 Communicable and communicable diseases
 Comm.. dis. Still account for a large proportion of the morbidity & mortality. They
are decreased from 1991. While the chronic dis. Still increased. Conditions for
admission are: normal deliveries, respiratory sys. Problems & many other conditions.
 There are ten comm.. dis. In rank order- out started from acute enteritis ending with
acute respiratory diseases.
 Communicable diseases
 Illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins transmitted directly from an
affected person or animal to a health person.
 Transmission of comm. Dis.
 Agent_________ host ___________ environment. There should be a successful
interaction of the three.
 Agent: - living & non living they are capable to produce a disease.
Six characteristics of an infectious agent: infectivity, pathogenicity, toxicity, invasiveness &
antigenicity.
 Host factor: a human or animal host may harbor an infectious agent. Specific
characteristics of the. Immunity, resistance, sex, age, life style...etc.
 Resistance: ability of the host defense the self
 Immunity.
 Natural imm: innate resistance 2. Acquired imm.by the host as a result of previous
natural exposure measles immunity. From prior infection with measles virus. Either
A. active imm.
Administrating of antigen e.g. vaccinating
children. B. passive: transfer of antibody from mother to the infant. 3. Herd imm: of a group
or community e.g. higher
immunization coverage. C. infectiousness: the ability of an infected host to transmit
the infection to other hosts. Droplet is more infectious than a vector transmission.
Administrating of antigen e.g. vaccinating children. B. passive: transfer of antibody from
mother to the infant. 3. Herd imm: of a group or community e.g. higher immunization
coverage. C. infectiousness: the ability of an infected host to transmit the infection to other
hosts. Droplet is more infectious than a vector transmission.
 Nursing process: the role of the nurse in the care of chronically ill patient will be:
 Assessment: collect of data regarding:
 The nature of disease, etiology, signs and symptoms, methods of diagnosis,
care and treatment
 Mobility and mortality statistics
 Distribution among the population age, sex, occupation and attitude and
health awareness of the public towards chronic diseases
 Available health services for the prevention and control of the condition
 Assess home situation to determine if home care is possible or not
 Assess the competence of family members to determine if they can carry
out the required care
 Nursing diagnosis:
 Analyze and identify the needs and problems (actual and potential) from the
data collected and state nursing diagnosis
 Planning
 Determine the needs/problems and priorities the problem list
 Establish with others involved in the care, reasonable goals for the
restoration of physical function for the pt
 Coordinate the plan of care and the efforts of other care providers such as
physicians, physical therapist, social workers etc.
 Increase her own skill in the care of chronically ill pts by self initiated training
or working with agency personnel
 Implementation
 The nurse helps in the early case finding and early diagnosis of chronic
diseases
 Stress the value of periodic medical checkup for early detection of chronic
diseases
 Educate the public about the signs and symptoms of chronic disease,
importance of early diagnosis and adequate measures for their control as
well as the available resources and services
 Proper referral of cases to secondary care institutions for further assistance
in care
 Encourage the pt to maintain independence in al activities of daily living
such as feeding himself, personal hygiene, and moving around
 Teach the family to notice and report any change in the pts condition
 Maintain adherence to the treatment regimen. The following steps may help
the client to comply with the treatment
 Explain to the pt and the person providing care the purpose and importance
of treatment
 Be sure that the care provider and the pt knows what to do and the reason
for doing it in a particular way
 When treatment extends over a long period provide frequent supervision
and encouragement
 Maintain a safe environment by cleanliness avoiding contact with infected
persons etc
 Encourage social stimulation to pt especially to those with the limited ability to
move. This can be through visits from the nurse, friends’ neighbor, relative etc
 Assist the pt and his family to adjust to a long term disease and help control or reduce their stress by encouraging open
expression of feeling and reassuring them to deal with the situation
 Follow up of pts and stress the value of periodic check up
 Evaluation:
 Periodic evaluation of the effectiveness of the nursing activities in meeting the
needs of the pt and in reaching the established goals