Smith College Environmental Science and Policy News The MacLeish Field Station: Old Land, New Ideas SPRING 2009 I n May 2008, Smith College officially dedicated its property in West Whately, Inside this Issue Massachusetts as the Ada and Archibald MacLeish Field Station. The College acquired 2 Environmental the approximately 200-acres Research at the Field in 1962 and built an on-site Station observatory for the astron3 Studying the omy department in 1968 to Landscape: The Ada replace the one destroyed and Archibald during the construction of MacLeish Field Wright Hall. The Whately Station property was chosen as the site for the observatory in Reading the 4-5 order to “avoid interference MacLeish Landscape: from city light, which a closer A Walking Tour with location would involve, thus Tom Wessels hampering the viewing of the skies.” The astronomy departThe Green 6-7 ment still values the dark skies Coalition: Smith visible from the property, and professors take students there Environmental Orgs several times a semester to Smith Outdoors and 8 experience the sky differently the Field Station than is possible from the McConnell Roof Observatory. In the past few years, burgeoning interest in environmental science and policy questions from a number of different disciplinary fields The Environmental Science & has led to the recognition of Policy Program Offices are the Whately property’s potential for further scientific located in Bass Hall: research, outdoor recreation, Joanne Benkley, Coordinator and conservation initiatives. ES&P Program Room 107 x 3951 Jon Caris, Coordinator Spatial Analysis Lab Room 109 x 3042 The Spatial Analysis Lab Room 103 T he Ada and Archibald MacLeish Field Station is only a short twelve mile drive from the Smith campus. It is located amidst one of the largest tracts of undeveloped land in Massachusetts– a patchwork of protected land and farmland lying adjacent to Rachel Neurath (‘09) the primary drinking water reservoir for the City of Northampton. On the Smith property are streams, forests, fields, and even an old lead mine. The MacLeish Field Station also houses one of six AIRMAP stations located throughout New England that monitor climate and air quality. ecology, effectively monitoring the water they drink on campus. The AIRMAP station allows for monitoring of the atmosphere so that students and faculty can study local impacts of changes in air quality and climate. The forested land, much of which was farmland in the 19th Century, provides an opportunity for students to study forest dynamics and forest recovery over time. O Tower that measures meteorological conditions and atmospheric pollutants. P rogramming at the MacLeish Field Station is supported by a gift from former Smith College President Jill Ker Conway (1975-1985). The MacLeish Field Station is named for Ada and Archibald MacLeish, passionate environmentalists and friends of Conway. Ada MacLeish was a singer and her husband, Archibald, was a three-time Pulitzer Prizewinning poet. T he MacLeish Field Station provides opportunities for students and faculty to conduct research in a broad range of disciplines at a site near the College on issues of local relevance. The proximity to the Northampton reservoir allows students to study the area’s hydrology, geochemistry, and pportunities at the MacLeish Field Station are not limited to scientific disciplines. The successful conservation of the land makes it a good model for students interested in environmental policy and conservation. The site also provides a space for landscape studies and outdoor recreation. Last semester, the landscape studies design seminar conducted projects at the MacLeish Field Station, and Smith Outdoors and the exercise and sports studies Wilderness Skills class began using the land for orienteering. In fall 2009, the Outdoor Adventure orientation group will use the MacLeish Field Station as its base camp. In the future, the MacLeish Field Station could be used for poetry readings, or for studying local land-use history. The focus of this ES &P Newsletter is the Ada and Archibald MacLeish Field Station. For more information about the Field Station, contact Amy Rhodes at arhodes@smith.edu. Page 2 Reading the MacLeish Landscape: A Walking Tour with Tom Wessels By Rachel Neurath (‘09) om Wessels, an ecologist at Antioch University, New England, led a group of interested Smith College students, faculty and staff on a walking tour of the 200acre MacLeish Field Station in September. Wessels, an expert on New England forests, looks at the physical landscape to interpret land-use history. Before beginning the walk, Wessels introduced himself saying, “I’m trained as a research ecologist, but my avocation is to teach.” He has taught for the past thirty years and written several books, including Reading the Forested Landscape (1997), The Granite Landscape (2002), Untamed Vermont (2003), and The Myth of Progress: Toward a Sustainable Future (2006). He is currently working on a field guide to the forested landscape. T he walking tour bisected a portion of the MacLeish land, with Wessels highlighting both natural features of the landscape and evidence of past land-use