2014
Annual Weather Report
OrchardMet, a new weather station, started operations in late July
Smith College
Ada & Archibald MacLeish
Field Station
Whately, Massachusetts, USA
Written by Isabel Cochran (‘15) & Paul Wetzel
March 2015
Introduction
Weather conditions at Smith College’s Ada & Archibald MacLeish Field Station are recorded at
the WhatelyMet weather station. This weather collection site is located at the end of Poplar Hill
Road in Whately, Massachusetts, USA (Latitude 42 deg. 26 min. 56 sec. N Longitude 72 deg.
40 min. 50 sec. W). The meteorological instruments of WhatelyMet (except the rain gauge) are
mounted at the top of a tower 25.3
m tall, well above the surrounding
forest canopy. The tower is located on a local ridge at an elevation
250.75 m above sea level.
WhatelyMet tower & bunker
where data server is located
2
2014 MacLeish Field Station Weather Report
OrchardMet
Terrain surrounding OrchardMet. Note close proximity of trees to weather station.
The second weather data collection site, known as OrchardMet, is located about 250 m
north of the first tower in an open field next to an apple orchard. Full canopy trees (~20 m
tall) are within 30 m of this station. This station has a standard instrument configuration
with temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, and barometric pressure measured
between 1.5 and 2.0 m above the ground. Wind speed and direction are measured on a 10
m tall tower and precipitation is measured on
the ground. Ground temperature is measured
at 15 and 30 cm below the ground surface
2 m south of the tower. The tower is located
258.1 m above sea level. Data collection at
OrchardMet began on June 27th, 2014.
This report describes the weather data collected at WhatelyMet and OrchardMet during
2014. It provides highlights of the year’s
weather as well as general trends that were
observed. We hope that you find the report
both interesting and useful. All data reported
in this document are available electronically.
Height comparison between weather station
Please direct all questions and data inquiries
towers, trees and people.
to Paul Wetzel at pwetzel@smith.edu or telephone 413.585.2646.
2014 MacLeish Field Station Weather Report 3
Definitions of Climatic Indicators
The precipitation and biological temperature indicators
calculated for this report provide a method of comparing
general, biologically meaningful climatic trends in different
years. The indicators are based on average daily temperatures and rainfall summations. Even though days are in the
name of the temperature indicators, they do not actually
reflect periods of 24 hours. The indicators really measure
the number of degrees the average temperature was above
or below a threshold temperature each day of the year.
These values are described at http://ccr.aos.wisc.edu/climate_modeling/wisconsin_Climate/descriptions.php. All
temperature terms were defined in degrees Fahrenheit and
converted to degrees Celsius for this report.
Freezing Degree Days—The number of degrees Fahrenheit
that the daily mean temperature is below 32 °F. For example, two days with daily mean temperatures of 20 °F and 40
°F have 12 and 0 freezing degree days, respectively. Annual
total freezing degree days are calculated by summing all of
freezing degree days.
Growing Degree Days—The number of degrees Fahrenheit
that the daily mean temperature exceeds 50 °F . For example, two days with daily mean temperatures of 75 °F and 40
°F have 25 and 0 growing degree days, respectively. Annual
total growing degree days are calculated by summing all of
growing degree days.
Last Spring Freeze Date—The last day between January 1st
and mid-summer with a low temperature below 32 °F.
First Autumn Freeze Date—The first day after mid-summer with a low temperature below 32 °F.
Length of the Growing Season—The number of days between the last spring freeze and first autumn freeze.
Frequency of 1” Precipitation Events—The number of
days per year with precipitation of at least one inch (25.4
mm).
Frequency of 2” Precipitation Events—The number of
days per year with precipitation of at least two inches (50.8
mm).
Frequency of 3” Precipitation Events—The number of
days per year with precipitation of at least three inches
(76.2 mm).
4
2014 MacLeish Field Station Weather Report
A student from Biology 205 field trip stands
near OrchardMet.
Air Temperature & Relative Humidity
The monthly average temperature in 2014 ranged from -5.7 °C in January to 21.3°C in July
(Table 1, Figure 1). The highest recorded temperature at WhatelyMet was 31.6 °C on July 23th.
The lowest recorded temperature was -21.4 °C on January 6th (Appendix A). The average daily
temperature range (daily maximum-minimum) was 10.3 °C. The maximum daily temperature
range was 19.9 °C and occurred on April 24th. The daily minimum temperature range was 1.2
°C and occurred on April 12th.
Table 1. Average monthly
temperature (OC) at
both WhatelyMet and
OrchardMet stations.
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
WhatelyMet OrchardMet
-5.7
-4.1
-1.6
7.9
14.7
19.6
21.3
19.9
16.9
11.6
3.3
0.4
21.1
20.5
18.9
15.9
10.9
2.9
0.0
Figure 1. Daily average temperature (black line) and daily maximum and
minimum temperatures (gray lines) over the year at WhatelyMet.
2014 MacLeish Field Station Weather Report 5
Figure 2. Daily average temperature (black line) and daily maximum and minimum
temperatures (gray lines) over the year at the OrchardMet station.
6
During 2014 there were
2505 growing degree days
which occurred between
April 11th and November 25h,
nonconsecutive.
The first autumn freeze date
occurred on October 19th at
WhatleyMet and on October
20th at OrchardMet.
There were 864 freezing
degree days. The spring
freezing degree days occurred
between January 1st and
March 27 th, nonconsecutive.
The fall freezing degree days
occurred between November
15th and December 31st,
nonconsecutive.
The last spring freeze date
occurred on April 18th the
same date as in 2013.
2014 MacLeish Field Station Weather Report
The growing
season was
184 days.
Percent average monthly relative humidity ranged from 55.3% (March) to 86% (August)
(Table 2). Generally, WhatelyMet relative humidity values were slightly higher than OrchardMet
values. This may be because the WhatelyMet sensor senses under continuous air flow compared
to the OrchardMet sensor which is surrounded by a heat shield cooled by convection.
Table 3. Average monthly relative humidity (%) at both
WhatelyMet and OrchardMet
stations.
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Soil Temperature
WhatelyMet OrchardMet
67.7
66.2
55.3
64.9
69.2
78.1
84.5
86.0
n/a
n/a
67.3
82.5
72.4
80.4
80.2
81.8
82.9
69.7
79.3
Soil temperature is measured at 15 and 30 cm below the ground surface. Before mid—
September the temperature at 15 cm deep is slightly higher than the temperature at 30
cm depth (Figure 3). Over the next month the two soil depths are about equal. However,
after mid—October the 30 cm depth temperature is higher than the temperature at 15
cm. Soil temperatures at the beginning of 2015 appear to drastically level off, this is due
to the significant snow pack that developed at the beginning of the year. The snow pack
provides a significant insulation to the soil.
