International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume2 Issue 1 Number2–Aug 2011
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF GROUND WATER ANALYSIS IN VANIYAMBADI
TOWN, VELLORE DISTRICT, TAMIL NADU
T.P. Meikandaan1*, K. Ilayaraja1 and M. Hemapriya2
1
Department of Civil Engineering,
Bharath Institute of Science & Technology,
Bharath University, Selaiyur, Chennai 600073, India
2
Department of Civil Engineering,
Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research,
Meenakshi University, Chikrayapuram, Chennai-600 069, India.
ABSTRACT
Water is vital natural resource which is essential for multiplicity of purposes. Its
many uses include drinking and other domestic uses, industrial cooling, power generation,
irrigation and waste disposal. In developing country like India, there has been increasing
ground water development and utilization. Industrial activities in the last few decades have
caused irreparable damage to this resource. Tanning industry is one of the oldest industries in
India. The growing demand for leather and leather goods has led to the establishment of large
commercial tanneries. The discharge of the tannery effluent which is generally allowed to
stagnate on land and dry river beds seeps in to the soil and contaminates the ground water. In
such places groundwater has been rendered altogether unfit for drinking and irrigation. The
study area Vaniyambadi is one of the town in Vellore district, water samples from wells near
by the tanneries and away from the tanneries in the study area were collected and analysed.
The purposes of this study is to provide an overview of present groundwater quality and to
determine spatial distribution of groundwater quality parameters such as as pH, Total
suspended solids ( TSS ), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Electrical Conductivity, Chlorides,
Total Hardness, Sulphates, Biological oxygen demand (BOD), Chromium groundwater
quality in the study area by using GIS and geostatistics techniques. The laboratory results
were compared with BIS and WHO standard and by using Arc GIS software, the results were
spatially represented. The laboratory results and how that the ground water in the wells near
the tanneries are more contaminated than that of the water in the wells away from the
tanneries. The Chloride concentration in the water in the wells near the tanneries is nearby
two times that of the water in the wells away from the tanneries. This indicates that the
ground water contamination is mainly due to tannery effluent.
1. Introduction
Water is relatively more prone to pollution than air because it is more viscous having
lesser moment of inertial possessing closer molecular distance than air (Trivedi and Raj
1992). Ground water naturally contains concentration of various mineral substances in
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geologic formation. Disposal of manmade wastes adds additional substances in it. The word
pollution has been taken from the Latin word “POLLUTIONAM” meaning defilement. The
sources of toxic chemicals that can potentially contaminate ground water include industrial
and municipal landfills, septic tank, mining and agricultural activities. Chemicals passing
through several hydrological zones, reach the ground water system. The pore spaces in the
unsaturated zones are occupied by air and water. These adsorbed chemicals will be
decomposed by oxidation and microbial activity. The pore spaces are also unsaturated and as
chemical percolated through the zone and aerobic biological degradation continues to take
place. Chemicals which are lighter than water will float on top of the water table and move in
different directions. Industrial activities in the last few decades have caused irreparable
damage to the water resources. In such places ground water has been rendered altogether
unfit for drinking and irrigation. Contamination of groundwater can result in poor drinking
water quality, loss of water supply, high cleanup costs, high costs for alternative water
supplies, and/or potential health problems (Bilgehan Nas and Ali Berktay 2010). GIS is an
effective tool for storing large volumes of data that can be correlated spatially and retrieved
for the spatial analysis and integration to produce the desirable output. GIS has been used by
scientists of various disciplines for spatial queries, analysis and integration for the last three
decades (Burrough and McDonnell 1998). Ahn and Chon (1999) investigated groundwater
contamination and spatial relationships among groundwater quality, topography, geology,
land use, and pollution sources using GIS in Seoul, Korea. Ducci (1999) produced
groundwater contamination risk and quality maps by using GIS in Italy. A number of studies
in India were conducted to determine potential sites for groundwater exploration in diverse
geological set ups using remote sensing and GIS techniques (Kamaraju 1997; Srivastava et al.
1997; Srivastava and Battacharya 2000). Geographic information system (GIS) is an efficient
and effective tool in solving problems where spatial data are important. Therefore, it is
widely used for assessment of water quality and developing solutions for water resources
related problems (Chaudhary et al. 1996). Zhu et al. (2001) produced a radon distribution
map using the kriging and GIS techniques in Belgium. V.V.S. Gurunatha Rao, M.