along the way. His observations focused on the stone walls, the topography of Wessels, there are 125,000 miles of woodland stone walls in central New England. If you lined them up, you could circle the equator five times, or go half-way to the moon! www.hikenewengland.com T T he abundance of stones in New England is a result of the area’s glacial history. When the last glacier retreated about 12,000 years ago, it left behind glacial till, unsorted sediment with stones ranging in size from pea-sized to as large as boulders. Each time fields were plowed, new stones pushed up by the freezing and thawing cycle of winter were turned up in the soil. When wood was abundant, these stones were thrown into piles, but with the clearing of land for crops and agriculture, wood was in short supply, and farmers started using the stones to build their fences. I n the 1850s, rail came into the region, bringing with it an easy source of grain. Consequently, the extensive fields previously used for growing grain was turned into pasture and farmers shifted to dairy farming as a way to make a living. the land, the paper birch, and the American chestnut; details of some of his observations are below: Stone Walls S tone walls at MacLeish were likely constructed during the “Sheep Fever” period from 18001840, when land was cleared to raise large herds of sheep. According to Topography W hen walking through a forest, the first thing to look at is not the trees or the underbrush. First one should look at the ground. A typical forest has a pillow and cradle, or pit and mound, topography. Trees fall over, and the roots pull up, leaving a cradle or pit. The roots and tree then decompose, leaving a pillow or mound next to the cradle. If the topography of the forest floor is flat, it was plowed at some point in history. Pillow and cradle topography in forests indicates that the land was never plowed, though it may have been cleared for pasture. I f the topography is flat, land could have been plowed for a hay field or a crop field. Hay fields were only plowed a few times, while crop fields were plowed every year. Stone walls with small, fist-sized rocks filling in gaps, or a nearby pile of stones, indicate that the field was a crop field, as each time the field was plowed, more and more rocks would have been removed. There is evidence of past crop fields, hay fields, and pasture, as well as a few areas that were always forest at the MacLeish field station. Paper Birch T he paper birch is one of the “truly cold-hardy trees in New England.” It is able to survive temperatures down to -40° Fahrenheit, giving it the ability to extend its range further north and at higher altitudes than most other broad leaf (Continued from page 2) (Continued on page 7) Sign up for the ES&P e-mail listserv to get regular information about environmental events, internships, post-Smith opportunities and more! Contact us at enviro@email.smith.edu! SPRING 2009 Page 3 Environmental Research at the Field Station By Amy Larson Rhodes (Manager of the Field Station and Associate Professor of Geoscience) T he MacLeish Field Station represents a living laboratory where students and faculty can develop and carry out field experiments aimed to better understand environmental processes that take place in a New England forest. One programmatic goal is to establish monitoring equipment and experimental plots that will help sustain long-term research projects that track environmental effects of climate and land-use change. Currently on site is a 70-foot tower equipped with sensors that measure EPA criteria pollutants in the atmosphere (ozone, carbon monoxide, and nitrous oxide) and meteorological conditions (wind speed and direction, air temperature, pressure, and relative humidity). This equipment makes the MacLeish Field Station one of six AIRMAP sites across New England that collects air quality and climate data and that investigates connections between the two. Professor Paul Voss of the Picker Engineering Program, who brought the instrumentation to Smith, explains, “Episodes of elevated ozone can occur during summer when southerly and southwesterly winds, combined with sunny conditions and high temperatures, bring air to the MacLeish Forest. The air pollution in the Pioneer Valley may come from as far away as New York City and Washington, D.C.” STRIDE and AEMES scholars Katy Gerecht (’10), Mary Gowins (’11), and Sara Sirios (’11), advised by professor Robert Newton (Geosciences), added instrumentation to measure precipitation and snowfall, and Sara will present her calculations of the winter season hydrologic water input to the forest at “Collaborations” in April. T hanks to the hard work by electrical engineer Tom Hartley, the air pollution and metrological data measured at MacLeish may be viewed in real time on the internet (www.airmap.uhn.edu). Further assistance by professor Drew Guswa and Smith Science Center support staff (Eric Jensen, Dale Renfrow, and Sue Froehlich) is strengthening the infrastructure at MacLeish so that additional environmental sensors can be added to the network and downloaded over the internet. T his summer, four Smith students from the Picker