vallabh Vidyanagar
2
Assistant Professor & Research Scholar, Civil Engg Department, B.V.M. Engineering College,
Vallabh Vidyanagar
1
ABSTRACT: The construction industry is the
second largest industry of the country after
agriculture. It makes a significant contribution to
the national economy and provides employment to
a large number of people. In its path of
advancement, the industry has to overcome a
number of challenges. One of the challenges is
effective utilization of available technology. 3D
Graph is one such technique that is rarely being
used. Graphs and plots are a natural way to
visualize data. It hardly needs saying that their
use is common even in non-technical documents.
Unfortunately, much work is often required (and
rarely performed) to produce plots with sufficient
output quality to match a well-typeset document.
Recent years have witnessed a rapid development
in the technologies that are related to digital
visualization and simulation together with the
technologies that try to link between digital and
physical modelling. Many engineering and design
practitioners have begun to apply selective
technologies in their practices. The research
attempts to classify the possible technologies that
can be used throughout stages of urban design
projects according to their purpose.
Key words: Construction Industry, 3D Graph, 3D
Graph Technology, Novel Technology
INTRODUCTION
The digital age is asking to review more data at
high frequency. Analysis of data is a process of
inspecting, transforming, and modeling data with
objectively searching for the useful information and
supporting decision making. Data analysis has
multiple facets and approaches, encompassing
diverse techniques under a variety of names, in
different business, science and social science
domains. 3D Graph technology is such technique to
be used for projecting multi dimensional
data/arrays into a visual form that is easier to
understand, analyze and interpret.
The idea of this system was developed in 1637 in
writings by Descartes and independently by Pierre
de Fermat, although Fermat also worked in three
dimensions, and did not publish the discovery. Both
authors used a single axis in their treatments and
have a variable length measured in reference to this
axis. The concept of using a pair of axes was
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introduced in later work by commentators who
were trying to clarify the ideas contained in
Descartes' La Géométrie.
Nicole Oresme, a French cleric and friend of the
dauphin (later to become King Charles V) of the
14th Century, used constructions similar to
Cartesian coordinates well before the time of
Descartes and Fermat.
Many other coordinate systems have been
developed since Descartes, such as the polar
coordinates for the plane, and the spherical and
cylindrical coordinates for three-dimensional space.
CARTESIAN COORDINATES IN TWO
DIMENSIONS
A Cartesian coordinate system is a coordinate
system that specifies each point uniquely in a plane
by a pair of numerical coordinates, which are the
signed distance from the point to two fixed
perpendicular directed lines, measured in the same
unit of length. Each reference line is called a
coordinate axis or just axis of the system and the
point where they meet is its origin, usually at the
ordered pair (0,0).
The position of any point can be specified in threedimensional space by three Cartesian coordinates,
its signed distances to three mutually perpendicular
planes.
Figure 1: 2D Cartesian coordinate plane
Source : Cartesian coordinate system,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_graph
The Cartesian coordinates, the foundation of
analytic geometry provides enlightening geometric
interpretations for many other branches of
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4 Issue7- July 2013
mathematics, such as linear algebra, complex
analysis, differential geometry, multivariate
calculus, group theory, and more. A familiar
example is the concept of the graph of a function.
The Cartesian coordinates are also essential tools
for most applied disciplines that deal with
geometry,
including
astronomy,
physics,
engineering and many more. They are the most
common coordinate system used in computer
graphics, computer-aided geometric design, and
other geometry-related data processing.
Cartesian coordinate system with a circle of radius
2 centered at the origin marked in red. The equation
of a circle is (x - a) 2 + (y - b) 2 = r 2 where a and b
are the coordinates of the center (a, b) and r is the
radius.
the first systematic link between Euclidean
geometry and algebra. Using the Cartesian
coordinate system, geometric shapes (such as
curves) can be described by Cartesian equations:
algebraic equations involving the coordinates of the
points lying on the shape. For example, a circle of
radius 2 may be described as the set of all points
whose coordinates x and y satisfy the equation
x2 + y2 = 4.
The adjective Cartesian refers to the French
mathematician and philosopher René Descartes
(who used the name Cartesius in Latin).
Figure 3: Three dimensional
Cartesian coordinate system
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_graph
x2 + y2 = 4
Figure 2: Cartesian coordinate system with
a circle
Source : Cartesian coordinate system,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_graph
CARTESIAN COORDINATES IN THREE
DIMENSIONS
Choosing a Cartesian coordinate system for a threedimensional space means choosing an ordered
triplet of lines (axes), any two of them being
perpendicular; a single unit of length for all three
axes; and an orientation for each axis. As in the
two-dimensional case, each axis becomes a number
line. The coordinates of a point pair obtained by
drawing a line through perpendicular to each
coordinate axis and reading the points where these
lines meet the axes as three numbers of these
number lines.
