International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 33 Number 8- March 2016
Real Time Passenger Information System
using Microcontroller
Subodh Chettri1, Ongeyla Bhutia2, Arun Pradhan3, Deepak Rasaily4, Aarfin Ashraf 5
Instructor In Dept. Of Electronics &Communication Engineering, CCCT Polytechnic
3,4
Sr. Lecturer InDept. Of Electronics &Communication Engineering, CCCT Polytechnic
5
Diploma StudentIn Dept. Of Electronics &Communication Engineering, CCCT Polytechnic
Chisopani, South Sikkim, India
1, 2,Lab
Abstract-This
paper describes the various
components of our prototype implementation of a
Real-time Passenger Information System (RTPIS)
for a public transport system like a fleet of buses.
The prototype has been demonstrated in a campus
environment, with four-wheelers and two-wheelers
emulating buses. The automatic real-time
passenger information system has the potential of
Making the public transport system an attractive
alternative for city-dwellers, thereby contributing
to fewer private vehicles on the road, leading to
lower congestion levels and less pollution.This will
make the public transport system competitive and
passenger- friendly. The use of private vehicles is
reduced when more people use public transit
vehicles, which in turn reduces traffic and
pollution.
Keywords-Microcontroller,
integrated circuit,
Displays, Embedded System, Xbee.
I.
physical variables and in diverse environments
and sold into a competitive and cost conscious
market.
An embedded system is not a computer system that
is used primarily for processing, not a software
system on PC or UNIX, not a traditional business
or scientific application [3]. High-end embedded &
lower end embedded systems. High-end embedded
system - Generally 32, 64 Bit Controllers used with
OS. Examples Personal Digital Assistant and
Mobile phones etc. Lower end embedded systems Generally 8, 16 Bit Controllers used with a
minimal operating systems and hardware layout
designed for the specific purpose. Examples Small
controllers and devices in our everyday life like
Washing Machine, Microwave Ovens, where they
are embedded in.
A. THE EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN
CYCLE
INTRODUCTION TO
EMBEDDEDSYSTEMS
The entire project was developed in embedded
systems. A system is something that maintains its
existence and functions as a whole through the
interaction of its parts. E.g. Body, Mankind, Access
Control, etc.[1] A system is a part of the world that
a person or group of persons during some time
interval and for some purpose choose to regard as a
whole, consisting of interrelated components, each
component characterized by properties that are
selected as being relevant to the purpose.
Embedded System is a combination of
hardware and software used to achieve a single
specific task.
Embedded systems are computer systems that
monitor, respond to, or control an external
environment [2].
Environment connected to systems through
sensors, actuators and other I/O interfaces.
Embedded system must meet timing & other
constraints imposed on it by environment.
An embedded system is a microcontrollerbased, software driven, reliable, real-time
control system, autonomous, or human or
network interactive, operating on diverse
ISSN: 2231-5381
Fig 1“V Diagram”
The diagram shown on this slide is the "V
Diagram" that is often used to describe the
development cycle[4]. Originally developed to
encapsulate the design process of software
applications, many different versions of this
diagram can be found to describe different product
design cycles. Here we have shown one example
of such a diagram representing the design cycle of
embedded control applications common to
automotive, aerospace and defence applications.
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 33 Number 8- March 2016
In this diagram the general progression in time of
the development stages is shown from left to right.
Note however that this is often an iterative process
and the actual development will not proceed
linearly through these steps.[5] The goal of rapid
development is to make this cycle as efficient as
possible by minimizing the iterations required for a
design. If the x-axis of the diagram is thought of as
time, the goal is to narrow the "V" as much as
possible and thereby reduce development time.
The y-axis of this diagram can be thought of as the
level at which the system components are
considered. Early on in the development, the
requirements of the overall system must be
considered. As the system is divided into subsystems and components, the process becomes very
low-level down to the point of loading code onto
individual processors. Afterwards components are
integrated and tested together until such time that
the entire system can enter final production testing.
Therefore the top of the diagram represents the
high-level system view and the bottom of the
diagram represents a very low-level view.
