A q u a cu ltu ra l E ngineering 2 (1 9 8 3 ) 6 9 - 7 8
International Study on Artem ia* XXIV. Cold Storage of
Live Artemia Nauplii from Various Geographical
Sources: Potentials and Limits in Aquaculture
P hilip p e L é g e r t , Paul V a n h a e c k e a n d P a tric k S o rg e lo o s t
A rte m ia R eference C enter, S ta te U niversity o f G h e n t, J . P lateaustraat 22,
B -9000 G h e n t, Belgium
A BSTRAC T
F reshly-hatched A rtem ia n a uplii f r o m various geographical sources survived
storage in a refrigerator (2 -4 ° C ) a t densities o f 2 0 0 0 p e r m l a n d above.
E x c e p t f o r A rtem ia fr o m C haplin L a k e a n d B u en o s A ires, naupliar viability
was very high even a fte r 4 8 h storage, a n d d id n o t decrease significantly
a fte r a 2 4 h post-storage transfer to 25°C. N e ith e r th e naupliar d ry w eight
n o r bioch em ica l c o m p o sitio n changed significantly d uring refrigeration fo r
m o s t strains tested. C om parative culture-tests w ith sto re d a n d fresh lyh a tc h e d nauplii as f o o d f o r ju ve n ile m arine m y sid s M ysidopsis bahia M.
a n d larval carp C yprinus carp io L. revealed sim ilar p ro d u c tio n p e r fo r m ­
ances.
IN T R O D U C T IO N
A rte m ia is a p rac tica l and su ita b le larva food fo r b o th m arin e and fresh­
w a te r cru stacean s and fishes (K in n e, 1977). B rine sh rim p are c o m m o n ly
used as fre sh ly -h atc h ed n au p lii, b ecause o ld e r u n fe d n au p lii lose th e ir
n u tritio n a l value (M orris, 19 5 6 ; M addox and M anzi, 1976; W atanabe
* In tern a tio n a l interd iscip lin ary stu d y on A rtem ia stra in s co o rd in a te d by the
A rte m ia R eference C en ter, S ta te U niversity o f G h en t, Belgium ,
t R esearch A ssistant and J R esearch Associate a t th e Belgian N ational Science
F o u n d a tio n (NFW O ).
69
A q u a cu ltu ra l E ngineering 0 1 4 4 -8 6 0 9 /8 3 /0 0 0 2 -0 0 6 9 /S 0 3 .00 - © A pplied Science
P ublishers L td, E ngland, 1983. P rin ted in G reat Britain
70
P. Léger, P. Vanhae eke, P. Sorgeloos
e t al., 19 7 8 ; D ye, 1 9 8 0 ). It is n o t clear if th is is d u e to biochem ical
changes (B enijts e t a l., 1 9 7 6 ), critica l size increase (H e n tsc h el, 1968;
S m ith , 1 9 7 6 ) o r in creased sw im m ing a c tiv ity (M iller e t al., 1979).
A lth o u g h it is o b v io u s th a t fre sh ly -h atc h ed n au p lii are a p re fe rre d fo o d ,
little a tte n tio n has b e e n p aid to th e in star-stag e at w h ich A rte m ia larvae
are o ffe re d to th e p rey in g larvae. T h e o p tim a l use o f A rte m ia n a u p lii as
a so u rce o f live fo o d im p lies th e daily in c u b a tio n o f cy sts and h arv est­
ing o f n au p lii. M e th o d s o f o p tim izin g A r te m ia u se an d red u c in g cystsh a tc h in g o p e ra tio n s b y sto rin g fre sh ly -h atc h ed n a u p lii a t low te m p e ra ­
tu re w as th e re fo re s tu d ie d .
M A T E R IA L S A N D M E T H O D S
T h e A r te m ia stra in s used in th e e x p e rim e n ts are listed in T a b le 1.