Figure 3. Soil temperature at 15 and
30 cm deep in the
later half of 2014
and the beginning
of 2015.
2014 MacLeish Field Station Weather Report 7
Precipitation
A total of 1348 mm of precipitation was recorded at WhatelyMet during 2014 (Table
4). Although precipitation is relatively evenly distributed across the year, precipitation
totals were highest in July and lowest in September. April and July had the most number
of precipitation events (Table 4, Figure 4). Annual precipitation accumulated at a fairly
steady rate through August (Figure 4). A dry spell occurred from mid-August through
mid-October with the exception of the largest precipitation event of the year, 92.7 mm on
13 August.
Table 4. Total monthly precipitation (mm) at MacLeish Field Station, Whately,
MA for 2014 for both the WhatelyMet and OrchardMet stations. The number
in parentheses indicates the number of precipitation events in a given month.
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Total
WhatelyMet
75.9 (13)
103.6 (13)
101.9 (8)
134.9 (15)
110.5 (13)
102.6 (12)
233.5 (15)
122.2 (10)
24.4 (10)
145.6 (14)
99.6 (13)
123.4 (16)
1348.1
OrchardMet
213.4 (15)
120.2 (11)
25.1 (9)
195.8 (17)
93.2 (14)
124.5 (21)
772.2
The most significant precipitation events occurred in May, June, July, August, and
November. (Figure 4). The largest precipitation event in 2014 occurred on August 13th
when 92.7 mm (6.9% of the annual total) of precipitation fell. During 2014, there were
fifteen, 25.4 mm (1”) precipitation events; one, 50.8 mm (2”) precipitation events; and
one, 76.2 mm (3”) precipitation event.
8
2014 MacLeish Field Station Weather Report
Figure 4. Daily precipitation totals (mm) and cumulative precipitation (mm) recorded at WhatelyMet.
Go to the weather dashboard for
current weather at the MacLeish
Field Station!
http://macleish.smith.edu
OrchardMet in November with the
precipitation gauge prepared for
snow
2014 MacLeish Field Station Weather Report 9
Differences Between Precipitation Sensors at Two Stations
Precipitation is measured in two slightly different ways at MacLeish (see Appendix
C). Both sensors are the tipping bucket type, but at WhatelyMet an electric heater is
used to melt snow during the cold months. During heavy snowfalls, the snow melts
slowly and can take several days to be converted to liquid water and be measured.
This is particularly true when cold temperatures occur after the snowfall. The result
is that a single precipitation event can be recorded as multiple events. In addition, the
WhatelyMet sensor is located close to a single story building which may obstruct some
rainfall events. Snow falling into the OrchardMet sensor must be melted by antifreeze and
then measured. The OrchardMet sensor is unobstructed and located in an open field.
To investigate the possible variation between the two sensors differences in
measurements from each sensor each day were plotted (Figure 5). Only the period prior
to snowfall was used in the analysis. Once snow began to fall sensor differences were
expected to be different because of the different methods of melting the snow.
Most differences between the two sensors were quite small. However, on six out of
94 days (6%) the differences between the two gauges quite large and can be considered
outliers (above the 1.5*IQR line). The measurements of the two sensors on two days,
October 1st and 4th, were an order of magnitude different from each other. It is not clear
why this happened except that rainfall at the two sites may have been truly different. Such
differences were surprising since the sites are only ~ ¼ km apart. Neither sensor was
consistently greater or lower than the other. Precipitation differences between the two
stations will be monitored further in 2015.
Figure 5. Differences
between daily rainfall measurements
between two weather
stations. Solid black
line is the median
of all differences;
dashed line represents 75% quartile;
dotted line is boundary of upper box
plot “wisker [1.5 *
inner quartile region
(IQR)].
10
2014 MacLeish Field Station Weather Report
APPENDIX A
WhatelyMet
Monthly Climate
Summaries for 2014
2014 Monthly Climate Summary, MacLeish Field Station, Whately, Massachusetts, USA
Station: WhatelyMet
JANUARY
Day
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Mean/
SUM
Avg. Temp Max Temp Time Max
Deg. C
Deg. C
Temp
-7.3
-11.8
-15.2
-13.3
-4.3
2.4
-14.3
-12.0
-7.1
-4.7
6.6
3.4
3.0
5.1
3.2
1.7
0.5
-0.7
-2.8
-1.2
-11.9
-14.2
-13.4
-12.8
-7.8
-9.8
-6.1
-11.7
-9.8
-8.2
-2.0
-2.8
-8.0
-10.4
-5.2
0.7
11.6
-6.6
-5.0
-0.9
0.4
12.3
9.8
7.6
5.8
7.5
3.4
4.8
0.5
1.1
5.0
-9.1
-8.1
-7.3
-8.6
-4.0
-6.4
1.4
-6.8
-4.6
-2.9
5.1
-5.7
-0.6
11:57
0:02
11:26
15:01
23:59
10:37
0:05
14:28
13:39
15:02
18:41
0:02
14:10
14:50
14:00
1:04
14:52
14:08
14:07
13:42
0:02
12:29
13:40
13:57
12:28
13:07
12:10
12:11
14:07
14:46
12:50
Min Temp
Deg. C
-10.7
-15.8
-19.4
-21.4
-10.9
-7.0
-16.9
-17.8
-12.3
-9.3
-0.4
-0.3
-1.7
2.9
-1.0
-0.4
-3.3
-2.9
-4.8
-9.2
-14.8
-18.4
-18.9
-17.3
-12.0
-13.9
-10.9
-15.8
-13.9
-14.0
-8.8
-10.4
Time Min Daily Rain Avg. Rel.
Temp
(mm)
Humid (%)
6:41
23:57
23:47
6:22
7:22
23:42
19:09
7:28
6:51
1:49
0:01
23:41
5:27
23:56
5:51
20:42
7:20
23:56
7:54
23:53
23:57
8:00
6:58
5:11
4:35
7:13
23:59
7:16
7:18
7:05
0:00
0.0
6.9
1.5
0.0
3.6
22.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
20.6
0.8
0.0
11.7
0.0
0.8
0.0
5.6
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.5
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
75.9
54.6
83.6
72.6
55.4
69.2
92.2
45.0
50.3
53.5
90.5
100.0
76.4
71.9
99.3
94.2
98.6
86.8
99.0
86.9
72.0
60.9
48.3
47.9
44.2
68.9
51.4
62.4
33.4
33.2
41.8
54.1
Avg.
