International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 33 Number 6- March 2016
Zone Routing Protocol & Its Enhancement
Techniques: “A Review”
Arun Kumar#1, Sonia Sharma*2
1
M.Tech, Computer Science and Engineering Department, JMIT, Radaur, Kurukshetra University,
India
2
Assistant Professor, Computer Science and Engineering Department, JMIT, Radaur, Kurukshetra
University, India
Abstract — A MANET is a collection of mobile hosts
that communicate over wireless links. The network
topology may undergo a change over time due to the
mobile nature of the hosts. For communication
between two nodes, routing algorithms are employed
namely of Proactive, Reactive or Hybrid type. Zone
Routing Protocol (ZRP) belongs to the category of
Hybrid Routing algorithms. It divides the network
into zones pertaining to every node in the network
that uses Proactive and Reactive routing techniques
for Intra-Zone and Inter-Zone routing respectively.
This review paper aims to look into Need for energy
management in MANETs, Working of ZRP along
with various approaches that have been employed
for the enhancement of ZRP involving its Analysis,
Energy management, Use of Anycast addressing,
Power consumption and Improving Quality of
services.
Keywords — MANET, ZRP, BN, BER, QOS
I. INTRODUCTION
A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) contains mobile
hosts that uses wireless links for communication. In
this system, each node is free to move in any
direction & dynamically change its links with other
nodes. Communication between two hosts may
consist of a route involving jumps from one or more
nodes in the MANET. These are used in
environments where there are difficulties in setting
up a wired infrastructure such as high cost. Some
fields where MANET can be used are conferencing,
military services, cellular networking etc. [4]
Fig. 1 MANET
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A. Energy Management in MANETs
The nodes in an ad hoc wireless network have
limited battery power for their operation. Hence,
there is a need for efficient energy management in
these networks. Energy management deals with the
process of efficiently managing energy resources
such as controlling the battery utilization, adjusting
the power used for transmission such that the
lifetime of the nodes of an ad hoc wireless network
is increased.
There is a need for energy management in ad hoc
wireless networks due to following reasons: [4]
1. Since, there is a high usage of resources and cost
involved in communication. Therefore, Resource
conservation & Cost savings are the main factors
that influence the need of energy management.
2. High power consumption requirements needs to
be handled as a part of energy management. Eg. In
critical situations like in military applications,
battery utilization needs to be done efficiently so as
to avoid frequent replacement of batteries which can
be difficult in those situations.
3. A controlled usage of power is necessary to
decrease signal interference during communication
and to increase the reusability of the communication
channel.
4. If a high amount of traffic is allowed through a
node, then it may lead to an increased depletion of
the power source for that node.
B. Routing in MANET
Routing is the process of communication between a
source & a destination node by transferring data
between them. In the routing process, a mobile node
searches for a route so as to establish communication
with the other node in the network. Also, if possible
this route should be the best possible route available
for communication between those two nodes.
Various parameters like communication cost,
reliability, network delay etc. comes into play while
determining the best route available. This Routing
process is carried out by a set of rules through which
two or more nodes communicate with each other.
These set of rules are what constitutes a Routing
Protocol.
The routing protocols in MANET are broadly
classified into following three categories [8]:
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 33 Number 6- March 2016
Fig. 3 Addressing Schemes in MANETs
1. Unicast Addressing
In Unicasting, data packets are transmitted to the
destination using the destination address retrieved
from the routing table. Thus, every node maintains a
routing table storing consistent information about the
other nodes. This is done by periodic updating of the
information in the routing table.
Fig. 2 MANET Routing Protocols [9]
1. Proactive or Table Driven Routing Protocols
These type of protocols maintains routing
information corresponding to every pair of nodes in
the network by exchanging route updates at regular
intervals to gather consistent & up-to-date
information. Since, routing information is available
for all nodes in the network thus, route is determined
as soon as it is needed. The main advantage this type
of protocol is its low latency in discovering new
routes. However, a high volume of control messages
are generated required for updating local routing
tables. Eg. Wireless Routing Protocol (WRP),
Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) are
such protocols.
2. Reactive or On-demand Routing Protocols
These type of protocols finds a route to a destination
only when there is a need for it. The source node
when needed to establish communication starts a
discovery process within the network. Since, routes
are only created when needed therefore, Reactive
protocols are more efficient than proactive ones. The
main advantage of this type of protocol is the low
overhead of control messages. However, these
protocols have higher latency in discovering routes.
Eg. Adhoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV),
Dynamic State Routing (DSR) are such protocols.
3. Hybrid Routing Protocols
These type of protocols uses the functioning of both
proactive and reactive protocol mechanisms. Since,
the efficiency of a single protocol highly depends on
the network configuration & operational conditions,
the use of a hybrid protocol may be more suitable.