Thangarajan (1999) reported that the ground water pollution due to discharge of tannery
effluents in Upper Palar basin, Tamil Nadu, India, an assessment through mass transport
modeling. Luciano Gomes . Estela P.Troiani . Jorge Nozaki (2009) has done an analysis of
the environmental impact on a stream is only tannery to blame in Maringa city- Parana state –
Brazil. Gultekin Tarcan .Gorkem Akinci. M.Ali Danisman ((2009) has done an Assessment
of the Pollution from Tannery Effluents upon Waters and Soils in and Around Kula Vicinity,
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Turkey. E.Leghouchi. E.Laib. M.Guerbet (2007) has done an evaluation of chromium
contamination in water, sediment and vegetation caused by the tannery of Jijel (Algeria): a
case study. Krishnasamy And Haridass,(1981) reported that the banks of the Palar river and
ground water affected by tannery effluent. Hariharan (1975) reported the ground water and
Palar river basin were affected by the tannery effluent. Nagaraja (1970) examined the level
of ground water pollution at Minnur, Vellore District Tamil Nadu. He reported that the wells
one kilometer away from the tannery are also affected by the effluent from TALCO tannery
unit. The ground water had a TDS of 1200 Mg/1. The tannery effluent effect the activity
pattern of the fish, water snail, and other aquatic fauna in the river (Rraw et al. 1982).
Pollution was caused due to the effluent let into the dry bed of the river at Vaniyambadi and
Ambur. At Ambur, the pollution of ground water was spread even to a distance of one and
half kilometer from the tanneries. Karthikeyan and Meenakshi (1991) examined the Ground
water quality in and around the tannery units located in the southern side of Dindigul town.
The amount of total solids, hardness & chlorides were several times higher than the tolerable
limits for drinking and Industrial purposes. Therefore the present study is undertaken to map
the spatial distribution of the ground water quality using Arc GIS.
2. Study area
Vaniyambadi is one of the town in Vellore district as shown in Fig 3.2. Vaniyambadi
town is situated along national highway which is connecting to Bangalore. It has longitude
between 78o 34’17” and 78o 45’0” East, and latitude between 12 o 36’25” and 12o 42’51”
north (Fig 1). The town is surrounded by Udayandram on north, Nekkanamalai on East,
Ckikkanankuppam on West and Govindapuram on south total area of about is 22.5 Sq. km. It
has the length of about 7.35km and a breadth of about 4.75km. Palar river is flowing in the
study area. It is coming from Karnataka and enters in to the Vellore district near
Vaniyambadi. Basically it is non perennial and flow in the river depends on precipitation.
There are nearly 93 tanneries in the study area in those 85 tanneries in Kachiarpet, 3 tanneries
near the trunk road and 5 tanneries in Conamedu area. They produce 3,122 kilo litres of
effluent per day. Most of the tanneries discharge their effluent into the China Palar.
Geologically the entire area is underlined by crystalline rock of Archaean age. The most
common Archaean rocks found in the district are gneiesses and Charnokite.
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3. Methodology
Samples were collected from open wells around Vaniyambadi in which 15 wells
which are located very near the tanneries where as 15 wells are located away from tanneries
randomly (Table1). The water samples where used to determine groundwater quality
parameters such as pH, Total suspended solids (TSS), Total dissolved solids (TDS),
Electrical Conductivity, Chlorides, Total Hardness, Sulphates, Biological oxygen demand
(BOD), Chromium and to map the spatial distribution of groundwater quality in the study
area by using GIS and IDW techniques. Sample pH was measured using a glass electrode pH
meter. Electrical conductivity was measured using a platinum electrode conductivity meter.
Chloride, Hardness, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen was measured using
titrimetric method. All concentrations are expressed in milligrams per liter (mg/l) and
compared according to standards (Table2). A GIS software package ArcGIS 9.2 and Arc-GIS
Spatial interpolation technique was adopted and Geo statistical Analyst extension were used
to map, query, and analyze the data in this study for the assessment of groundwater quality.
ArcGIS 9.2 and IDW Analyst were used for generational various thematic maps. The
toposheet map of the city was used and was digitized to UTM coordinate system by applying
the on-screen digitizing method. The well locations were obtained for 30 wells spreading all
over the region by using a Trimble hand held Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver. In
addition, attribute information of wells was also input to a digital map using the ArcGIS 9.2
software.