Avg. Solar
Pressure
Rad. (W)
(mb)
992
87.0
986
14.3
983
89.8
993
105.7
989
95.8
967
12.8
980
104.9
994
112.4
1000
113.4
996
49.8
974
9.0
972
48.9
983
93.0
975
8.7
980
109.4
979
18.4
980
103.4
975
19.7
971
86.1
970
64.6
981
53.0
976
123.9
983
113.1
987
134.6
969
47.2
972
113.8
974
28.5
989
113.9
985
140.9
992
144.6
985
94.0
Avg.
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Wind
Direction
(deg)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Max
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Time Max
Windspeed
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Min
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Time Min
Windspeed
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
2454.6
A1
2014 Monthly Climate Summary, MacLeish Field Station, Whately, Massachusetts, USA
Station: WhatelyMet
FEBRUARY
Day
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Mean/
SUM
Avg. Temp Max Temp
Deg. C
Deg. C
1.5
3.2
-1.4
-2.6
-4.2
-6.3
-6.6
-7.3
-5.4
-7.0
-9.8
-9.8
-5.2
-1.7
-2.3
-5.1
-7.8
-7.6
-3.4
3.3
1.4
4.6
5.6
-2.8
-7.1
-9.0
-10.2
-11.2
6.2
9.1
1.1
2.7
-3.2
0.1
-0.8
-1.9
-0.2
-2.6
-3.7
-2.8
-1.2
0.8
-0.7
1.7
-0.9
-3.3
1.6
9.7
3.3
11.2
9.7
3.2
-2.9
-2.2
-3.4
-4.6
-4.1
0.9
Time
Min Temp
Deg. C
Time
13:09
11:57
0:03
11:28
2:45
15:39
13:28
10:49
12:41
13:28
13:08
12:17
23:12
13:36
14:54
13:16
12:39
22:03
23:59
13:36
19:00
15:16
12:57
0:00
11:13
12:48
14:12
14:02
-2.8
0.7
-3.7
-6.8
-5.1
-11.8
-11.9
-13.3
-9.8
-11.6
-14.3
-17.1
-8.7
-4.6
-4.2
-9.5
-13.9
-10.6
-7.0
-2.0
-0.1
-1.4
2.2
-7.2
-10.5
-14.9
-15.0
-16.1
7:10
6:46
18:47
6:50
20:21
23:57
6:20
6:18
6:17
23:43
6:38
6:04
0:12
8:13
6:44
23:59
6:49
4:08
4:49
6:14
2:05
6:31
7:02
23:34
23:55
23:35
5:27
6:08
-8.2
Daily Rain Avg. Rel.
(mm)
Humid (%)
0.0
0.8
4.3
0.0
11.9
13.0
1.8
0.0
0.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
11.7
18.5
5.6
0.0
0.0
2.3
8.4
14.7
9.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
103.6
54.5
92.7
93.9
78.5
98.0
69.1
53.3
42.2
61.9
65.3
55.1
43.7
86.4
88.0
94.1
61.6
45.9
77.5
99.5
80.6
100.0
65.4
42.5
43.7
48.8
40.7
40.9
30.8
Avg.
Avg. Solar
Pressure
Rad. (W)
(mb)
990
100.3
981
53.8
989
19.7
995
126.3
981
20.0
988
148.3
989
161.7
989
122.4
984
127.3
984
161.7
992
167.0
997
157.0
978
15.5
959
104.0
974
47.5
976
151.2
990
185.3
986
32.3
980
34.5
987
155.2
980
23.4
980
184.6
980
80.8
978
150.3
980
115.1
977
171.0
973
125.1
990
210.6
Avg.
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Wind
Direction
(deg)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Max
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Time Max
Windspeed
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Min
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Time Min
Windspeed
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
3151.9
A2
2014 Monthly Climate Summary, MacLeish Field Station, Whately, Massachusetts, USA
Station: WhatelyMet
MARCH
Day
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Mean/
SUM
Avg. Temp Max Temp
Deg. C
Deg. C
-6.6
-1.5
-9.6
-9.1
-6.4
-7.8
-3.8
2.9
-0.3
0.8
6.9
3.3
-9.3
-4.0
3.5
-4.4
-6.1
-2.4
0.1
3.2
0.8
1.6
-0.8
-6.1
-3.5
-3.0
-0.9
3.4
5.9
3.0
2.0
0.4
4.1
-6.1
-2.9
-1.7
0.7
3.0
11.3
3.8
4.5
14.1
6.9
-3.4
2.1
11.5
-0.3
1.1
6.0
5.0
8.8
4.1
11.5
2.4
-0.7
2.2
0.2
6.2
8.9
11.9
4.0
7.0
-1.6
4.1
Time
Min Temp
Deg. C
Time
15:06
13:25
16:24
14:18
13:52
14:31
13:35
14:21
13:06
16:02
14:15
2:54
0:00
16:13
12:01
14:28
15:02
14:42
15:00
12:34
12:52
14:14
11:29
15:50
14:47
13:56
13:47
23:19
12:43
12:40
12:43
-15.6
-7.0
-14.8
-16.9
-11.4
-14.9
-12.0
-2.6
-4.2
-3.4
-0.6
-3.5
-12.6
-11.3
-1.8
-9.1
-11.5
-10.7
-4.9
-0.1
-2.8
-4.0
-8.2
-12.1
-10.3
-7.7
-8.8
-0.5
2.3
1.5
-0.4
6:18
23:59
23:38
4:53
23:55
5:31
5:55
5:20
6:21
4:18
3:30
23:59
7:07
3:28
23:59
23:10
5:04
5:59
5:58
0:54
23:34
2:41
23:57
5:52
3:23
23:48
3:09
3:05
23:39
23:59
7:08
-7.1
Daily Rain Avg. Rel.
(mm)
Humid (%)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
12.2
0.0
0.0
0.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
14.5
5.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
7.1
26.4
27.7
7.4
101.9
36.2
46.5
39.6
36.6
54.2
30.0
37.3
55.4
43.2
53.0
57.4
81.0
74.9
54.5
73.6
41.4
33.2
29.0
55.6
84.3
57.7
63.3
43.7
35.0
43.3
39.1
29.7
87.8
97.8
100.0
99.9
Avg.
