International Conference on Global Trends in Engineering, Technology and Management (ICGTETM-2016)
Design and Development of Swirl Chamber Type Induction
System for a Four Stroke Petrol Engine - A Review
Pranav Vijay Sonawane#1 , Prof. Pundlik Nivrutti Patil*2
1
M.E. Student, Mech. Engg. Dept. SGDCOE, Jalgaon(M.S.), India.
Associate Professor, Mech. Engg. Dept. SGDCOE, Jalgaon(M.S.), India.
2
Abstract— In present agriculture implements uses two
stroke petrol / gasoline / kerosene engines as source of
power. As these equipments are widely used by
farmers having the problem of pollution plays an
important part in health issues. The concept is to use
a four stroke petrol engine and to make modification
in induction system helps to achieve complete
combustion of fuel, increases power output reduce
pollution at three different speed ratios suitable for
agriculture application. The set up will test the engine
with modified induction system for all three speed
ratios. Comparative analysis will reveal the utility of
either modification in pollution control and fuel
consumption as well as for better efficiency.
Keywords— Agriculture Implements,
System, Manifold, Swirl Chamber
Induction
I. INTRODUCTION
Now days, agricultural equipment used as farm
machinery utilizes 2-stroke petrol engines. A hedge
trimmer, shrub trimmer, or bush trimmer, is a
gardening tool or machine used for trimming (cutting,
pruning) hedges or solitary shrubs (bushes). Different
designs as well as manual and powered versions of
hedge trimmers exist. Most hedge trimmers are
powered by 2-stroke petrol engines. The engine shaft
is coupled to the trimmer using a long shaft hence the
term shafted hedge trimmer. The engine in case of the
hedge trimmers can be mounted on the shoulder
brackets using a component that attaches the engine
bracket to the chassis or frame of engine application
implement commonly termed as an engine mount .The
engine is connected to the application body by several
mounts, which are important for smooth operation of
the application. Fuel economy in such equipment is
found to be poor leading to added production cost for
agriculture produce.
Many farm implements need engine as power
source as they are portable and mobile that can be
shifted from one place to another with maximum ease.
The application four stroke petrol engines with four
speed transmission for variety of agriculture
applications like, threshing, cutting, spraying etc. is
possible and economical and also leading to lower
pollution.
It is observed that the quality of air fuel mixture
that governs the proper consumption depends upon
proper mixing of air and fuel from the transfer port in
case of SI. The air intake chamber geometry plays a
key role in governing the quality of A/F mixture. The
ISSN: 2231-5381
concept of project is to improve the quality of A/F
mixture by introducing two techniques namely, Swirl
chamber design of air intake manifold between
carburettor and engine. Design development &
analysis of swirl chamber for optimal quality of A/F
mixture Design development suitable for three speed
operation of the engine i.e., the 2nd, 3rd and 4th gear
ratio as suitable to variety of agriculture application.
A good swirl promotes the fast combustion and
improves the efficiency. The engine should run at low
speeds, in order to have low mechanical losses and
fast combustion, enabling good combustion efficiency.
Therefore to produce high turbulence prior to
combustion within the cylinder, swirl induced by the
inlet channel within the cylinder head will be helpful.
The need of automobile vehicles, still satisfying
demands for high performance, necessitates immense
efforts to develop innovative engine concepts and
produce less emission. In the evaluation of Internal
Combustion Engine the performance, efficiency and
emission formation depends on the formation of airfuel mixture inside the engine cylinder. The fluid flow
analysis plays an important role for air-fuel mixture
preparation to obtain the better engine combustion,
performance and efficiency. Due to the extreme
conditions inside a typical I C engine (high
combustion temperatures and pressures, precipitation
of soot and other combustion products, etc.)
experimental techniques are sometimes limited in
approaching the above mentioned problem. After of
clean observation of all the Research in swirl motion
plays an import role to increases in engine
performance as well as decrease the emissions.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
[1] Abhilash M Bharadwaj & K Madhu [5] found a
well known feature inherent in the swirl flows is
that they require energy to generate the vortex
during suction stroke. This energy comes
primarily from the kinetic energy of the gases
entering the cylinder through the inlet valve. So to
increase the swirl intensity, the gas velocities
must be high at the inlet valve, thereby, requiring
a smaller cross-sectional area of the inlet valve.