C y sts w ere in c u b a te d u n d e r o p tim a l h a tc h in g c o n d itio n s (S orgeloos,
TABLE 1
P ercent Survival o f A rte m ia N auplii from D ifferent G eographical Sources S to re d at
2 -4 ° C for 24 h and 4 8 h at D ensities o f 2 0 0 0 o r 8 0 0 0 per ml
S o u rc e o f A rtem ia c ysts
M acau (B razil) b a tc h n o . 8 7 1 1 7 2
M acau (B razil) b a tc h n o . 971051
M acau (B razil) b a tc h n o . 971051 — 8 0 0 0 nauplii/m l
San F ran cisco Bay (San F rancisco, USA) b a tc h n o . 2596
S h ark B ay (A u stralia)
San P ablo B ay (San F rancisco, U SA ) b a tc h n o . 1628
T ien tsin (P e o p le ’s R ep u b lic o f C hina)
R e fere n ce A rte m ia cysts (S orgeloos, 1981)
G reat Salt L ake (U ta h , USA)
C haplin L ake (C anada)
B uenos A ires (A rgentina)
L avalduc (F ra n ce )
♦ S ig n ifican tly d iffe re n t at th e level 0-05.
* * S ignificantly d iffe re n t a t th e level 0-01.
24 h
2 -4 °C
96-3
94 0
92-6
93 0
94-5
991
100
94-0
95
12-4**
71-6**
97-8
48 h
2- 4°C
961
91-4
91-8
86-7*
93-9
991
97-0
93-0
95-1
7-1**
73-7**
95-6
In tern a tio n a l stu d y on Artem ia - X X I V
71
1980), and a h o m o g e n o u s in star-I p o p u la tio n w as h arv e sted a fte r
d iffe ren t c y s t in c u b a tio n p erio d s (V a n h ae ck e an d S o rg elo o s, 1 9 8 2 a).
The n au p lii w ere se p a ra te d from th e h a tc h in g d e b ris in a cy lin d rical
separator b o x (P e rso o n e and S o rg e lo o s, 1 9 7 2 ), rin sed w ith ch illed
seaw ater (2 -4 ° C ), c o n c e n tra te d a t d e n sitie s o f 2 0 0 0 o r 8 0 0 0 n a u p lii p er
ml se aw ater, and tra n sfe rre d to c y lin d ro -c o n ica l vessels (1 5 0 m lc o n te n t) .
These w ere p laced in a (th e rm o s ta tic ) re frig e ra to r (2 -4 °C ) an d c o n ­
sta n tly a e ra te d . T h e p erc en ta g e survival o f n a u p lii w as ca lc u lated by
subsam pling fro m a u n ifo rm suspen sio n w ith an a u to m a tic m ic ro p ip e tte
afte r 2 4 h and 48 h. E x tr a su bsam ples o f a few stra in s w ere rem o v ed
and held fo r 2 4 h a t 25°C in p e tri dishes a f te r w h ich tim e survival o f th e
nauplii w as d e te rm in e d . T he in star-stag es w ere d e te rm in e d a c c o rd in g to
H entschel (1 9 6 8 ).
D ry-w eight analyses w ere p erfo rm e d b y th e p ro c e d u re o f V an h a ec k e
and S orgeloos ( 1 9 8 0 ), a n d d e te rm in a tio n s o f to ta l lipid w ere carried
o u t acco rd in g to th e m e th o d o f S c h a u e r and S im p so n (1 9 7 8 ). S ep ara­
tion o f f a tty acid m e th y l e sters w as p erfo rm e d b y gas c h ro m a to g ra p h y
on a glass co lu m n ( l - 8 0 m X 2 m m I.D .) p ack ed w ith 10% A lte c h CS-8
on C h ro m o so rb W-AW 1 0 0 -1 2 0 . G as c h ro m a to g ra p h ic c o n d itio n s w ere:
200°C iso th e rm a l; ca rrie r gas N 2 a t 4 0 m l/m in ; F .I.D .-d e te c tio n . I d e n ti­
fication a n d q u a n tific a tio n w as p e rfo rm e d using a c a lib ra te d m e th o d o n
a HP 3 3 9 0 A p lo tte r -in te g r a to r. N u tritio n a l ev a lu a tio n te sts w ere:
carried o u t ac co rd in g to th e s ta n d a rd c u ltu re te s t p ro c e d u re w ith
M ysidopsis bahia M. (L é g er an d S orgeloos, 1 9 8 2 a ) an d th e c u ltu re te st
w ith C yp rin u s carpio L . (V a n h ae ck e and S o rg elo o s, 1 9 8 2 6 ).