Avg. Solar
Pressure
Rad. (W)
(mb)
991
172.3
984
85.5
987
118.4
992
158.5
992
81.5
1000
231.7
990
223.1
977
153.9
980
228.0
974
72.9
970
217.6
964
32.9
967
148.5
983
145.1
976
156.4
986
234.2
986
235.9
991
251.2
989
104.1
974
170.6
980
167.2
979
183.8
983
168.7
987
272.4
984
176.7
978
162.6
991
248.2
985
45.6
988
126.3
973
74.3
980
137.2
Avg.
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Wind
Direction
(deg)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Max
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Time Max
Windspeed
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Min
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Time Min
Windspeed
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
4985.3
A3
2014 Monthly Climate Summary, MacLeish Field Station, Whately, Massachusetts, USA
Station: WhatelyMet
APRIL
Day
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Mean/
SUM
Avg. Temp Max Temp
Deg. C
Deg. C
6.5
7.2
6.8
4.8
3.1
6.2
7.9
8.2
7.0
8.2
10.7
12.2
13.2
16.9
11.3
0.2
1.9
3.1
9.0
8.6
11.3
12.8
8.0
7.7
11.1
6.0
7.1
10.5
5.6
4.0
14.9
16.5
13.0
9.6
8.0
14.4
12.5
15.4
13.3
16.8
19.7
19.9
22.0
23.5
15.5
5.2
9.5
8.0
16.1
15.7
20.9
20.9
11.3
13.9
17.6
10.7
11.0
17.1
9.2
5.2
7.9
14.2
Time
Min Temp
Deg. C
Time
14:26
16:01
14:19
11:54
10:47
15:31
13:52
15:28
13:24
13:45
11:43
15:19
15:52
12:28
12:09
16:34
16:18
15:44
14:27
14:44
15:38
14:04
0:00
16:14
15:14
16:00
10:35
13:09
14:19
13:55
-0.9
1.0
0.2
0.3
0.2
-1.4
3.4
3.8
0.7
-0.2
5.5
4.5
6.9
12.2
-1.4
-4.6
-4.2
-3.3
1.3
1.4
1.0
5.2
5.2
2.2
3.6
3.0
3.8
3.8
2.5
2.4
5:28
5:51
5:32
23:36
23:11
5:04
21:24
22:13
23:51
1:54
0:21
3:34
8:15
5:39
23:58
5:42
5:06
3:55
4:01
4:39
4:42
4:59
6:57
5:11
4:37
5:29
3:49
4:38
23:03
4:38
1.9
Daily Rain Avg. Rel.
(mm)
Humid (%)
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.1
1.3
0.0
4.8
6.1
0.0
0.8
4.3
0.0
0.5
0.0
37.3
4.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
2.3
0.0
0.0
26.9
0.3
0.0
1.8
38.9
134.9
71.8
69.9
45.7
60.5
84.0
42.4
44.1
92.2
52.6
37.5
82.2
60.9
62.0
80.5
100.0
70.1
54.5
61.2
48.8
36.4
40.3
71.1
82.1
32.6
29.6
99.0
83.1
65.9
85.4
100.0
Avg.
Avg. Solar
Pressure
Rad. (W)
(mb)
985
262.2
986
207.4
986
265.5
984
140.7
977
123.8
987
292.7
987
121.2
967
77.9
974
266.7
985
295.2
983
140.9
988
289.6
987
146.6
981
177.3
974
29.7
993
320.4
1006
311.8
997
197.8
992
308.3
997
314.3
985
289.1
971
188.6
969
106.5
977
331.2
981
290.3
977
66.5
982
149.9
986
293.5
997
113.2
996
47.3
Avg.
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Wind
Direction
(deg)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Max
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Time Max
Windspeed
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Min
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Time Min
Windspeed
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
6166.1
A4
2014 Monthly Climate Summary, MacLeish Field Station, Whately, Massachusetts, USA
Station: WhatelyMet
MAY
Day
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Mean/
SUM
Avg. Temp Max Temp
Deg. C
Deg. C
10.4
12.8
13.0
10.0
11.3
11.3
12.9
13.7
12.4
18.0
19.0
22.0
13.8
14.6
17.3
17.4
14.2
13.3
14.0
17.9
18.7
12.8
13.7
13.3
17.3
21.0
18.7
8.6
13.0
13.8
14.0
18.6
17.9
18.6
13.6
17.0
17.4
19.3
19.9
13.7
25.5
25.4
30.1
20.4
22.5
21.6
18.3
19.2
20.1
20.1
23.6
25.0
15.5
18.7
18.3
25.0
26.3
26.5
10.2
20.2
23.1
20.4
14.7
20.4
Time
Min Temp
Deg. C
Time
17:24
13:00
16:39
13:35
14:22
12:12
13:40
11:41
23:50
14:54
14:44
15:43
0:01
15:25
14:49
17:51
17:01
14:36
16:20
14:28
15:01
11:01
15:29
13:15
16:50
18:01
15:07
13:53
15:23
14:24
14:33
3.8
8.1
8.1
7.0
6.8
6.2
6.0
7.5
11.2
13.4
13.0
13.4
8.1
7.5
13.3
16.0
8.8
5.8
7.6
11.6
11.6
11.3
10.7
9.7
8.7
13.8
9.0
6.8
5.7
8.5
9.4
2:51
5:00
2:01
5:01
1:28
1:12
3:43
4:46
11:02
0:00
5:55
1:35
23:59
5:03
4:56
5:05
6:25
3:49
4:32
3:48
5:17
3:48
23:52
4:24
4:20
1:03
23:56
23:27
2:47
5:11
4:32
9.3
Daily Rain Avg. Rel.
(mm)
Humid (%)
14.7
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.3
2.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.5
8.6
40.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.3
25.4
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.5
2.3
0.0
6.9
0.0
110.5
99.7
59.6
54.8
69.9
62.9
46.4
31.2
55.2
100.0
92.0
32.0
31.6
55.1
68.6
99.9
100.0
74.1
48.4
37.8
32.4
37.0
91.6
100.0
99.7
76.4
52.5
75.4
100.0
73.4
93.8
93.4
Avg.
Avg. Solar
Pressure
Rad. (W)
(mb)
977
206.6
975
202.1
977
153.8
972
235.6
978
306.3
981
238.9
989
298.1
989
259.5
989
36.0
979
164.6
983
339.6
986
311.4
992
221.9
993
273.4
991
73.5
984
24.5
983
340.1
987
328.9
987
250.5
984
343.8
982
331.1
980
56.3
981
88.5
985
166.4
986
290.4
982
125.3
980
174.8
986
68.3
990
342.1
986
201.5
991
221.0
Avg.