4. Result and Discussion
In this study the ground water samples are collected from wells near by the tanneries
and away from the tanneries. Water depth near the tanneries varies between 4m and 12m
whereas the depth of water level away from the tannery varies between 3m and 11.5m. The
result obtained for the different parameter viz. pH, total suspended solid, total dissolved
solids, chloride, BOD, sulphates, Total hardness and Electrical conductivity for wells nearby
tanneries and away from the tanneries are tabulated in table 3 & 4. The variation of pH
(Fig.2) from the sites nearby tanneries are lightly alkaline whereas in the wells away from the
tanneries are within the permissible limits. From the results of the ground water sample
analysed it is seen that pH in all the wells were within the maximum permissible limit ie.,
between 6.5 and 8.5 specified by Bereau of Indian Standard (BIS). The parameter Total
solids for the wells nearby and away from the tanneries are shown in Fig 3. The concentration
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in the wells near and away from the tanneries are well above the maximum permissible limits
specified by World Health Organization.(WHO). Chromium concentration in most of the
wells located near the tannery and away from tannery are above the maximum permissible
limit specified by BIS and WHO Standard. Sulphate concentration was high in seven wells
(nos. 1,3,4,5,8,13 & 15) situated near the tannery were as the concentration of sulphate was
within the limits in the wells situated away from the tannery. The range of sulphate was
found to be 226 to 942 mg/l in the wells near the tannery. Total Hardness in the well near the
tannery was four times more than the well away from the tannery. It exceeds the limit in the
entire well situated near the tannery. The range near the tannery was found to be 1220 mg/l to
2950 mg/l. Similarly, Chloride concentration was more in the wells near the tannery. Its
concentration was well above the maximum permissible limit specified by the BIS
ie.,250ppm. The range of chloride concentration was 1060 to 3120 mg/l near the tannery.
North East monsoon brings heavy rain during the months of October to December. Ground
water recharge and dilution takes place due to dilution in ionic concentration in the well
water decreased.
The concentration of Total dissolved solids in wells both near and away from the
tannery are shown in Fig 4. Both the values are well above the maximum permissible limit
specified by Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS). Electrical conductivity results are shown in Fig
5. Electrical conductivity of the well near to the tannery is well above the maximum
permissible limit of World Health Organization. (WHO) standard compared to the wells
situated away from tannery. occur in all natural waters in widely varying concentrations. The
chloride content normally increases as the mineral content increases (Sawyer and McCarty
1978).
Concentration of Chloride levels shown in Fig6. Dhanaselven (1991) studied the
physico-chemical contamination of well water of Kanpur, were water near the Industrial belt
was highly contaminated by tannery effluent. The wells near the tanneries is having chloride
concentration above the maximum permissible limits. Sengul et al. (1991). experimented on
biological treatment of tannery waste water containing high sulphides Sulphate concentration
shown in Fig7. High sulphate concentration is observed in the wells near the tannery. The
concentration of sulphates in the well water away from the tannery is well within the Bureau
of Indian Standard (BIS) for drinking water.
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Hardness in water is caused by dissolved calcium and, to a lesser extent, magnesium.
It is usually expressed as the equivalent quantity of calcium carbonate (WHO (World Health
Organization) 2004). The hardness of water reflects the nature of the geological formations
with which it has been in contact (Sawyer and McCarty 1978). Total hardness concentration
shown in Fig 8. The hardness found in both the wells near and away from the tannery. The
concentration exceeds the maximum permissible limits specified by Bureau of Indian
Standard (BIS). Tanning effluent affect the ground water quality parameters such as ph
temperature BOD suspended and dissolved solids, sulphur chromium and nitrogen
(vullierment and carre 1982). The concentration of BOD and Cr in the well water away from
the tannery is well within the Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) for drinking water as shown in
the figure 9 and 10 respectively. Durairajan (1972) studied the ground water quality in Tamil
Nadu and reported that ground water was contaminated by chromium. It was mainly due to
the tannery effluent.
5. Conclusion
Quality of ground water in Vaniyambadi area in Vellore has been assessed based on the
data already available and on data collected during the study. The major findings of this study
have been summarized below. The pH in all the wells are in the maximum permissible limits
ie., between 63.5 to 8.5 as per BIS. The concentration of TDS (total dissolved solids) and
Chloride in the ground water sample are very high. The concentration of above parameters
are found more in nearby the tannery and found comparably less away from the tanneries.