E x c e p t fo r th e f a tty acid analy sis, all d a ta w ere tre a te d sta tistic a lly in
a one w ay analy sis o f varian ce. D u n c a n ’s M u ltip le R ange T e st w as used
to d e te rm in e sig n ific an t d iffe ren ce s am o n g m e an s. B efo re analysis,
survival d a ta w ere n o rm a liz e d th ro u g h an arcsin y j% tra n s fo rm a tio n
(S n ed eco r a n d C o c h ra n , 1967).
R E S U L T S A N D D ISC U SSIO N
F o r m o s t A r te m ia stra in s te s te d , sto rag e o f n a u p lii in d en sitie s u p to
80 0 0 p er m l a t 2 -4 °C d id n o t sig n ific an tly ( P > 0 - 0 5 ) a ffe c t th e ir
survival (T a b le 1). T h e h ig h m o rta lity ra te s fo u n d fo r C h a p lin L ak e and
B uenos A ires A r te m ia c o n firm ea rlier finding s th a t n a u p lii fro m th e
P. Léger, P. V anhaecke, P. Sorgeloos
72
sam e strain s do n o t survive w ell at 20°C an d 3 0°C ; th is ap p e ars to be
c o rre la te d w ith lo w er ca lo ric c o n te n ts o f th e n a u p lii o f th e se tw o
strain s (V a n h aeck e e t al., 1 9 8 2 ).
A fte r 48 h sto rag e , th e n a u p lii w ere still a t th e in sta r I stage. U pon
tra n s fe r to 2 5 °C th e ir m e ta b o lism w as e n h a n c e d an d m o ltin g in to instar
II a n d III stages o c c u rre d , a p p a re n tly w ith o u t an y sig n ifican t ( P > 0-05)
e ffe c t o n th e ir survival (T a b le 2 ).
A fte r 2 4 h o f storage a t 2 -4 °C , th e n a u p lia r d ry -w eig h t losses were
in sig n ifica n t ( P > 0 * 0 5 ) . A fte r 48 h sto rag e , th e d iffe re n c e s w ere still
v ery sm all as co m p ared w ith th e d ry w eight losses a f te r 24 h a t 25°C
(T a b le 3).
A s co m p ared to a 26% d ec rease in to ta l lipid c o n te n t w hen k e p t at
25°C fo r 2 4 h (B enijts et al., 19 7 6 ), A rte m ia n a u p lii a p p a re n tly did
n o t m e ta b o liz e th e ir lipid reserves w h en sto re d a t 2 -4 ° C , and th e fa tty
acid p a tte rn s w ere n o t sig n ific an tly chan g ed d u rin g cool storage
(T a b le 4).
T h e survival, g ro w th and re p ro d u c tiv e d e v e lo p m e n t o f mysid
ju v e n ile s w ere a t least as goo d w h en fed n a u p lii sto re d fo r 2 4 - 4 8 h as
w h e n fed fre sh ly -h atc h ed A r te m ia n a u p lii (T a b le 5).
TABLE 2
Percent Survival o f Artemia Nauplii from Different Geographical Sources Stored at
25°C for 24 h Post-storage
Source o f Artemia
Storage conditions
2 4 h, 2 -4 °C 2 4 h, 2 -4 ° C
+
24 h, 25°C
Macau, no. 971051
Macau, no. 971051
(8 000 nauplii per ml)
Reference Artemia cysts
Shark Bay
San Pablo Bay, no. 1628
Tientsin
4 8 h, 2 -4 ° C
4 8 h, 2-4°C
+
24 h, 25°C
94-0
92-6
93-4
94-5
91-4
91-8
89-5
88-6
90-6
94-5
991
100
89-2
94-8
97-0
95-8
88-4
93-9
99-1
97
87-8
94-2
100
941
In tern a tio n a l stu d y on A rte m ia - X X I V
73
TABLE 3
Individual Dry W eights (jug) o f A rte m ia N auplii from D ifferent G eographical Sources
Stored U nder V arious C onditions
Source o f A rtem ia
Great Salt Lake
San Pablo Bay, no. 1628
Tientsin
Freshlyh a tch e d
nauplii
2-42
1-92
3 09
S to re d nauplii
2 4 h, 2 - 4 ° C
4 8 h, 2 - 4 °C
2 4 h, 2 5 °Ca
2-36 ( - 2 -5 % )
2-22* ( - 8 -0 % )
1 -75* ( —8-0%)
2-85* ( -7 -8 % )
1-59 ( -3 4 -3 % )
1-36 (-2 9 -2 % )
2-37 ( -2 3 -3 % )
1-87 ( -2 -6 % )
3-02 ( - 2 - 3 % )
* Significantly differen t at the 0 05 level.
flFrom V anhaecke et al. (1 9 8 2 ).