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Wind
Direction
(deg)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Max
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Time Max
Windspeed
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Min
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Time Min
Windspeed
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
6674.8
A5
2014 Monthly Climate Summary, MacLeish Field Station, Whately, Massachusetts, USA
Station: WhatelyMet
JUNE
Day
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Mean/
SUM
Avg. Temp Max Temp
Deg. C
Deg. C
17.7
20.1
21.2
17.6
15.6
17.1
21.2
22.8
17.6
20.0
15.7
14.8
16.3
16.8
18.2
20.6
23.2
22.2
21.7
18.2
17.8
19.1
20.6
20.1
22.1
22.4
21.8
22.2
22.2
22.5
24.0
28.6
30.0
23.0
20.2
22.4
27.8
28.9
23.8
27.6
19.1
17.3
18.7
22.3
24.2
26.5
31.5
27.3
27.2
23.7
24.0
25.5
27.4
26.3
28.8
28.8
27.5
30.0
28.9
29.1
19.6
25.7
Time
Min Temp
Deg. C
Time
15:07
16:52
15:47
16:00
15:57
16:03
15:22
13:18
12:39
15:31
11:04
20:55
14:59
13:21
14:36
15:29
13:48
14:04
13:26
13:58
14:27
13:46
14:37
12:45
12:54
15:03
17:06
14:40
14:27
15:26
9.9
11.1
13.9
14.9
12.2
12.2
13.4
15.1
14.3
14.9
14.0
12.6
14.5
12.4
10.7
14.5
15.2
17.7
15.9
12.7
10.5
12.6
13.5
14.3
15.4
17.6
15.4
14.7
15.0
15.1
4:30
3:26
4:23
5:20
23:24
0:25
2:36
4:58
16:28
0:31
23:26
4:28
23:41
22:16
2:42
0:48
4:04
5:14
23:50
23:05
4:09
4:29
4:29
4:49
4:00
23:58
4:50
3:37
4:13
4:40
13.9
Daily Rain Avg. Rel.
(mm)
Humid (%)
0.0
0.0
10.2
6.4
9.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.1
0.3
1.5
7.9
26.2
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
7.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
26.9
1.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
102.6
62.0
50.8
76.3
94.8
99.6
81.9
63.2
56.1
86.3
98.2
99.9
100.0
100.0
91.1
76.7
59.1
79.3
89.5
68.0
48.2
49.8
56.0
66.4
80.7
95.2
95.9
78.2
75.2
80.9
84.6
Avg.
Avg. Solar
Pressure
Rad. (W)
(mb)
994
336.8
988
343.6
982
312.4
978
144.1
975
150.8
979
257.9
983
296.6
982
300.7
984
102.7
984
205.3
989
88.7
987
35.8
981
52.0
980
301.7
986
346.2
988
332.1
984
311.7
980
256.4
984
281.1
983
344.7
983
332.3
984
237.4
988
332.9
987
223.0
982
243.2
981
251.4
989
325.8
993
317.5
991
323.6
985
293.6
Avg.
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Wind
Direction
(deg)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Max
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Time Max
Windspeed
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Min
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Time Min
Windspeed
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
7682.0
A6
2014 Monthly Climate Summary, MacLeish Field Station, Whately, Massachusetts, USA
Station: WhatelyMet
JULY
Day
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Mean/
SUM
Avg. Temp Max Temp
Deg. C
Deg. C
24.6
23.3
22.3
17.7
19.9
22.0
23.0
23.8
23.0
20.8
21.2
22.4
21.8
23.1
23.0
20.4
19.8
20.3
20.0
20.1
21.7
24.1
24.0
20.9
20.4
21.1
20.4
19.4
17.9
19.0
19.5
30.7
30.6
27.8
19.4
25.4
27.4
29.1
29.3
28.7
27.7
27.7
29.4
26.7
28.2
26.7
26.1
26.4
26.6
25.2
27.2
27.5
31.0
31.6
26.8
26.6
27.2
26.8
25.5
23.5
24.8
25.8
21.3
27.2
Time
Min Temp
Deg. C
Time
14:04
12:26
12:04
10:27
16:20
16:15
12:29
13:48
15:36
16:51
17:03
15:36
14:14
13:36
14:41
15:43
13:58
16:34
12:45
15:36
13:16
14:19
14:15
14:08
14:42
14:02
14:57
14:24
11:33
13:30
15:20
17.7
19.6
18.8
13.9
14.3
14.5
18.6
18.5
16.9
14.2
16.0
15.4
16.9
20.0
19.8
16.2
13.5
14.2
16.8
16.0
15.4
16.7
18.7
16.6
13.5
15.0
17.3
15.5
14.4
14.1
13.7
4:35
23:32
23:51
23:25
3:02
5:16
3:08
5:22
23:56
4:38
5:16
4:14
4:56
4:21
23:53
23:58
5:15
4:04
6:08
2:54
3:33
4:15
4:31
23:59
4:22
4:04
3:21
23:58
5:23
4:29
4:42
16.2
Daily Rain Avg. Rel.
(mm)
Humid (%)
0.0
9.4
44.7
24.1
0.3
0.0
10.7
2.0
2.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
6.9
12.5
13.5
18.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
17.0
3.0
0.0
0.0
10.4
47.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
223.5
92.0
98.2
100.0
100.0
62.5
53.0
79.7
94.9
80.7
74.8
61.2
68.8
97.5
98.7
100.0
99.1
78.1
70.8
80.4
79.6
78.5
85.9
92.5
87.5
75.3
76.0
100.0
100.0
86.4
78.8
87.9
Avg.
Avg. Solar
Pressure
Rad. (W)
(mb)
980
291.7
981
186.1
983
187.4
983
40.3
984
343.6
983
344.4
978
242.1
976
243.3
979
309.1
988
313.5
991
306.9
991
281.4
984
178.1
981
216.7
978
143.8
978
172.3
984
262.6
991
267.7
993
166.0
990
244.7
990
308.2
988
285.2
980
249.4
980
301.7
984
294.8
983
266.5
976
124.5
970
137.2
979
257.9
985
236.1
988
209.1
Avg.