II.
level of communication permits finely-tuned
remote monitoring and manipulation. In the
consumer market ZigBee is being explored for
everything from linking low-power household
devices such as smoke alarms to a central housing
control unit, to centralized light controls.
III.
BLOCK DIAGRAM AND
DESCRIPTION
INTRODUCTION TO ZIGBEE IEEE
802.15.4
ZigBee is the set of specs built around the IEEE
802.15.4 wireless protocol. The IEEE is the
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
They are a non-profit organization dedicated to
furthering technology involving electronics and
electronic devices. The 802 group is the section of
the IEEE involved in Information technologyTelecommunications and information exchange
between systems-Local and metropolitan area
networks including mid-sized networks. Group
15.4 deals specifically with wireless networking
(Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and
Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate
Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs))
technologies.[7]
The name "ZigBee" is derived from the erratic
zigging patterns many bees make between flowers
when collecting pollen. This is evocative of the
invisible webs of connections existing in a fully
wireless environment. The standard itself is
regulated by a group known as the ZigBee
Alliance, with over 150 members worldwide [8-9].
ZigBee devices are actively limited to a throughrate of 250Kbps, operating on the 2.4 GHz ISM
band, which is available throughout most of the
world.
ZigBee has been developed to meet the growing
demand for capable wireless networking between
numerous low-power devices. In industry ZigBee is
being used for next generation automated
manufacturing, with small transmitters in every
device on the floor, allowing for communication
between devices to a central computer. This new
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Fig 2:Block Diagram of Zigbee Transmitter.
Fig 3: Block Diagram of Zigbee Receiver.
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 33 Number 8- March 2016
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
10k
PIC I6f877A
Interfacing Pic Microcontroller to LCD:
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
4MHz
Fig 4:power supply.
22pf 22pf
B. PIC Microcontroller:
The major heart of this project is PIC16F877A
microcontroller, the reasons why we selected this in
our project?, it has more features like 16bit timer,
10-bit ADC, USART, SPI, I2C, 256 bytes of
EEPROM memory, and 8kbytes of flash program
memory, then at last its speed of program execution
is about to 1 microsecond or 10 MIPS (10 Million
Instructions per second), etc. However, compare to
other microcontroller it is fast and very ease to
program in C language because of huge support can
gain
from
the
manufacturer
(Microchip
Corporation)for programming. The special IDE
offered by the manufacture, it is named as MPLAB
IDE for it code generation purpose. Then one more
thing is several cheapest programming tools to
dump the coding in to the controller are available,
for example: ProPIC, PIC Flash, ProMATE, and
ProUniversal.
1N4007
VIN
VOUT
1N4007
1000uf
2
GND
+
230v
5v
1
1N4007
103
P O T
LM7805
3
A. Power supply:
The Entire Project needs power for its operation.
However, from the study of this project it comes to
know that we supposed to design 5v and 12v dc
power supply. So by utilizing the following power
supply components, required power has been
gained. (230/12v (1A and 500mA) – Step down
transformers, Bridge rectifier to converter ac to dc,
booster capacitor and +5v (7805) regulator to
maintain constant 5v for the controller circuit).
L C D
1N4007
+5v
step down
transformer
1
7812
3
IV.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
2
+12v
OUTPUT
+5v
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND
DESCRIPTION
Fig 4:Circuit Diagram of Zigbee Transmitter.
C. LCD display:
More microcontroller devices are using 'smart
LCD' displays to output visual information. The
following discussion covers the connection of a
Hitachi LCD display to a PIC microcontroller.
LCD displays designed around Hitachi's LCD
HD44780 module,[10] are inexpensive, easy to use,
and it is even possible to produce a readout using
the 8 x 80 pixels of the display. Hitachi LCD
displays have a standard ASCII set of characters
plus Japanese, Greek and mathematical symbols.
Fig 5:Circuit Diagram of Zigbee Receiver.
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 33 Number 8- March 2016
Totally two ZigBee transceiver modems used in
this project, these things were interfaced with PIC
16F877A controller unit through USART of the
PIC controller. USART module is available in
PORTC RC6th and RC7th pins. The RC6 has Txtransmitter pin, RC7 has Rx- receiver pin.