[2] K.M Pandey & Bidesh Roy [7] concluded that the
surface which is closer to the poppet intake valve
shows higher tangential velocity at various
locations compared to the surfaces which are at
higher distance from the intake valve i.e. the
intensity of swirl decreases along the stroke
length of the engine cylinder.
http://www.ijettjournal.org
Page 234
International Conference on Global Trends in Engineering, Technology and Management (ICGTETM-2016)
[3] Hiren R Patel & V.H.Chaudhari [8] are
reviewed an uneven air distribution leads to less
volumetric efficiency, power loss and increased
fuel consumption. Following graph shows the
variation in volumetric efficiency for different
manifold configurations. For helical manifold
configuration it gives higher volumetric
efficiency than other configurations.
Fig. 1: Volumetric efficiency of different manifold configuration
[8]
Therefore, there are scope to change the geometry
of intake manifold and evenly distribute the
air/fuel mixture to cylinder and increases velocity
and volumetric efficiency.
[4] Bandi.Ramanjulu, et. al. [3] analysed the effect
of different manifold Configurations on flow
structure. The helical-spiral manifold geometry
creates higher velocity component inside the
combustion chamber at the end of compression
stroke.
Fig. 2: Crank angle vs swirl ratio [3]
Swirl ratio inside the cylinder and turbulent
kinetic energy are higher for spiral manifold.
Volumetric efficiency for the spiral helical
combined manifold is higher than that of spiral
manifold.
[5] S. A. Sulaiman, et. al. [9] says seen that the flow
in the intake manifold can never become fully
developed due to the short pipe length.
[6] Smit K. Mistry, Vandana Gajjar [10] evaluated
swirling device in intake manifold of engine has
overall positive impact on performance and
emission parameters. Volumetric efficiency
ISSN: 2231-5381
decrease, as there is obstruction to flow due to
swirling device attached to intake manifold.
Carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon
emissions are reduced in large amount. So, from
above findings, it is concluded this Swirling
Device improves performance and emission of SI
engine.
III. AIR INTAKE SYSTEM
Air intake system is widely used in internal
combustion engine. This system is functional as the
guider for the air that will be used in combustion
chamber. Besides that, air intake system also
functional as the filter for the air that will be used in
the combustion process. The location of the air intake
system always near to the engine especially the head
cylinder part depends on the manufacturer. The
components of the air intake system are including the
air filter, intake manifold valve to cylinder and turbo
with the intercooler for additional charge system. The
air that needed for the combustion chamber will be
increased as the engine is accelerates. That is why air
intake system is optimized by manufacturer as the
system will be used in the fuel consumption
determination. The volumes of air that will be used
were manipulated by a unit control system that was
placed on the system.
As the second purpose of the system is to make
sure the air that will enter into the combustion
chamber is clean. A filter system is placed at the
opening of the air intake system that will prevent
incoming particles such as sand and dust. The standard
requirement of a filter is to clean 99.8% volume of the
incoming air. Besides that, the filter also can function
as the engine silencer for some product except for the
performance type of filter. But the filter that silenced
the noise of engine can reduce the performance of
engine [6].