This reduces the number of control messages and
latency in route discovery. Eg. Zone Routing
Protocol (ZRP) is one such protocol.
Fig. 4 Unicast Addressing
2. Multicast Addressing
Multicasting transmits data packets to a group of
hosts rather than a single host. This group of hosts is
known as the multicast group. A single destination
address is used to identify this multicast group. All
destination hosts included in the multicast group and
identified by the multicast group address will receive
the multicast packets i.e. sharing of data packets will
be performed.
Fig. 5 Multicast Addressing
3. Broadcast Addressing
Broadcasting refers to the process of transmitting
data to all the hosts in the network. This may be
done either by directly sending data packets from the
source to the destination or by use of the forwarding
node(s) to transmit data to the hosts not directly
available to the source. Status determination of
forwarding or non-forwarding is done by each node
using local information available to that node.
C. Addressing Schemes in MANETs
For communication between two nodes i.e., a source
and destination node, an addressing scheme is
required. Various addressing schemes can be used in
MANETs for the purpose of routing. These
addressing schemes can be broadly classified into
the following categories [14]:
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Fig. 6 Broadcast Addressing
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 33 Number 6- March 2016
4. Anycast Addressing
This type of addressing scheme defines an anycast
group containing a group of hosts identified by a
single anycast address. Only one of the members of
the anycast group can communicate with the source
at a time. The routers are responsible to match and
deliver the data packets to the corresponding host
that matches the anycast address specified in the
packet header [14].
Fig. 7 Anycast Addressing
II. ZONE ROUTING PROTOCOL (ZRP)
The Zone Routing Protocol is of hybrid type suitable
for the large networks consisting of diverse mobility
patterns [7]. It employs the use of both table-driven
and on-demand routing techniques based on its
necessity in the routing process.
A. Architecture of ZRP
A routing zone is defined separately for each node.
Proactive routing is used within the routing zone
known as Intra-Zone Routing Protocol (IARP)
where routes are available immediately but to
communicate outside the zone, ZRP employs
reactive routing known as Inter-Zone Routing
Protocol (IERP). In addition to this, Bordercasting
Resolution Protocol (BRP) provides Bordercasting
used in ZRP. The BRP construct Bordercast trees
using the information provided by the local IARP
regarding the extended routing zone. Query packets
are directed using these Bordercast trees. The BRP
also uses query control mechanisms to avoid those
network areas that have already been covered by the
query [7]. Neighbor discovery during the route
finding process is serviced by Neighbor Discovery
Protocol (NDP) either by periodic sending of
“Hello” messages known as Active Discovery or by
detecting communication activity on the channel
known as Passive Discovery [4].
Fig. 8 Architecture of ZRP [4]
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A Route discovery process is employed for finding
out a route from source to destination node. The
routing zones of nodes overlaps with each other.
Each routing zone (having radius ρ) contains the
nodes whose distance from the source node is less
than or equal to ρ hops.
Fig. 9 shows a routing zone of radius 3 hops for
node D. There can be two types of nodes in a routing
zone:
- Peripheral Nodes
- Interior Nodes.
The nodes that lie at a distance equal to the zone
radius ρ from central node are Peripheral Nodes or
Boundary Nodes & the nodes that lie at a distance
less than the zone radius ρ from central node are
Interior Nodes.
In Fig. 9, Peripheral nodes are H, I, J and Interior
Nodes are A, B, C, E, F, and G. The node X is
outside the routing zone of node D.
Fig. 9 Routing Zone of Node D with Radius (ρ) = 3
B. Route Discovery Process
When a route is needed for communication between
a source and a destination node, a route discovery
process is employed.
The route discovery process of ZRP is as follows:
1. First, the source node checks whether the
destination node lies within its zone. If yes, then
destination node is known and route discovery
process is stopped.
2. If the destination node is not found within the
routing zone of the source node, the route request is
send to the peripheral nodes. This is termed as
Bordercasting.
3. The peripheral nodes then checks whether the
destination node lies within their respective zones or
not. If the destination node is found then, a route
reply is sent back to the source node specifying the
route to the destination node.
4. If the destination node is not found in the routing
zones of peripheral nodes, route requests are further
send to their peripheral nodes.
5. This process repeats itself until the destination
node is found or a termination condition is reached
like a time-out.
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 33 Number 6- March 2016
Fig. 12 Propagation of Route Reply from Node Q
back to Source (S)
3.
Fig. 10 Flowchart of Route Discovery Process
C. Working of ZRP – An Example
The following example shows Route Discovery
Process employed by Source node (S) to find a route
to the destination node (D). Zone Radius (ρ) = 1 has
been considered.
1.