C arp larvae grew w ell w hen fed fre sh ly -h atc h ed an d 2 4 h sto red
A rte m ia n auplii (T a b le 6). T h e g ro w th ra te w as, h o w ev er, 8% lo w er
w hen fed 48 h sto red n au p lii; a f te r th is long sto rag e, th e n a u p lii had
p robably lost resistan c e to survive th e e x tr a stress c re a te d b y th e
tran sfe r in to fre sh w ate r and died o f f rap id ly . T h e survival o f carp was
n ot affec ted b y storage c o n d itio n s o f th e A rte m ia (T a b le 6).
C O N C L U SIO N S
A rte m ia n au p lii can be sto red fo r 2 4 -4 8 h w ith o u t losing th e ir n u tr i­
tional value fo r fish and cru sta c e a n larvae; d en sitie s u p to 8 0 0 0 n au p lii
per ml can be k e p t in m o d e ra te ly ae rate d c y lin d ro -c o n ica l c o n tain e rs
at a te m p e ra tu re o f 2 -4 °C .
T h is is valid fo r A rte m ia fro m M acau (B razil), S an F ra n cisc o Bay
(U S A ), T ie n tsin (P e o p le ’s R e p u b lic o f C h in a), S h ark B ay (A u stra lia ),
L avalduc (F ra n c e ) and G re a t S alt L ake (U ta h , U S A ), b u t n o t fo r
C haplin L ak e (C anada) a n d B uenos A ires (A rg e n tin a ) b rin e sh rim p th a t
die o f f ra p id ly during storage.
T his te c h n iq u e o f co o l sto rag e o f A rte m ia n a u p lii o ffe rs u n iq u e
advantages f o r a p p lic a tio n in a q u a c u ltu re h a tc h e rie s, e.g.:
1. th e fre q u e n c y o f A r te m ia cy st-h a tc h in g an d n au p lii-h arv estin g can
b e c o n sid erab ly red u c ed (h a lf to q u a r te r o f p re se n t ac tiv ities);
P. Léger, P. V anhaecke, P. Sorgeloos
74
TABLE 4
P ro cen tu al C om position o f F a tty Acid M ethyl E sters (FA M E ) and P ercent Total
Lipid (o n a D ry W eight Basis) o f A rte m ia N auplii fro m R eference A rte m ia Cysts
S to red U nder V arious C onditions
Storage co n d itio n s
FAM E
1 4 :0
14 :1
1 5 :0
15 :1
1 6 :0
16 : leo7
1 6 : 2 to 7 - 1 7 :0
1 6 : 3 to 4 - 1 7 : lco8
1 8 :0
18: lco7/co9
1 8 : 2co6
2 0 :0
1
1 8 :3 to 3 /to 6 a j
2 0 : Ico7/co9
1 8 : 4to3
21 :0
2 0:2co6/co9
2 0 :3co3
2 0 :4co3/co6
Oh
2 4 h,
2- 4°C
4 8 h,
2 - 4°C
2 4 h,
2 5°C
4 8 h,
25°C
1-86
2-23
0-83
0-94
13-65
16-39
2-22
3-66
3-24
3119
9-78
1-89
2-23
0-85
0-94
13-50
16-18
2-28
3-89
3-28
31-45
9 41
1-84
2-20
0-85
0-95
13-16
15-85
2-18
3-86
3-34
32-32
1000
1-89
2-33
0-87
1 05
13-02
15-89
2-27
3-76
3 91
31-80
8-96
1-59
1-25
0-72
0-65
12-04
11-88
1-50
2 -2 1
6-10
36-86
8-84
1-30
1-17
1-08
1-30
1-37
0-94
0-91
0-79
0-90
1-11
—
0-31
—
0-31
-
-
0-32
-
0 16
4-24
006
7-05
0-08
4-28
trace
006
4-20
7-07
7-07
20-94
±0-82
20-47
±1-06
20-70
±1-15
2 2 :1
2 0 : 5co3
% T o ta l lip id /d ry
weight
-
a M ore th an 9 9 % - 1 8 :3 co 3 .