Engineering Program, Geosciences, and Biological Sciences will conduct a 10-week field campaign at MacLeish that investigates how forest structure, topography, air pollution, and meteorological conditions relate to the hydrologic and geochemical inputs to the forest (advised by professors Drew Guswa, Amy Rhodes, and Bob Newton). The students will measure the quantity and chemistry of throughfall to assess the amount of water and concentration of nutrients added to the forest floor. Findings may provide insight on how climatic and historical land-use changes affect the hydrology and biogeochemical cycling in forests. Preliminary stream water data collected this spring by AEMES and STRIDE scholars Mary Gowins (’11) and Jenna Zechmann (’12), will inform the summer research experiments. The team will also build off historical tree stand inventories, which were compiled by Ada Comstock Scholar Laura Paul (’09) and digitized into a Geographic Information System (GIS) by SRIDE scholar Meredith Gallogly (’12). The forest inventories will help document changes in tree species following logging of the property in the 1980’s and 1990’s. Reid Bertone-Johnson, professional landscape architect and lecturer in landscape studies, is overseeing construction of the GIS database for MacLeish that will provide important base layers for environmental research. E nvironmental research at MacLeish will benefit greatly from Smith’s recent hire of professor Jesse Belemare, the new plant ecologist in the Department of Biological Sciences. Having grown up in West Whately and as a neighbor to Smith’s property, professor Belemare already is very familiar with the MacLeish forest. His research interests include understanding the role insects may play on plant community composition in the fields and hemlock tree stands. This summer, he will assist with identification of ecologically sensitive areas on the property. He also will help the hydrology team characterize the trees in the experimental throughfall forest plots. What students have already learned from the Ada and Archibald MacLeish Field Station: “Being from California, I felt profoundly disconnected from the physical place of Smith— I spent my first three years knowing nothing about the ecology, history, or industry of the Pioneer Valley. Studying these woods, talking to the neighbors of the property, buying vegetables from the farm stand down the road, gave me the sense of place that I had lacked, contextualized what I was learning every day, and profoundly deepened my appreciation of New England.” ~ Alex Webster, (‘08) Alex Webster was a biology major at Smith. She did an honors thesis at the Ada and Archibald MacLeish Field Station on ecohydrology. Webster graduated from Smith last May. Page 4 Green Smith: Join the Coalition! Four orgs invite you to help reduce Smith’s impact on the environment. Green Team by Alexandra Page (‘12) The Green Team is a coalition of faculty, staff, and students which works to educate and support the campus community and the college sustainability committee in the efficient use of finite natural resources. This semester, the Green Team is busy on several fronts: Team members are polling fellow students in order to research the sentiments of Smith students toward their individual refrigerators. We hope students will be open to the idea of either not using a personal fridge, or at least turning the temperature down, so less energy is wasted. A number of Smith students on the Green Team attended Power Shift, an environmental conference held the last weekend of February in Washington DC. Now the Green Team is putting together a follow-up event where attendees will speak about their experience and share the ideas they learned at the conference. The goal is to help make the Smith campus and the world a more environmentally conscious place. On Earth Hour, which was on Saturday, March 28th and the Green Team sponsored a Switch Hunt where houses competed to turn off as many appliances and lights as possible between 8:30 and 9:30 pm. The Green Team is already looking ahead and planning events for Earth Day, April 22nd. Some of these events include a Environmental Science Fair on Chapin Lawn where many Smith organizations will have booths providing information pertinent to the environment and their area of expertise, a free box extravaganza on Chapin Lawn, and a movie showing in the Carroll Room in the Campus Center. Join the team! Contact Dano Weisbord, environmental sustainability director at dwesibord@smith.edu. The Smith Community Garden by Elisabeth Wolfe (‘10) Just a year old this April, the Smith College Community Garden serves as a tool for students to gain experience in all aspects of organic vegetable gardening. We believe that it is imperative for today’s students to gain concrete knowledge of ways to solve every-day environmental sustainability problems, especially those concerned with food production. To this end, the garden teaches, engages, and puts into practice these notions of sustainability in ways that are both applicable to the individual and the greater Smith community. We have a small pilot garden located near the Fort Hill School on Lyman Road