Firstly, Source (S) checks whether Destination
(D) exits within its zone by consulting the
routing table (Proactive Routing). This is done
by sending IARP Route Request packets to
other nodes. On not finding the destination node
within the zone, it sends the IERP Route
Request packets (Reactive Routing) to the
Border nodes of its zone (Bordercasting). In this
case, the border nodes of routing zone of S are
M and P. This process is repeated by the
subsequent border nodes until the destination
node is found or a termination condition is
reached like a time-out.
Finally, the data is sent by the source node (S)
to the destination node (D) through the already
discovered Route.
Fig. 13 Propagation of Data through the discovered
Route
D. Route Maintenance
Since, nodes moves from one location to another, the
links between nodes are frequently broken & reestablished. Thus, Route maintenance is essential in
ad hoc networks. If the route is broken or fails,
Route discovery/Route repair must be performed &
the packets are dropped or delayed until a new route
is available [7]. The below figure shows one
possible route maintenance after Node B changes its
location in the network. Note that while reestablishing the link, a direct link may change into
an indirect one or vice versa.
Fig. 11 Propagation of Route Request from Source
(S) to other nodes
2.
When the destination node (in this case D) is
reached, IERP Reply packets are sent back to
the source node (in this case S). Note that, the
Request Packets will not be sent to the
destination node D as it has already been
discovered by node Q.
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Fig. 14 Possible Route Maintenance after Node B
moves to a different location
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 33 Number 6- March 2016
III. LITERATURE SURVEY
A. Analysis of ZRP
Sandeep Kaur et al. in the paper [7] presents an
overview of ZRP and its functionality. An Analysis
of performance of ZRP was presented on the basis of
parameters including Throughput, Load, Data
Dropped and Delay.
Neha Jain et al. provides a paper [11] that provides
an analysis of ZRP in two different environments for
ZRP. First environment consists of a varying Zone
Radius and the other one consists of varying node
density in a fixed zone radius. Various performance
matrices were studied that included Average
throughput, Average end to end delay, Packet
delivery ratio, Average jitter and Normalized routing
overhead.
B. Energy Management in ZRP
Bhawna Dhingra et al. in the paper [13] modifies
ZRP protocol involving division of zone into subnets
based on the node properties. Moreover, selection of
a node to be used as a landmark protocol/node is
done. Depending on the degree of a node, a weight is
assigned to the nodes which in turn is used to set a
node as the landmark node. For communication
between a source and destination node, firstly the
data is transferred to the landmark node which
further transfers it to the destination node using
intra-zone routing. In case of inter-zone routing, the
data is transferred by the landmark node to the
peripheral nodes which further sends this data until it
reaches its destination.
Ruchi Aggarwal et al. presents a paper [9]
introducing EEZBLAR, an Energy Efficient Zone
Based Location Aided Routing Protocol for
MANETs based on the Location Aided Routing
(LAR). This protocol provides a decrease in energy
consumption by limiting the route discovery process
to specified nodes only. In EEZBLAR, first the
network is divided into zones and every zone is
allocated a Zone Leader randomly which maintains a
routing table containing information pertaining to all
the nodes in the zone. When route discovery process
is started, packets are sent only to the zone leaders
rather than flooding in the whole network.
Manvi et al. in the paper [1] proposed Zone and Link
Expiry based Routing Protocol. ZLERP reduces the
no. of control packets in the network by selecting a
path with stable links between source and
destination nodes. Link stability is measured
periodically using the received signal strengths from
neighboring nodes.
Diksha Jamwal et al. presents a paper [12] to modify
ZRP to specify a node as Zone head that enables
communication between two nodes along with
Border nodes that uses multicasting to reduce energy
consumption and increase throughput. Zone head is
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chosen as the node with good processing speed and
best battery life.
C. Use of Anycast Addressing
Tapaswini Dash et al. in the paper [5] proposed to
use Zone Routing Protocol along with Anycast
addressing if the destination is a member of anycast
address for the consistent performance improvement
of Zone Routing Protocol.
Satya Bhushan Verma in his paper [8] proposed an
energy efficient routing technique for MANET using
Zone Routing Protocol and anycast addressing. A
comparison of ZRP and ZRP with anycast showed
that energy consumption and average end-to-end
time delay is less in the latter case.
D. Power Consumption
Ravilla Dilli et al. provides an approach in the paper
[4] that includes creating two zones pertaining to
each node in the network based on two different
power levels. This is done to decrease the power
used to transmit the data to the destination node
because maximum power is used to reach the
destination node while transmitting data to it.
Moreover, if the node is moving at some speed and
is part of the zone as an intermediate or a border
node. Then in order to avoid the rapid fluctuation
from the status of an intermediate to a border node
and vice versa, the corresponding node should
remain in its state (intermediate or border node) for
at least some particular period of time. By using the
approach involving two zones, frequent generation
of unnecessary updates in routing or state changes
can be avoided.
E. Quality of Services
M.N. SreeRangaRaju et al. provides a paper [2]
introducing two algorithms to reduce network load.