* N o d a ta available.
-
-
0-33
-
0-05
4-50
—
7-22
b
-
0-10
-
5-99
-
8-07
b
75
In tern a tio n a l s tu d y on A rte m ia - X X I V
TABLE 5
Results o f th e M ysid C ulture T est w ith A rte m ia N auplii (M acau n o . 8 7 1 0 5 1 ) S to red
U n d er V arious C onditions
Storage c o n d itio n s o f A rtem ia nauplii
Oh
2 4 h, 2 - 4 ° C
4 8 h, 2 - 4 ° C
Percent survival
89-7 ± 8 -9
9 6 -5 1 1 3 -5
9 3 -3 1 1 3 -6
Individual dry w eight (pg)
2 5 4 1 2 8 -0 *
3 5 2 -6 1 5 5 -3 *
3 3 5 -8 1 3 3 -8 *
4 591 1 2 0 0
4 5931220
100
6-7
100
3-7
18-3
78-0
3-7
Individual length (/am)
Reproductive c h ara cte ristics
% Sexual d iffe re n tia tio n
% djd d
% 9j/99
% 9 * /9 9
% y 99
4 3761233
100
14-6
53-0
43-6
3-3
33-0
53-1
13 9
Im m ature m ale; 9¡, im m a tu re fem ale; 6 6 , to ta l n u m b er o f m ales; 9 9 , to ta l
num ber o f fem ales; 9 * , fem ale w ith eggs in ovaria;
fem ale w ith eggs in m arsu p iu m .
*’* Means w ith a d iffe re n t su p erscrip t (a ,b ) are significantly d iffere n t ( P < 0 - 0 5 ) .
¿ i ,
TABLE 6
Results o f th e C arp C u ltu re T est w ith A rtem ia N auplii (M acau n o . 8 7 1 0 5 1 ) S to red
U n d er V arious C onditions
Carp results
Percentage survival
Individual w et w eight (m g)
Storage c o n d itio n s o f A rtem ia nauplii
Oh
2 4 h, 2 - 4 ° C
4 8 h, 2 - 4 ° C
9 5 - 7 1 1 -4
9 5 -7 1 1 -4
16 9 -5 1 6 -4 *
9 3 - 3 1 0 -8
1 5 9 -3 1 3 -2 *
1 7 3 1 2 -9 *
0,0 Means w ith d iffe re n t su p erscrip t (a ,b ) are significantly d iffe re n t (P < 0-05).
76
P. Léger, P. V anhaecke, P. Sorgeloos
or
f__
a
- -
I
Fig. 1. S chem atic diagram o f a u to m a tic d istrib u tio n system for cooled A rtem ia
n a u p lii (m o d ified from Léger and Sorgeloos, 1982¿>). (a ) T an k filled w ith rinsing
w a ter; (b ) electro m ag n etic valve; (c ) re frig e rato r; (d ) sto c k -cy lin d er w ith A rtem ia
nau p lii; (e) one-w ay v a lv e ;(f) p eristaltic p u m p ;( g ) to c u ltu re tan k .
2 . n a u p lii d istrib u tio n from a cooled sto c k to th e p rey in g larvae can
b e a u to m a te d , e.g. w ith th e sy ste m o u tlin e d in Fig. 1. T h e fre­
q u e n c y o f live-food d istrib u tio n can be in creased a t w ill, assuring
s h o rte r re te n tio n tim es o f th e A r te m ia n a u p lii in th e c u ltu re tan k s
th u s pro v id in g a higher q u a lity fo o d for th e p rey in g larvae;
3 . A r te m ia le fto v ers are n o t w asted b u t can b e sto re d fo r la te r use.
Intern a tio n a l s tu d y on Artem ia - X X I V
77
A C K N O W L ED G M E N T S
We are very in d e b te d to D r E . Ja sp e rs fo r read in g th ro u g h th e m an u ­
sc rip t.
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