A three dimensional Cartesian coordinate system,
with origin O and axis lines X, Y and Z oriented as
shown by the arrows. The tick marks on the axes
are one length unit apart. The black dot shows the
point with coordinates X = 2, Y = 3 and Z = 4, or
(2, 3, 4).
The invention of Cartesian coordinates in the
17thcentury by René Descartes (Latinized name:
Cartesius) revolutionized mathematics by providing
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For three-dimensional systems, a convention is to
portray the x-y plane horizontally, with the z axis
added to represent the height (positive up). If a
diagram (3D projection or 2D perspective drawing)
shows the x and y axis horizontally and vertically,
respectively, then the z axis should be shown
pointing "out of the page" towards the viewer or
camera. In any diagram or display, the orientation
of the three axes, as a whole, is arbitrary. All laws
of physics and math assume this right-handedness,
which ensures consistency. For 3D diagrams, the
names "abscissa" and "ordinate" are rarely used for
x and y, respectively. When they are, the zcoordinate is sometimes called the applicant.
The coordinates surfaces of the Cartesian
coordinates (x, y, z). The z-axis is vertical and the
x-axis is highlighted in green. Thus, the red plane
shows the points with x=1, the blue plane shows
the points with z=1 and the yellow plane shows the
points with y = −1. The three surfaces intersect at
the point P (shown as a black sphere) with the
Cartesian coordinates (1, −1, 1).
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4 Issue7- July 2013
Figure 4: coordinates surfaces of the Cartesian
coordinates (x, y, z)
Source: Cartesian coordinate system,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_graph
Figure 5: Graph of the function
f (x, y) = sin (x2) *cos (y2)
Source: Three-dimensional Graph,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3d_graph
A three-dimensional graph is the graph of a
function of two variables f (x, y). Provided that x, y
and f (x, y) are real numbers, the graph can be
represented as a plane or curved surface in a threedimensional Cartesian coordinate system.
VARIOUS
SOFTWARE
USED
IN
GENERATING 3D GRAPHS
Variouse software used for generating 3Dgraph to
carry out research work are 3D Grapher, A&G
Equation Grapher 5.80, GraphMath program,
Function Grapher, Math Mechanixs, 3D Graph,
Function Grapher, MATLAB R2007b etc.
Example:is
If this set is plotted on a three dimensional
Cartesian coordinate system, the result is a surface
(Figure 5).
3D graphs are utilized in various facets of the
construction industry. There is always a
requirement for the construction professionals to be
able to interact with external applications in realtime, thus, allowing virtual reality systems not only
to be used as presentation tools, but also as a
universal interface for all construction applications.
Construction professionals must be able to view,
alter, test, etc. any function or part of the proposed
design at any stage of the project life cycle through
the virtual space and preview the results. 3D graphs
in such visualization provide the refined or
polished view in such space. Because of the
magnitude and complexity of the construction
projects, the traditional way of doing business in
the construction industry is to divide the whole
project into work packages according to wellestablished specialization. The work packages are
assigned to specialty designers and contractors
respectively. A system like this brings significant
benefit to the industry.
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SOFTWARE (MATLAB) REVIEW FOR 3D
GRAPH TECHNOLOGY USED IN THE
PROJECTS
3D graph plot is possible in MATLAB using
appropriate syntax. 3D surface plots with contour
or curtain and gradient plots in MATLAB are
slightly complicated than making simple line
graphs. The mesh and surf functions display
surfaces in three dimensions. Creating matrix as a
surface with color and lightening effect is
providing graph with the desired effect for review.
Projecting probable trajectory path on the basis of
any modification/ updating for further research is
possible.
CASE STUDY
TABLE : 1
Comparison of Compressive Strength of Cubes
(150X150X150) of Different Types of Cement
for 0.4 W/C Ratio at 3, 7, 14, 28 Days
A1
Average Compressive
Strength [N/mm2]
3
7
14
28
days
days
days
days
36.18 38.22 48.50 53.78
B1
25.48
32.30
34.76
51.33
C1
22.33
28.00
33.44
45.43
D1
17.04
24.68
31.93
38.21
E1
17.05
23.38
30.30
34.32
F1
13.18
16.46
21.56
26.09
G1
13.01
21.69
23.66
26.37
Type of
Cements
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CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions are drawn from the
Research work.
a) 3D Graphs are more effective techniques for
data presentation.
b) Various patterns of 3D Graphs are designed in
various ways.
c) 3D graphs can be effectively utilized for
research as well as industry data.
d) Interpretation of 3D Graph can be done easily.
e) Comparisons of various parameters can be
effectively done.