IV. INTAKE MANIFOLD
Intake manifold is the most important element in
the air intake system. This is the main components
that determine the value of flow that will be allowed
to be used in the combustion chamber. The intake
manifold is always works on with the throttle of the
system that will use in air regulation. The manifold is
always shape in piping as the function is to guide the
air to be used into the combustion chamber. The air
the passes through a section of piping, the length of
this section of pipe is almost entirely dictated by
geometric constraints around the engine. The theory of
pressure waves is the common theory that will be used
in the intake manifold construction. The focus of in
designing the intake manifold is put on the plenum
and runners of the intake manifold as this two
components are the basic component of intake
manifold. Figure is showing the plenum and runners
and position and also the flow of the air from the
throttle body through the runners and plenum. Many
researches were conducted on the plenum and runners
http://www.ijettjournal.org
Page 235
International Conference on Global Trends in Engineering, Technology and Management (ICGTETM-2016)
in optimizing the intake manifold performance. The
research is commonly studying about possible ways of
increasing the volumetric efficiency of an engine. The
approach studied has been to try to increase the kinetic
energy of the air during the induction process thus
achieving a ―ram-charge‖ effect or supercharging
effect in the cylinder. The intake manifold geometry
has strong influence on the volumetric efficiency in IC
engines. One of the products of studying in the intake
manifold field is the variable intake manifold or
resonance intake manifold. The general idea is that for
lower engine speed the length of the inlet pipe must be
longer and as the speed increases the length should be
shortened. That is exactly what systems of variable
length intake manifold do in order to optimize power
and torque across the range of engine speed operation,
as well as to help provide better fuel efficiency [6].
in Figure. Although they were generated in the same
problem context, the simulation datasets differ in a
number of ways.
VII. SWIRL
Swirl is defined as the large scale vortex in the incylinder fluid with the axis of rotation parallel to the
piston axis. Swirl is considered as a two-dimensional
solid body rotation, persists through the compression
and combustion processes.
Swirl is the rotational flow about the cylinder axis [3].
Fig. 4: Swirl [4]
Fig. 3: Spiral, helical, helical spiral configurations of manifolds [11]
V. IN-CYLINDER FLUID MOTION
The resultant influence of swirl and squish coupled
with the conservation of angular momentum of swirl
gives rise to high swirl velocities inside the pistonbowl and high turbulence levels near the bowl entry
plane. To analyze in-cylinder air motion, swirl and
tumble ratios, for both- the sideways and nominal
directions are calculated for every crank angle degrees
of engine cycle. This is done so as to compute the
behaviour of fluid flow field characteristic. The incylinder fluid motion in internal combustion engines is
one of the most important factors controlling the
combustion process. The fluid flow prior to
combustion in internal combustion engines is
generated during the induction process and developed
during the compression stroke. Therefore, a better
understanding of fluid motion during the induction
process is critical for developing engine designs with
the most desirable operating and emission
characteristics. Matching the combustion chamber
geometry, fuel injection and gas flows is the most
crucial factor for attaining a better combustion. [5]
VI. IN-CYLINDER FLUID FLOW
Engine Simulation Data From a simplified point-ofview, there are two types of ideal flow patterns in an
engine cylinder: swirl motion and tumble motion.
Both are rotational motions, however, the axis of
rotation is different in each case. Depending on the
type of engine, one of these patterns is considered
optimal because it maximizes mixing of injected fuel
and air, resulting in homogeneous combustion.
We treat two datasets showing each of these two types
of flow patterns (henceforth termed \swirl motion" and
\tumble motion"). The basic geometries of the datasets
and the respective desired motion patterns are shown
ISSN: 2231-5381
Swirl is used to:
Promote rapid combustion in SI engines
Rapidly mix fuel and air in gasoline direct
injection engines
Rapidly mix fuel and air in CI engines
The swirl is generated during air induction into the
cylinder by either:
Tangentially directing the flow into the cylinder,
or
Pre-swirling the incoming flow by the use of
helical ports. Swirl is the rotational flow about the
cylinder axis [4].
VIII. SWIRL CHAMBER
The swirl chamber design is shown in figure. The
spherically shaped swirl chamber contains about 50
percent of the clearance volume and is connected to
the main chamber by a tangential throat offering mild
restriction. Because of the tangential passageway, the
air flowing into the chamber on the compression
stroke sets up a high swirl.
During compression the upward moving piston
forces a flow of air from the main chamber above the
piston into the small antechamber, called the swirl
chamber, through the nozzle or orifice. Thus, towards
the end of compression, a vigorous flow in the
antechamber is set up. The connecting passage and
chamber are shaped so that air flow within the
antechamber rotates rapidly. Fuel is usually injected
into the antechamber through a pintle nozzle as a
single spray [13].
http://www.ijettjournal.org
Page 236
International Conference on Global Trends in Engineering, Technology and Management (ICGTETM-2016)
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
Fig. 5: Swirl chamber [13]
Swirl chamber consists of a spherical-shaped
chamber separated from the engine cylinder and
located in the cylinder head.
