International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 35 Number 1- May 2016
Effect of Tire Chips Inclusion in Crushed
Stone – Sand Mixes as Sub-Base and Base
Course Materials
Uday Kiran.CH#1, Satyanarayana.P.V.V*2, Arun Kumar.U#3 Rama Krishna.T#4
#
PG Student, Professor, Ph.D Scholar & PG Student & Civil Engineering& Andhra University
Visakhapatnam, India
ABSTRACT: The scarcity of soil which suits for
construction activities by fulfilling geotechnical
characteristics is forcing the pavement engineers to
look for alternative materials for construction
activities. The sand which is a natural resource is
abundantly available in many parts of the country.
The sharp increase in the quantum of industrial
waste namely discarded tires is increasing year
after year due to increase in the number of
vehicles. An attempt is made in this investigation to
make use of the above mentioned materials for
improving the geotechnical characteristics. Tire
chips of sizes 10mm-4.75mm of angular shape
were added in partial replacement of crushed stone
from the test results of considerable improvement
in CBR values were observed.
Key words: Sand, Crushed stone, Tire waste,
Compaction, CBR.
1.0 INTRODUCTION:
Natural soils, broken stones, gravels, sands etc are
the popular conventional materials used in the
construction of road pavement materials. The
durability of the pavement depends on the
performance its component layers. There are
numerous examples about the functional failures of
pavement component layers as they failed in
fulfilling their specifications laid by standard codes
and gradation requirements.
The presence of plastic fines in the natural soils
cause deformations in the pavement component
layers and this development finally results in
causing the undue deformations under the repeated
application of traffic loads. Hence road engineers
need to concentrate on the quantities of fines in
either partial or full replacement. Several
researches have attempted in partial modification
of natural soils with natural sand and crushed stone.
ISSN: 2231-5381
In the present investigation stone aggregate,
natural sand and tire waste were considered as road
construction materials in accordance with MORTH
specifications. Tests like gradation, compaction,
CBR were identified to study their grain size
distribution, compaction and strength behavior and
finally suitability as sub base & base coarse
materials and the utilization of natural sand, stone
and tire waste in bulk quantities to reduce their
impact on environment and in turn to reduce the
maintenance cost and to increase the durability of
the road pavement. Satyanarayana P.V.V. et.al
(2013)8 Studied the Use Of Crushed Stone
Aggregate And Crusher Dust Mixes In Flexible
Pavements, Arun Kumar.U et al (2016)1,2 studied
the effect of crusher dust, crushed stone and tire
waste in different layers of flexible pavement
component for increased strength characteristics,
S.S.S.V. Gopala Raju et.al(2013)9 Studied the
utilization of recycled aggregate and crusher dust
mixes as sub-base and base materials, Prasad
D.S.V et.al (2009)7 observed the Laboratory study
on reinforced fly ash sub-base, Lee,J.H et.al(1999)6
studied the Shredded Tires and Rubber-Sand as
light weight Back fil, Ghazavi,M. et.al(2004)5
studied Shear strength characteristics of sand
mixed with Granular rubber, Foose,G.T et.al
(1996)4 studied Sand reinforced with shredded
waste tires, Bernal,A et.al (1997)3 studied tire
shreds and Rubber-Sand as light weight Back fill
material
2.0 MATERIALS
2.1 SAND:
Sand was obtained from river Srikakulam, Andhra
Pradesh and subjected to various geotechnical
characterizations. The results are shown in table-1
and Figure-1.
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 35 Number 1- May 2016
Table 1- Geotechnical properties of SAND:
2.3 TIRE CHIPS:
Property
Gravel (%)
Values
0
Sand (%)
98
Fines (%)
2
a.
Silt(%)
0
b.
Clay(%)
0
Table 3: Engineering Properties of Tire Chips:
Property
Specific gravity
Density in loose state
Density in dense state
Liquid Limit (%)
NP
Plastic Limit (%)
NP
I.S Classification
SW
Specific gravity
2.67
Optimum moisture content (OMC) (%)
5.0
Maximum dry density (MDD) (g/cc)
1.88
Angle of shearing resistance(º)
36
California bearing ratio CBR (%) (Soaked)
10
Coefficient of uniformity Cu
9
Coefficient of curvature Cc
1.03
% Finer
60
SAND
20
0
0.1
10
Grain size (mm)
Fig 1: Grain size distribution
2.2 CRUSHED STONE:
Crusher Stone was obtained from local stone
crushing plants near Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh
and subjected to various geotechnical
characterizations.
Table.2 Geo-technical properties of Crushed Stone
PROPERTY
Specific gravity
Angularity number
VALUE
2.8
12-14
Crushing value(%)
Impact value(%)
Dense state(g/cc)
Loose state(g/cc)
22
23
1.85
1.76
ISSN: 2231-5381
To study the interaction between
crushed stone (26.5mm to 4.75mm) and sand were
graded to the following gradations as
G1,G2,G3,G4,G5 and listed below.
Table 4: Gradation characteristics of crushed stone
and sand mixes
SIEVE
SIZE
(mm)
80
0.001
value
1.2
0.7
0.5
3.0
METHDOLOGY:
100
40
Tire chips of sizes from 10mm to 4.75mm
wand these were obtained from used tires and these
were tested for following properties.
