International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 4 Issue 9- Sep 2013
Global Challenges for the Environment, Water Clean and Economic Advantages
Hidajete Nikqi , AdemDreshaj,
* 1 Public University “ Haxhi Zeka” in Peja
DepartmentofIndustrial-environmentalChemistry,
University ofTirana.
Abstract
The fast development of industry, agriculture
technology, with increasing population grows
increasingly standard of living is also increasing demand
for clean water and environmental pollution grows each
time taking process of uncontrolled release of CO2 into
the atmosphere and increase the industrial waste. Rulers
need to do a better coordination of CO2 in the
atmosphere management, waste management, water.
Sustainability of public health, protection of the
environment and the economy are key factors for
environment and clean water. Collecting more water
behind dams and especially in aquifers through artificial
recharge is necessary to save water in times of excess
water for use at the time of his absence. Storage of CO2
in safe places as under the oceans countries
semptyexplorer oil from storage in mines or explorer.
Use should be carefully planned and take measures to
prevent adverse health effects in the case of groundwater
contamination. Some countries may save water by
importing most food and energy commodities and other
countries that possess more water, so basically they also
get water was needed to produce these goods. Water
"virtual". Local water can then be used for high social,
environmental, or economic or saved for the future.
Climate change and global warming caused by carbon
dioxide emissions are difficult to predict in space and
time. The wars in the future will be developed for clean
water and not for gold and oil.
Key words: integrated management of CO2 and water,
the health of the population
ISSN: 2231-5381
FacultyofNatural
Sciences,
Introduction
Higher living standards, causing increased demand for
better quality water for clean environment, clean health,
but on the contrary have increased sewage and industrial
waste. At the same time, increased demand more water
for agriculture and economic growth will be needed to
meet growing demands for food for the population.
Also, demand more water will be needed for the
environment, such concerns would have to aquatic life,
wildlife, housing, recreational values, scenic values and
aquatic habitats. This will require integrated
management of water RESOURCE and respectable
international cooperation. Almost all liquid and water on
planet earth is fresh groundwater. Groundwater will be
used more, and therefore should be protected against
irrational spending and pollution, especially from
sources Point and non-Point.We have no agreement
among scientists as, and when the climate will change,
and what consequences will be disastrous in the future
planet earth. Some scientists have come to the
conclusion that climate change (natural and
anthropogenic) can be unpredictable global yen.Water
resources should be managed with good flexibility in
order to be able to cope with the changes and demands
for fresh water. Institutions need to call for integrated
water management, all of society must be involved in
the process management of water and CO2. History
requires not only the management of water supplies but
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 4 Issue 9- Sep 2013
also water demand management (eg water conservation,
environmental and water transfers and returns using the
highest quality for economic advantages), water quality,
management, recycling and reuse of water in the
economy, conflict resolution, public involvement, public
health, environmental and ecological aspects, sociocultural aspects, water storage.
mountain regions, which remains only about 1 % of
global water as liquid fresh water. Almost all of this
more than 98% located in groundwater while less than
2% is the most visible form of lake flows, which are
often fed by groundwater. About 40-45% of rainfall on
groundwater complete example. Mediterranean type
climate is more like 10 to 20 percent. For dry climates
can be as little as 1%.
Global water problems of Pater
On our planet, world population is 6.5 billion. In the
future projected doubling of population, where there are
many water utilities, ditches and other problems, about
1550 people (mostly children who affected is the
continent of Africa and Asia) die every hour due to the
use of contaminated water . This will increase the
population migrations, more people from rural areas and
urban right, creating many large cities, 10 to 20 million,
people will have increasing demand for fresh water and
clean environment will increase this industry growing
number of vehicles that emit a large amount of CO2
released into the atmosphere greenhouse effect
formation, increasing the amount of waste increased
environmental pollution drastically. People and their
pets live together where they can pose serious health
problems, such as viruses and other pathogens that
normally affect the animals and could be transferred to
humans. This can cause potential epidemic of global
proportions, the cause of immunodeficiency and
vaccines. Appear as Ebola viral epidemic, AIDS viruses,
various outbreaks of swine flu, avian viruses, increasing
numbers of people being bitten by ticks. If animals are
given regular doses of antibiotics to protect against
parasites, create resistance to antibiotic, pathogenic
viruses can cause serious human pandemics. Adequate
standard of living in western countries and the
industrialized enough need a supply of water needed at
least 2100 m3 per person for annual needs
States that have 1000-2000 m3, the country is Sufficient
water, while countries with 500 m3 of water per person
per year, it is little water to residents. desert rural people
possess only 1-2 m3, which is much less per person per
year (not including their pets).
Almost all of the planet's water is in the oceans over
(97%) as salt water, the water remains 3% to two-thirds
of the fresh water as snow and ice are the polar and
Artificial ground water gatherings
The likelihood of climate change can manifest can
include more extreme weather, such as periods of
excessive precipitation and periods of low rainfall that
cause drought. Also, in relatively dry climates, small
changes of the precipitation can cause significant
changes in the natural recharge of groundwater basins.