Into this chamber, about 50% of the air is
transferred during the compression stroke.
A throat connects the chamber to the cylinder
which enters the chamber in a tangential direction
so that the air coming into this chamber is given a
strong rotary movement inside the swirl chamber
and after combustion, the products rush back into
the cylinder through the same throat at much
higher velocity [12].
[11]
[12]
[13]
Tumble Motion using CFD‖, ISSN: 2319–3182, Volume-2,
Issue-1, PP- 36-39, 2013.
Muhammad Hafizuddin Bin Salim, ‗Development of Variable
Intake System for Spark-Ignition Engine‖, PP-1-76, June 2012.
K.M Pandey, Bidesh Roy ―CFD Analysis of Intake Valve for
Port Petrol Injection SI Engine‖, Global Journal of Researches
in Engineering (A), Volume XII, Issue V, Version I, 2012.
Hiren R Patel & V.H.Chaudhari ―Optimization of Intake
Manifold of Dual Fuel Gasoline Engine - A Review‖, JLTET,
ISSN: 2278-621X, Vol. 2 Issue 2, PP-99-105, March 2013.
S. A. Sulaiman, S. H. M. Murad, I. Ibrahim and Z. A. Abdul
Karim, ―Study of Flow In Air-Intake System For A SingleCylinder Go-Kart Engine‖, IJAME, ISSN: 1985-9325(Print);
ISSN: 2180-1606(Online); Volume 1, PP-91-104, JanuaryJune 2010.
Mr. Smit K. Mistry, Mrs.Vandana Y. Gajjar, ―Influence of
Turbulence Generated Air Swirl on Performance and Emission
of SI Engine‖, IJEDR | Volume 2, Issue 2 | ISSN: 2321-9939,
PP-2286-2290, 2014.
P. Ramakrishna Reddy, K. Govinda Rajulu and T. Venkata
Sheshaiah Naidu ―Experimental Investigation on Diesel
Engines by Swirl Induction with Different Manifolds‖,
International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Sciences,
PP-488-492, 2014.
www.slideshare.net/ravirajan1257/advanced-ic-engines-unit-2
www.slideshare.net/friendsrtg/9ic-en-ii-airmotioning
IX. CONCLUSION
The main objective of the intake manifold is to
supply evenly distribution of the air fuel combustion
mixture to each intake port in the cylinder heads. The
ideal intake manifold distributes flow evenly to the
piston valves. Even distribution is important to
optimize the efficiency and performance of the engine.
If the distribution is uneven, it leads to decrease in
volumetric efficiency.
After investigating different manifolds, the helicalspiral manifold geometry creates higher velocity
component inside the combustion chamber at the end
of compression stroke. Swirl ratio inside the cylinder
and turbulent kinetic energy are higher for spiral
manifold. Volumetric efficiency for the spiral helical
combined manifold is 10% higher than that of spiral
manifold.
From this exhaustive review, there is further scope
for experimental investigation for different
to
enhance the parameters of four stroke petrol engine
for various applications.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
John B. Heywwod, ―Internal Combustion Engine
Fundamentals‖, Tata McGraw Hill Edition, 2011.
V. Ganeshan, ―Internal combustion engine‖, Tata McGraw
Hill, 2006.
Bandi.Ramanjulu, Adissu Fulli, D.Jegan Raj, Abera Endesha
Bekele, ―Performance Analysis of IC Engine Based on Swirl
Induction by Using CFD‖, IJARSET, ISSN: 2350-0328, Vol.
2, Issue 5, PP-622-627 ,May 2015.
―Intake, Exhaust and In-cylinder Flow Section-4, PP-1-72‖
Abhilash M Bharadwaj, K Madhu, Seemanthini J, Vismay K
G, Anand M Shivapuji & Aravind T ―Study of Swirl and
ISSN: 2231-5381
http://www.ijettjournal.org
Page 237