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Wind
Direction
(deg)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Max
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Time Max
Windspeed
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Min
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Time Min
Windspeed
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
7412.3
A7
2014 Monthly Climate Summary, MacLeish Field Station, Whately, Massachusetts, USA
Station: WhatelyMet
AUGUST
Day
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Mean/
SUM
Avg. Temp Max Temp
Deg. C
Deg. C
21.0
19.7
19.5
21.7
22.2
20.8
19.0
20.4
22.0
23.5
21.7
20.4
17.9
17.1
14.9
17.4
18.9
18.3
18.6
21.0
18.4
16.4
17.8
20.3
23.5
23.2
23.3
19.9
18.2
18.4
22.1
27.3
24.0
25.7
28.3
29.3
26.4
25.2
26.6
28.7
30.0
28.9
24.1
20.5
22.5
19.5
23.4
25.0
23.7
24.9
27.9
22.6
18.3
22.6
27.4
30.8
30.3
30.5
25.6
25.6
24.2
28.2
19.9
25.7
Time
Min Temp
Deg. C
Time
12:02
14:04
14:35
17:04
14:51
13:49
12:30
11:27
14:40
16:51
12:56
13:14
0:48
12:48
15:17
13:00
14:12
13:17
16:17
14:13
14:46
15:00
11:51
16:27
17:05
14:16
12:39
12:07
15:24
14:40
13:25
16.1
15.9
14.9
17.0
17.1
16.5
14.4
14.7
15.2
18.0
16.3
17.0
15.5
11.7
11.5
11.1
14.2
12.7
11.6
14.2
15.6
15.2
14.6
12.6
16.3
16.6
17.0
14.3
10.7
12.3
18.4
2:54
23:55
3:24
4:18
22:56
3:30
4:26
4:50
4:44
23:03
5:16
2:51
23:34
5:11
6:11
5:17
4:51
3:31
4:25
4:09
23:39
1:17
5:50
4:57
2:37
5:07
5:11
23:53
3:04
5:21
1:12
14.8
Daily Rain Avg. Rel.
(mm)
Humid (%)
0.3
0.0
0.0
3.3
8.6
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
92.7
0.3
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6.6
8.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.5
122.2
95.4
94.5
93.1
96.7
89.4
82.5
72.5
69.9
70.3
60.1
83.3
92.0
100.0
79.2
95.4
79.2
85.0
74.8
78.9
88.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
91.7
82.7
83.0
91.2
80.3
78.8
90.8
N/A
Avg.
Avg. Solar
Pressure
Rad. (W)
(mb)
991
231.7
990
152.2
988
203.4
986
242.8
984
263.8
980
277.7
982
272.6
986
279.6
988
256.6
989
292.9
989
219.0
987
148.7
977
49.1
978
275.7
981
123.7
983
233.1
979
208.5
980
303.6
982
300.4
985
270.0
987
86.9
988
61.2
989
154.4
989
271.6
990
276.4
989
273.3
983
221.0
981
238.9
990
291.2
992
236.7
986
144.4
Avg.
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Wind
Direction
(deg)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Max
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Time Max
Windspeed
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Min
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Time Min
Windspeed
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
6861.2
A8
2014 Monthly Climate Summary, MacLeish Field Station, Whately, Massachusetts, USA
Station: WhatelyMet
SEPTEMBER
Day
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Mean/
SUM
Avg. Temp Max Temp
Deg. C
Deg. C
24.6
24.0
20.8
21.6
23.3
23.6
18.8
17.7
16.1
16.0
17.5
15.2
11.2
11.9
12.4
12.7
13.7
14.1
9.4
13.0
19.0
14.3
13.5
15.3
14.0
17.9
21.3
21.3
17.7
13.7
31.4
29.2
26.5
28.5
30.1
30.5
24.9
23.8
22.4
23.0
23.3
21.6
15.4
20.3
19.1
17.6
20.1
22.1
15.6
20.2
23.5
18.0
22.6
20.9
20.6
24.8
29.4
29.2
21.0
14.8
16.9
23.0
Time
Min Temp
Deg. C
Time
15:50
13:53
14:18
14:43
15:10
12:31
15:35
13:38
13:57
14:14
16:17
13:10
10:40
15:37
15:30
17:14
14:38
12:02
15:22
15:52
14:51
10:22
14:52
11:56
14:46
14:41
15:27
15:11
16:02
15:03
20.2
20.7
16.1
15.2
17.2
16.1
15.1
13.1
11.3
12.0
14.5
8.1
7.0
6.8
6.3
9.8
7.6
7.8
4.0
5.4
14.9
8.6
5.7
10.6
10.6
11.6
15.8
14.9
13.9
12.2
6:12
23:58
5:19
4:43
4:55
23:46
23:58
23:55
2:47
1:00
0:00
23:58
2:45
5:21
2:21
3:27
5:35
23:58
5:32
3:15
4:53
22:49
5:43
4:42
6:28
3:50
5:19
5:51
23:58
6:28
11.8
Daily Rain Avg. Rel.
(mm)
Humid (%)
0.3
4.3
0.3
0.0
0.0
6.1
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.8
0.0
9.7
0.3
0.0
1.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
24.4
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Avg.
Avg. Solar
Pressure
Rad. (W)
(mb)
984
225.1
980
174.0
984
260.1
990
249.9
988
216.2
981
191.5
987
245.5
996
241.8
994
192.2
988
169.6
981
42.6
988
249.3
991
64.5
991
251.2
990
219.2
985
96.6
984
224.6
985
188.7
995
250.4
991
109.5
978
97.1
979
247.9
993
227.4
1003
185.6
997
144.7
991
226.7
991
213.4
988
205.5
984
7.8
985
38.0
Avg.
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Wind
Direction
(deg)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Max
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Time Max
Windspeed
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Min
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Time Min
Windspeed
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
5456.6
A9
2014 Monthly Climate Summary, MacLeish Field Station, Whately, Massachusetts, USA
Station: WhatelyMet
OCTOBER
Day
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Mean/
SUM
Avg. Temp Max Temp
Deg. C
Deg. C
13.3
13.4
13.9
11.8
9.3
10.6
15.5
15.8
11.6
10.6
8.4
10.6
9.4
18.8
19.1
18.2
16.5
13.1
7.0
6.7
9.7
8.9
8.6
8.5
12.0
9.0
10.5
11.2
11.3
8.0
7.2
13.9
18.6
20.3
14.2
16.8
18.5
21.3
21.1
17.7
17.2
14.3
17.6
13.3
22.5
21.8
20.2
21.7
17.9
10.8
13.8
14.9
9.9
10.1
11.9
19.1
11.9
15.8
16.6
17.7
13.5
8.9
11.6
16.3
Time
Min Temp
Deg. C
Time
12:26
14:22
15:27
19:06
14:49
15:08
14:44
13:25
12:41
14:19
14:06
14:29
21:20
15:28
14:08
7:50
14:00
13:37
0:00
13:40
13:55
1:17
11:11
12:56
12:55
11:42
14:11
12:49
11:42
10:14
14:46
12.6
9.8
9.2
7.9
4.3
2.4
10.3
9.9
6.7
5.4
6.2
5.0
3.7
16.7
16.8
14.7
12.2
9.2
-0.2
-0.1
7.0
7.5
7.5
6.1
6.7
6.8
7.1
5.5
5.1
4.6
5.9
21:45
23:57
1:40
23:52
4:37
5:10
0:03
23:54
23:43
0:51
22:46
2:34
4:38
21:58
1:41
23:34
23:07
22:35
23:40
2:06
5:38
19:34
8:41
6:34
4:52
5:52
6:08
6:08
23:38
23:31
23:49
7.5
Daily Rain Avg. Rel.