To protect water against these extremes and changes, is
needed more water storage, including long-term storage
(years to decades) need to accumulate reserves during
times of surplus water to the water when for use on
absence. Traditionally, such storage is achieved by
building dams. However, the dams have a number of
shortcomings, such as interference in the ecology of the
river, adverse environmental effects, displacement of
people near dam reservoirs new rise of other issues of
public health, higher costs, the potential for structural
problems, not has sustainability as all dams eventually
lose their capacity as they packed sediments. For these
reasons, new dams are increasingly difficult to build.
One of the advantages of dams is that they can be
operated water flow in the river downstream toward
profitability, despite seasonal variations or low rainfall.
On the other hand, to turn the turbine ease. Fluctuations
in electricity demand could adversely affect ecology it
can be very complex and expensive. Dams on
international rivers require intensive cooperation
between the countries involved, so that countries
downstream from dams are not adversely affected,
location design, and operation of the dam.
If water can not accumulate soil surface, should be
stored in underground basins, through artificial recharge
of groundwater. Already, more than 98% of the world
supply of fresh water from ground water liquid.
Artificial recharge is achieved by pooling water on the
soil surface where it is filtered into the ground and
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 4 Issue 9- Sep 2013
moving in the direction of groundwater basins. Such
systems require that they penetrated ken land system as
the beach and sand are preferred. With the continuous
flood, collected particles suspended in water. In
sediment land surface and form a layer of clay
(clogging) that reduces the rates of filtration, biological,
chemical, physical. Thus, the filter decreases, measures
should be taken periodically as: drying, cracking, and, if
necessary mechanical removal of the mud layer
(clogging). Action against systems can be designed and
managed to enhance environmental benefits (eg, water
parks, trees and other vegetations, shelter for wildlife).
Rerate lands are not always available. If aquifers are
closed arteries of water penetration to aquifer should act
the form "injection" of drilling wells up in the aquifer.
The cost of such recharges is often much higher than the
cost of filtering the natural resources in the basin for
drilling wells can be expensive and the water must first
be treated to remove all suspended matter, inorganic
nutrients and organic carbon minimize (clogging) in the
surface aquifer. Clay (clogging) it is difficult to remove,
prevent sludge (clogging) is adequate for treat man
water. More and more wells are constructed with the aim
of extracting aquifer recharges to allow recharging when
water requirements are low and excess water. The big
advantage of underground storage is that no groundwater
losses. Systems groundwater recharge are sustainable,
economical, and have no problems eco - environmental.
Besides algae which can provide water quality problems
in open water, are ahead of groundwater. Operating
underground formations such as physics. Systemic filters
can also be used to clean the affected water quality.
Biodegradation of organic substances and erosion
Annual precipitation with nutritional chemical substance
can be expected to produce the lush vegetation when
used for irrigation, biomass is more and biodegradation
in soil which can produce increased levels of raw
hummock in drainage waters and, ultimately, end in
underlying groundwater.
Practices for erosion control, as well as organic and
inorganic nutrients and pesticides in runoff water.
(Vegetated buffer strips), the effects of increasing the
concentration of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere entails increasing temperature and climate
change. Forecasts range from the most severe effects on
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ecosystems and our health Increased floods, droughts.
Sometimes it seems that the conclusions are based
primarily on consensus and majority opinion of all this
controversy shows, however, is that it is not known to a
sufficient degree of accuracy what will happen in space
and time in the future. Thus, it is difficult to make
adequate plans. In addition to gradual changes, longterm climate change. Changes within the space of a
human generation can occur. Models for predicting the
global precipitation are based on models for predicting
global temperatures, the answers to increasing CO2
concentration in the atmosphere. However, forecasts for
growth temperatures are filled with uncertainty
(Kimball), which makes atmospheric precipitation
forecast. However, because temperatures are projected
to increase globally averaged, evaporation from the
oceans will rise, the average global precipitation.
Precipitation patterns may vary. As a result, increased
rainfall means likely to lead to increased precipitation
variability.
Scientific modeling of climate change
Are based on the estimated average temperature increase
(4 ° C in 2100), from which they estimate precipitation
increases (4% in summer and in winter 25%) which then
go to their hydrological model to forecast cash floods.
These estimates are useful for long-range planning and
show that for 25 years, flood control dikes would still be
feasible. As time proceeds, climate and climate science
will further develop in the most detailed and reliable
climate scenarios can be formulated. The sea level rise
by 2100 are projected to be in the range of 30 to 110 cm.
Tests such as these are useful for planning long string of
other river basins. If, indeed increased flood flows may
ultimately be feasible the construction of flood ways
parallels can be good normally, these ways will be
flooding the form and structure will be expensive,
Flood control becomes as reforestation "green" is in
rivers, has minimal damage. River Green concept can
also be applied to small rivers. In the canyon of Los
Angelo’s small floods occur every few years, and major
floods covering most of the river every 20 years. In the
100-year-old is the amount of flood water flow in the
canyon 850m3 / s. Flood data so far is 570 m3 / s, of
which there Situated in 1972 and has a recurrence
interval of 70 years. Floods have short life for a few
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days to about a week, and cause damage. Israel has also
made predictions of future climate change scenarios for
changes based on local climatic trends and research in
national and regional climatic patterns. Projected
changes for 2100 are: mean temperature increase of 1.6 1.8 ° C, 4-8% reduction in rainfall, increased to 10
percent (evaporate transpiration); late winter rains, the
rain intensity increases and cuts rainy season, large
seasonal variability, increased temperature, severity of
extreme climate events, and great uncertainty spatial and
temporal climate.