Chromium concentration in most of the wells located near the tannery and away from tannery
are above the maximum permissible limit specified by BIS and WHO Standard. Since the
concentration of most of the parameters are above the maximum permissible limit, it is clear
that the water cannot be used for domestic purposes without any treatment. The soil in the
area belongs to rocky, this accounts for the high rate of pollutant moment and ground water
pollution. The ground water pollution can be reduced to some extent by modifying the
existing process of tanning. Common effluent treatment plants can be constructed with
advanced technique to use RO (reverse osmosis technique), to treat the effluent before
discharge to make the tanning waste water to zero pollutants. All the units of tanneries to the
near to discharge their effluent after treating them in CETP only. To attract them incentives
can be given to the participants. Legislations available should be strictly followed and
defaultees must be penalized. Management of solid waste produced by town is essential to
reduce the effect of pollution. Aquifer cleaning programs needs to be taken up in the area.
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SELECTED REFERENCES
Ahn, H., & Chon, H. (1999). Assessment of groundwater contamination using
geographic information systems. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 21, 273–289.
Bilgehan Nas, Ali Berktay (2010) Groundwater quality mapping in urban groundwater
using GIS. Environ Monit Assess (2010) 160:215–227.
Burrough PA, McDonnell RA (1998) Principles of Geographical Information Systems.
Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Chaudhary BS, Kumar M, Roy AK, Ruhal DS (1996) Applications of RS and GIS in
groundwater investigations in Sohna block, Gurgaon district, Haryana, India. International
Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 31, B6, Vienna, Austria. pp 18–23
Ducci, D. (1999). GIS techniques for mapping groundwater contamination risk. Natural
Hazards, 20, 279–294.
Kamaraju MVV (1997) Groundwater potential evaluation of West Godavari district,
Andhra Pradesh State, IndiaA GIS approach. Ground Water 34(2):pp 318–334.
Sharma (1983) Hydrology and Water Resources, Dhanpat Rai Publication, New Delhi.
Srivastava A, Tripathi NK, Gokhale GK (1997) Basement topography and aquifer
geometry around Ken Garden, India. Int J Remote Sens 20(11):pp 2295–2305.
Srivastava PK, Bhattacharya AK (2000) Delineation of groundwater potential zones in
a hard rock terrain of Bargarh district, Orissa using IRS Data. PhotonirvachakJ Indian Soc
Remote Sens 28(2):pp 129–140.
Zhu, H. C., Charlet, J. M., & Poffijn, A. (2001). Radon risk mapping in Southern
Belgium: An application of geostatistical and GIS techniques. The Science of the Total
Environment, 272, 203–210.
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Table1. LOCATION OF SAMPLING POINTS
SL
.NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Location of the well near the tannery
Location
ID
Swami & co., Kachiarpet
Khalid leathers., Kachiarpet
AFTAB tannery., Kachiarpet
a-one leathers., Kachiarpet.
Nijaz., Kachiarpet
Uzma tanning company., Kachiarpet.
Safa leathers., Kachiarpet.
Anwar and company., Kachiarpet
Abdul latif company., Kachiarpet
Elite leather international., Kachiarpet
Chengan street., Kachiarpet
Patel yakab street., Kachiarpet
Kamaraj nagar., Kachiarpet
Lakshman street., Kachiarpet.
Jayyasamy street., Kachiarpet
Mangayam road., Kachiarpet.
Kareem street., Kachiarpet.
Ambedkar colony., Kachiarpet
Sivachetty street., Kachiarpet
Onji9 street., Kachiarpet
Sterling leathers., Trunk road
Ismail nisar & company., Trunk road
T.Khabilbur rahmand & company.,Trunk
road
Madar street., Trunk road
Kandasamy street., Trunk road
Kandasamy street Krishna nagar.,Trunk road
Sadiya rehana & company., Conamedu
Mohamed Ibrahim & company., Conamedu
II street,anna nagar., Conamedu
Iqbal road., Conamedu
Near Tannery
Near Tannery
Near Tannery
Near Tannery
Near Tannery
Near Tannery
Near Tannery
Near Tannery
Near Tannery
Near Tannery
Away Tannery
Away Tannery
Away Tannery
Away Tannery
Away Tannery
Away Tannery
Away Tannery
Away Tannery
Away Tannery
Away Tannery
Near Tannery
Near Tannery
K1
K2
K3
K4
K5
K6
K7
K8
K9
K10
K1
K2
K3
K4
K5
K6
K7
K8
K9
K10
T1
T2
Near Tannery
Away Tannery
Away Tannery
Away Tannery
Near Tannery
Near Tannery
Away Tannery
Away Tannery
T3
T1
T2
T3
C1
C2
C1
C2
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Table 2 Standards for quality of drinking water
Parameter
WHO (2004)
INDIAN STANDARDS
6.5–8.5
6.5-8.5
Chloride(mg/l)
250 (mg/l)
250-1,000 (mg/l)
Hardness
500 (mg/l)
300-600 (mg/l)
Total dissolved solids
500 (mg/l)
500-2,000 (mg/l)
4 (mg/l)
-
Alkalinity
-
-
Sulphate
250 (mg/l)
-
pH
Conductivity (ìS/cm)
Dissolved oxygen
Table 3. GROUND WATER CHARACTERISTICS OF WELLS (NEAR THE TANNERY)
Well
pH
no.