in Northampton and our first seedlings of the season are just coming up! Over the past few semesters, we have built cold frames to help extend our growing season into the early spring and late fall, created a crop plan, worked on officially chartering our organization, and actively engaged with student projects, classes, and the Fort Hill nursery school. We look forward to having fun and getting dirty again this spring with hands on projects, including building compost bins and a rainwater collection system, seeding, transplanting, field trips to local farms, setting up a farm stand on campus and more! To join our general email list or for more information, email smithgarden@gmail.com, and check out www.smithgarden.blogspot.com for updates and more pictures! SPRING 2009 Page 5 The Bike Kitchen by Elisabeth Wolfe (‘10) The Bicycle Kitchen is a completely student-run bike shop, providing help to students with basic bike repairs, bike maintenance education, and offering semester by semester bike rentals, as well as all around bike love. We see ourselves as an integral part of Smith’s efforts towards environmental sustainability by providing Smith students with an alternative eco-friendly form of transportation. This past semester we have been in the process of completely renovating our new space in Ainsworth gym (which now looks absolutely beautiful!), as well as almost tripling the size our bike rental fleet. We are located in the basement of Ainsworth Gym and are available to fix bikes, teach and have fun every Friday from 4-6pm. So, if you have any interest in learning how to fix bikes, going for amazing bike rides, organizing workshops, renting bicycles and more, please contact us! Alumnae visiting campus are welcome to take advantage of bike rentals, too! For detailed directions to our shop and contact information please go to www.smith.edu/bikekitchen MassPIRG by MacKenzie Clark (‘11) MASSPIRG is a statewide student-directed and studentfunded group working to solve real social problems. At Smith’s MassPIRG chapter, we are currently running 5 campaigns. Hunger and Homelessness, Global Warming Solutions, Water Watch, Zero Waste, and textbooks. The goals for the Global Warming Solutions campaign for the spring semester are to pass priority environmental legislation during the first 100 days of the new administration. Specifically, we are pushing for legislation to require utilities to produce 100% clean energy, make all new buildings zero-energy by 2030, require production of the most fuelefficient cars in the world, increase public transit capacity by 10% annually, and invest $142 billion in clean, renewable energy, energy efficiency and public transportation. These policies will not only make significant strides towards combating global warming, but they also create jobs, help the economy recover, and reduce our dependence on foreign oil. As part of our efforts this semester we have already sent a group of 22 Smith students to Powershift- a national student conference on climate change in Washington, D.C. At the conference, 12,000 students from across the country converged to learn about global warming and make their voices heard. MassPIRG held a date-auction on campus which raised $460 to help fund the trip to Powershift. The conference was a great experience, and we all returned to Smith full of ideas for the rest of the semester. Next we are planning to hold a forum on climate change and plan to invite Congressman Neal to campus to discuss these issues with local experts and students. The goal is to start a conversation about solving global warming from a broad national level down to the personal level. This semester, MassPIRG's Water Watch group is working on several issues at the local and state level, and also hoping to incorporate more international water issues into our work. Here at Smith, we're working to get students to sign on to our Zero Waste petition. One of our goals is to expand the Bottle Bill here in Massachusetts to include the recycling of non-carbonated beverage bottles. The Zero Waste petition will go to Commissioner Laurie Burt of the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, and ask her how she plans to update the state's Master Plan to deal with waste, including increasing recycling and composting efforts, and other waste reduction methods, so that we may one day achieve zero waste. Water Watch has also designed lesson plans about water conservation and hopes to work with local elementary schools this semester to teach children about ways to save water at home (e.g. while brushing teeth, cleaning, cooking, etc.). Additionally, the group hopes to organize a fundraiser later in the semester for well building or rainwater harvesting efforts in various parts of the developing world. All of the MassPIRG groups are working together to plan an Earth Day Festival similar to the one we sponsored last year. We hope organizations will also be out and actively helping celebrate an afternoon of environmentally themed fun activities, such as a free box frenzy, and bike powered smoothies. Page 4 Studying the Landscape: The Ada and Archibald MacLeish Field Station By Matthea Daughtry (‘09) L