(mm)
Humid (%)
7.9
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.0
1.5
12.5
0.0
0.0
3.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.8
42.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
18.3
49.5
2.0
0.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
3.6
0.0
0.3
145.6
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
72.6
Avg.
Avg. Solar
Pressure
Rad. (W)
(mb)
988
30.1
989
90.5
985
209.1
973
18.0
977
213.6
986
186.9
985
94.6
977
176.2
982
170.0
986
189.6
987
101.5
992
193.5
994
61.5
989
21.2
986
44.9
977
24.2
973
105.0
971
60.6
979
100.2
983
130.0
982
70.8
983
18.0
975
36.0
976
105.4
973
148.7
970
75.8
981
160.4
983
107.8
980
30.7
982
127.4
983
14.4
Avg.
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Wind
Direction
(deg)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Max
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Time Max
Windspeed
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Min
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Time Min
Windspeed
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
3116.4
A10
2014 Monthly Climate Summary, MacLeish Field Station, Whately, Massachusetts, USA
Station: WhatelyMet
NOVEMBER
Day
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Mean/
SUM
Avg. Temp Max Temp
Deg. C
Deg. C
4.5
3.3
6.1
11.5
11.3
5.5
4.4
3.4
6.2
7.1
8.9
9.5
3.6
0.5
-1.3
-0.5
1.0
-2.2
-3.9
-0.4
-4.0
-1.9
6.7
11.6
10.9
1.3
-0.6
-3.3
-4.4
4.1
7.0
6.7
12.5
17.5
15.7
8.0
7.2
8.7
12.9
13.1
12.9
16.0
8.9
4.1
3.8
2.6
4.2
3.4
1.5
5.4
0.0
5.5
13.0
15.8
15.6
4.6
4.7
2.0
0.4
8.1
3.3
8.1
Time
Min Temp
Deg. C
Time
10:23
15:09
15:10
14:24
11:03
9:46
11:23
13:11
12:18
14:17
14:14
11:56
11:28
13:54
13:20
14:01
23:18
0:01
13:00
13:32
11:19
14:24
12:45
13:43
1:49
0:00
9:38
12:02
11:18
23:58
2.7
1.3
-0.2
6.3
7.7
4.3
1.4
-1.8
3.0
1.6
3.9
1.6
-0.8
-2.7
-5.4
-4.4
-0.7
-7.2
-7.8
-5.0
-7.0
-8.7
1.6
4.2
4.5
-1.0
-2.9
-8.0
-8.8
-2.9
21:56
23:32
5:23
0:00
23:48
14:09
23:59
5:18
0:34
3:08
4:14
23:54
5:30
22:15
6:26
5:01
3:40
23:54
2:12
23:21
23:30
6:52
0:04
4:38
23:58
19:15
23:28
23:42
3:43
1:14
-1.0
Daily Rain Avg. Rel.
(mm)
Humid (%)
2.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
7.9
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
1.0
1.3
0.0
0.0
25.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
22.6
0.0
9.7
10.9
11.9
2.0
4.1
99.6
82.8
59.6
41.2
39.6
49.0
88.8
84.6
56.8
60.5
62.0
83.0
82.0
61.8
68.9
56.3
61.1
89.2
61.9
41.7
54.4
51.3
50.5
55.4
92.4
75.7
85.7
90.1
79.8
77.0
75.8
Avg.
Avg. Solar
Pressure
Rad. (W)
(mb)
980
31.3
977
102.6
983
152.1
986
106.9
985
63.4
975
22.0
971
63.4
980
131.3
981
81.0
988
98.6
986
43.8
982
57.3
984
98.5
983
117.6
991
131.1
991
56.1
975
13.2
974
124.1
985
125.5
978
77.2
989
108.0
991
81.9
987
83.1
975
16.6
980
49.2
984
3.5
981
62.2
986
100.5
992
80.7
986
42.9
Avg.
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Wind
Direction
(deg)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Max
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Time Max
Windspeed
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Min
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Time Min
Windspeed
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
2325.7
A11
2014 Monthly Climate Summary, MacLeish Field Station, Whately, Massachusetts, USA
Station: WhatelyMet
DECEMBER
Day
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Mean/
SUM
Avg. Temp Max Temp Time Max
Deg. C
Deg. C
Temp
6.9
-1.0
1.4
0.1
-1.6
0.9
-2.2
-8.2
-0.5
1.3
-1.5
-1.8
-0.5
1.6
1.5
1.2
4.0
1.6
-1.7
-2.7
-1.5
0.3
2.4
3.5
7.1
4.1
5.6
4.2
0.1
-6.2
-7.4
14.3
1.1
5.2
4.7
3.5
2.2
2.4
-5.2
2.2
2.3
-0.3
2.4
4.8
6.1
8.1
2.2
7.8
5.1
-0.3
3.2
-0.3
1.7
3.6
5.2
10.0
8.4
11.0
7.8
5.2
-1.7
-1.8
0.4
3.9
9:36
12:09
18:40
10:26
11:54
20:43
13:39
22:30
16:49
3:25
0:06
12:06
13:04
11:59
13:08
19:45
13:19
13:24
1:22
14:39
13:15
12:06
14:08
21:59
3:58
14:08
14:22
12:50
11:32
14:37
11:46
Min Temp
Deg. C
0.8
-3.0
-0.9
-4.2
-6.8
-0.2
-9.7
-12.8
-5.4
-0.6
-2.5
-4.1
-3.6
-1.0
-2.3
-0.4
1.3
-0.4
-5.0
-6.9
-2.8
-1.3
0.8
2.3
3.9
0.7
0.9
0.7
-4.4
-10.6
-11.1
-2.9
Time Min Daily Rain Avg. Rel.