One algorithm limits the no. of control packets to be
sent while searching for a new route in ZRP. The
second algorithm optimizes the performance by
using Query control mechanisms in ZRP.
B.Sreedevi et al. in a paper [3] introduced Partial
Authority Node (PAN) that is used for load sharing
from cluster head and thus intra-cluster routing is
performed efficiently. Also a Border node (BN) is
made available to trace the destination in case of
inter-cluster routing. This load sharing supports
QOS in MANETS.
Tiguiane Yélémou et al. provides a paper [6] that
proposes a Binary Error Rate (BER) approach of
ZRP (BER-ZRP) for a better utilization of network
capabilities. In this, all phases of calculation of
routing tables and link state recording are done
under Quality of Service control so that better routes
are preferred in terms of BER i.e., routes having
lower BER values are preferred. The overhead
incurred by route discovery and route maintenance
processes is better managed.
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 33 Number 6- March 2016
TABLE 1
APPROACHES USED FOR ENHANCING ZONE ROUTING PROTOCOL (ZRP)
YEAR
2010
AUTHOR(S)
S. S. Manvi, M. S.
Kakkasageri, Savitha
Paliwal and Rekha Patil
2011
M.N. SreeRangaRaju and
Dr. Jitendranath Mungara
2011
B.Sreedevi,
Dr.Y.Venkataramani and
Dr.T.R.Sivaramakrishnan
2012
Ravilla Dilli and Putta
Chandra Shekar Reddy
2012
Tapaswini Dash and
Bharati Mishra
2012
Tiguiane Yélémou,
Philippe Meseure and
Anne-Marie Poussard
2013
Satya Bhushan Verma
2014
Ruchi Aggarwal and
Amanpreet Kaur
2015
Bhawna Dhingra and
Shekhar Singh
2015
Diksha Jamwal, Kamal
Kumar Sharma and
Sharad Chauhan
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TECHNIQUE(S)
Introduced Zone and Link Expiry
based Routing Protocol (ZLERP)
for MANETs to limit control
overheads in the network by
considering link stability between
two nodes.
Introduced two algorithms to
reduce network load, one by
limiting no. of control packets
and other by using Query control
mechanisms.
A Partial Authority Node (PAN)
used for load sharing from cluster
head. Also there is availability of
a border node (BN) for intercluster routing.
A Modified ZRP where each node
in the network have two zones
based on two different power
levels.
Use of Anycast addressing with
ZRP in order to have performance
improvement while using Zone
Routing Protocol.
A Binary Error Rate (BER)
approach of ZRP (BER-ZRP) in
order to utilize the network
capabilities in a better way by
taking into consideration quality
of links. Preference is given to the
routes having lower BER values.
RESULTS
Ensured link stability and
reduces the control packets
propagated in the network.
Using Zone Routing Protocol
along with Anycast addressing in
order to have an energy efficient
routing technique for MANET.
EEZBLAR Protocol, an Energy
Efficient Zone Based Location
Aided Routing based on the
Location Aided Routing (LAR)
that employs the use of a zone
leader selected randomly to
forward packets from source to
destination.
Use of a node as the Landmark
Protocol
for
communication
between source and destination
node.
Use of a Zone Head (a node
having good processing speed and
best battery life) and Border
nodes that uses multicasting to
improve performance.
Less energy consumption and
reduced average end-to-end time
delay.
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15 to 20 percent performance
improvement when compared to
ZRP.
Increased throughput for both
intra-cluster and inter-cluster
routing.
Less Power consumption.
Improved Performance as the
destination node can be located
near to the source being a
member of the anycast group.
Improved Packet Delivery Ratio
(PDR) and Normalized Oversize
Load (NOL) metrics.
Reduced energy consumption in
terms of battery usage of the
mobile nodes.
Enhanced Packet Delivery Ratio
and Reduction in Routing
Overhead.
Easy maintenance of routing
information, Reduction in time
delay and energy consumption,
Increased throughput.
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 33 Number 6- March 2016
IV. CONCLUSION
Various approaches involving analysis of ZRP and
its enhancement were looked at. It was observed that
different environments like varying zone radius and
varying node density in a fixed zone radius affects
ZRP. In order to achieve the goals like efficient
energy management, low power consumption and
improve quality of services, the techniques like
appointing a zone leader, considering stability of
links in terms of error rates, creating two zones
according to two different power levels, load sharing
and limiting no. of control packets during route
discovery proved to be effective. Moreover, use of
anycast addressing with ZRP also showed
improvement in terms of energy consumption and
average end-to-end time delay.
[13] Bhawna Dhingra, Shekhar Singh, “Implementation of
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Comparative Analysis of Unicast, Multicast, Broadcast and
Anycast Addressing Schemes Routing in MANETs”, International
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