Figure 6: 3D Graph
[Types of Cement (x axis) v/s Compressive
Strength (y axis) with respect to No. of Weeks (z
axis)]
Source: MATLAB Software, The language of
technical computing, version 7.5.0.342 (R2007b)
REVIEW ON 3D GRAPHS THE RESEARCH
WORK
CARRIED
OUT
FOR
THE
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Viewing control of the graph from any
position in real time 3D is possible.
Data integration with Microsoft Office is
possible.
Presentation of mathematical formulas with
visual effect is possible.
Real time behavior pattern of very large
amounts of categorical data set is possible.
3D mouse interaction provides better view of
the relationship between various parameters.
3D graphs are more clean, polished and easy
to understand.
Improved aesthetics with skin support for
completely customized look and feel along
with impressive textured and spectacular
(shiny) surfaces.
Stunning presentation that maintains interest
3D GRAPH UTILITY IN CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY
In the construction industry there is always a
requirement for refined forecast based on various
parameters for design, quality raw material
requirement, different raw material composition for
optimal utilization, cost, labor productivity etc. and
this can be achieved with the help of appropriate
projection of available data set. To visualize
complex construction projects and to pre-built
assemblies with high objectivity in mind regarding
designs as per specific trends and supportive
formulas with the help of 3D graphs also improves
efficiency by faster decision making with
appropriate projections.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The Authors thankfully acknowledge to Dr. C. L.
Patel, Chairman, Charutar Vidya Mandal, Er.V. M.
Patel, Hon.Jt. Secretary, Charutar Vidya Mandal,
Mr. Yatinbhai Desai, Jay Maharaj construction, Dr.
F. S. Umrigar, Principal, B.V.M. Engineering
College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India for
their motivations and infrastructural support to
carry out this research.
REFERENCES
[1] Challenges before Construction Industry in
India, Arghadeep Laskar and C. V. R. Murty,
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Kanpur)
[2] International Journal of Engineering &
Technology IJET-IJENS Vol: 11 No: 06,“A
Decision Chart for Applying Integrated
Technologies Throughout Urban Design
Projects Stages”Sherif M.
El-Wageeh,
Department of Architectural Engineering,
College of Architectural Engineering and
Design, the Kingdom University, Bahrain)
[3] VIRTUAL REALITY: A SOLUTION TO
SEAMLESS TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION
IN THE AEC INDUSTRY?, Raja R.A. Issa1
[4] Cartesian
coordinate
system,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_graph
[5] Three-dimensional
graph,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3d_graph
[6] MathWorks,
http:
//www.mathworks.in/help/matlab/learn_matlab/
creating-mesh-and-surfaceplots.html?s_tid=doc_12b
[7] SoftSea.com, 3D Graph Generator, Version:
2.6.0,
http://www.softsea.com/review/3DGraph-Generator.html
[8] http://www.ehow.com/how_10006368_make3d-graphs.html
[9] http://www.free-power-pointtemplates.com/articles/3d-charts-forpowerpoint-presentations/
[10] http://www.softsea.com/review/3D-GraphGenerator.html
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AUTHOR’S BIOGRAPHY
Ashish Harendrabhai Makwana was born in 1988 in Jamnagar District, Gujarat.
He received his Bachelor of Engineering degree in Civil Engineering from the
Charotar Institute of Science and technology in Changa, Gujarat Technological
University in 2012. At present he is Final year student of Master`s Degree in
Construction Engineering and Management from Birla Vishwakarma
Mahavidyalaya, Gujarat Technological University. He has a paper published in
international journals.
Prof. Jayeshkumar R. Pitroda was born in 1977 in Vadodara City. He received
his Bachelor of Engineering degree in Civil Engineering from the Birla
Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya, Sardar Patel University in 2000. In 2009 he
received his Master's Degree in Construction Engineering and Management from
Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya, Sardar Patel University. He joined Birla
Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya Engineering College as a faculty where he is
Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering Department with a total experience of
12 years in the field of Research, Designing and education. He is guiding M.E.
(Construction Engineering & Management) Thesis work in the field of Civil/
Construction Engineering. He has published papers in National Conferences and
International Journals.
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