Temp
(mm)
Humid (%)
23:44
8:49
0:03
23:42
7:08
0:00
23:59
7:16
0:12
22:00
23:49
3:42
7:14
0:22
23:21
9:52
0:14
23:54
23:21
6:27
6:28
5:16
2:14
4:08
23:35
20:39
3:01
23:57
23:57
23:44
1:38
0.3
4.3
4.3
0.0
4.3
24.1
0.0
0.0
32.5
10.9
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.6
9.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.8
0.3
10.4
10.9
3.6
0.0
0.0
2.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
123.4
69.6
68.5
91.8
63.9
68.1
97.3
77.1
76.1
96.2
100.0
99.4
95.0
87.0
86.8
84.7
97.7
96.8
78.5
77.4
77.6
95.0
96.3
99.8
100.0
87.2
73.1
73.4
79.6
57.8
53.4
53.6
Avg.
Avg. Solar
Pressure
Rad. (W)
(mb)
989
75.6
1002
64.7
986
22.7
994
73.0
1001
70.7
991
17.0
1000
97.7
1004
38.5
984
6.2
968
14.6
971
31.1
979
76.7
979
98.8
979
73.4
984
94.2
984
22.9
977
38.8
977
59.4
983
31.0
991
67.1
993
24.9
994
35.6
990
12.4
980
10.1
973
58.5
988
74.5
988
92.6
980
32.8
987
70.0
993
94.4
990
95.2
Avg.
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.7
1.7
2.5
2.1
1.4
1.2
1.4
2.1
1.7
2.8
1.4
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.8
Wind
Direction
(deg)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
280
329
309
322
2
1
358
359
353
274
299
261
266
313
303
275
Max
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
4.5
10.3
12.5
10.7
7.7
4.8
4.6
6.5
6.2
14.6
8.8
9.8
9.5
9.7
10.0
10.2
Time Max
Windspeed
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
23:55
17:25
8:50
4:39
1:42
10:54
4:30
23:39
5:34
17:21
3:34
13:10
13:15
11:58
12:55
12:08
Min
Windspeed
(mps)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Time Min
Windspeed
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
9:38
1:59
0:02
0:07
0:02
0:12
0:02
15:31
1:41
0:10
0:19
1:36
1:00
0:11
0:18
2:04
1674.8
A12
APPENDIX B
OrchardMet
Monthly Climate
Summaries for 2014
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AQ
APPENDIX C
List of Sensors & Measurement Ranges
At WhatleyMet
Relative humidity and temperature are
measured with a R.M. Young Co., Model
41382, relative humidity and temperature
probe. The probe is housed in a radiation
shield and ambient air is continuously
blown past the sensor to reduce temperature fluctuation from solar radiation. The
calibrated measuring range of the temperature probe is -50 to +50˚C, with an accuracy of ±0.3˚C. The relative humidity probe
has an accuracy of ±2%.
A pyranometer (Kipp & Zonen, model
CM 3) measures solar radiation received in
the horizontal (180 degrees) field of view.
Typical accuracy is ±5%.
Barometric pressure is measured with an
R.M. Young barometric pressure sensor,
model 61202V. The operating temperature
is –50 to +60 ˚C, with an accuracy of ±0.3
hPa at 20 ˚C.
2014 Annual Weather Report
Appendix C
C-1
Wind velocity and direction are measured with
a propeller—weather vane instrument (R.M.
Young, model 05103). Wind speed is measured
with a four blade helicoid propeller that produces
an AC sine wave voltage signal with frequency
directly proportional to wind speed. Vane angle
is sensed by a potentiometer, making output
voltage proportional to wind direction. The anemometer has a wind speed range of 0–100 m/s,
with accuracy of ±1% or 0.3 m/s. The propeller
threshold is 1.0 m/s (2.2 mph). The wind direction accuracy is ±3 degrees with a vane threshold
of 1.1 m/s (2.4 mph).
Precipitation is measured using a
Campbell Scientific 8” heated siphoning tipping-bucket rain gauge located
on the ground. The bucket tips when
0.01 inches (0.254 mm) of precipitation accumulates. The rain gauge has a
precision of +/– 2% for rainfall intensities up to 19.7 in/hour (500 mm/hr).
Note that if there is a large amount of
snowfall it will take 1-3 days for all
of the snow to melt and be recorded
by the gauge. This is especially true
if large snowfalls occur during or are
followed by very cold temperatures.
The result is that large snowfall events
look like extended precipitation
events.
Also note that the rain gauge is located within 2 m of a one story building.
The building may obstruct accurate
measurements of certain rain events.
2014 Annual Weather Report
Appendix C
C-2
At OrchardMet
Relative humidity and temperature are measured with a
R.M. Young Co., Model 41382, relative humidity and temperature probe. The probe is housed in a naturally aspirated 10 plate radiation shield (R.M. Young) and positioned
2 m above the ground. The calibrated measuring range of
the temperature probe is -50 to +50˚C, with an accuracy
of ±0.3˚C. The relative humidity probe has an accuracy of
±2%.
Precipitation is measured using a Tex-
as Electronics (Model #TE525) 8” tipping-bucket rain gauge mounted on a pole
~60 cm above the ground. The sensor is
surrounded by a wind screen consisting of
32 steel leaves that swing freely in the wind
to help minimize the effect of wind on rain
measurements. The bucket tips when 0.01
inches (0.254 mm) of precipitation accumulates. The rain gauge has a precision of ±2%
in events up to 1in/hr.; ±3% in events from 1
to 2 in/hr.; and ±5% in events from 2 to 3 in/
hr. During the winter, a snowfall conversion
adapter is installed. This adapter uses antifreeze and the sun’s warmth to melt snow, allowing the sensor to measure the water content of
the snow. Note that if there is a large amount of snowfall it will take 1-3 days for all of the snow
to melt and be recorded by the gauge. This is especially true if large snowfalls occur during or
are followed by very cold temperatures. The result is that large snowfall events look like extended precipitation events.
Wind velocity and direction are measured with a propeller—weather vane instrument (R.M.
Young, model 05103). The same instrument is used on WhatleyMet.
Barometric pressure is measured with a Vaisala barometric pressure sensor (Campbell Sci-
entific, model CS106). The sensor is located in the data logger enclosure box, ~1 m above the
ground. The accuracy is ±1.0 mb at -20° to +45°C.
A solar radiation sensor (LI COR model LI200X) measures sun plus sky radiation. It is calibrated for the daylight spectrum (400 to 1100 nm). The sensor is mounted ~2 m above the
ground. Typical accuracy is ±3%.
Soil temperature is measured at 10 and 30 cm below the ground surface with Campbell Scientific temperature probes (model 108-L). The sensor has a temperature range of -5° to +95°C,
with an accuracy of ±0.2°C.
2014 Annual Weather Report
Appendix C
C-3