ast semester, I took Professor Reid Bertone-Johnson’s Landscape and Narrative class. Our main project was to study the landscape of the Ada and Archibald MacLeish Field Station in Whatley, Massachusetts, and then design potential landscaping proposals. We worked to redesign the site for more general and accessible use, taking into consideration the needs of as many departments, offices, and programs as possible. Final projects included plans for an interpretive trail system and an outdoor classroom. B efore designing our own projects, we had conversations with a number of individuals and groups we thought might be interested in using the site. Suggestions for the site were wideranging, including everything from abandoning it except for tent camping to installing cabins with hot showers. While we could not accommodate all requests, our design process allowed us to consider a wide range of design options. We also visited the site with ecologist Tom Wessels of Antioch College of New England, who gave us perspective on the land-use history of the property. the MacLeish Field station. T his semester, I am working to synthesize the work our class conducted, making a more finished proposal that can then be presented to the College. As part of my work, I will examine the Ada and Archibald MacLeish Field Station in greater defter on campus conversations tail. One aspect of the property I plan and site analysis, we created to focus on is the potential use of the preliminary individual and group prosite in different seasons. I will be posals for the site. A unifying aspect of looking for ways to make the site our design was the trail system. Each accessible in a variety of situations and of us designed our own trails that we weather conditions. By incorporating then synthesized to create one comprethe ideas of the class and my own hensive trail system. For our final preswork this semester into a single design entation, each student displayed and plan, I hope to create a proposal that discussed their individual master plans will benefit the entire Smith College and ideas, as well as a few group pieces, community. including a scale model of the site. Many proposals centered on use of the existing observatory. One suggestion was to create an arbor around the entire observatory to create an additional gathering and learning space. Another student suggested that we create an observation deck off of the observatory in order to create a multi-function outdoor space. While some designs focused on the arrival experience generating ideas for parking, trail literaAll photos on this page taken by ture and other identifying features for Matthea Daughtry (‘09) the entrance - others considered how poetry and art might be incorporated Want to learn more about the history of into the site. Those suggestions the Ada and Archibald MacLeish included the installation of cairns, enviField Station? ronmental sculpture, wildlife blinds, Visit the Sophia Smith Archives and labyrinths. By the end of the sein the Alumnae Gymnasium. mester we had generated a lot of work and excitement for the possible uses of A SPRING 2009 Page 7 www.allposters.com trees. Paper birch resistance to cold What Makes Birch Bark Unique? temperatures is due to its highly evolved bark. There are four features of birch bark that make it 3 Lenticels unique. The first is its white bark, which reflects winter sunlight. Trees with dark bark absorb White color sunlight, heating up during the day and then cooling in the night, which 1 can lead to frostcracking during cold weather and kill the tree. By reflect- Peeling bark 2 ing sunlight, the paper birch does not experience such extreme temperature fluctuations in the winter 4 months. The second feature of the paper birch is that its bark peels off, Oily bark allowing it to shed epiphytes and maintain its white color. The third feature is the lenticels, horizontal The American Chestnut marks on paper birch bark. These allow the birch to conduct bark The demise of the American photosynthesis at temperatures as chestnut was probably the single low as 21º Fahrenheit. The fourth most devastating event to the temunique feature of birch bark is its perate deciduous forest biome of oiliness, which prevents the loss of eastern North America.” Before a moisture during the night. massive fungal blight, accidentally introduced in 1904 in New York by a Chinese chestnut, the American chestnut was the most common tree east of the Mississippi. Saplings of the American chestnut still grow, but they are killed by the fungus before they are able to grow into mature, fruiting trees. Trunks of old American chestnuts still can be found on the MacLeish land, demonstrating the durability of the wood. Wessels remains optimistic that someday the American chestnut will make a come back. aper birch trees are mainly found around the edges of open areas on the MacLeish land, as they are a pioneering species that require large quantities of light and nutrients. The presence of birch trees back from the edges of open areas generally indicates that the forest is reclaiming the open space, and, if the trees are not cut back, will eventually re-forest the open