G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
RANGE
26.5
100
100
100
100
100
100
12.5
55
64
72
81
90
55-90
9.5
35
43
50
58
65
35-65
4.75
25
33
40
48
55
25-55
2.36
20
25
30
35
40
20-40
0.425
10
11
12
14
15
10-15
0.075
5
5
5
5
5
5
D10
0.425
0.38
0.3
0.21
0.16
D30
7.5
3.9
2.4
1.6
1.5
0.160.425
1.5-7.5
D60
13
11.5
11
9.8
7
7-13
CU
30.59
30.26
36.67
46.67
43.75
CC
10.18
3.48
1.75
1.24
2.01
30.2646.67
1.2410.18
Using MORTH grading 1 of table 3.Tire chips of
sizes 10mm to 4.75mm were added to the above
gradations in partial replacement of the range of
particles in between 9.5mm to 4.75mm at their
percentages ranging from 0.5 to 3 % by dry weight
of the above gradation. These gradation mixes were
subjected to compaction, CBR characteristics and
the results are shown below.
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:
4.1 Compaction characteristics:
The
compaction
characteristics like optimum moisture contents and
maximum dry densities were obtained by
performing modified proctor test on crushed stone
+ sand and tire chips as per IS2720:(part 8-1983)
and the results are shown in table-5
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 35 Number 1- May 2016
Table 5: Compaction characteristics of various Gradation-Tire chips mixes
(%) Tire chips
GRADATION
PROPERTY
0
3.5
0.5
3.6
1
3.7
1.5
3.8
2
3.9
2.5
4
3
4.1
2.16
2.15
2.14
2.13
2.12
2.11
2.11
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
2.17
2.16
2.15
2.14
2.13
2.12
2.11
3.8
3.9
4
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.6
2.18
2.17
2.16
2.15
2.14
2.13
2.12
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
2.17
2.16
2.15
2.14
2.13
2.12
2.11
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
2.16
2.15
2.14
2.13
2.12
2.11
2.11
OMC(%)
G1
MDD(g/cc)
OMC(%)
G2
MDD(g/cc)
OMC(%)
G3
MDD(g/cc)
OMC(%)
G4
MDD(g/cc)
OMC(%)
G5
MDD
OMC(%)
4.5
G1
G2
4
G3
3.5
G4
G5
3
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
MDD(g/cc)
5
2.19
2.18
2.17
2.16
2.15
2.14
2.13
2.12
2.11
2.1
G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
0
TIRE CHIPS(%)
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
TIRE CHIPS(%)
Fig 2: Compaction curves of various gradations-tire chips mix
From the test results it is identified that
increasing percentages of tire chips increases OMC
values are continuously increasing and MDD
values are decreasing. It is also identified that with
increasing the percentage of sand in the above
mixes MDD values are increasing up to G3 for all
dosages of tire chips and for G4 to G5 it is
decreasing. The range of OMC is 3.5 to 4.8% and
MDD is 2.11 to 2.18g/cc. The increasing in OMC
is due to adhesion of more sand particles on the
surface of tire waste particles require more water.
This behavior is predominated at higher
percentages of sand and higher dosage of tire
ISSN: 2231-5381
chips. The decreasing MDD is due to the partial
replacement of crusher stone particles by tire chips
and also light weight of the tire chips compared to
crushed stone and sand particles. This behavior is
pronounced at higher percentages of tire chips
.Hence the behavior can be explained by light
weight of tire chip particles make the composite
mix as lesser weight than the original conventional
mix
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 35 Number 1- May 2016
4.2 California bearing ratio characteristics:
The CBR values were obtained by performing CBR
test on crushed stone +sand and tire chips as per
GRADATION
G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
Table 6: CBR characteristics of various gradations - tire chips mixes:
(%) Tire chips
PROPERTY
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
54
60
69
73
76
CBR
60
66
75
80
82
CBR
68
73
80
84
80
CBR
56
69
74
78
72
CBR
48
62
72
70
65
CBR
90
2.5
70
3
66
75
70
73
67
66
64
60
60
CONCLUSIONS:
80
CBR(%)
IS2720:(part -16 -1987) and the results are shown
in table 6 and Fig.3
G1
70
G2
60
G3
50
G4
40
G5
TIRE CHIPS Modified Crushed stone-sand
gradation mixes attained high CBR values which
can suit as Sub-base course and Base materials.
Addition of
tire wastes could meet the
requirements of MORTH specifications to suit as
Sub- base and Base course material due to the light
weight nature of tire waste which helps the disposal
of non degradable industrial waste.
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
TIRE CHIPS(%)
Fig 3: CBR characteristics for various gradation
tire chips mixes
From the test results it is identified that
increasing the percentage of tire chips in the
gradation mixes the CBR values are increased up
to 2.0% for G1,G2, 1.5% G3,G4 and G5.It is also
observed that with decreasing the crushed stone
particles and increasing sand particles in the given
mixes maximum values of CBR are obtained at G3
gradation for all dosages of tire chips. Addition of
tire chips offers high resistance against shear
deformation at a given penetration is due to more
elastic nature of composite mixes more than
conventional mixes..
APPLICATIONS:
1 Crushed stone and sand gradations individually
attained high CBR values i.e 48-68% can be used
Sub-base materials.
2. Addition of 0.5% TIRE CHIPS to the crushed
stone –Sand gradations attained CBR values 6273% can be used as Base course material for rural
roads and low traffic roads.
3. Addition of 1.5 to 2.0% of TIRE CHIPS to
crushed stone-sand gradation attained CBR values
greater than 80 can be used as Base course
materials.
ISSN: 2231-5381
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 35 Number 1- May 2016
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