Because of uncertainties in projections of global change,
particularly in space and in time, the best policy is to
water management of water resources in order to be able
to handle the flood of good management in times of
drought to surpluses and shortages water.
Modeling of additional carbon turnover in nature
Specific modeling scenario in overall carbon flow
projections used to design for increased evaporation.
The prediction is made whether to grow globally
parameters, temperature and CO2. Changes tion forms
are very uncertain. Direct effects of raised CO2
(expected to reach up to 950-540 µmol mo1-1,
depending on CO2 emissions. Scenario plants flora cause
stomata resistance increased by about 25-45%, a 350
µmol mol -1 increase in CO2 .. At the same time,
increasing CO2 will boost plant growth in the area sheet
(Maybe so 10% in peak leaf area index for a 350 µmol
mol-1 increase in CO2 concentration for C3 plants C4
plants respond).
Projections of climate change and the direct
physiological effects of CO2 on plants raised likely will
cause shifts optimum regions for many crops production.
Further, the human economy and social factors also
cause changes in land use and associated water
requirements, irrigation. In addition, there is likely to
shift to natural vegetation in the catchment upstream,
which may change the supply of water available for
irrigation in the future.In Finally, climate change is
likely to affect future water and its resources.
On really concentrations of other gases in the
atmosphere can also be increased. Some of these may
have negative effects. For example, ozone levels are
weakened in the last 100 years and are projected to
increase continue to faster rate in the future additional
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gas ser. Conducted an experiment in growing potatoes
have forced the form of CO2 up in the air has resulted in
rising above the norm. Carbon emissions can be reduced
by storing and using energy efficient, using non-fossil
energy sources (hydropower plants, wind, solar, nuclear,
and not ethanol or other fuel) and growing more plants
for carbon sequestration in biomass and land.
Befouls still emit carbon into the atmosphere but, unlike
carbon from fossil fuels, carbon recycling is done
through the process of photosynthesis.
Water resources to Kosovo
Water reuse is becoming more and more important for
two reasons. One is that discharge wastewater into
surface waters is becoming increasingly expensive and
difficult cleaning. Treatment requirements more
stringent to protect the quality of the receiving water for
aquatic life, recreation and benefit users in terms of
power. The second reason is that municipal wastewater
is often an important water resource that can be used for
a number of purposes, especially water scarce areas.
Reuse is necessary (non-potable) for purposes such as
agricultural irrigation and urban use, industrial use as
(Refrigeration), growth environment (wetlands, wildlife
refuges, habitat), fire fighting, dust control, and to wash
toilets. This requires treatment so that it meets the
quality requirements of intentional use. To invest
adequate infrastructure as storage reservoirs, canals, and
pipelines and distribution systems are needed double that
the waters of different qualities can be transported to
different destinations.
Virtual Water
Goods imported to take more water to produce as food
and electricity from other countries that have abundant
water resources. Areas receiving water was needed for
processing goods. This water is "virtually" embedded in
goods, it is called virtual water. For example, for every
kg of wheat imported from one country to another also
takes 1.2 m3 of virtual water cost much less than the
value of local water resources. Use more water, just to
please people, the pride of being sufficient in food
production (especially food cases) then there will be
economic if these foods can be imported much cheaper
from rich water. Many areas of the world will face
serious water shortages, less likely to have adequate
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 4 Issue 9- Sep 2013
water for their residents, even trying to collect more
water for humans or for other goods may then
economically and politically to be a very good solution,
and probably the easiest way to achieve peaceful
resolution of water conflicts. Economy and trade
becomes increasingly global, field operations to global
food movements. To ensure global food distribution will
not be used as a political weapon, it should be
internationally controlled representation of importing
countries. International cooperation could then be
established to develop eco-tourism in these areas that
will provide income for the import of staple foods and
virtual water. Then virtual water will be much cheaper
than using the water itself. Proposals range from
building large pipelines to transport water or water in
tankers and towing icebergs from the polar regions or
large rafts of fresh water. Countries such exports water
can be a significant source of revenue.
Conclusions and recommendations
 The strict controls just international of CO2 in
the atmosphere.
Safe Manager
 The layer of ozone in the atmosphere.
 Monitoring Stations-the air water and soil.
 Climate change will pose severe requirements of
safe water sources in the future.
 Principles of integrated water management and
international cooperation will be needed to
develop sustainable systems and prevent
ecological disasters.
 Better water management should be integrated to
clean water.
 Management practices, that the actions of a user
group will affect the water interests of others.
 More research be done to ensure the quality
water.
 Resources be based on sound science and
engineering areas local, national, and
international efforts.
 To this collaboration, and the costs are necessary
to meet the food.
 Demand stable, peaceful and environmentally
responsible manner.
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