The PIC 16f877A microcontroller is a 40pin IC. The first pin of the controller is MCLR pin
and the 5V dc supply is given to this pin through
10KΩ resistor. This supply is also given to 11 th pin
directly. The 12th pin of the controller is grounded.
A tank circuit consists of a 4 MHZ crystal
oscillator and two 22pf capacitors are connected to
13th and 14th pins of the PIC.
The circuit consist one driver IC ULN
2003 is acts as driver. It is a 16- pin IC. This is of
NPN transistor type. And this IC is a combination
of 7 transistors. At a time we can connect seven
loads to each IC. In this project we used two relays
and they are connected to driver, the relays acting
as a switch. The 8th pin of driver ICs is grounded
and the 9th pin is connected to 12V dc voltage
which is from 7812 regulator.
First pin of driver IC is connected to RB7th pin of
the controller. Driver output pin 16th pin is
connected to Relay R1. The relay used in this
project is of Single pole Single throw type.
The Relay Driver Circuit is the main
circuit that enables the actual control over the
applications. As per the project designed, the Relay
Driver circuit signals the appliances to be used if
the user is valid or authenticated. Here we are using
transistor as the relay driver circuit. Relay is
connected with the transistor, which generally
contains five pins totally. The first two pins are
connected with the transistor and contain the
magnetic coil wound between them. The rest of the
pins are common point, Normally Open (NO) point
and Normally Close (NC) point.
Initially common point is in contact with Normally
Close point. The magnetic coil also contains an
arrangement very similar to that of a hook. When
supply is given at the supply point, the magnetic
coil of the relay gets energized or activated. Due to
this a magnetic field is created that lifts the hook
upwards. Thus the arrangement that was initially
closed gets opened now. The status of the relay
point gets changed (i.e. common point gets
connected with normally open point).
The status of the relay is depends upon the
conduction of the transistor. The transistor
configuration used here is that of common emitter
mode. The conduction of the transistor depends on
the base voltage of the transistor. The supply to the
transistor is given from the regulator of the power
supply board. Normally transistor acts as a switch.
The switch then gets activated by the
Microcontroller.
The output of the relay driver circuit is given
to any of the port pins. The Microcontroller is
ISSN: 2231-5381
programmed to respond corresponding to the relay
signal obtained. Thus the transistor acts as a switch
to control the relay and indirectly controls the
boiler.
The ZigBee 2.4Ghz transceiver modem unit is
connected with the USART (Rx &Txpins) of
microcontroller unit. The LCD display unit it
contains 16 pins the 1th & 2th - two pins supply
pins 15th&16th pin backlight pins, 3rd pin brightness
adjustment pin, 4th pin RS-reset pin, 5th pin RW pin
(read/write pin) 6th pin EN-enable pin these things
are interfaced with microcontroller RC1, RC2, RC3
and 7th to 14th pin are connected in PROTD of the
microcontroller
APPLICATIONS
In the railway stations
Automated bus station system
Automation of Industries, Automation of home
appliances has been rapidly used.
It can be used Industrial processes like power
generation, fabrication, and refining, and may
run in continuous, batch, repetitive, or discrete
modes.
V.
CONCLUSION
The System operated successfully. The automated
side, the controller takes the control over the
display unit. The remote side controller
continuously displays the train time information’s.
The ZigBee module it is called as DCE Data
communication equipment it is properly receiving
and transmitting the data, it interfaced both side of
the project controller.
SCOPE OF FUTURE STUDY
This project can be enhanced to wide range of
control by combining ZigBee based wireless
communication with Internet and we can extend the
area worldwide and we can form the network in
between sensors and machineries and control panel.
Meanwhile the parameters of the process can be
data logged in PC using same ZigBee network
communication protocol.
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[3]
DEEPAK RASAILY
SR LECTURER
ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION
CCCT
[4]
AARFIN ASHRAF
FINAL YEAR STUDENT
ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION
CCCT
Authors:
[1]
SUBODH CHETTRI
LAB INSTRUCTOR
ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION
CCCT
[2]
ONGEYLA BHUTIALAB
INSTRUCTORELECTRONI
CS AND
COMMUNICATIONCCCT
ISSN: 2231-5381
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