International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 33 Number 4- March 2016
Solar Activated Hi-techVechicles
1
Gowri Ganesh K
UG Scholar,
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai, India
Abstract
The great concern of the world in recent times is to
go for alternate everlasting renewable source of energy
to replace the present fuel sources of oil which ‘ is
feared’ may not last forever. Nowadays, applications
using renewable energy source of Solar Energy is much
talked about everywhere. Though there are some
limitations in the wide range of usages of solar energy
to replace the present oil sources, concentrated efforts
are being taken in this direction to go for more
applications. Solar Energy is being used in the fields
like solar powered House, Solar Water Heater etc. The
Hi Tech vehicle developed by us is powered by (1) Solar
Energy in addition to (2) another power source of
dynamo generated by moving wheels of the vehicle. The
power source of the car is the solar source and we have
introduced a Rechargeable Battery that charges during
morning and it is used as a power source at night. A
solar vehicle is an electric vehicle powered completely
or significantly by direct solar energy. Usually,
photovoltaic (PV) cells contained in solar panels
convert the sun's energy directly into electric energy.
The term "solar vehicle" usually implies that solar
energy is used to power all or part of a vehicle's
propulsion. Solar power may be also used to provide
power for communications or controls or other
auxiliary functions. In addition to the Solar Energy, the
vehicle is also powered by dynamo generated by the
moving wheels of the vehicle. Andwe have introduced a
new system based on speed control there are different
modes of driving that cannot increase beyond the limit.
One more technology is added to the above vehicle
mainly to prevent the accidents and also when accidents
occurred, the golden hour of immediate medical aid to
save life can be provided in the vehicle. We have
introduced new concept in breaks using object
Detectors.
Keywords—Solar
Cells;
Object
Detectors;
Automatic Breaking; Dynamos.
INTRODUCTION
We propose to use the solar power for our vehicle and
also we supplement with additional power of dynamo
which is produced by the rotating wheels of the vehicle.
The vehicle thus will have twine power source. Also we
add one more technology to prevent accidents and in
case of accidents, to get the medical assistance within
the golden hour to save the life.
Road accidents are on the increase every year. This is
mainly due to growing Vehicle Population and
indifference in following traffic rules. However we
propose for reducing such accidents with innovation
of some technology. We are coming out with a new
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device system wherein the automatic break system
will work when any object suddenly come across
our vehicle. This is applicable when the vehicle is
within the city limit and highway within 50KMPH
However when the vehicle is galloping in the
highway over 80/100KMPH speed, the above
system will not work. In case of any such accident
inhighways, getting the urgent medical aid is not
possible due todelayed communication to
ambulance/ nearest hospital/police. We propose to
set a device for automatic intimation to
ambulance/nearest hospital, police, and close
relative of the owner or driver..
II. EXISTING SYSTEM
Most cars in use today are propelled by an
internal combustion engine, fueled by deflagration
of gasoline (also known as petrol) or diesel. Both
fuels are known to cause air pollution and are also
blamed for contributing to climate change and
global warming. Uncertain oil prices, concerns
about oil dependence, tightening environmental
laws and restrictions on greenhouse, gas emissions
are propelling work on alternative power systems
for cars. Efforts to improve or replace existing
technologies include the development of hybrid
vehicles, plug-in electric vehicles and hydrogen
vehicles. Vehicles using alternative fuels such as
ethanol flexible-fuel vehicles and natural gas
vehicles are also gaining popularity in some
countries.
Oil consumption in the twentieth and twenty-first
centuries has been abundantly pushed by car
growth; the 1985–2003 oil glut even fueled the sales
of low-economy vehicles in OECD countries. The
BRIC countries are adding to this consumption; in
December 2009 China was briefly the largest car
market. The existing system uses an Nonrenewable
source of energy. In order to avoid the old
conventional system we have introduced the new
system in the field of Automobiles.
A. Drawbacks of Existing System
Oil resource may not last for ever.Therefore the
world is trying hard for alternate renewable sources
like wind energy and solar energy but wind energy
has not been proved viable for running a car so far.
We proposed a new system based on solar Energy
and to supplement the solar power, we add another
power source using Dynamos which is produced by
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 33 Number 4- March 2016
the rotating wheels of the vehicle.