land. http://soot.sr.unh.edu/airmap/wh.jpg “ P Upcoming ES& P Spring Events… Monday, April 6: Green Marketing 101: Lessons from the Green Graveyard An interactive talk and tea with ecoinnovation expert Jacquelyn Ottman, ’77 4:15 p.m., Neilson Browsing Room. Learn Jacquelyn’s “Rules of Green Marketing," profile of the green consumer, and strategies essential to good green marketing. Illustrated with examples of runaway successes contrasted with products from Ottman's memorable "Green Graveyard." Interact with her "Petting zoo" of green products, and bring your own to find out just how green they really are! Jacquelyn is considered the nation's foremost expert on green marketing and ecoinnovation. Learn more about her at her company's website, www.greenmarketing.com Wednesday, April 8: Early Spring: An Ecologist and Her Children Wake to a Warming World - A lunchtime talk by ecologist and author Amy Seidl 12:15 p.m., McConnell B05. In Early Spring Seidl reflects, as an ecologist and mother of young children, on the marked and yet everyday changes global warming is producing - in her home, garden, village, and region making real the global catastrophe of a warming world and locating it in an iconic New England landscape. Lunch served. Sunday, April 19: Climate Leadership Workshop. McConnell 103, 1-4 p.m. How do we effectively communicate the climate challenge, mobilize stronger action by more people, and help our communities make the transition to safe, clean, renewable energy? Join us to learn how to: - Describe the latest climate science and what it means for our lives and the world. - Summarize criteria for solutions that can sustain human civilization and earth’s ecosystems. - Engage more people in education and action. Tuesday, April 21- EVS 300 final research project presentations 12:15 p.m., Campus Center Room 205. Lunch served. Tuesday, April 28- EVS 300 final research project presentations 12:15 p.m., Campus Center 205. Lunch served. For regular info about environmentally related events on campus please visit: www.smith/edu/green and click on events. Environmental Science and Policy Program Smith College Bass Hall 107 Tel: 413.585.3951 enviro@email.smith.edu TO: Smith Outdoors and the Field Station By Rachel Neurath (‘09) he Smith Outdoors Program, inspired by the vision of current Outdoor Adventure Coordinator, Scott Johnson, has joined with the Environmental Science and Policy, Geology, Biology, Engineering, and Landscape Studies departments to find ways to use and develop the MacLeish Field Station in Whately, Massachusetts. Mr. Johnson hopes to use the 200 acres of land for recreation, leadership development, and retreats, all while raising awareness of the natural environment and the need to preserve it. He emphasizes the need for low-impact land use, and is one of several members of college faculty and staff who support a Conservation Restriction Easement on the Land. T his year, Johnson took students to the field station to camp overnight through the Smith Outdoors Program. At the field station, they did mapping and orienteering activities. In the fall, Johnson brought his Introduction to Wilderness Skills class to the field station. Johnson believes that student outdoor leadership is a critical aspect of the Smith Outdoors program. He hopes to expand outdoor leadership training to include outdoor skills courses and Wilderness First Aid training. The Smith Outing Club, which is closely linked to the Smith Outdoors Program, was once the largest club on campus and owned two cabins for outdoor The Environmental Science and excursions. There is still a strong interest in Policy Program outdoor activities on campus, and the field is an interdisciplinary program that ties together the natural sciences, humanities, station has great potential as a base camp and social sciences with a faculty steering for outdoor recreation and leadership committee from across these disciplines. development. Who’s Involved in the Program? Photo by Scott Johnson T Director: L. David Smith (Biology) Program Coordinator: Joanne Benkley Spatial Analysis Lab Coordinator: Jon Caris Steering Committee/ Faculty Advisers: P lans to use the new Field Station are already underway. Next year, the Outdoor Adventure orientation program for entering first year students will be based there. Students will camp at the field station and spend the day boating and rock climbing at the many sites just minutes away. Some day, Johnson hopes the site will include a primitive pavilion and a composting toilet which will make the field station more accessible to groups, while keeping the site “green”. ES&P Student Editor: Rachel Neurath, ‘09 We’d love to hear from you! Please send comments and contributions to enviro@email.smith.edu Donald Baumer (Government) Maureen Fagan (Chemistry) Nathanael Fortune (Physics) Elliot Fratkin (Anthropology) Andrew Guswa (Engineering) Virginia Hayssen (Biology) Shizuka Hsieh (Chemistry) Michelle Joffroy (Spanish and Portuguese) Leslie King (Sociology) David Newbury (History) Robert Newton (Geology) Paulette Peckol (Biology) Jeffry Ramsey (Philosophy) Amy Rhodes (Geology) Paul Voss (Engineering) Greg White (Government)