Total
Tds
E.C
CI
Total
SO4
BOD
Cr+6
solids
(mg/l)
(ms/cm)
(mg/l)
Hardness
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
K1
8.0
8744
6440
10.74
2097
2850
942
2.2
0.23
K2
7.8
7824
5820
9.20
2600
2110
346
3.0
0.15
K3
8.1
5750
3980
6.63
1810
1750
410
3.8
0.06
K4
8.2
5540
8800
14.7
3120
2920
806
2.0
1.12
K5
7.68
7200
6280
10.64
2150
2480
420
3.5
0.31
K6
8.0
4280
2980
5.32
1060
1220
226
4.0
-
K7
7.97
8100
6280
10.46
2200
2840
338
3.2
0.18
K8
8.2
1050
9120
15.2
2100
2750
440
5.5
0.10
K9
8.0
7950
5280
8.9
1980
2210
320
6.0
0.34
K10
8.1
6400
5840
9.7
2150
1920
380
6.0
0.29
T1
8.2
6290
4570
7.6
1970
1450
280
3.5
0.2
T2
8.1
5900
4540
7.5
1180
1860
230
4.0
-
T3
7.85
7520
6100
10.16
2095
2680
610
5.7
0.14
C1
7.98
8200
6140
10.23
1980
2010
300
6.8
0.15
C2
8.0
9050
7950
13.2
2280
2670
420
5.9
0.44
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume2 Issue 1 Number2–Aug 2011
Table 4. GROUND WATER CHARACTERISTICS OF WELLS (AWAY FROM TANNERY)
Well
pH
no.
Total
Tds
E.C
CI
Total
SO4
BOD
Cr+6
solids
(mg/l)
(ms/cm)
(mg/l)
Hardness
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
K1
7.0
3700
2100
3.7
650
530
240
1.9
0.1
K2
7.5
3500
1900
3.3
550
700
200
2.1
0.11
K3
8.0
2600
1320
2.4
701
520
150
1.7
0.5
K4
7.5
3400
1700
3.0
620
710
300
2.1
0.8
K5
7.6
3000
1800
3.1
490
1100
140
1.6
0.28
K6
8.0
1300
1000
1.4
540
300
210
0.3
0.05
K7
7.4
410
1400
2.1
655
800
280
1.1
-
K8
7.0
4500
2800
4.1
1010
1150
250
1.8
0.04
K9
8.0
3200
1800
4.5
700
1400
300
0.9
0.28
K10
7.0
4000
3020
4.6
1010
1250
370
1.7
0.25
T1
7.4
3050
1900
2.1
1030
1100
300
0.2
0.10
T2
7.3
3020
1700
2.9
800
1200
220
1.3
-
T3
7.7
3200
3000
4.7
1250
2100
400
0.3
0.12
C1
8.0
4800
2650
4.2
920
1250
275
1.0
0.09
C2
8.2
5100
3400
5.3
975
1800
300
0.4
0.38
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Fig1. Shows the study area with sample locations
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Near the Tannery
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF pH
Fig.2
Away from the Tannery
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SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION TOTAL SOLIDS
Fig.3
Near the Tannery
Away from the Tannery
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SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS
Fig.4
Near the Tannery
Away from the Tannery
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SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
Fig.5
Near the Tannery
Away from the Tannery
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SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL CHLORIDES
Fig.6
Near the Tannery
Away from the Tannery
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SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SULPHATES
Fig.7
Near the Tannery
Away from the Tannery
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume2 Issue 1 Number2–Aug 2011
Away from the Tannery
Fig.8
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL HARDNESS
Away from the Tannery
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Away from the Tannery
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF B.O.D
Fig.9
Near the Tannery
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume2 Issue 1 Number2–Aug 2011
ISSN: 2231-5381
http://www.ijettjournal.org
Page 36
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF CHROMIUM
Fig.10
Near the Tannery
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume2 Issue 1 Number2–Aug 2011
ISSN: 2231-5381
http://www.ijettjournal.org
Page 37