III. Proposed system
In order to overcome the drawbacks of existing system,
we propose a new system of using a solar energy with
sensors to control the vehicles thus names as SOLAR
CONTROLLED HI-TECH VEHICLES
Our solar powered vehicles system consists
of IR sensors, Vibration sensor and a GSM/GPRS
module the sensor which helps to sense the objects
which are present before cars. These sensors will be
present in front and sides of cars if the sensor detects
any object 10meters in front of the vehicle it will slows
down if it detects if the length is reduced to 2meters it
applies break and stops the vehicle. Each wheel is
attached with a dynamo while the wheel rotates it
produce a Electrical Energy which stores in a set of
batteries which are again used as the supply for the
vehicle. All the above functions are controlled by
Rasbperry Pi Controller. And we have introduced
another feature for the different modes of driving, The
modes of driving implies three modes they are
City(50KMPH),Outer(70KMPH),
Highway(above
100). If any major accident occurs, unless immediate
medical care given within the golden hour, saving the
life is vey difficult. we have introduced a vibration
sensor, this gives a signal to the raspberry pi and
intimates the GSM/GPRS module and itsends the alert
message to the Police, Ambulance and the relatives.
Hence we hope this system will help to avoid accidents
in city limits, and to reduce the fuel consumption and
we use Renewable Solar Energy.
Fig.2 System Design
IV. System Architecture
The construction of any embedded system consists
of two parts namely hardware development and
software development. Hardware development involved
the designing the circuit of the project while the
software developments is focused on designing coding
to be embedded in the hardware.
A. Hardware Development
Solar Activated Hi-Tech Vehicles has several
hardware components namely Raspberry Pi, IR Sensor,
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vibration sensor, GSM/GPRS module, and Driving
modes,DC Motor etc. Raspberry Pi is considered as
the Heart of the System which is main decision
controller of the System which takes input from IR
sensor, and driving modes operates the dc motor
based on the input from IR sensor and the Driving
mode.
B. Raspberry Pi
The Raspberry Pi is a low cost, credit-card sized
computer that plugs into a computer monitor or TV,
and uses a standard keyboard and mouse. It is a
capable little device that enables all resources such
as data processing, Image processing and so on in
all kind of operating system like Scratch and
Python. It’s capable of doing everything you’d
expect to perform on embedded systems. Raspberry
has Broadcom BCM2836 So Chip, Quad-core ARM
Cortex-A7 Core Architecture, CPU Clock Speed of
900 MHz, Dual Core Video Core IV® Multimedia
Co-Processor Provides Open GL ES 2.0, hardwareaccelerated Open, and 1080p30 H.264 high-profile
decode Capable of 1Gpixel/s, 1.5Gtexel/s or
24GFLOPs with texture filtering and DMA
infrastructure, Memory of 1GB LPDDR2 operated
at Micro USB socket 5V,2A.
C. Infrared sensor (IR sensor)
A Infrared
sensor (IR
sensor)
is
an
electronic sensor that measures infrared (IR) light
radiating from objects in its field of view. They are
most often used in IR-based motion detectors. IR
sensors are incredible, they are flat control and
minimal effort, have a wide lens range, and are
simple to interface with. A IR or a Infrared Sensor
can be used to detect presence of objects in its
proximity. Basically motion detection use light
sensors to detect either the presence of infrared light
emitted from a object or absence of infrared light
when an object interrupts a beam emitted by another
part of the device. AIR sensor detects the infrared
light radiated by object. When infrared light strikes
a crystal, it generates an electrical charge. Thus aIR
sensor can be used to control the speed of the DC
motor within a detection area.
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 33 Number 4- March 2016
Bearing: ------------------Single/Double bearing
Insulation: ---------------H class
Protection class: ---------IP23
Adjusting rate of stable voltage:--±0.5%
IR.SENSORS
D. Dynamo & Batteries
A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct
current with the use of a commutator. Dynamos were
the first electrical generators capable of delivering
power for industry, and the foundation upon which
many other later electric-power conversion devices
were based, including the electric motor, the
alternating-current alternator, and the rotary converter.
Today, the simpler alternator dominates large scale
power generation, for efficiency, reliability and cost
reasons. A dynamo has the disadvantages of a
mechanical commutator. Also, converting alternating to
direct current using power rectification devices
(vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective
and usually economical. The energy that is produced
from the dynamo Is stored in a Lead-acid battery which
as a low energy to weight ratio and a low energy to
voltage ratio. To supply high current means these
batteries must have more power to weight ratio. These
energy that are collected during the running of the
vehicle is strored in a lead acid batteries that can be
used I Nights.
Fig.5 Dynamo
The current ratings of a dynamo is given below
Brand Name: ---------------MEISHENGLONG
Model Number: -------------XWS Series
Output Type: --------------AC Three Phase
Speed: --------------------1500/1800RPM
Frequency: ----------------50/60Hz
Rated Power: --------------6.5kw-750kw
Rated Voltage: ------------400V/380V/240V/230V/220V
Rated Current: ------------11.7-361A
Type: ---------------------alternator for car 48v
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E. Solar panel
Solar panel is collection of solar cells that
converts the heat radiation into a electrical energy,
the amount of light hits the cell the amount of
electricity producedThe price of solar power,
together with batteries for storage, has continued to
fall so that in many countries it is cheaper than
ordinary fossil fuel electricity from the gridThe
efficiency of a module determines the area of a
module given the same rated output – an 8%
efficient 230 watt module will have twice the area
of a 16% efficient 230 watt moduleA photovoltaic
(in short PV cells) module is a packaged, connected
assembly of typically 6×10 solar cells. Solar
Photovoltaic panels constitute the solar array of a
photovoltaic system that generates and supplies
solar electricity in commercial and residential
applications. Each module is rated by its DC output
power under standard test conditions, and typically
ranges from 100 to 365 watts. The solar
panelratings are given below
Fig.6 Solar Panel (NBJ-270M)
Module Type NBJ‐240M ------------------------NBJ‐270M
Maximum Power at STC (Pmax)--------------270Wp
Maximum Power Voltage (Vmp) --------------48.70V
Maximum Power Current (Imp) ----------------5.55A
Open‐circuit Voltage (Voc) ---------------------58.50V
Short‐circuit Current (Isc) -----------------------5.93A
Cell Efficiency (%) -------------------------------18%
Module Efficiency (%) --------------------------16.1%
Operating
Temperature
(℃
)------------‐40℃～+90℃
MaximumSystemVoltage(V)--DC1000V(TUV)/DC600V
Maximum Rated Current Series (A) ------------15A
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 33 Number 4- March 2016
Power Tolerance------------------------------------0～+3%
Temperature
Coefficients
of
Pmax--------(‐0.45±0.05)%/℃
Temperature
Coefficients
of
Voc----------(0.05±0.01) %/℃
Temperature
Coefficients
of
Isc-----------(‐0.35±0.02)%/℃
NOTC(℃ )------------------------------------- (47±2) ℃
F.. GSM/GPRS Module
GSM/GPRS
module is
used
to
establish
communication between a computer and a GSM-GPRS
system. Global System for Mobile communication
(GSM) is an architecture used for mobile
communication in most of the countries. Global Packet
Radio Service (GPRS) is an extension of GSM that
enables higher data transmission rate. GSM/GPRS
module consists of a GSM/GPRS modem assembled
together with power supply circuit and communication
interfaces(like RS-232, USB, etc) for computer. so that
it can be easily interfaced with a computer or a
microprocessor / microcontroller based system. The
power supply circuit is also built in the module that can
be activated by using a suitable adaptor. So that it can
be easily interfaced with a computer or a
microprocessor / microcontroller based system. The
power supply circuit is also built in the module that can
be activated by using a suitable adaptor.
V. ADVANTAGES OVER EXISTING SYSTEM
1. Unlike other cars they use renewable source
of energy like solar energy and dynamo energy
2. These cars required very low maintenance
3. They do not require any expenses for running
4. These cars are Eco-Friendly and produce no
harmful emission
VI. RESULT
The Solar Activated Hi-Tech vehicles is installed on
Door. The IR in vehicle checks regularly for if any
object is present in front of the car. If the IR senses the
object then it gives signal to the Raspberry Pi, and the
Vibration sensor present at the back and front side of
the car which sends the alert message to the police,
relation and ambulance.The Relation will get alert by
the message system. Thus with the help of this system
the drivers life can be saved when an accident
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occursand also in short duration of time. We hope
that this system will be useful.
VII.CONCLUSION
The Solar Activated Hi-Tech vehicles is
designed especially to prevent the accidents that are
occurred within the city limits and the speed can be
controlled and over speeding can be avoided in the
city limits Overcoming the existing conventional
system All units are powered by Raspberry Pi
Controller which is best, latest, low cost, low power
and provides superior performance. Thus by this
Solar Activated Hi-Tech Vehicles, many prevent
accidents and usage of Non-Renewable source of
energy replacing the conventional fuels
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[11] Obstacle Detection and Avoidance Autonomous CarK.Vasavi #1 M.V.S.Praveen*2Student & Electronics and
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Andhra Pradesh, India(International Journal of Engineering
Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 9 Number 15 Mar 2014)
[1]
BIOGRAPHIES
Gowri Ganesh K is currently
pursuing
Bachelor
of
Engineering in the field of
Electronics and Communication
Engineering
in
Panimalar
Engineering College affiliated
to Anna University located in
Chennai. His areas of Interest
are Embedded Designing and
software simulation.
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